{"text": "Following publication of the original article , the autThe missing author is Elaine Costa, who was part of the team that validated the NAT platform, did the pilot study and analyzed the results.To correct this error, please find Elaine Costa included in the author list of this correction.In addition, please see here for the (corrected) Author Contributions statement:GCM, ACGA, JHC, CMMA, NAF were responsible for patient recruitment and laboratory procedures; DR, MR, SR,EC, EFA validated the NAT platform and did the pilot study; DR, GCM, DTG, AT analyzed the results and wrote first draft of the manuscript; PA, GCM, AGPF, AT, WMM, and MVGL analyzed the results, revised and approved the final version of the manuscript.The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused."}
{"text": "Given the limited evidence of school closure effectiveness in containing the pandemic and the consequences for young people, reopening schools with appropriate measures is essential. This overview aimed to describe the main measures planned for the 2020\u20132021 academic year within the WHO European Region. A rapid systematic review of scientific databases was also performed. The websites of the government, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Education of European Region countries were searched through 1 October for official documents about the prevention and management of suspected cases/confirmed cases in primary and secondary schools. To find further suggestions, a rapid systematic review was conducted through 20 October searching Pubmed, Scopus, and Embase. There were 23 official documents. France, Luxembourg, Malta, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, the UK, Spain, and San Marino were considered. Performing the rapid review, 855 records were identified and 7 papers were finally selected. The recommendations mostly agreed. However, there was no consensus on the criteria for the return to school of students that tested positive, and the flexibility between attendance at school and remote education for high-risk children often varied. School closure was commonly considered as the very last resort for COVID-19 control. Studies are required to evaluate the impact of different recommendations during this autumn term. Up to early October 2020, coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) presented a cumulative total of over 34 million cases and over 1 million deaths worldwide. The majority of deaths have been reported in the World Health Organization (WHO) Region of the Americas (55%) and the WHO Region of Europe (23%). In numerous countries, especially in the European Region, the second wave has been greater than the past peaks, partially due to an improvement in surveillance efficiency. Focusing on the European Region, the incidence of new cases is constantly increasing, with France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom (UK), Spain, and Israel reporting the greatest number of new cases in the first week of October [In this context, less than 5% of cases in the European Economic Area and the UK have been reported to occur in young people aged 18 years and under . SpecifiAlthough outbreaks in schools have been reported, their detection is extremely difficult because of the poor presentation of symptoms among younger people , and theNotably, strategies less disruptive than school closure must be considered in a context where restrictive distancing policies are enacted for long periods, as school closures can lead to very high costs both in economic and social fields . In partTherefore, given the limited evidence of school closure effectiveness in containing the pandemic and the importance of the consequences of school closure on young people\u2019s lives, it seems essential to implement preventive measures when reopening schools, along with clear strategies to manage potential cases and outbreaks in school settings, in order to reduce the transmission of COVID-19 and keep schools open.In September, with the beginning of the academic year 2020/2021, the vast majority of the countries belonging to the WHO European Region fully reopened schools . Thus, tThe present investigation was directed to all countries included in the European Region of WHO  in orderThe search strategy research was structured using the PICOS strategy, as can be seen in Documents were considered eligible if they reported official detailed guidelines or protocols on the reopening measures to be followed in school settings both to prevent the COVID-19 transmission and to manage suspected/confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection. The authors examined only documents written in English, French, Spanish, Italian, or Portuguese. Only state-level documents and documents referring to the academic year 2020/2021 (or autumn term) were included. Only documents on primary and secondary schools were considered eligible, while information about preschools, colleges, and universities were excluded. News, statements, and question and answer pages were excluded. Two authors (GLM and TS) independently screened the websites of the government, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Education to identify relevant documents. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. Extracted data for preventives measures included publication date, information about attendance, masks, physical distancing, interactions and behaviors, hand hygiene, ventilation, cleaning and disinfection, physical activity, school transport, and canteens. Extracted data for management measures included publication date, information about the management of students (and staff) with symptoms, and information about the management of students (and staff) who test positive.In order to find further suggestions for preventive and management measures, a rapid systematic review ,17 was cStudies were considered eligible if they reported guidelines, recommendations, or protocols for the reopening of primary and secondary schools. Differently from the search for official documents described above, papers referring to the reopening of schools before the new academic year 2020/2021 were included. Only papers that reported measures concerning the prevention of COVID-19 transmission or the management of suspected/confirmed cases were considered eligible. The authors examined only studies written in English, French, Spanish, Italian, or Portuguese. Commentaries and letters were excluded. Other exclusion criteria were studies on preschools, colleges, and universities and the unavailability of full texts. Authors chose the web application Rayyan of the Qatar Computing Research Institute (QCRI) as a tool for selecting and extracting relevant studies . Three aOverall, due to language restrictions, the countries included in this overview were the following: France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom, and San Marino. n = 2) [n = 2) [n = 1) [n = 4) [n = 5) [n = 3) [n = 2) [n = 3) [n = 1) [The number of official documents identified and considered relevant in the present overview was 23. The documents belonged to the following countries: France (n = 2) ,23, Luxe [n = 2) ,25, Malt [n = 1) , Ireland [n = 4) ,28,29,30 [n = 5) ,33,34,35 [n = 3) ,37,38, t [n = 2) ,40, Spai [n = 3) ,42,43, a [n = 1) . These d [n = 1)  and Octo [n = 1) ,34,42,44 [n = 1) ,25 were  [n = 1)  were ava [n = 1) ,39,40, t [n = 1) ,30,34,42 [n = 1) ,43,44. T [n = 1) ,37,39,42 [n = 1) ,44, and Performing the rapid systematic review, a total of 855 records were identified. The study selection process is described in Attendance and remote education: All students are expected to return to school [o school ,39,41,42o school ,35,36,37o school ,26. Someo school ,32,41,42o school ,39. In so school ,24,26,39Masks:Physical distancing: Physical distancing is considered one of the most important preventive measures in all documents. Distances range from a minimum of 1 m to a minimum of 2 m, and usually the distance that should be kept is higher between members of staff and students than between students  and touching face and mask [and mask ,37,41,42and mask ,37, encoand mask ,28,29, aand mask ,28.Hand hygiene: Promotion and reinforcement of hand hygiene practice is strongly encouraged, and it is preferable to use warm water and soap in all countries. It is possible to use hand sanitizer but when hands are visibly dirt use water and soap [and soap ,28,41,42and soap . Hand hyand soap ,39,41,42and soap ,27,28,32and soap ,26,39.Ventilation, cleaning and disinfection: All the countries highlighted the importance of an adequate ventilation of all areas. For instance, ventilation should be ensured before entrance, during break, end of the day [ the day ,41,42, a the day , during  the day . Ventila the day ,41,42 an the day ,26,41,42 the day ,26,27,28 the day ,39,41,42 the day ,39, at l the day ,32 or thPhysical activity at school: Outdoor activities should be preferred [referred ,38,39,42referred ,39, e.g.referred ,28,31,32referred ,37. In areferred ,39, indireferred ,38. Lastreferred ,38.School transports: Masks are mandatory [andatory ,41,42,44andatory  or 6 yeaandatory ,33,41,42andatory  and in Iandatory . Staggerandatory ,28,39, dandatory ,33,36,39andatory ,33,36,39andatory ,33,36. Tandatory ,39. Lastandatory ,28,41.School canteens: School canteens are reopening in all countries. Among the main measures to be followed, it is clarified to wear a mask until sitting [ sitting ,36, keep sitting ,32,41,42 sitting , stagger sitting ,32,36,37 sitting ,36,41,42 sitting ,28,41,42Attendance and remote education: Remote education should be feasible in all educational facilities, as this might prevent potential exposure or transmission among staff and children. In the case of a high incidence of COVID-19 transmission divided classes, supplemented by online lessons should be implemented [lemented . Alternalemented . The guilemented . Insteadlemented , whereaslemented .Masks: Recommendations for the use of masks differ among documents , self-isolate and call healthcare providers to receive instructions and get tested if COVID-19 is suspected. The procedure to follow is comparable to the procedure recommended for students. In some cases, it is specified that school workers have priority access to testing ,39.Confirmed case: In case the student is confirmed to be positive, the return-to-school criteria defined by the countries were mostly different, as reported in All the countries consider the quarantine of close contacts in school (staff and students), except Luxembourg, and report that the school should provide a list of contacts to health authorities, which perform risk assessment, epidemiological investigation, contact tracing, and guide the actions to be followed. When specified, the duration of quarantine can range from 7 days  to 10 4 and 14 dSome documents clarify also the measures that must be taken if more than one case in one classroom is confirmed. In Luxembourg, if the transmission is identified outside school the base scenario remains the same and the involved classroom is quarantined and tested; if the transmission is within school, more restrictive measures should be implemented by a specific committee . In someSuspected case: These documents commonly disagree on measures to be implemented if suspected and confirmed cases occur within schools. For instance, only the German consensus statement requires the presence of a COVID-19 contact person at school [t school . A desigt school , whereast school . The latt school . Moreovet school . None oft school ,48. Thist school . Insteadt school  , while masks were usually not recommended for primary school students (or a risk-based approach was advised). One of the main differences we found was regarding students at high risk due to their medical conditions. Indeed, in some cases there was flexibility between attendance in presence or remote education, while in other cases all students were expected to physically return to school without exceptions. We argue that a one size fits all approach for high-risk children should not be the chosen approach ,52. SeveRegarding the management of suspected and confirmed cases, the official documents mostly agreed. The existence of a specific COVID-19 contact person in the school and the location of the first call to have a telephone triage were among the main differences in the first step to be followed. In addition, the criteria to return to school for suspected and confirmed cases were slightly different among countries . HoweverOverall, the official documentation taken into account in the present overview included the recommendations outlined in the WHO, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and United Nations International Children\u2019s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) document published in September . Indeed,The present work has some limitations that must be acknowledged. Above all, language represented one of the main limitations, as well as the limited sources of information used. Indeed, besides the government, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Education websites that were searched, additional official documentation might be found in other official websites. In addition, we decided to consider only state-level guidelines, therefore further details and differences that can potentially be highlighted in regional or local guidelines are missing. Similarly, the rapid review of scientific literature cannot provide an immediate and prompt update of recommendations, as scientific publications require a certain amount of time to be peer-reviewed. Moreover, conducting a rapid systematic review may be itself a limitation, with the search being less extensive and comprehensive than a systematic review. Nevertheless, the present paper had the primary aim of providing an overview of the possible guidelines to be implemented for the 2020/2021 academic year reopening and, through a detailed comparison, allowed us to highlight both the commonly shared recommendations and the mainly different recommendations. It also outlined the broad heterogeneity of details that state-level guidelines provide.In conclusion, the present paper showed that the recommendations and guidelines for reopening primary and secondary schools in the 2020/2021 academic year were mostly in agreement considering the measures of prevention and management of suspected and confirmed cases. However, among the differences that were found, this overview also showed that there was no strict consensus on the criteria for the return to school of students that tested positive and, therefore, we suggest that evidence on which criteria are more effective in limiting the transmission should be gathered. Additionally, it is worth noting that the flexibility between attendance at school and remote education for high-risk children varied across countries and papers. In our opinion, special attention should be paid to high-risk children; in particular, a one size fits all approach should not be the chosen approach. Lastly, the fact that school closure was commonly considered as the very last resort for COVID-19 control is extremely important in view of the widespread consequences that have been reported due to school closures in the past months ,11,12,13Further studies are required to evaluate the impact of the different recommendations on controlling COVID-19 transmission in schools during this autumn term, and expert meetings may be useful in order to discuss available evidence. Moreover, we argue that the human factor should be also evaluated along with the effectiveness of the strategies per se. Indeed, suboptimal compliance to hygiene practice has been reported both at the school level   and the"}
{"text": "ESC Heart Failure (ESC\u2010HF) is an open access journal focused on advancing the understanding of heart failure since 2014. It is one of two journals of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology . ESC\u2010HF is published by Wiley as its publishing house. The journal's main topics include basic and translational research questions regarding the pathophysiology, electrophysiology, and biology of heart failure; clinical questions regarding the prevention, diagnosis, understanding, and therapy of heart failure; and epidemiological questions regarding the incidence, prevalence, prevention, distribution, and risk factors for heart failure in different populations. The workload regarding submitted journals is distributed between Prof. Stefan D. Anker , the editor\u2010in\u2010chief, and the three deputy editors Prof. Stephan von Haehling  for the clinical section, Prof. Zolt\u00e1n Papp  for the basic science section, and Dr G\u00e1bor F\u00f6ldes  for translational research. However, the journal would not be feasible without the help of the many authors and reviewers, editorial board members, associate editors, and especially the editorial office with Monika Diek, Anja Janssen, and Corinna Denecke. This journal relies on all these people to work together, towards the same goal of better understanding heart failure and its treatment.While in 2014, new journal issues were published every 6\u00a0months, today every 2\u00a0months a new issue is published. Thereby, the number of articles steadily increased over the years\u20142014, 16; 2015 and 2016, both 41; 2017, 95; 2018, 131; and 2019, 149. This is a ninefold increase of published articles from 2014 until 2019. At the time of this writing in September 2020, the number of submissions in 2020 has reached 926. The journal attracts publications from many different nations. The list of countries where most of the articles originate includes Germany, the United States, Japan, England, Italy, Netherland, Spain, Sweden, France, and Australia.TableTablesIn Web of Science,In 2019, ESC\u2010HF articles were altogether cited 1276 times.None declared."}
{"text": "Some epidermal alterations in measles has been described, such as keratinocytes apoptotic, parakeratosis, giant-cell formation, intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions, dyskeratosis, spongiosis, and intracellular edema. The authors report for the first time in human a case of measles with the presence of multinucleated giant cells in the hair follicle and dyskeratosis in acrosyringium. A 9-year-old boy evolved with headache and fever. Seven days after the onset of symptoms, coughing, an episode of hemoptysis, coryza, and conjunctivitis, followed by a rash that started on the forehead with a cephalophaudal progression. He had no comorbidities or family history.The exanthema was distributed in a cephalocaudal direction, with appearance of pruritic maculopapular lesions, some confluent plaques, more intense on the face and trunk. The physical examination revealed a hypochromic macula, with diffuse erythematosus halo, before the appearance of a rash on the oral mucosa, Koplik's sign , besidesThe skin biopsy showed hyperkeratosis, mild spongiosis, dyskeratosis, focal parakeratosis, and apoptotic keratinocytes. In follicular epithelia, was observed dyskeratosis and multinucleated giant cells . The dysTorres, in 1952,The most common findings are parakeratosis, giant-cell formation, intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions, dyskeratosis, spongiosis, and intracellular edema.EwingEpithelial giant cells in the hair follicles were described, in our knowledge, only by Hall et al.None declared.Monique Freire Santana: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; conception and planning of the study; elaboration and writing of the manuscript; obtaining, analysis, and interpretation of the data; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.Luiz Carlos de Lima Ferreira: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; conception and planning of the study; effective participation in research orientation; critical review of the manuscript.Jo\u00e3o Gabriel Nogueira de Oliveira: Elaboration and writing of the manuscript; obtaining, analysis, and interpretation of the data.F\u00e1bio Francesconi: Effective participation in research orientation; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases; critical review of the manuscript.None declared."}
{"text": "Sphenarium that are widely looked for, collected, accepted as part of the diet, consumed, and marketed.In the state of Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico, 49 genera and 69 species of edible insects were registered, and they belong to the following orders: Orthoptera: (families) Pyrgomorphidae (2 species) and Acrididae (5); Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Coreidae (1), Corixidae (2), Pentatomidae (2), Membracidae (2), and Aethalionidae (3); Coleoptera: Cerambycidae (1), Cicendelidae (2), Curculionidae (2), Dytiscidae (1), Noteridae (1), Gyrinidae (1), Passalidae (1), Scarabaeidae (1), Tenebrionidae (2), Bostrichidae (1), Buprestidae (1), and Melolonthidae (1); Lepidoptera: Cossidae (1), Danaidae (1), Megathymidae (1), Pieridae (1), Bombycidae (1), Sessidae (1), Noctuidae (1), and Nymphalidae (1); Diptera: Stratiomydae (2); and Hymenoptera: Diprionidae (2), Apidae (10), Formicidae (4), and Vespidae (12). The order Coleoptera presents the highest number of families (12), but the order Hymenoptera has the highest number of genera (18) and species (28), 12 of which belong to the family Vespidae. Among the genera, 75.52% are monospecific, 14.28% are bispecific, 4.08% are trispecific, 4.08% are tetraspecific, and 2.04% are pentaspecific. Their distribution by locality is indicated, and these localities correspond to the municipalities of the state sampled so far; likewise, we report various forms in which they are prepared and the economic importance of, for example, the grasshoppers of the genus  Society currently faces a variety of significant crises. Preexisting quotidian crises  are now accompanied by drastic climate fluctuations caused by global warming, including issues such as rising pollution, unchecked demographic growth, and low crop yield. As a result, to feed an ever-growing world population, insects are an important alimentary resource. Not only do many animals feed on them, but they also have a long culinary history providing food for people in different parts of the world: these animals have been valued by many cultures and for some are the sole protein source available . Being a2. The topography of the state include Sierra Tarasca in the north pertaining to the Eje Volc\u00e1nico along with numerous volcanoes, such as Zacap\u00fa; the main mountain ranges such as the ones of Angangueo in the limits of the Estado de M\u00e9xico; Ucareo, Mil Cumbres, and Otzumatl\u00e1n; the Pico de Orizaba; mount Zirate; the Sierra de Patamb\u00e1n; mount Tanc\u00edtaro; Sierra de Inguar\u00e1n; the Paricut\u00edn and Jorullo volcanoes; and the northern part of the R\u00edo Tepalcatepec basin contained the flatlands of Antunez, Lombardia, and Nueva Italia. Sierras Tarasca and Coalcam\u00e1n have a subhumid temperate climate, and the mountainsides toward the basins of Tepalcatepec and Balsas and toward the Pac\u00edfic are hot humid and the lower part of that basin is semi-dry with a summer rainfall regime. The following rivers are present in the state: Coahuayana, Coire, Coalcam\u00e1n, Nexpa, Carrizal, and Zacatula; the last one has numerous tributaries in the state, such as the Grande, which also receives water from the Cupatitzio or del Marqu\u00e9s and forms the waterfall known as the Tzar\u00e1racua at the south of the city of Uruap\u00e1n, the Tac\u00e1mbaro, the Car\u00e1cuaro, the Cutzamala, the Tuzantla, the Tuxpan, the Zit\u00e1cuaro, and the Temascaltepec. The river Lerma marks boundaries between Michoac\u00e1n and the states of Quer\u00e9taro, Guanajuato, and Jalisco; the closed basins include lakes Cuitzeo, P\u00e1tzcuaro, and Zirahu\u00e9n. The state also has numerous springs of thermal and mineral-medicinal waters. In the Sierra Madre del Sur, the soils are poor and undeveloped, such as the regosols and cambisols; in the Sierra Tarasca, the soils are fertile and derive from volcanic ash (andosols); and in the Balsas basin, the soils are clayey lateritic (acrisol and luvisol) alternating with cambisol. The state is divided into 113 municipalities and 7,716 localities. Of the total area of the state, 33.3% is farmland, 30.4% is rainfed, and 4.9% is irrigated, that is, Michoac\u00e1n is an agricultural state that produces corn, sorghum, rice, beans, wheat, barley, safflower, sesame, sugar cane, cotton, alfalfa, potatoes, and tomatoes and fruits such as strawberries, melons, avocados, lemons, mangos, apples, watermelons, and bananas. Grasslands compromise 6.7% of the total state area. Bovine cattle are the most important type of livestock, significant of which were the porcine, along with goats, sheep, horses, mules, and donkeys being bred. The total forest area is of 4,320,800; 2,052,800 ha are covered in trees, and of these, 1,733,200 ha has temperate and semicold climate forests and 319,000 medium forests, low forests, and mezquital correspond to 867,600 ha, shrubland to 259,200 ha and the areas that have been cleared so as to be used otherwise represent 1,141,200 ha. Pines, oaks, and firs are exploited for their wood; resin is obtained from pines. Fishing activities in its lakes are also important for its economy; the main species are charal, carp, catfish, frog, white fish, huachinango, tilapia, and sardine  and/or municipal markets.During 2017 and 2019, diverse visits to 48 localities were carried out so as to survey and collect the edible insects. With this in mind, we developed a questionnaire exclusively aimed at the inhabitants of rural areas in which we asked about the insects included in their diet, their common names and hosts, and their gastronomic importance. Edible insects were collected using tweezers and entomological nets ; they were then placed in plastic jars filled with 70% ethanol for their preservation. In all the samples collected, we included the following data: locality name, collection date, collector's name, common name, and type of host . SeveralAfter their collection, insects were brought to the Entomology Laboratory that is part of the Department of Zoology of the Biology Institute, where they were mounted, labeled , and ideIn alphabetical order, the localities sampled were: Ahuiran, Alto Balsas, Angangueo, Aquila, Aranza, Ario de Rosales, Capacuaro, Angahuan, Chauzingo, Charapan, Cher\u00e1n, Cocucho, Cop\u00e1ndaro de Galeana, Cotija, Eronganicuaro, Jerecuaro, Jiquilpan, Juchit\u00e1n, Jungapeo, La Piedad, Lago de Cuitzeo, Lago de P\u00e1tzcuaro, Las Cocinas, Mazamitla, Meseta Tarasca, Morelia, Nahuatzen, Neocup\u00e9taro, P\u00e1tzcuaro, Pomocuaran, Quinceo, San Francisco Corupo, San Lorenzo, San Pedro Tarimbaro, Sevina, Tac\u00e1mbaro, Tecom\u00e1n, Tingambato, Tlalpujahua, Tumbizca, Tupataro, Tuxpan, Uruapan, Zac\u00e1n, Zamora, Zirahuen, Zit\u00e1cuaro, and Ziracuaretiro. The collection sites include pine-oak forests, ravines, shrubland, hills, and springs.Table 2.The edible insects reported by the persons interviewed are presented in In this study, we report 6 orders, 31 families, 49 genera, and 69 species.Trichoderes pini are both larvae and pupae are eaten, and, in the genus Cysbister, the larvae and adults are eaten. It is convenient to point out that the larvae are the most digestible in the developmental stage as they possess the smallest quantity of \u201craw fiber\u201d and that the adults are consumed in very few cases.The order Coleoptera has the highest number of families  Ceramby. In thisPolybia, the consumption of honey is well-known and reproducing adults are consumed in the case of the ants of the genus Atta. A taxonomic synthesis is presented in The order Hymenoptera has the highest number of genera  and specWe also record common or linguistic names, where the edible stage of development and the localities in which the consumption was recorded .Corisella mercenaria, Krizousacorixa femorata, Cybister sp., Suphisellus sp., and Gyrinus parcus), and 92.76% are terrestrial.Five species have an aquatic habit, that is, 7.24% , before being prepared in diverse dishes, are dehydrated in a microwave oven to eliminate excess water and, if they are used in the preparation of a sweet dish, they are placed in a container with sugar and cinnamon, boiled, and then microwaved. With grasshoppers, they make stuffed sweet crepes with a chocolate covering, cheese pie with kiwi and strawberries, rice and milk, pizza, and tacos with tomato sauce. These grasshoppers are also consumed as an appetizer; they are toasted and seasoned with piquing chili or they are cooked so as to be eaten in tacos accompanied by guacamole or sauce. They are also prepared in a sauce made of morita chili, garlic, and tomatillo and are sold in the streets, fried and seasoned with lemon and chili. They are used in the design of delicious gourmet dishes.Detailed below are some forms of preparation used in Michoac\u00e1n of some of the edible insects recorded. Order Orthoptera encompasses many phytophagous species that are pests, of which some are also predators; in this order, the nymphs and adults of grasshoppers are the Mexican edible insects most sought after, asked for, and commercialized in several states like Tlaxcala and Puebla, and they even have given rise to alimentary industries in Oaxaca. The grasshoppers  are bug species pertaining to the family Pentatomidae that are considered to be a delicacy, where both nymphs and adults are consumed. The best known in the state is Brochyymena tenebrosa; these organisms can be eaten fried or ground to prepare a sauce and they may also be prepared in enchiladas  is considered a delicacy since pre-Hispanic times and it is consumed toasted. The cocopaches (nymphs and adults) are eaten prepared in a sauce of chopped greens  known as \u201cpico de gallo\u201d (rooster's beak).For order Hemiptera, we see the following: The chiladas . The axamayates, beetles, ladybirds, weevils, and picudos. They feed on both live and dead organic matter and, thus, they are important agricultural and forest pests; nevertheless, some of them are used in pest control. In Mexico, members of 22 families, 66 genera, and 119 species are consumed , they are cooked and filled with cheddar or mozzarella cheese, wrapped in a piece of bacon and accompanied by a cherry tomato, presented as sweet brochettes with kiwi, strawberry, and pineapple; as chocolate covered larvae; or as salted brochettes with broccoli, carrots, onions, and green pepper with a yellow dip with garlic; and as Chinese rolls with cream cheese and cucumber in a soy sauce. Depending on which flavor is selected when they are prepared, if it is salty they are fried in olive oil with salt and garlic, and if it is sweet with butter and sugar; and it is important to emphasize that the smell perceived during this preparation process is delightful, and it invites its savoring.In the case of grub worms (cupiches (larvae), huenches, conduchas, or chamas (pupae) are toasted in a comal and are eaten in tacos accompanied by hot sauce. Red and white maguey worms (larvae) are eaten in tacos.For the order Lepidoptera, we see the following: It encompasses the insects known as butterflies and moths, and among them, the edible ones that are most popular are the white and red maguey worms that are distributed in all states of Mexico where this plant grows. The Apis mellifera, while others are involved in pollination and biological control.For order Hymenoptera, we see the following: This order is equally one of the most numerous species, which are known by the common names of wasps, bees, and ants, that are beneficial, and some have been domesticated, as is the case of the bee Apis) are prepared with chantilly cream cheese filled strawberries, the strawberries are cored and filled with the mix of the cheese, cream, and larvae; they can also be added to rum-flamed bananas or to the custard used for filling pies; larvae are added directly to the dishes, giving them a sweet and pine nut like flavor. The reproductive adults of the chicatana ants are consumed fried and roasted and in sauces; another preparation form is to toast them and then grind them in a molcajete with chili, garlic, and salt so as to be eaten in tacos.Bee larvae , grasshopper flour, grasshopper and chinicuil chocolates, and caramelized grasshoppers. She says that the acceptance of these foodstuffs has been growing in Morelia, the capital city of the state, especially in the health sector due to the nutritional virtues of insects that, as we have already mentioned, are widely documented in the scientific literature, both in Mexico and worldwide. This firm also organizes training courses in rural zones where they show how to collect, clean, and prepare them for their sale, so as to ensure that they are innocuous in the processed products. This activity has become the source of income of many persons who are now devoted to collecting grasshoppers for human consumption. This is proof that this activity enables them to obtain a significant income , whose founder, the entrepreneur Janette Lagunas Rayas, has published that the market of insect consumption is growing slowly, but it is nevertheless growing . This cot income , 65, forth flour . Some fath flour . In thisOther insects that have economic importance in diverse ways include the bees known as Uauapu bees . Honey is sold in local and regional markets. Honey is considered a very rich foodstuff both for its flavor as well as for its nutritional properties; it is consumed because people like it and it is considered a privileged foodstuff. The honeycomb is also sold commercially and eaten in sliced pieces, and the larvae are consumed as well . Honey iIn the state of Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico, 69 species of edible insects in their different stages of development are consumed. The localities in which the greatest number of species are consumed are: Charapan (10 species) Jungapeo (7), P\u00e1tzcuaro (6), San Pedro Tar\u00edmbaro (6), Neocup\u00e9taro (6), and Cher\u00e1n (6).Anthropo-entomaphagy persists in Michoac\u00e1n due to its rural population that, despite the influence of miscegenation and the introduction of other alimentary habits, has kept its traditional knowledge about the ecology, distribution, management, and consumption of edible insects as these arthropods have been part of culture since pre-Hispanic times. They have been a significant aspect of Mexican cuisine and diet for centuries. Today, many chefs have incorporated entomophagy into Mexican haute cuisine, developing dishes that, although exotic and expensive to certain social strata, are nevertheless increasingly more acceptable and consumed in different restaurants and markets.However, it must be emphasized that even with the number of species registered in the state, anthropo\u2013entomophagy is not very popular in the big cities and municipal heads; they used to be consumed in rural zones in which they are collected, prepared, and eaten; likewise, we observed that this activity is very much appreciated by the elders and ignored by the young. This is due to the large quantity of modern foodstuffs which the latter tend to consume as part of their diets.Finally, we can say that this pre-Columbian legacy prevails, and we ascertain that edible insects are an essential part of our alimentary culture and an element of identity that generates nutritional, medicinal, and economic benefits to those that practice entomophagy in the Mexican Republic.The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.Both authors participated in the field research, writing, and final review of the article.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "The Hiram J. Friedsam Award lecture will feature an address by the 2020 award recipient, Karen Kopera-Frye, PhD, MPA, FGSA, FAGHE. Hiram J. Friedsam was the professor, co-founder, and director of the Center for Studies in Aging and dean of the School of Community Service at the University of Northern Texas. Dr. Friedsam was an outstanding teacher, researcher, colleague, and mentor to students, faculty, and administrators, as well as a past president of AGHE. The purpose of this award is to recognize those who emulate Dr. Friedsam\u2019s excellence in mentorship."}
{"text": "Funding statement. The correct number for BMBF e:bio3 initiative HotSySAPP is 031L0078A. The corrected Funding statement appears below:In the original article, there was an error in the BSi acknowledges the funding by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). LS and SK received funds within the e:bio3 initiative HotSySAPP (031L0078A). LS acknowledges funding by MERCUR Pr-2013-0010.Author Contributions Statement appears below.Additionally, Roland Wohlgemuth was not included as an author. The corrected SK, LS, TB, KB, EA, RK, and RM performed the experiments. CB, BSi, BSc, MO, and SK wrote the manuscript, which was edited by CB and BSi. CB, RW, and BSi conceived the study. All authors approved the final manuscript.Conflict of Interest statement is as follows:The corrected BSc, RM, MO, KB, RK, EA, and RW were employed by the company Member of Merck Group, Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH, Buchs, Switzerland.The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Correction to: Cell Death & Disease10.1038/s41419-019-2214-9, published online 16 January 2020In the original published version of the article, there was a mistake in the affiliations:The first affiliation  should read \u201cDivision of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China\u201dThis has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article."}
{"text": "At the European scale, the most studied topics were related to the environment, food, chemicals, pigments, protein, feed, and drugs. The highest scientific trends and market opportunities analysis identified bioplastics and biostimulants as top emerging concepts at the European level and agricultural, animalfeed, and bluebiotechnology at the European AA level. A bibliographic database of scientific papers published by authors affiliated worldwide, especially focused in Europe and in the European Atlantic Area, and containing the keywords \u201cmicroalga(e)\u201d or \u201cphytoplankton\u201d was built. A corpus of 79,020 publications was obtained and analyzed using the Orbit Intellixir software to highlight the evolution of the research domain. Publication rates from 1960 to 2019, organization of the research, collaboration networks between countries and organizations, emerging and fading research concepts, major studied species, and associated concepts, as well as journals publishing microalgae research were considered. As a result, of the 79,020 papers published worldwide, 26,137 included authors from Europe (33% of world production) and 6989 from the European Atlantic Area (AA) . The main worldwide scientific research topics found in this study were  Microalgae, with an estimated number of 30,000 to 1,000,000 species, constitute a vast group of microorganisms extensively studied for their ecological functions in marine and freshwater environments and possible use as a source of feed, food, cosmetics, biofuels, nanomaterials, and pharmaceuticals ,3. SinceIn 2018, the scientific production reached 5747 publications per year in the world, 1806 (31% of the world production) publications per year in Europe, and 509 (28% of the European production) publications per year in the AA. From the results explained above, it can be noted that Europe and the European AA follow roughly the same publication trend as the world trend. An increased interest of the scientific community in microalgae can be noticed since 2005, as demonstrated by the rapid increase in the world and European publication rates and the important inflection of the publication slope, as highlighted by Garrido-Cardenas et al. (2018). These authors estimated that a 15-fold acceleration of the publication rate was observed after 2005 [Concerning European countries, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, and Italy were the main European countries producing scientific publications in the field of microalgae worldwide, with 5818, 5448, 5248, 4106, and 2925 publications, respectively. The five countries of the European AA  were among the seven that published the most with co-authors in the AA. In this top seven, the U.S. and Germany published 836 and 494 scientific publications, respectively, with co-authors from the European AA. phytoplankton, community, bloom, diatoms, distribution, ecosystem, coastal, chlorophyll, zooplankton, photosynthesis, and primary production. This environment/phytoplankton research domain can be differentiated from the microalgae/high-added-value molecules field that contained less and more recent publications, as previously reported [reported . Feed was the predominant emerging concept for the three geographical areas, with a very high growth factors (GF) compared to the rest of the emerging concepts  [hnology) .The 28 countries of the European Union produced 26,137 publications in the field of microalgae and phytoplankton; these papers are analyzed in detail in this section.Within the European Union, countries producing the largest number of publications are France (5445), Germany (5258), Spain (4100), Italy (2852), Netherlands (2353), the United Kingdom (2030), Sweden (1654), Denmark (1446), Poland (1192), Belgium (1189), Portugal (1164), and Finland (904). In addition, between 400 and 600 scientific publications have been published by Greece (556), the Czech Republic (555), Austria (484), and Ireland (416). The production of scientific publications was lower for Switzerland (348), Croatia (343), Hungary (338), and Estonia (319). Regarding the number of scientific papers published until 2019 for the 15 top publisher countries in Europe, France and Germany were the first to produce an important number of publications in Europe, with 100 publications per year since 1996 and 1997, respectively. Spain reached 100 publications per year in 2001, and the U.S. and Italy produced 100 per year in 2007. The number of scientific publications per country continues to increase each year. The city of Paris produced more than 50 scientific publications per year since 2007 and reached more than 100 publications per year since 2017. Wageningen, Lisbon, Kiel, and Barcelona each produced 50 scientific publications per year since the year 2000.environment, with 8962 publications, dominating the domains related to food and chemicals that contain 4275 and 4271 publications, respectively. These keywords cover very broad topics and more specific markets have fewer publications (less than 2000 publications). For example, many publications have been produced in Europe in the field of pigments (1861), proteins (1847), feed (1818), drug (1474), biofuel (1014), and biotechnologies (892). biostimulant (13), bioplastic (14), vaccines (16), biofertilizers (22), and nanotechnology (59).Hydrobiologia was the top publisher in Europe, with 1162 publications and an impact factor of 2.165. The majority of these journals relate to environmental/phytoplankton research and have impact factors ranging from 1.897 to 4.61 for an average of 2.69. The main journals related to the microalgae/high-added value molecules field are Bioresource Technology and Algal Research, with impact factors of 5.807 and 3.745, respectively.Chlorella sp. is the most published genus with almost twice as many publications as Scenedesmus sp. (733) and Chlamydomonas sp. (641). For each of genera, the corresponding emerging concepts are listed in Chlorella sp., the top emerging concepts were biostimulant and agro industrial waste  species).Chlorella sp. in Following the identification of the top 15 microalgae genera studied in Europe, a detailed study of associated and emerging concepts, scientific consortia working on these genera in Europe, research cities, temporal evolution of publications by country, top journals, citations, and top cited papers was performed. The results of this advanced analysis are presented below for https://www.enhancemicroalgae.eu/). To compare on a global scale, 9% of world publications came from the AA, 15% of world authors were from the AA, and 37% of affiliations working in the field of microalgae were located in the AA. In this section, the AA was compared with Europe for (i) the main concepts and topics of scientific publications, (ii) the national contribution to publications, (iii) the networks of collaborations by city and country, as well as (iv) the main journals and citations in the field of microalgae. The EnhanceMicroalgae project is a transnational and inter-regional Atlantic project that aims to evaluate the potential of the European AA in the microalgae industrial sector  (https:/biofuel (+55 publications), drug (+54), health (+44), and bioremediation (+31). In contrast, research topics such as environment (-58), biogas (-30), protein (-29), and chemicals (-26) were less published in the AA as compared to the European average. Other research fields ranging from +10 to -10 are in line with European research priorities , Italy (325), Germany (322), and France (310), followed by Portugal, the Netherlands, the U.S., Belgium, and the United Kingdom that have published each between 100 and 150 publications on microalgae high added-value molecules since 2017. The major AA cities working in this field are Wageningen, Paris, Rome, Lisbon, Barcelona, Almeria, and Nantes with 85, 66, 64, 63, 58, 57, and 50 publications including at least one co-author in the AA, respectively. As shown in microalgae/biomass/growth/cell/concentration. By dismissing these ubiquitous concepts, a network of 18 clusters was created in which model, treatment, acid, lipid, chemical, energy, nutrient, cultivation, green and carbon were the dominant concepts  are concepts .Regardless of their size, the contribution of each country for publications in the AA, namely, Ireland, the United Kingdom, France, Spain, and Portugal, was compared in this section. The United Kingdom mainly contributed to these publications, as the United Kingdom affiliations were identified in 33% of the publications compared to 25% and 24% for France and Spain, respectively. Portugal produced 15% of the scientific publications in the European Area and Ireland was associated with 5% of the publications .The international scientific collaborations of the European AA were analyzed in this section in order to highlight strong collaborations but also to identify collaborations that could be developed for a better sharing of research at geographical and thematic levels. Marine Ecology Progress Series, Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, and Journal of Plankton Research with 263, 209, and 193 publications, respectively. As observed in the European database, the journals publishing the highest number of microalgae AA studies are related to environmental/phytoplankton research. The main journals publishing papers related to microalgae/high-added value molecules are Bioresource Technology and Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts, with impact factors of 5.8 and 3.7, respectively, and Progress in Oceanography (IF 4.27). Despite the dominance of environmental science journals, the two scientific publications with the highest citations in the AA deal with the production of high-added value molecules from microalgae and are entitled \u201cMicroalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review\u201d and \u201cBiofuels from microalgae-A review of technologies for production, processing and extractions of biofuels and co-products\u201c. These papers were published in 2010 and cited 2610 times and 2124 times, respectively , Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands (particularly from Wageningen).A bibliographic database was built through a literature search performed in February 2019 including all reports published to date. The use of the Scopus database was compulsory to obtain a format compatible with the bibliometric analysis using the Orbit Intellixir software. The keywords \u201cmicroalgae\u201d and \u201cphytoplankton\u201d were used to list world publications, European publications , and European publications including at at least one author from the Atlantic regions of Portugal, Spain, France, the United Kingdom, and Ireland, as defined in the interregional (Interreg) AA research programs . The keyThe bibliographic database was last updated in February 2019 and it contained 79,020 publications, 111,975 authors, 4446 affiliations, and 931,299 concepts. These references are available on demand to the corresponding author.P being the number of cumulative scientific publications containing the concept at one time.A \u201cconcept\u201d designates a word (or group of words) present in the title, summary, or keywords of a publication that can be extracted and identified using a bibliometric software. The occurrence of a concept is the number of documents containing this concept, and co-occurrence the number of documents linking several concepts. The bibliographic database, including references without duplicates, was imported from Scopus (Editor Elsevier) into the Orbit Intellixir bibliometric software and analyzed to quantify the scientific production per year, country, organization, and annual evolution of publication rates. Collaboration networks between countries; public and/or private organizations; as well as major, fading, and emerging research concepts, were graphically represented using the most relevant formats available in the Orbit Intellixir software. Data were analyzed to highlight the latest trends in research topics; identify the most explored research concepts; point out the most studied species; and highlight strengths, opportunities, and collaborations in the research organizations from the European AA. Emerging concepts were defined as concepts that showed the greatest increase in frequency of use in the database over the last 2 years. A manual selection of emerging concepts was performed, as some of them were relevant for our study , whereas others were less . A growth factor (GF) was calculated to highlight the concepts with the highest emergence over the past 2 years (2017-2019). GF was calculated as Equation (1).phytoplankton, community, bloom, diatoms, distribution, ecosystem, coastal, chlorophyll, zooplankton, photosynthesis, and primary production. Focusing at the European AA level in which the Interreg EnhanceMicroalgae project is positioned, the analysis of the 6989 publications revealed that the biofuel, drug, health, and bioremediation topics are more published than at the European average. The major publishers of these AA publications were located in the United Kingdom, France, and Spain, particularly in research poles of Southampton, Vigo, Plouzan\u00e9, Lisbon, Brest, Nantes, and Plymouth. In contrast, compared to Europe, the AA produced less scientific publications in the field of microalgae-based high added-value molecules (1882 publications), suggesting a scope to extend in term of research, collaboration, and industrial development. The highest scientific trends and market opportunities were highlighted by identifying top emerging concepts such as bioplastics and biostimulants at the European level and agricultural, animal feed, and blue biotechnology at the European AA level. By focusing at the European scale, the most studied topics found in the 26,137 European publications were related to the environment, food, chemicals, pigments, protein, feed, and drugs. Analysis of international cooperation highlighted the strong links and partnerships with the United States, Canada, Norway, and Australia, but identified the possible development of new collaborations with most other countries. Within the European Union, France, Germany, and Spain dominated the scientific productivity, and the most studied and published species were Chlorella sp. and Scenesdesmus sp. A large number of microalgae and cyanobacteria species have received minimal attention, indicating a significant innovation potential for new molecules, new applications, and markets. Finally, this study provides an updated review of quantitative data at three different reading levels, and should allow microalgae stakeholders to guide their investments and projects for future research opportunities and cooperation in the field of microalgae research and bioeconomy.On the basis of the analysis of 79,020 publications at the world, European, and European AA levels, our study aimed to give a relevant overview of microalgae research until 2019, an in-depth analysis of research concepts and collaborations, and a European perspective on emerging topics. Studied microalgae species were also analyzed in detail to highlight their associated concepts, the networks of researchers working in the field, and the potential of development for new applications or new species. The scientific research topics were essentially the same at the world, European, and AA levels, with the main research concepts corresponding to"}
{"text": "Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) has become a real problem during the past couple of years, as it appears in individuals due to prolonged computer, cell phone and tablet use. In addition, different associations, such as the Ontario Association of Optometrists (OAO) has recommended regular breaks, when looking at digital screens. It is already known that prolonged computer, cell phone and tablet usage may cause dry eyes, neck and shoulder pain, headaches, etc. All these eye problems may have as outcomes itchy eyes, blurred eyes and many other eye problems.In order to prevent these eye problems, a rule has been established by OAO, and that is, to look away from the screen every 20 minutes, for 20 seconds, and focus on something that is located 20 feet away. Consequently, optometrists advice adult individuals to close their eyes and daydream for 20 seconds. At the same time, children are recommended to look away and daydream on occasion, because, by doing so, they may prevent CVS, which includes affections, such as eye strain and burning eyes. The following tips are offered to prevent and reduce eye problems of kids: the height and setting of the computer should be checked; the glare on the computer screen should be checked, meaning that windows or other light sources should not be visible in the monitor; the amount of lighting in the room should be reduced to match the computer screen; continuous blinking is recommended.Provided that taking short 20 seconds breaks at every 20 minutes is almost impossible during a regular eight-hour work day, when most of the people spend their entire time staring into a screen, a Social Marketing campaign should also be implemented in Romania, with the aim to raise the awareness regarding this emergent modern \u201cdisease\u201d by bonding, bridging and linking the social issues and behavior change, and ensuring, in fact, a balance. Most of the times, Social Marketing campaigns are elaborated to assess a behavior change in a population, but are not going to be successful if certain strategies are not implemented. For instance, the determinants of a successful adopted health behavior depend on immediate environment conditions that encompass peers, local community, significant others and family, on wider social context elements such as societal norms, cultural symbolism, structural issues and social and economic conditions, and, in addition, on personal characteristics, with a specific interest in individual particularities, as goals, aspirations, self-efficacy, education, symbolic needs and skills.Fig. 1. In conclusion, I strongly believe that the efficient application of Social Marketing principles takes the shape of the Social Marketing\u2019s Value Triad, as illustrated in In Ophthalmology, it is acknowledged the fact that value is expressed subjectively and \u201cis in the eye of the beholder\u201d. Basically, it is important to refer to values because they are beliefs, ideas, experiences, emotions, and motivate actions and transcend to specific actions and situations. Assist. Prof. Gheorghe Consuela-M\u0103d\u0103lina, PhD,Philologist, Authorized translator"}
{"text": "This study explored the global cyberspace security issues, with the purpose of breaking the stereotype of people\u2019s cognition of cyberspace problems, which reflects the relationship between interdependence and association. Based on the Apriori algorithm in association rules, a total of 181 strong rules were mined from 40 target websites and 56,096 web pages were associated with global cyberspace security. Moreover, this study analyzed support, confidence, promotion, leverage, and reliability to achieve comprehensive coverage of data. A total of 15,661 sites mentioned cyberspace security-related words from the total sample of 22,493 professional websites, accounting for 69.6%, while only 735 sites mentioned cyberspace security-related words from the total sample of 33,603 non-professional sites, accounting for 2%. Due to restrictions of language, the number of samples of target professional websites and non-target websites is limited. Meanwhile, the number of selections of strong rules is not satisfactory. Nowadays, the cores of global cyberspace security issues include internet sovereignty, cyberspace security, cyber attack, cyber crime, data leakage, and data protection. Association rules, reflecting the interdependence and correlation between one thing and others, are one of the critical research methods in the data mining of graphic patterns . In otheRegarding the mining issues of association rules, Psychology was used to confirm the five personality traits, meta traits, and the hypothetical relationship between self-esteem and the legal network terminology network . AlthougAssociation-rule mining includes mining frequent item-sets and discovering strong association rules . Mining When association rules are mined from frequent item-sets, the method of using the \u201csupport-confidence\u201d model has been recognized by most researchers. In recent years, Based on the association rules of the Apriori algorithm in data mining, global cyberspace security was studied, to seek the focus of current cyberspace issues and to provide a path reference for future cyberspace governance . The proIt is essential to select appropriate target websites, thus ensuring the validity of the keywords database. Meanwhile, this study focused on target websites of global cyberspace security, which were divided into two types, professional and non-professional, to consider the comprehensiveness of data coverage.Professional websites include internet sovereignty, data breach, cyber attacks, and rogue software, involving multiple aspects of cyberspace security. However, non-professional websites are based on the information content published by mainstream news media. Although the content is relatively small compared to professional websites, it involves rich information about global cyberspace security.In the implementation of the first stage, professional websites and non-professional news websites were selected explicitly in global cyberspace security as the databases for lexicon selection. The ratio of the selected lexicon is generally maintained in a range of 1:1. A total of 15 target professional websites See  and 25 nThe process of the first stage requires collecting lexicons to determine the necessary ones for the second stage of Python in the above website data crawler. As the basis for word segmentation, if the lexicons are not correctly selected, it is easy to miss critical data mining in the later analysis. This study selected 89 lexicons related to cyberspace security to cover all aspects of global cyberspace security, thus providing high-quality data for later association rules mining. The selected lexicons are listed as follows:Cyberspace governance, cyberspace security, system security, information dissemination security, information content safety, internet ecosystem, cyber infrastructure security, application security (application system security), Internet security, Internet of things security, transaction security, database security, mobile security, risk management, risk assessment, information disclosure, communication technology, cyber technology, cyber protocol security, cyber running security, local area cyber (cyber security inspection), computer viruses, information alterations (loss), media security, and environmental security, equipment security, cyber security inspection, communication cyber, global governance, artificial intelligence, security strategy, cyber attacks, cyber security vulnerability, cyber law, information security, cyber threat, strategic proposition, cyber supervision, coordination mechanism, emergency management, social cyber, monitoring and early warning, cyber risk, cyber crime, security specification, security prevention, data protection, business secret, cosmopolitan web, data service, security framework, data breach, security event, security threat, cyber intrusion, and cyber security crisis, international cooperation, security system, information technology, encryption technology, cyber pattern, ICANN, cyber competitiveness, cyber deterrence theory, cyber self-management, Internet governance, cyberspace sovereignty, national safety, information infrastructure, cyber-culture, cyber terror, cyber governance, fundamentals of cyber security, cyberspace protection, international cyber cooperation, personal information protection, critical information infrastructure, multi-stakeholders, digital economic cooperation, personal privacy protection, digital divide and poverty, international internet system, cyber ecological governance, internet governance, cyber rules, cyber laws, cyber sovereignty, and cyber monitoring.Association rules are similar to the implication expression of X \u27f9 Y, where X and Y are disjoint subsets, that is, X\u2229Y = \u00d8 . The strFor a given X \u27f9 Y, the higher the confidence, the greater the probability that Y is included in the transaction of X. Certainly, confidence can also estimate the conditional probability of Y at a given X . For exaApriori algorithm of a mining association rule is based on two core theories: the subsets of frequent item-sets are frequent item-sets, and the supersets of infrequent item-sets are infrequent item-sets . FrequenHowever, the Apriori algorithm uses an Iterative Method . First, The Apriori algorithm is used to find frequent k-item-sets, setting the minimum support to 50%. First, a candidate frequent 1-item-set is generated, including all five data and calculating the corresponding support. Secondly, pruning is performed after the calculation. Since the support of {cyber crime} 1-item-set is only 25%, it has to be cut off. Therefore, the final frequent 1-item-set, {cyber attacks, data breach, data protection, and artificial intelligence}, is linked to generate the candidate frequent 2-item-set, {cyber attacks, data breach), {cyber attacks, data protection}, {cyber attacks, artificial intelligence}, {data breach, data protection}, {data breach, artificial intelligence}, and {data protection, artificial intelligence}, with a total of six groups. The first round of iteration ends at this point.In the second round of iteration, the scanned data set is used to calculate the support of the candidate frequent 2-item-set, and then the item-sets are removed . The supData Breach \u27f9 Artificial Intelligence^Data Protection.Data Protection \u27f9 Data Breach^Artificial Intelligence.Artificial Intelligence \u27f9 Data Breach^Data Protection.Data Breach^Data Protection \u27f9 Artificial Intelligence.Data Breach^Artificial Intelligence \u27f9 Data Protection.Data Protection^Artificial Intelligence \u27f9 Data Breach.For the frequent item-set of {data breach, data protection, and artificial intelligence}, the subsets are {data breach}, {data protection}, {artificial intelligence}, {data breach, data protection}, {data breach, artificial intelligence}, and {data protection, artificial intelligence}. The rules are as follows:Therefore, based on the data mining of global professional and non-professional target websites, the Apriori algorithm is used to analyze association rules. Combining this association rule with a series of attributes can present the specific information content of cyberspace security on global professional and non-professional target websites, which marks the completion of mining association rules for transaction databases at the third stage.The specific presentation of global cyberspace security issues is based on the association rule of the Apriori algorithm. The confidence formula of conf (I1->I3^I2) = support /support (I1) is used to calculate the confidence of each rule. Then the minimum confidence and minimum support are compared to mine the strong rules corresponding to the data .However, the value of the corresponding rule can be analyzed through a series of attributes of association rules. (1) Support representing the support of the union of the former and the latter items ; (2) ConAfter the statistic of word segmentation and word frequencies of professional and non-professional target websites involved in global cyberspace issues, the Apriori algorithm is used to mine association rules and set threshold based on word frequency results. As a result, a series of association rules greater than the minimum support, and minimum confidence is obtained. Meanwhile, the patterns of LHS and RHS of association rules show the relationship among different word frequencies . The rulMeanwhile, the rule has an essential attribute of support, which indicates the frequency of rules occurring in this data set. The larger the threshold is, the more frequently the rule occurs . If bothMeanwhile, the lifts of LHS and RHS of 32 strong rules higher than the threshold are both greater than one, indicating the positive correlation of word frequency between the two items. \u201cInternational rule-making \u27f9 information technology\u201d and \u201cinternational cooperation and cyber attacks \u27f9 Information technology\u201d have the highest lifts, which are 8.55296 and 8.51475, respectively. Information technology is mentioned most frequently by international rule-making, international cooperation, and cyber attacks in the field of global cyberspace security. Moreover, the leverages of LHS and RHS of the 32 strong rules are both more than zero, showing that the word frequency cohesion between the two items is higher than expected. The strong rules with the closest relationship are \u201ccyberspace governance \u27f9 cyber sovereignty,\u201d \u201ccyber sovereignty \u27f9 cyberspace security\u201d and \u201ccyberspace security and cyberspace governance \u27f9 cyber sovereignty,\u201d the values of which are 0.11173, 0.10966, and 0.10807, respectively. Results show that cyberspace governance, cyber sovereignty, and cyberspace security in global cyberspace security have been mentioned and concerned frequently. However, \u201ccyberspace security and security governance \u27f9 cyber sovereignty\u201d has the highest conviction among the 32 strong rules, which is 22.71992, the same as the maximum value of lift. The independence of \u201ccyberspace security and security governance\u201d and \u201ccyber sovereignty\u201d is strong and closely related, which are mentioned almost simultaneously.When any word frequency of \u201ccyber sovereignty\u201d or \u201cartificial intelligence and cyber sovereignty\u201d appears, cyberspace security has a high probability of appearing. When the word frequencies of \u201ccyberspace security and information technology,\u201d \u201cnational security and cyberspace governance,\u201d \u201cpersonal information protection,\u201d and \u201csecurity threats and cyber attacks\u201d appear as LHS, \u201cinformation security\u201d frequently appears as RHS. After the appearance of \u201ccyberspace security and information technology,\u201d \u201cnational security and cyberspace governance,\u201d \u201cpersonal information protection,\u201d or \u201csecurity threats and cyber attacks,\u201d \u201cinformation security\u201d occurs, with the probabilities of 86.2, 85.3, 85.2, and 84.4%, respectively.Therefore, after comparing the Top 10 rules with the highest confidence and Top 10 rules with the highest support of global target professional websites, this study can obtain the following conclusions.Firstly, although \u201ccybercrime and international cooperation \u27f9 Internet governance\u201d does not appear in the Top 10 rules of support, it has the fifth-highest confidence. As long as cybercrime and international cooperation are mentioned in global professional target websites, there is a high probability of \u201cInternet governance\u201d appearing. Moreover, \u201ccyber sovereignty \u27f9 cyberspace security\u201d rank high in both the Top 10 support rules and the Top 10 confidence rules, which mean cyber sovereignty and cyberspace security are often mentioned by the international community in global professional target websites. Meanwhile, cyberspace sovereignty is mentioned as information about cyberspace security.The lifts of LHS and RHS of 27 strong rules higher than the threshold are both greater than 1, indicating the negative correlation of word frequency between the two items, and the relationship of mutual promotion is not significant. Moreover, the leverages of LHS and RHS of the 27 strong rules are both more than zero, showing that the word frequency cohesion between the two items is higher than expected. The strong rules with the closest relationship are \u201cCyber sovereignty \u27f9 Internet governance,\u201d \u201cCyber attacks \u27f9 Artificial intelligence,\u201d and \u201cCyber attacks \u27f9 Cyber crime,\u201d the values of which are 0.11166, 0.09816, and 0.07866, respectively. Results show that the international community generally pays attention to artificial intelligence, cyber sovereignty, cyber attacks, cyber crime, and Internet governance in the non-professional websites of global cyberspace security issues. \u201cCyber sovereignty \u27f9 Internet governance\u201d has the highest conviction among the 27 strong rules, which is 3.44828, while the maximum lift is the same as the maximum value of confidence. The independence of cyber sovereignty and Internet governance is strong and closely related, which are mentioned almost simultaneously.Therefore, this study compared the strong rules of professional and non-professional websites as a whole. Firstly, cyber sovereignty is widely concerned by people. Among professional websites, the strong rule of \u201ccyber sovereignty \u27f9 cyberspace security\u201d has the highest support, with the support of about 13.5%. In non-professional websites, \u201cInternet sovereignty \u27f9 Internet governance\u201d is the tenth rule order by support, with the support of about 13.6%. Secondly, from the perspective of confidence, the word frequency of cyber sovereignty is usually accompanied by cyberspace security, cyberspace governance, artificial intelligence, and information technology in professional websites. Finally, based on confidence, the word frequency of cyber sovereignty is only accompanied by Internet governance in non-professional websites. For the same LHS, there are more diverse RHS in professional websites, but it is single in non-professional websites, showing that cyber sovereignty has been studied more comprehensively in professional websites.1. 2. Through analyzing the data mining accuracy in global professional and non-professional target websites, namely, the ratio of the number of websites with cyberspace security to the total number of websites, the following can be found.According to the statistics of word segmentation on the data mining of global target websites, the word frequency results can be generated into the word cloud of professional and non-professional target websites. If the word cloud appears more frequently in cyberspace, the larger the font size of the word, the more pronounced the problem will be. Data breach, cyber sovereignty, Internet governance, information security, cyberspace security, national security, data protection, and cybercrime repeatedly appear in target professional websites, showing that the word frequencies involved in cyberspace security issues are professional and in-depth. However, the word frequencies of cyber sovereignty, cyber attacks, cybercrime, internet governance, security threat, computer virus, cyberspace security, cyber threat, artificial intelligence, and emergency management appear frequently in target non-professional websites. It shows that the mainstream news sites of the international community have only reported extensively on cyber security issues, lacking detailed and in-depth understanding.Through comparing the word frequencies that often appear in target professional and non-professional websites, although the perspective of cyberspace security issues is different, the two types of websites focus on cyber sovereignty, cyber attacks, cyberspace security, Internet governance, national security, data breaches, and cyber threat.Through sorting the word frequencies of global professional and non-professional target websites, the Top 10 strong rules of cyberspace security words with high frequency were obtained. If the proportion of word frequencies of the first 10 words is larger, the higher the ranking of the word is, the more frequently it is presented in global target websites, and the more it will be valued and recognized.The frequent words of the Top 10 strong rules of global professional and non-professional target websites are compared to find that the frequent words of professional target websites are more evenly distributed. In contrast, those of the non-professional websites are unevenly distributed with cyber attacks in a dominant position.Moreover, the word frequencies of global non-professional target websites are relatively broad, which are not as specific and accurate as that of professional websites. When presenting news related to cyberspace security, non-professional websites tend to use a single word frequency of cyber attacks. Conversely, professional websites use more specific and comprehensive words, adopting data breach, cyber sovereignty, information security, Internet governance, cyberspace security, and cyber attacks.There are differences in cultural traditions and ideologies in different countries on the global Internet, which have pervaded the whole cyberspace. Moreover, cyberspace security issues have attracted worldwide attention. This study analyzed association rules based on the Apriori algorithm. Besides, the association rules were studied by selecting 15 professional target websites and 22,493 web pages, of which 15,661 websites are related to cyberspace security, accounting for 69.6% of the total target professional websites. A total of 25 non-professional target websites and 33,603 web pages are selected. Among them, 735 websites mention cyberspace security, accounting for 2% of the total number of non-professional websites. According to the threshold set by Python, the minimum support is 0.01, and the minimum confidence 0.05, with a total of 181 strong rules mined.The 32 strong rules for the professional target website and 27 strong rules for the non-professional website are listed above. Moreover, the other strong rules are not analyzed due to their low importance and low research value. The two types of target websites cover China, America, Britain, Germany, France, India, and other developed and developing countries on the Internet. The results reflected the interdependence and correlation among global cyberspace security issues.After the word clouds of global professional and non-professional target websites are compared, professional websites focus on the Top 10 high-frequency words containing a data breach, cyber sovereignty, information security, Internet governance, cyberspace security, cyber-attacks, cybercrime, data protection, national security, and cyber threat. Global non-professional websites, namely the mainstream news website of the international community, focus on the Top 10 high-frequency words of cyber attacks, cyber sovereignty, Internet governance, cybercrime, cyberspace security, artificial intelligence, data breach, national security, data protection, and cyber threats.The limitation of the work lies in the limited number of data mining samples due to different language restrictions for global professional and non-target websites, which leads to an insufficient selection of strong rules. In future research, the following aspects will be completed: breaking through the language bottleneck, highlighting the number of selected data with strong rules, and taking mainstream countries as the target samples. A single country will be taken as a sample to analyze professional and non-professional websites involving cyber security issues. After concluding, the focus on cyber security issues between countries will be compared.Through comparing the word frequencies, the professional and non-professional target websites focused on cyber sovereignty, cyber attack, cyberspace security, Internet governance, national security, data leakage, and cyber threats. After sorting the word frequencies of global target professional websites and non-professional websites separately, the high word frequencies of the Top 10 strong rules of professional websites were data breach, cyber sovereignty, information security, Internet governance, cyberspace security, cyber attacks, cyber crime, data protection, national security, and cyber threats. Meanwhile, the high word frequencies of the Top 10 strong rules of non-professional websites were cyber attacks, cyber sovereignty, Internet governance, cyber crime, cyberspace security, artificial intelligence, data breach, national security, data protection, and cyber threats. Therefore, the focuses of current global cyberspace security issues were cyber sovereignty, Internet governance, cyberspace security, cyber attacks, cyber crime, national security, cyber threat, and data protection.From an industry perspective, the first level of focus referred to data breach and cyber sovereignty. The second was Internet governance, information security, cyberspace security, architectural security, data protection, cyber crime, and cyber attacks. The third referred to cyber threat, artificial intelligence, application security, security threat, physical cyber security, and cyber risk. The fourth refers to security strategy, information technology, multi-stakeholder, Internet security, risk assessment, infrastructure security, and international cooperation.In terms of the international community, the first level included cyber sovereignty and cyber attacks. The second included Internet governance, cybercrime, data protection, security threats, data breach, cyberspace security, emergency management, national security, security strategy, and security system. The third includes computer viruses, cyber risks, artificial intelligence, information security, international cooperation, ICANN, risk assessment, security incidents, trade secrets, and infrastructure security. The fourth includes Internet security, global governance, cyber monitoring, communication technology, cyber law, cyber technology, and system security.Based on this level analysis, this study sorted out the security issues in global cyberspace, and summarized the specific security problems in cyberspace. It showed that the global cyberspace security issues were different from the identification of the international community. For the global governance of cyberspace security, effective and targeted governance solutions can be proposed according to this study, which is conducive to building a community with a shared future in cyberspace and constructing an Internet governance system.The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Zhejiang University and Dalian University of Foreign Languages Ethics Committees. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.ZL designed the study, conceived the analysis question and conducted the analysis; XL and LZ conducted the analysis also and critically revised the manuscript content; and RT is the organizer of the project and responsible for sorting out the contact data and connecting with other researchers.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in affiliations 1 and 2. Instead of \u201cRoche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development\u201d, it should be \u201cRoche Pharma Research & Early Development\u201d.Conflict of Interest section. Author ownership interests were omitted from the Conflict of Interest.In the original article, there was an error in the A correction has been made to the Conflict of Interest section:The authors declare that this study received funding from F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. The funder had the following involvement with the study: study design, generation of the molecules tested in the study, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, and editorial support for the preparation of this manuscript. All authors are employees of F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Authors JS, SC, TF, AR, MBi, LF, TN, AS, MLC, CK, PU, and MBa hold stock/stock options for F\u00a0Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and authors JS, SC, TF, VG-N, MP, TN, AS, CK, PU, and MBa hold patents related to the TCB technologies reported in the manuscript.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-019-40025-7, published online 13 March 2019Correction to: In this Article, the authors neglected to include some professional collaborations that may be perceived as potential conflicts of interest. The Competing Interests section should read:\u201cIn their capacity as Government of Canada research scientists, MP.P. and K.A.G. have had recent or ongoing collaborations with the following institutions that have the potential to be financially affected by the findings of this study: British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, British Columbia Salmon Farmers Association, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Centre for Aquaculture Technologies Canada, Centre for Coastal Health, Cermaq Canada, Freshwater Fisheries Society of British Columbia, Grieg Seafood, Mowi Canada West, New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife, Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Okanagan Nation Alliance, Pacific Salmon Commission, United States Geological Survey, and the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. These institutions did not provide financial support for this study, participate in its experimental design, contribute to data collection, analysis, interpretation, preparation of the manuscript, or decision to publish. All authors declare they have no commercial interests with relevance to this work.\u201d"}
{"text": "Specifically, the work institute should have been featured as \u2018Department of Neurosurgery, The Third People's Hospital of Pingdu City\u2019 and the zip code should have been presented as \u2018266753\u2019. The corrected author affiliation details for this paper are shown below.1, SHOUKE GENG2 and YUANLI DA3BAOSHAN LI1Department of Neurosurgery, The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266041; 2Department of Neurosurgery, The Third People's Hospital of Pingdu City, Qingdao, Shandong 266753; 3Department of Neuro-Rehabilitation, The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266041, P.R. ChinaAll the authors agree to this Erratum, and the Editor apologizes to the authors for the inconvenience caused."}
{"text": "A challenging frontier in modern statistical physics is concerned with systems with a small number of degrees of freedom, far from the thermodynamic limit. Beyond the general interest in the foundation of statistical mechanics, the relevance of this subject is due to the recent increase of resolution in the observation and in the manipulation of biological and man-made objects at micro- and nano-scales. The peculiar feature of small systems is the role played by fluctuations, which cannot be neglected and are responsible for many non-trivial behaviors. The study of fluctuations of thermodynamic quantities, such as energy or entropy, goes back to Einstein, Onsager, and Kubo; more recently, interest in this matter has grown with the establishment of new fluctuation\u2013dissipation relations, which hold even in non-linear regimes, and of the so-called stochastic thermodynamics. Such a turning point has received a great impulse from the study of systems that are far from thermodynamic equilibrium, due to very long relaxation times, as in disordered systems, or due to the presence of external forcing and dissipation, as in granular or active matter. Applications of the thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of small systems range from molecular biology to micro-mechanics, including, among others, models of nano-transport, of Brownian motors, and of  self-propelled organisms.entropy production and stochastic thermodynamics (8);heat transport and entropy in nonlinear chains and long-range systems (4);granular and other dissipative systems (2);phase transitions and large deviations in probabilistic models (2);coarse-graining techniques (2);ferromagnetic models (2).In this special issue, we collect 20 contributions, spanning the above mentioned subjects. In particular, the main addressed topics are as follows:In , the stoIn , the intIn , the posIn , the proIn , the autIn , a magneIn , two intIn , a stochIn , transpoIn , a multiIn , the effIn , the relIn , the intIn , the traIn , an examIn , a stochIn , a systeIn , spatialIn , the autIn , the spi"}
{"text": "Raymond Victor Downing was born on 16 February 1949 in Massachusetts, USA. He was the second of three children born to Harry and Ebba Downing. He was brought up in the Plymouth Brethren church in Auburn, Massachusetts, and lived in Massachusetts for his early childhood. In 1967, he went to Tufts University, and in 1975, received his Doctor of Medicine (MD) from New York Medical College. Afterwards, Raymond completed his residency in Family Medicine at the University of Tennessee Hospital and worked in Tennessee for 7 years. He met Dr Janice Armstrong, also a family physician, during his stay in Tennessee and they married in October 1977. There they had two children: Elizabeth and Timothy.In 1985, they moved with their two young children to Sudan to work in a refugee settlement clinic. From there, in 1989, they moved to Tanzania to work in a Mennonite Mission Hospital. Four years later in 1994, they moved again to Kenya, and began working at Friends Lugulu Hospital in western Kenya. In 2005, Raymond and Janice joined the Department of Family Medicine, Moi University in Webuye, Bungoma County., and worked with other colleagues to design the first family medicine training programme in the country. In 2016, Raymond retired from Moi University, and shortly afterwards joined the medical team at Dreamland Mission Hospital, where he worked until his death.Such a Time of It They Had and Global Health Means Listening. He was a devout Christian, a family medicine physician, mentor, author, teacher, brother, father, husband, colleague and a great friend.Raymond was also a prolific writer and has written several books and essays on global health and medicine, which include his thoughts on death and dying. His most recent titles include Raymond passed away comfortably on Monday, 20 January 2020, in the evening at his home in Kimili, western Kenya surrounded by his entire family. He leaves behind his wife, Janice Armstrong; two sisters, Mary-Ellen Welsher and Nancy Kline; and two children, Elizabeth and Timothy Downing. He would certainly be missed."}
{"text": "We regret any confusion or inconvenience this error may have caused.In the article, Oral Health and COVID-19: Increasing the Need for Prevention and Access, the degree designations were omitted for Jane A. Weintraub, DDS, MPH. The author byline was corrected on August 14, 2020, and the article appears online at"}
{"text": "Parameters of water diffusion in white matter derived from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), such as fractional anisotropy (FA), mean, axial, and radial diffusivity , and more recently, peak width of skeletonized mean diffusivity (PSMD), have been proposed as potential markers of normal and pathological brain ageing. However, their relative evolution over the entire adult lifespan in healthy individuals remains partly unknown during early and late adulthood, and particularly for the PSMD index. Here, we gathered and analyzed cross-sectional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data from 10 population-based cohort studies in order to establish the time course of white matter water diffusion phenotypes from post-adolescence to late adulthood. DTI data were obtained from a total of 20,005 individuals aged 18.1 to 92.6 years and analyzed with the same pipeline for computing skeletonized DTI metrics from DTI maps. For each individual, MD, AD, RD, and FA mean values were computed over their FA volume skeleton, PSMD being calculated as the 90% peak width of the MD values distribution across the FA skeleton. Mean values of each DTI metric were found to strongly vary across cohorts, most likely due to major differences in DWI acquisition protocols as well as pre-processing and DTI model fitting. However, age effects on each DTI metric were found to be highly consistent across cohorts. RD, MD, and AD variations with age exhibited the same U-shape pattern, first slowly decreasing during post-adolescence until the age of 30, 40, and 50 years, respectively, then progressively increasing until late life. FA showed a reverse profile, initially increasing then continuously decreasing, slowly until the 70s, then sharply declining thereafter. By contrast, PSMD constantly increased, first slowly until the 60s, then more sharply. These results demonstrate that, in the general population, age affects PSMD in a manner different from that of other DTI metrics. The constant increase in PSMD throughout the entire adult life, including during post-adolescence, indicates that PSMD could be an early marker of the ageing process. Parameters of water diffusion in white matter derived from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), such as fractional anisotropy (FA), mean, axial, and radial diffusivity  are well-established markers of normal brain maturation \u20135 and agMore recently, peak width of skeletonized mean diffusivity (PSMD) , a new pTen independent data sets coming from cross-sectional cohort studies were gathered in the present study, namely, MRi-Share, BIL&GIN, SYS, LIFE-Adult, 1000 BRAINS, UKBiobank, ASPSF, OATS, LBC1936, MAS (see acronym definition in http://www.psmd-marker.com)  . This orker.com) , 24, usiDue to previously reported non-linear effects of age on DTI metrics , 3, 8, wFor each of the five DTI metrics and each age category, we performed an analysis of variance including \u201cage\u201d as the main effect, and \u201csex,\u201d total intracranial volume (TIV), and \u201cCohort\u201d as confounding factors. The Cohort effect was included in order to account for apparent large differences in DTI metric average values across cohorts contributing to the same age category data set see , 25\u201328, For each of the five DTI metrics and each age category, we also performed an analysis of variance including \u201cSex\u201d and \u201cTIV\u201d as main factors and \u201cCohort\u201d as confounding factors.All statistical analyses were performed using the JMP Pro Software .The evolution of PSMD across the adult life is different from that of the other metrics (This apparent specific lifespan profile of PSMD was confirmed by the quantitative estimates of the effects of age on PSMD and other DTI metrics provided by the between-cohort ANOVA (see p < 10\u22124) in all cases but RD (p = 0.53).Amplitude of sex effects on DTI metric average values were found to be quite variable across the various cohorts for the different age categories , mean FA values were higher and diffusivity values were lower when averaged over the white matter skeleton than when averaged over the entire white-matter compartment. However, the cross-subject variability measured as the CV of the mean DTI metrics decreased only marginally (a fraction of a percent for CVs ranging from 2% to 4%) when mean values were computed over the white matter skeleton rather than the whole white matter. In contrast, the CV of PSMD decreased markedly  when its computation was performed on the white matter skeleton rather than on than the global white-matter mask. This demonstrates the importance of choosing a measure of MD dispersion values over a white matter skeleton for controlling between subject variability.In the present work, we restricted the analysis to classical DTI metrics as only two of the contributing cohorts had high angular resolution and/or multi-shell acquisition schemes that could be used for estimating advanced white-matter microstructural parameters with more sophisticated models . Here, D2 = 6.7 \u00d7 10\u22123 for the sex effect to be compared with 7.6 \u00d7 10\u22122 for the age effect), which could explain the mixed findings in the literature, and suggests further investigations are required in order to understand their biological origins. TIV effects on DTI parameters are not well established in the literature. In our study, we found that TIV was positively correlated with all DTI parameters except for RD. Similar to sex, TIV effects when significant were very small . Here again additional investigations are needed to understand the origins of these effects.Mixed results have been reported regarding the impact of sex and TIV on DTI measures ) in a sample of healthy individuals aged 60 to 80 years drawn from the ASPF cohort The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.The 10 cohort studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the following ethic committees: Comit\u00e9 de Protection des Personnes Sud-Ouest (MRi-Share), Comit\u00e9 d\u2019Ethique de Basse-Normandie (BIL&GIN), Research Ethics Committee of the Chicoutimi Hospital (SYS), Ethics committee of the University of Duisburg-Essen (1000BRAINS), Ethics board of the Medical Faculty of the University of Leipzig (LIFE), North West Multi-center Research Ethics Committee (UKBiobank), Ethics Committee of the Medical University Graz (ASPS), Ethics committees of the Australian Twin Registry, University of New South Wales, University of Melbourne, Queensland Institute of Medical Research and the South-Eastern Sydney and Illawarra Area Health Service (OATS), Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee for Scotland and the Lothian Research Ethics Committee (LBC1936), Ethics Committee of the University of New South Wales (MAS). The participants provided written informed consent to participate in these studies.Study conception: BM and SD. Data collection: GB, CT, SC, ZP, TP, RS, PS, HB, NK, JT, ID, AW, AV, and BM. Data analysis: GB, LPe, SC, JS, YP, LPi, PS, WW, NA, MB, SM, AW, MD, and BM. Drafting: GB, AT, and BM. Revising the manuscript: LPe, CT, SC, JS, ZP, YP, TP, RS, LPi, PS, WW, NA, ID, MB, JW, SM, AW, AV, MD, SD, and BM).www.jpnd.eu: Australia, National Health and Medical Research Council, Austria, Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy; Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research; France, French National Research Agency; Germany, Federal Ministry of Education and Research; Netherlands, The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development; United Kingdom, Medical Research Council. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 643417. This project has also received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 640643.GB has been supported by an EU-ERC starting grant . AT is supported by a grant from the Fondation pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (DIC202161236446). SC was supported by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association and the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Grant Agreement 785907 (Human Brain Project SGA2). The BRIDGET project is supported by the Fondation Leducq (Transatlantic Network of Excellence on the Pathogenesis of SVD of the Brain) and is an EU Joint Program -Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) project. The project is supported through the following funding organizations under the aegis of JPND\u2014The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "The correct affiliations are as follows: Barbara Saracino11 Department of Political and Social Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, 13 Department of Sociology, Universit\u00e0 di Trento, Trento, ItalyInformation is missing in the captions for Figs"}
{"text": "Noriko Nishikawa, of the medical division staff, for assistance with data collection.\u201dSubsequently to the publication of the above article, the authors have noted that the Abstract and the Acknowledgements contained errors and an omission, respectively, and wish to correct these points for the record. First, in the Abstract, on p. 191, the pair of consecutive sentences beginning on line 16 should have read as follows (changes highlighted in bold and in the subsequent parentheses): \u201cIn the non-fatty liver group, the odds ratio (OR) for hypertension was 1.73 . In the fatty liver group, the OR for each Mets-related diseases were as follows: Dyslipidemia, 0.64 ; impaired glucose tolerance, 0.57 ; chronic kidney disease, 0.58 ; and Mets by Japanese criteria, 0.63 . . Secondly, in the Acknowledgements section, \u201cNoriko\u201d should have been properly acknowledged as follows: \u201cThe authors thank all the members of the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fukuchiyama City Hospital. The authors would also like to thank The authors apologize for these errors, and for any inconvenience caused."}
{"text": "Phlorotannins are polyphenolic compounds produced via polymerization of phloroglucinol, and these compounds have varying molecular weights (up to 650 kDa). Brown seaweeds are rich in phlorotannins compounds possessing various biological activities, including algicidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. Many review papers on the chemical characterization and quantification of phlorotannins and their functionality have been published to date. However, although studies on the safety and toxicity of these phlorotannins have been conducted, there have been no articles reviewing this topic. In this review, the safety and toxicity of phlorotannins in different organisms are discussed. Online databases  were searched, yielding 106 results. Following removal of duplicates and application of the exclusion criteria, 34 articles were reviewed. Phlorotannins from brown seaweeds showed low toxicity in cell lines, invertebrates, microalgae, seaweeds, plants, animals , and humans. However, the safety and toxicity of phlorotannins in aquaculture fish, livestock, and companion animals are limited. Further studies in these organisms are necessary to carry out a systematic analysis of the safety and toxicity of phlorotannins and to further identify the potential of phlorotannins as functional foods, feeds, and pharmaceuticals. Phlorotannins are polyphenols found in brown seaweeds, consisting of phloroglucinol  , phenyl linkage (fucols), ether and phenyl linkages (fucophloroethols), and dibenzodioxin linkage (eckols). Numerous phlorotannins have been discovered from brown seaweeds, including eckol ,4,5, phlompounds . In browompounds ,15,16.Eisenia bicyclis, E. arborea, E. cava, E. kurome, E. stolonifera, Pelvetia siliquosa, and Ishige okamurae, as well as from the genera Cystophora and Fucus, contain phlorotannins that possess antidiabetic, antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties , and humans (4 articles) at a moderate dosage. Mild side effects were recorded in humans, fish, and dogs. However, in other organisms, there was no toxicity from phlorotannins, which have various biological activities. These findings can be the basis for developing these compounds as novel functional foods, feeds, and pharmaceuticals. To date, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have been performed on the safety and toxicity of phlorotannins in aquaculture fish; livestock ; and companion animals (birds and cats). The safety, toxicity, and availability of phlorotannins in these organisms should be verified with further studies."}
{"text": "Aldo A. M. Lima and Pascal Bessong are not included in the author byline. Aldo A. M. Lima should be listed as the thirteenth author and affiliated with Clinical Research Unit and Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil. The contributions of this author are as follows: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology and Writing \u2013 Review & Editing. Pascal Bessong should be listed at the fourteenth author and affiliated with the University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa. The contributions of this author are as follows: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology and Writing \u2013 Review & Editing."}
{"text": "In addition to protein, fatty acids and vitamins, hen eggs also contain many minerals, including macroelements, microelements and trace elements. Currently, many different organic mineral supplements are introduced into the diet of laying hens, which can affect the content of chemical elements  in the albumen and yolk. These effects are not fully understood. In the present work, the effect of the addition of humic preparations to the standard feed mixture on the content of essential and non-essential chemical elements in albumen and yolk of hen eggs was assessed. The obtained results indicate that only some elements significantly increase in the albumen and yolk when more of them are in a feed mixture enriched with humic preparations.This study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with two humic preparations, Humokarbowit (HKW) and Humobentofet (HBF), on the mineral content of the albumen and egg yolk of Lohmann Brown hens. The content of macroelements , microelements  and trace elements  in the feed mixture (FM), albumen and yolk were presented. The material was collected from laying hens kept in a cage system in two groups, control (C) and enriched (E), with standard feed and feed enriched with humic preparations, respectively. The enriched feed mixture was characterised by a significantly higher Ag, Ba, Be, Bi, Co, Fe, Ga, Hg, K, Mg, Ni, S, Sb, Si, Zn and Zr content compared to the standard, basal mixture. Only some of these elements were found in significantly increased levels in albumen  and yolk . Another noteworthy finding was a significantly lower concentration of Na in the content of eggs from the E-Group, which corresponds to the content of this important macronutrient in the feed. In addition, a significant increase in the concentration of elements such as Al, I, Li, Sr, Ti, Tl, Y, W was noted with a reduction in Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Rb, Sn in Group-E, which indicates a complicated egg formation processes, including biotransfer-essential and non-essential chemical elements. Hen eggs are an important component of the human diet. Their physico-chemical and biological properties are quite well known, and in recent years their role as a source of nutraceutical and biomedical substances has increased ,2,3,4. IIt is known that hen eggs are a good source of iron (Fe), phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S). The eggs also provide calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), potassium (K) magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na). Smaller amounts of ions include: silver (Ag), aluminium (Al), boron (B), barium (Ba), bromine (Br), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), fluorine (F), iodine (I), lithium (Li), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), rubidium (Rb), selenium (Se), silicon (Si), strontium (Sr), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), uranium (U) and zinc (Zn). Eggs may also contain heavy metals such as arsenic (As), bismuth (Bi), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), thallium (Tl) and others in trace concentrations ,10,11. R3 with atomic weights greater than 40.04 and are generally termed heavy metals. Theses metals include: Ag, Au, Bi, Ce, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Pt, Sb, Sn, Te, Tl, U, V and Zn. Some of these heavy metals such as Co, Cr, Cu, Mg, Fe, Mo, Mn, Ni, Se and Zn are essential nutrients that are required for various physiological and biochemical functions in the body, but may cause acute or chronic toxicities in large doses [Metals are ubiquitous in the environment and they can easily accumulate in biological organisms including plants and animals, in animal origin products such as eggs, milk, and meat. Among the 35 naturally existing metals, 23 possess high specific density above 5 g/cmge doses .A slightly different classification of elements is given by Lim and Schoenung . Heavy mThe mineral composition of hen eggs is genetically determined, but environmental (management) and nutritional  factors can modify it to some extent ,21,22,23Evidence suggests that the mineral composition of feed mixtures, the origin and quality of nutrients and their chemical form and bioavailability have the greatest importance in the accumulation of essential and non-essential chemical elements in the hen\u2019s eggs ,25,26,27The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a feed mixture enriched with humic preparations on the concentration of essential and non-essential elements in the albumen and yolk of Lohmann Brown hen eggs.The feeding experiment on laying hens was approved by the Second Local Ethical Committee on Animal Testing at Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences .2 per hen) at 20 weeks of age and kept until the peak of laying (33 weeks of life). The feeding experiment was conducted for 90 days. The basal diet was formulated according to the nutrient recommendations for LB laying hens [A total of 60 Lohmann Brown (LB) laying hens were used in the experiment. Birds were housed in battery cages in a vivarium with a controlled climate and light programme (16L: 8D) located at the research station of UPWr in Swojec (Poland). Hens were put into cages (750 cming hens .Eggs for tests were collected at the peak of laying (approximately 95%) for 5 consecutive days from all 12 cages. Every day, 5 undamaged eggs with similar mass (62\u201366 g) were randomly selected from both groups (C and E). Then the eggs were broken and the albumen was separated from the yolk and stirred thoroughly in a glass vessel. Five samples of albumen and yolk were collected from each group (C and E) each day leading to 60 eggs being collected in total. The egg material was stored for 10 days in a cold storage room  before being transferred to the chemical laboratory at the Wroclaw University of Science and Technology. Additionally, samples of feed mixtures (FMs) were collected from both groups every two weeks in an amount of approximately 0.5 kg each (n = 5) for chemical analysis.3 from Merck  in a microwave oven . An inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer with ultrasonic nebulizer  and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer ICP-MS (ICP-MS Varian UltraMass-700 Instrument) were used in the analysis of the content of essential  and non-essential elements  in the feed mixture and the egg content. The level of other elements  was determined by ICP-MS, while the content of the remaining elements by ICP-OES. Mercury  was measured directly in raw materials using an AMA-254 mercury analyzer . The analyses were carried out in the Multielemental Analyses Chemical Laboratory at the Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, which is accredited by International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation/Mutual Recognition Arrangement and the Polish Centre for Accreditation (nr AB 696), according to PN-EN ISO/IEC 17025. The quality of analytical process was controlled with the certified reference material CRM 8415 EGG POWDER, NIST.All used chemicals were of analytical grade. Eggs from the two groups were collected and analysed for their element content by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES and ICP-MS). The specified mass of biological samples  was digested in Teflon vessels with 5 mL of concentrated supra pure grade HNOp < 0.05 and p < 0.01.The analysis was carried out using Statistica ver. 13.1. The data were presented as the mean and standard error of mean (SEM). The normality of the distribution was assessed using the Shapiro\u2212Wilk test. If the distribution was normal, a Student\u2019s t-test for independent samples was performed. If the distribution was not normal, a Mann\u2212Whitney U test was carried out. Effects were considered significant at a probability of The results of the analyses of feed mixtures  show somThe results of chemical analyses  of the albumen and yolk from Group-C and Group-E are shown in Among the six macroelements, the level of S and Na was the highest in the albumen, while P, S and Ca were highest in the yolk. The maximum value observed in the albumen was from S (2114 mg/kg wet wt) and in the yolk was P (6032 mg/kg wet wt). The concentration of macroelements such as Mg, K and S in Group-E significantly increased the concentration of S in the albumen and K in the yolk. However, the reduced Na concentration in the experimental feed mixture significantly reduced the level of this important macronutrient in egg content  in Group-E. Despite the differences in the concentration of these elements, they are within the ranges given by other authors ,20,35,36Among the eight microelements, Al and Si were the highest in the egg albumen, while Fe, Si and Zn were the highest in the yolk. The maximum value observed in the albumen refers to Si (6.86 mg/kg wet wt) and to Fe (81.8 mg/kg wet wt) in the yolk. The increased concentration of microelements, such as Ba, Si and Zn, in Group-E did not significantly affect the accumulation of these elements in egg content. The significant increase in Al concentration and decrease in Mn in the albumen, and the increase in concentration of Fe, I and Sr in the egg yolk from Group-E compared to Group-C, were noted. In relation to Cu, Fe, I, Mn and Zn, the obtained results are only partially consistent with data from other authors ,10,21,35Among the 23 trace elements tested, Ni, Rb and Ti were most abundant in the egg albumen, while Cr, Rb and Sn and were most abundant in the egg yolk. The most abundant element observed in the albumen and the yolk was Rb . The increased concentration in Group-E of trace elements, such as Ag, Be, Bi, Co, Ga, Hg, Ni, Sb and Zr, significantly influenced the accumulation of only Bi, Co and Ni in the albumen and Bi and Sb in the yolk. There was also a significant increase in Al, Tl and W in Group-E albumen and a decrease in Cd, Cr, Rb and Sb compared to Group-C. In the yolk, however, these relationships concern Li, Ti, Tl, Y and W (growth) and Hg and Sn (decrease). It is difficult to explain the significant increase in Tl in the content of eggs from Group-E when both FMs had almost identical concentrations of this toxic trace element. Thallium interacts with several elements, such as K, Rb and S, which may explain its accumulation in egg content, especially in the yolk ,37. TungThe other elements in both groups were observed in similar concentrations: in the albumen, Ag, As, Be, Ga, Hg, Li, Mo, Pb, Se, Sn, Ti, V, Y and Zr; and in the yolk, Ag, As, Be, Co, Cd, Cr, Ga, Mo, Ni, Rb, Pb, Se, V and Zr. It is worth adding that the content of the most toxic heavy metals, such as As, Cd, Hg and Pb, did not differ significantly between groups E and C. Some authors ,28 reporThe obtained results can be compared with others despite being implemented in other management conditions of laying hens (deep litter system). The authors  used HKWSauropus androgynus) leaf extract (SALE) on the production parameters of laying hens  and the quality and chemical composition of their eggs. The results showed that the SALE supplementation did not significantly affect levels of calcium, phosphorus, iron and potassium, even at high doses. The SALE contained 2330 mg calcium, 980 mg phosphorus and 35 mg iron in 1 kg.In other studies, the diet of laying hens was supplemented with soybean meals enriched with Cr, Cu, Fe and Zn. The results showed that the use of this feed additive in the diet of laying hens (Hy-Line Brown) influenced the transfer of microelements to eggs, in particular at increased dosing. Eggs were biofortified with Fe, Zn, and Cu and, to a lesser extent, Cr. Microelements accumulated mainly in the albumen. Transfer of trace elements to eggs was not linearly dependent on the dose of biologically bound microelements in the diet . This waThe content of trace elements in hen eggs (and other domestic birds) was analysed by Nisianakis et al. . Hens  and reduced only the Na concentration. The effect of feeding this enriched mixture caused significant increases in elements such as Al, Bi, Co, Ni, S, Tl, W in the albumen and Sb, Bi, I, Fe, K, Sr, Li, Tl, Ti, W and Y in the yolk, while it significantly decreased concentrations of Sb, Cd, Cr, Mn, Rb , Hg and tin (yolk). Lower levels of Na in the experimental diet also significantly reduced the content of this important macronutrient in the egg content. From the point of view of the nutritional value of eggs, it is very important to obtain a significant increase in the content of Co, I, Fe, Ni, K, Si, S, W , while ensuring heavy metals (toxic) such as As, Cd, Hg, Pb or Tl do not exceed the values given by various authors. A full assessment of the legitimacy of the administration of humic preparations to laying hen diets must take into account studies on the physical characteristics of the eggs (shell thickness and strength) and their organoleptic characteristics, which will be the subject of upcoming work of the authors."}
{"text": "Using a test data set (n = 50), we defined the mean ratio of the maximum skin dose obtained from measurements with radio-photoluminescence glass dosimeters (RPLGDs) to the Total Ka,r as the conversion factor, CFKa,constant, and compared the accuracy of the estimated maximum skin dose obtained from multiplying Total Ka,r by CFKa,constant (Estimation Model 1) with that of the estimated maximum skin dose obtained from multiplying Total Ka,r by the functional conversion factor CFKa,function (Estimation Model 2). Estimation Model 2, which uses the quadratic function for the ratio of the fluoroscopy Ka,r to the Total Ka,r , provided an estimated maximum skin dose closer to that obtained from direct measurements with RPLGDs than compared with that determined using Estimation Model 1. The same results were obtained for the validation data set (n = 50). It was suggested the quadratic function for the Ka,r ratio provides a more accurate estimate of the maximum skin dose in real time.Understanding the maximum skin dose is important for avoiding tissue reactions in cerebral angiography. In this study, we devised a method for using digital imaging and communication in medicine\u2014radiation dose structured report (DICOM-RDSR) data to accurately estimate the maximum skin dose from the total air kerma at the patient entrance reference point (Total K The advances in interventional radiology (IVR) technology in recent years have resulted in an increased number of patients undergoing lengthy procedures, and the increased radiation exposure of patients is becoming a great concern. Although neurointerventional radiology (NIR) has a number of practical benefits for patients, including being less physically invasive than surgical treatment and requiring a shorter time in hospital, there have been numerous reported cases of tissue reactions (deterministic effects), such as hair loss, under increased radiation exposure doses ,2,3,4,5.skin,max) during an IVR procedure . As. Asa,r v Model 1 b, natura Model 2 c.skin,max,Ka to establish a method that would bring the value of Dskin,max,Ka estimated indirectly from the Total Ka,r value closer to the more directly estimated Dskin,max,RPLGD value, we first analyzed the factors giving rise to variation in the Dskin,max,RPLGD/Total Ka,r ratio and then devised a new method for correcting for this variation. Finally, we validated the efficacy of this new correction method using a separately prepared validation data set. Our objective was to improve the accuracy with which the Dskin,max for patients undergoing NIR can be estimated from the Total Ka,r to help prevent skin damage by providing the operator with real-time Dskin,max measurements during NIR procedures. This method may provide a new means of utilizing DICOM-RDSR data.In this study, to optimize the process for estimating DThe test data set comprised 50 patients who underwent cerebral angiography in our hospital between October 2015 and July 2016 , and the validation data set comprised 50 patients who underwent cerebral angiography in our hospital between August 2016 and September 2017  .Angiography was performed using a single-plane angiography system  equipped with a flat-panel detector. The tube voltage and tube current were adjusted via auto exposure control, and scanning was conducted at a fluoroscopy pulse rate of 15 pulses/s and an exposure frame rate of 3 frames/s. A 1.5 mm Al + 0.6 mm Cu filter was automatically selected and applied during fluoroscopy, and a 1.0 mm Al filter was applied during exposure.skin,RPLGD) from the patient\u2019s head to their neck was measured using the RADIREC\u00ae system  (x)  :y = 0.00RPLGD from Equation (1) using the representative effective energies for fluoroscopy and the exposure obtained from the individual DICOM-RDSR data for the 50 patients in the test data set; then, we calculated the weighted calibration factor  from the fluoroscopy Ka,r and the exposure Ka,r. We next defined the Total CFRPLGD,weighted as the mean CFRPLGD,weighted for all 50 patients and converted the RPLGD readout values to Dskin,RPLGD according to Equation (2) below  below a:Dskin,Rskin,RPLGD values at the 64 dose monitoring points were Dskin,max,RPLGD.While using the RADIREC system, we assumed that the maximum value of all Dskin,max,RPLGD and Total Ka,r  for the 50 patients in the test data set was defined as CFKa,constant, and Dskin,max,Ka was estimated using Equation (3) below  below b:Dskin,mskin,max,RPLGD/Total Ka,r and the Total Ka,r, Fluoroscopy Ka,r, Exposure Ka,r, Fluoroscopy Time, Number of DSA, Number of Frames, and the Fluoroscopy Ka,r/Total Ka,r  in the various combinations from the DICOM-RDSR data recorded for the 50 patients in the test data set. In light of the results, we used the Total Ka,r to Dskin,max,Ka conversion factor , an arbitrary function that minimizes the error between the estimated Dskin,max,Ka and the Dskin,max,RPLGD, to estimate the Dskin,max,Ka for each individual patient according to Equation (4)  c:Dskin,mskin,max,Ka estimated indirectly using the two maximum skin dose estimation models above (Estimation Models 1 and 2) and the value of Dskin,max,RPLGD estimated directly from RPLGD readouts. We calculated the root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and coefficient of determination (R2) between Dskin,max,Ka and Dskin,max,RPLGD, and compared the goodness of fit of the two estimation models.Using the 50 patient test data set, we carried out a regression analysis between the values of DRPLGD,weighted, we determined the Total CFRPLGD,weighted. We then compared the goodness of fit of the two maximum skin dose estimation models (Estimation Models 1 and 2) via the same method as that used for the test data set.Using the 50 patient validation data set, after first determining that there was little variation in CFt-test, with p < 0.05 regarded as indicating significance.SPSS  was used for statistical analyses. Differences between the mean values of the test data set and the validation data set were tested for significance using Welch\u2019s This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shinkomonji Hospital .RPLGD,weighted, the RPLGD compensation factors weighted by the Ka,r for fluoroscopy, and the exposure obtained from the DICOM-RDSR data for the 50 patients in the test data set. CFRPLGD,weighted exhibited little variation at 0.272 \u00b1 0.004 , suggesting that, in practical terms, the effect of patient differences on CFRPLGD,weighted is negligible, so a value of 0.272 for Total CFRPLGD,weighted was adopted. The highest of the Dskin,RPLGD values at the 64 sites calculated for each patient was used as Dskin,max,RPLGD.skin,max,RPLGD/Total Ka,r for the 50 patients in the test data set was 0.575 \u00b1 0.075 , so a value of 0.575 for CFKa,constant was used to estimate Dskin,max,Ka using Equation (3).The Da,r, Fluoroscopy Ka,r, Exposure Ka,r, Fluoroscopy Time, Number of DSA, Number of Frames, or Fluoroscopy Ka,r/Total Ka,r  and Dskin,max,RPLGD/Total Ka,r  alone  alone d, so Equskin,max,Ka was estimated using Equations (4) and (5).Dskin,max,Ka estimated using Estimation Models 1 and 2 and Dskin,max,RPLGD. We found that the correlation was high for both estimation methods  but that Estimation Model 2, which used CFKa,function as the conversion factor for individual patients, exhibited a better goodness of fit than Estimation Model 1 in terms of RMSE, MAE, and R2, demonstrating the superiority of Estimation Model 2  , so a value of 0.562 was used for CFKa,constant. As in the test data set, linear regression did not show any significant correlation between Total Ka,r, Fluoroscopy Ka,r, Exposure Ka,r, Fluoroscopy Time, Number of DSA, Number of Frames, or Fluoroscopy Ka,r/Total Ka,r , or Dskin,max,RPLGD/Total Ka,r   , so a vatal Ka,r . Howeverr ratio) d, so theskin,max,Ka estimated by Estimation Models 1 and 2 using these values and Dskin,max,RPLGD showed that although the correlations were high for both estimation methods , Estimation Model 2, which used CFKa,function as the conversion factor for individual patients, exhibited a better goodness of fit than Estimation Model 1 in terms of the RMSE, MAE, and R2, demonstrating the superiority of Estimation Model 2  for the imaging of six major patient groups for the three purposes of preoperative diagnostic angiography, postoperative diagnostic angiography, and endovascular treatment [skin,max in real time during NIR procedures, and informing the operator, as required, if this value approaches the threshold value [One method for reducing the stochastic effects of IVR is to use the diagnostic reference level (DRL) to keep the radiation dose administered to the patient \u201cas low as reasonably achievable (ALARA)\u201d while guaranteeing the image quality required for diagnostic imaging ,29,30. Creatment . Howeverld value .a,r is constantly displayed on the angiography system monitor during treatment procedures, and its recording in DICOM-RDSR is also obligatory [skin,max simply and in real time at every medical facility where NIR is performed. In NIR, however, because the direction of X-ray irradiation and the extent of irradiation are constantly changing, the accurate estimation of Dskin,max is not necessarily simple, and the discrepancy between the values of Total Ka,r and Dskin,max mean that each individual institution should use its own conversion coefficient.A wide range of data is acquired for DICOM-RDSR, including the tube current and voltage, scanning data (such as exposure time and number of exposures), distance from the X-ray focal point to the detector, open area of the irradiation aperture, entrance angle, area dose, and patient entrance reference point dose. Because these data are acquired automatically for each fluoroscopy and exposure event, they can be used to manage medical radiation exposure for patients undergoing IVR ,39,40,41ligatory , meaningskin,max,RPLGD using the RADIREC system and estimated Dskin,max,Ka intraoperatively in real time by multiplying the Total Ka,r by the mean Dskin,max,RPLGD/Total Ka,r ratio as CFKa,constant (Schema 1b). However, Total Ka,r is the sum of all the X-ray entrance angles, and as the X-ray entrance angles are completely different for each patient, the Dskin,max,Ka is often larger or smaller than the actual Dskin,max,RPLGD. Theoretically, if the X-ray entrance angle does not change at all during the procedure, the value of Dskin,max,RPLGD/Total Ka,r increases and approaches 1. Conversely, if the X-ray entrance angle varies widely, the ratio will be lower. However, to our best knowledge, no index that provides an appropriate indication of variation in the X-ray entrance angle has yet been reported, and ours is the first study to demonstrate that a quadratic equation for the Ka,r ratio can adequately explain the variation in the value of Dskin,max,RPLGD/Total Ka,r.We previously analyzed Dskin,max,RPLGD and indirectly estimated Dskin,max,Ka. Applying the CFKa,function to the Ka,r ratio quadratic equations (see Equation (5) for the test data set and Equation (6) for the validation data set) and estimating the individual Dskin,max,Ka for each patient revealed a strong corrective effect in the high-dose region of the validation data set and a weak corrective effect in the low-dose regions of the test data set and the validation data set , resulting in a low Ka,r ratio and increasing the Dskin,max,RPLGD/Total Ka,r (Ka,function value can also be applied for appropriate correction of Dskin,max,Ka. Applying CFKa,function weighted by the Ka,r ratio therefore facilitates more accurate estimation of Dskin,max,Ka.data set . This mancreases d, and aptal Ka,r d. As in Ka,function using the Fluoroscopy Ka,r and the Total Ka,r data recorded in the DICOM-RDSR, but as X-ray entrance angle data are also recorded for each fluoroscopy and exposure event, analysis of these data may also enable us to develop an index of the degree of variation in the X-ray entrance angle, potentially further increasing the accuracy of estimating Dskin,max,Ka. As DICOM-RDSR is currently obligatory for all angiography systems both in Japan and overseas, it is a tool that is readily available in most institutions. Further studies should be conducted to explore other potential uses of DICOM-RDSR to reduce patient radiation exposure.In this study, our objective was to construct a CFa,r/Total Ka,r for each patient by the Total Ka,r provides a more accurate estimate than multiplying with a constant conversion factor during cerebral angiography, including NIR procedures, in real time.In this study, it was suggested that multiplying a conversion factor using the quadratic function for the ratio of Fluoroscopy K"}
{"text": "In \u201cUndergraduate Medical Competencies in Digital Health and Curricular Module Development: Mixed Methods Study\u201d :e22161) the authors noted three errors.One author's name was displayed as:David BackIt has now been corrected to:David Alexander BackOne affiliation for David Alexander Back was listed as:Bundeswehr Hospital Berlin, Clinic for Traumatology and Orthopedics, Septic-Reconstructive Surgery, Berlin, GermanyIt has now been corrected to:Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Septic and Reconstructive Surgery, Bundeswehr Hospital Berlin, Berlin, GermanyThe phone number for corresponding author was incorrectly listed. It has been changed to:49 30 2841 1240The correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on December 7, 2020, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories."}
{"text": "It is found in many different tissues and body fluids including the liver, articular cartilage, saliva and plasma . LysozymProteomics represents a valuable tool for diagnosis and is complementary to immunohistochemistry and gene sequencing. The advantage of proteomics is the ability to directly characterise proteins in the amyloid deposits. In certain circumstances, this approach can be limited by the normal requirement to use trypsin as the proteolytic enzyme.(p.W82R) in which we highlight the importance of the combined use of trypsin and Asp-N to identify the amyloid composition. The W64R lysozyme mutation has been originally described by Valleix et\u00a0al. [Here, we report a case of a patient carrying the mutation W64R x et\u00a0al.  in 2002.Supplementary Table 1) including lysozyme which was identified with high Mascot score (1403) and a protein coverage of 66%. Peptides containing the W64R mutation were not detected since the additional tryptic cleavage site generated by a W\u2192R change resulted in the generation of small fragments outside the normal range of the instrument. A miscleaved variant peptide 51\u201364, (R)STDYGIFQINSRYR, was observed, however, the confidence in the assignment was low ). The wild type 63\u201369 and the miscleaved 63-97 peptides were not detected (Supplementary Table 2).A sample of Congo red positive formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) GI tissue was collected by laser capture dissection and analysed by proteomics using trypsin as the digestion enzyme . Data wedetected . To detedetected . This isSupplementary Table 3). Lysozyme protein coverage was only 7% obtained by Asp-N digestion and this is much more limited compared to the coverage achieved by trypsin digestion. However, the peptide 53\u201366, DYGIFQINSRYRCN(D), containing the tryptophan to arginine amino acid substitution, was identified after Asp-N digestion ). There was no evidence for the wild type peptide (Proteomic analysis following Asp-N digestion was then performed to confirm this finding in a separate specimen of Congo red positive GI amyloid. Lysozyme was identified together with a number of other proteins ( peptide .In conclusion, we have confirmed the original observation that the wild type lysozyme cannot be detected in natural amyloid fibrils . This isFurther, we stress the importance of the combined use of trypsin and other enzymes such as Asp-N to specifically detect the variant peptide in the amyloid tissue.Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit and National Amyloidosis Centre, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UKP. Patrizia MangioneWolfson Drug Discovery Unit and National Amyloidosis Centre, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UKDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, ItalyGuglielmo Verona, Dorota Rowczenio, Julian D. Gillmore and Graham W. TaylorWolfson Drug Discovery Unit and National Amyloidosis Centre, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UKVittorio BellottiWolfson Drug Discovery Unit and National Amyloidosis Centre, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UKDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, ItalyDiana CanettiWolfson Drug Discovery Unit and National Amyloidosis Centre, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UKd.canetti@ucl.ac.ukAlexandra Moura, Paola Nocerino, Janet A. Gilbertson and Nigel B. Rendell"}
{"text": "The dataset deals with the air quality perceived by citizens before and during the enforcement of COVID-19 restrictions in ten countries around the world: Australia, Brazil, China, Ghana, India, Iran, Italy, Norway, South Africa and the United States. An online survey conveniently translated into Chinese, English, Italian, Norwegian, Persian, Portuguese collected information regarding the perceived quality of air pollution according to a Likert scale. The questionnaire was distributed between 11-05-2020 and 31-05-2020 and 9 394 respondents took part. Both the survey and the dataset (stored in a Microsoft Excel Worksheet) are available in a public repository. The collected data offer the people's subjective perspectives related to the objective improvement in air quality occurred during the COVID-19 restrictions. Furthermore, the dataset can be used for research studies involving the reduction in air pollution as experienced, to a different extent, by populations of all the ten countries. Specification table\u2022The data are related to the perception of air quality and air pollution during the COVID-19 restrictions as experienced by a large pool comprising 9 394 respondents located in ten countries on six continents\u2022The data can be useful for researchers dealing with the environmental and tropospheric changes occurring during the COVID-19 restrictions\u2022The data can be used to assess the relationship between the perceived and the quantified change in air quality and air pollution during the COVID-19 restrictions\u2022The data can be of interest to both citizens and policymakers to realise the tremendous lesson learned during COVID-19, being air quality a key indicator for sustainable developmentValue of the data1The dataset provides information regarding the quantity of air pollution perceived before and during the restrictions enforced in ten countries around the world as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic: Australia, Brazil, China, Ghana, India, Iran, Italy, Norway, South Africa and the United States . The dataset is stored in a public repository as Microsoft Excel Worksheet 2The online survey has assessed the air quality as subjectively perceived by citizens in ten countries: Australia, Brazil, China, Ghana, India, Iran, Italy, Norway, South Africa and the United States. The online questionnaire was hosted on two platforms: Google Forms  and WenJuanXing (Chinese version) and promoted on professional and social networks. The survey content was the same for each language; only the question regarding the respondents\u2019 geographical location was tailored for each country. A Likert scale was employed to collect information about subjective perceptions All the survey respondents informed their consent before joining the survey consistent with the Declaration of Helsinki.Diego Maria BarbieriConceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - Original Draft, Visualization, Project administrationBaowen LouConceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - Original Draft, VisualizationMarco PassavantiConceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Writing - Original Draft, VisualizationCang HuiInvestigation, Data curation, Writing - Review & Editing, Visualization, SupervisionDaniela Antunes LessaInvestigation, Data curationBrij MaharajInvestigation, Data curationArunabha BanerjeeInvestigation, Data curationFusong WangInvestigation, Data curationKevin ChangInvestigation, Data curationBhaven NaikInvestigation, Data curationLei YuInvestigation, Data curationZhuangzhuang LiuInvestigation, Data curationGaurav SikkaInvestigation, Data curationAndrew TuckerInvestigation, Data curationAli Foroutan MirhosseiniInvestigation, Data curationSahra NaseriInvestigation, Data curationYaning QiaoInvestigation, Data curationAkshay GuptaInvestigation, Data curationMontasir AbbasInvestigation, Data curationKevin FangInvestigation, Data curationNavid GhasemiInvestigation, Data curationPrince PeprahInvestigation, Data curationShubham GoswamiInvestigation, Data curationAmir HessamiInvestigation, Data curationNithin AgarwalInvestigation, Data curationLouisa LamInvestigation, Data curationSolomon AdomakoInvestigation, Data curationThis research has not received any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors."}
{"text": "Recently, a range of prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs have emerged as being used recreationally, either on their own or in combination with other substances, both licit and illicit, including new psychoactive substances (NPS). Among them, the misuse of prescription drugs involves not only traditionally recorded substances, such as benzodiazepines and opioid pain relievers, but also gabapentinoids ; some antidepressants, e.g., bupropion and venlafaxine; some second-generation antipsychotics, e.g., quetiapine and olanzapine. Moreover, the use of some OTC for recreational purposes appears on the increase, especially in vulnerable categories such as young people/youths, including the use of high dosages of the antidiarrheal loperamide; first-generation antihistamines, e.g., promethazine, cyclizine, and diphenhydramine; cough and cold preparations containing dextromethorphan and/or codeine. In this context, the role of the Internet has rapidly increased, playing a significant role both in the diffusion of emerging trends of drug misuse among users and experimenters, and the marketing, sale, and distribution of drugs through online pharmacies. This phenomenon within the context of a rapidly modifying drug scenario is a globally recognized health problem, determining severe adverse consequences, including fatalities, and represents a challenge for clinicians in general, psychiatrists, public health, and drug-control policies. Over the last twenty years or so, both the emerging use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and the misuse of medications that are not already controlled are rapidly becoming a worldwide health concern ,2,3,4. WIn this context, the role of the Internet in changing drug misuse scenarios is central, since playing a significant role in the marketing, sale, and distribution of a range of psychoactive, including prescription, drugs ,20,21. IThis ever-changing drug scenario represents a challenge for accident and emergency units; healthcare services ; public"}
{"text": "Andr\u00e1s G\u00e9zsi. In addition to affiliation 1, he is also affiliated to:In the published article, there was an error concerning affiliation of MTA-SE Immune-Proteogenomics Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, HungaryDepartment of Measurement and Information Systems, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, HungaryThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Vingselina genus group, including genera Anaselina Storozhenko, 2019, Paraselina Storozhenko, 2019, Selivinga Storozhenko, 2019 and Vingselina Sj\u00f6stedt, 1921. The systematic position of this group, currently assigned to Batrachideinae (Bufonidini), is probably not correct. In this study new records are presented of Anaselinaminor , Paraselinabrunneri , P.trituberculata , and Selivingatribulata Storozhenko, 2019, all except A.minor the first records of the species since their original descriptions. The first photographs of living specimens of A.minor, P.brunneri, P.trituberculata and S.tribulata are provided and their habitats described. All the records were compiled by citizen scientists who use online social media, such as iNaturalist. Lastly, P.multifora  syn. nov. represents a junior synonym of P.brunneri.Knowledge on the pygmy grasshoppers of Australia is, despite the numerous endemics being described from this unique continent, still scarce. Of interest is the  Monotremata), numerous marsupials , emus (Dromaiusnovaehollandiae), lyrebirds , or the Wollemi pine (Wollemianobilis)  found on bark, and among the rarest grasshoppers on the planet from the point of view of the numbers of records , 2) Vingselinacrassa Sj\u00f6stedt, 1921, 3) Anaselinaminor , 4) P.trituberculata , 5) P.multifora , 6) Selivingatribulata Storozhenko, 2019  belong to Bufonidini, together with Bufonides (New Guinea), Hyperyboella , and Vilma (Solomon Islands) .Taxonomy follows We follow the morphological terminology presented by Batrachideinae: Bufonidini, and those specimens are the only published specimens of said species. The exception are a few non-type specimens of Anaselinaminor, originating from Cape Tribulation, deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ZIN) and depicted by Batrachideinae have been deposited:We have examined type specimens of all the Australian MCZ US Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA ;NHMWNaturhistorisches Museum Wien, Wien, Austria ;NHRSNaturhistoriska riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden ;QMQueensland Museum, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ;ZIN Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia .A.minor in one and S.tribulata in two additional localities , Tiny helmed groundhopper1. Vingselinaminor one century ago , Angled Australian barkhopper2. Paraselinabrunneri  based on a female holotype and three female paratypes, from Dorrigo (Macleay Range) and Salisbury, did not see Bol\u00edvar\u2019s type, but only P.brunneri , and 3) the size of hind femora .There is considerable infraspecific variability in size, coloration, and angulation of the median carina of the pronotum. Differences separating The types of the two taxa are very similar, but in addition we have new records, which provide evidence of this infraspecific variability, especially in the size and morphology of the median carina of the pronotum.Paraselinatrituberculata , Triple-bump Australian barkhopper3. Paraselinatrituberculata  that bears three smaller warts on the median carina  adults have been observed every month of the year.The species inhabits the northern part of Queensland and is, for now, known from Cape Tribulation , Kuranda Figure , Tully GEven though the species has been described only recently, DR had already been aware of its existence since 2000, and there is indeed a notable population in the author\u2019s garden  (pers. comm. H. Devriese).Even though throughout the study we call them hould be . Bufonidsegments , a typicnce 1887 , are in Anaselina, Paraselina, and Selivinga inhabit humid forests of eastern Australia and are easily distinguishable from each other. In the past it was difficult to study material from different places rapidly. In this study, we show that mainly with records from online social media platforms we can add knowledge to the biology and taxonomy of certain species. Today, it is much easier to study material from all over the world and communicate with experts and citizen scientists. Citizen science records contributed to the knowledge of morphology of Paraselinabrunneri and P.multifora, which had not been recorded for many decades. From these photos, we have found that specimens vary in certain morphological traits and that micro-differences used to separate P.brunneri from P.multifora are not species-specific, so P.multifora should be considered a synonym of P.brunneri.Poor taxonomic knowledge does not prevent us from assessing distributions of Australian barkhoppers, nor from separating species. Species of the genera Anaselinaminor is the smallest member of the Vingselina genus group, now known from three localities in the northern Queensland. Selivingatribulata was described only last year from Cape Tribulation and here we report three new localities for this species, with a description and depiction of its habitat. We also present the very first record of Paraselinatrituberculata since its description, and confirm that the species is only overlooked, not extinct. Social media platforms are already used by scientists, and studies which will make it available for people to record and learn about species in a more visual and simple manner, are strongly needed.A.minor, P.brunneri, P.trituberculata, and S.tribulata are easily identifiable, but rare species. Most of the knowledge on their biology was hitherto based on old museum specimens. Here, with united forces of citizens, who post photos online, and experts, who use online social platforms in order to identify specimens, we present an annotated distribution map of the aforementioned species, as well as a taxonomic scrutiny on the system of their classification. Citizen science is not age-limited nor profession-limited. In 2020, anybody and everybody can contribute to biodiversity studies. Evidence is presented by the authors of this study, among which there are an 11-year-old boy and a retired English teacher.In conclusion,"}
{"text": "Professor Todd B. Marder grew up in Brooklyn, New York, and received his BSc from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge , and his PhD from the University of California at Los Angeles . This was followed by postdoctoral research at the University of Bristol . Working with the well-renowned inorganic chemists Professor Alan Davison, FRS (BSc), Professor Fred Hawthorne (PhD), and Professor Gordon Stone, CBE, FRS (postdoc) embedded the seeds of curiosity in inorganic chemistry in him, and it initiated his passion for organometallic and boron chemistry, homogeneous catalysis, dynamic NMR studies, and MO calculations. After two years as a visiting research scientist at DuPont Central Research, Wilmington, Delaware (USA), he began his independent academic career at the University of Waterloo (Canada) in 1985, where I first encountered this young, highly enthusiastic, gentleman inorganic chemist. I am proud to be the first PhD student to have graduated from his group.Within a short span of about 8 years, he was promoted first to Associate Professor and then Full Professor in 1993. Diversity in chemistry was apparent in Todd\u2019s very first collection of young graduate students: indenyl-rhodium chemistry (Ashok Kakkar); Rh and Pt-acetylide chemistry: Pauline Chow, Davit Zargarian , M.J. Gerald Lesley , Dr. Graham Stringer and Dr. Ian R. Jobe ; metal boryl complexes and metal-catalyzed hydroboration chemistry: Steve Westcott . As they say, there is always a woman behind every successful man, and Todd met his wife and a gem of a person, Anne, who was also teaching at the University of Waterloo. These two are a team that continue to support some of the best scientists in their care. In fact, their son, Ian, is an Assistant Professor in Criminology in the Department of Law at Maynooth University, Ireland, so academics run in the family.With the excellence in chemistry that Todd demanded from himself and his crew, awards started to follow, the first being the Rutherford Memorial Medal for Chemistry (1995), given by the Royal Society of Canada to the leading chemist in Canada under 40 years of age.After spending 12 years in Canada, Todd was lured by the British way of life, and decided to move from the colonies to the kingdom in 1997, when he accepted the Chair in Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Durham in England. He received the Royal Society of Chemistry Award in Main Group Element Chemistry in 2008 for his contributions to the chemistry of boron and its organometallic compounds and their applications, and a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Invitation Fellowship (Japan), a Humboldt (Senior) Research Award (Germany), and the Royal Society (UK) Wolfson Research Merit Award, all in 2010. It was finally the lure of German beer, sausages and boron chemistry that brought him to the Institut f\u00fcr Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg (Germany) in 2012, as Professor and Chair I of Inorganic Chemistry, as well as co-Head of the Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron. Todd also won the Royal Society of Chemistry Organometallic Chemistry Award and was elected to the Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Bavarian Academy of Sciences) in 2015, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 2018, and Fellow of the European Academy of Sciences (EurASc) in 2019. In 2018, he was also awarded Docteur Honoris Causa, by the Universit\u00e9 de Rennes 1, France.Todd loves varied cultures, food, and his many friends scattered around the world and, prior to the current pandemic, would never miss an opportunity to travel both to contribute and to learn. This has led to several Visiting and similar Professorships in Europe , Asia , and Australia . He has served on the editorial board of several journals including Inorganic Chemistry, Organometallics, the Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Canadian Journal of Chemistry, Crystal Engineering, and Chinese Journal of Chemistry.Todd has given over 400 invited lectures worldwide, published over 385 papers with an h-index of 88 and around 25,000 citations (WoS). The co-workers he has trained occupy academic (over 35 of them) as well as industrial and other positions all over the world, and their success is his proudest achievement. Indeed, he refers to us as his children, and our academic offspring as his grandchildren, and has even had the pleasure of supervising a postdoc who was also his academic great granddaughter, Marie-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Thibault !2neop2, is now available commercially world-wide and is produced in multi-ton quantities. He also works in the fields of conjugated organometallic [Todd embraces diversity not only in his group members and numerous local and international collaborators, but also in his research interests ,18,19,20metallic , organobmetallic ,14,15,16metallic ,18,19 foMolecules: \u201cBoron in Catalysis and Materials Chemistry: A Themed Issue in Honor of Professor Todd B. Marder on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday\u201d. It includes excellent review articles on conjugated N^C-organoboron materials, and tri(boryl)-alkanes and -alkenes as versatile reagents in organic synthesis [Boron chemistry continues to offer a diverse platform for new directions in catalysts ,22,23, aynthesis ,32, and ynthesis ,37,38,39"}
{"text": "Several factors affect dental implant osseointegration, including surgical issues, bone quality and quantity, and host-related factors, such as patients\u2019 nutritional status. Many micronutrients might play a key role in dental implant osseointegration by influencing some alveolar bone parameters, such as healing of the alveolus after tooth extraction. This scoping review aims to summarize the role of dietary supplements in optimizing osseointegration after implant insertion surgery. A technical expert panel (TEP) of 11 medical specialists with expertise in oral surgery, bone metabolism, nutrition, and orthopedic surgery performed the review following the PRISMA-ScR  model. The TEP identified micronutrients from the \u201cEuropean Union (EU) Register of nutrition and health claims made on foods\u201d that have a relationship with bone and tooth health, and planned a PubMed search, selecting micronutrients previously identified as MeSH  terms and adding to each of them the words \u201cdental implants\u201d and \u201cosseointegration\u201d. The TEP identified 19 studies concerning vitamin D, magnesium, resveratrol, vitamin C, a mixture of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and vitamin D, and synthetic bone mineral. However, several micronutrients are non-authorized by the \u201cEU Register on nutrition and health claims\u201d for improving bone and/or tooth health. Our scoping review suggests a limited role of nutraceuticals in promoting osseointegration of dental implants, although, in some cases, such as for vitamin D deficiency, there is a clear link among their deficit, reduced osseointegration, and early implant failure, thus requiring an adequate supplementation. Osseointegration is defined as \u201ca process whereby a clinically asymptomatic rigid fixation of alloplastic materials is achieved and maintained in bone during functional loading\u201d . OsseoinIn addition to key factors that affect the osseointegration, such as the surgical technique, bone quality and quantity, postoperative inflammation or infection, smoking habits, and implant material and surface ,4,5,6,7,Several micronutrients affecting bone metabolism were demonstrated to have an influence on skeletal system; in particular, calcium, fluorides, magnesium, potassium, vitamin B6, vitamin D, and zinc positively influence bone health, reducing the risk of fracture . In addiRecent evidence demonstrated that some nutritional regimens directly influence alveolar bone parameters in experimental models of periodontitis ,12,13, oBone tissue repair mechanisms and bone metabolism are strongly influenced by nutritional aspects and are crucial to obtaining proper bone restoration optimizing osseointegration processes.The aim of this scoping review is to summarize the state of the art regarding the role of micronutrients, currently available in nutraceuticals or dietary supplements, on dental implantology, highlighting which of them, supported by evidence-based medicine (EBM), might effectively have an influence on the achievement and the maintenance of osseointegration after implant insertion surgery.In performing this scoping review, we followed the PRISMA-ScR  model .As a first step, a technical expert panel (TEP) consisting of 11 medical specialists was established. In particular, the TEP was composed of two oral surgeons with expertise in osseointegrated dental implants, two periodontists with expertise in peri-implant oral tissues physiology and pathology, three bone specialists, two experts on scoping review methodology, one nutritionist, and one orthopedic surgeon.The TEP selected micronutrients from the \u201cEuropean Union (EU) Register of nutrition and health claims made on foods\u201d that have a relationship with bone and tooth health, included in dietary supplements and nutraceuticals. Therefore, the TEP planned a research on PubMed , selecting micronutrients as MeSH  terms; to each of them, the following terms were added to run the PubMed Search Builder: \u201cdental implants\u201d, \u201cosseointegration\u201d. For example: (\u201cVitamin D\u201d [Mesh]) AND \u201cDental Implants\u201d [Mesh]) see .According to the objective of the study, the TEP defined the characteristics of the sources of evidence, considering for eligibility any researches published in medical literature in the last 10 years (last update on 16 October 2019), including only those in the English language.All types of studies were included in our scoping review, both pre-clinical  and clinical studies. Methodological quality assessment was made according to the EBM pyramid: meta-analysis, systematic review, randomized controlled trial (RCT), cohort study, case\u2013control study, case series, and case report.Finally, the TEP summarized the resulting micronutrients with effective and safe daily doses that improve bone and tooth health.From the micronutrients listed in the \u201cEU Register of nutrition and health claims made on foods\u201d, the TEP selected the following 18 nutraceuticals that may have influence on bone and teeth: calcium, fluorides, magnesium, potassium, resveratrol, vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D, vitamin E , vitamin K2 , zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacinamide), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6, vitamin B7 (biotin), and vitamin B12 . HoweverIn particular, we included 11 studies concerning vitamin D, of which five were clinical studies , and six were preclinical studies on animals: two preclinical studies on animals concerning magnesium, two preclinical studies on animals for resveratrol, one preclinical study on animals concerning the supplementation with a combination of calcium, magnesium, zinc and vitamin D, two preclinical studies on animals concerning synthetic bone mineral , and one clinical study concerning vitamin C supplementation , Table 2In our scoping review, we included six preclinical studies on animal models, more precisely, on rats.Liu et al., in 2014 , found tZhou et al., in 2012 , demonstWu et al., in 2012 , inserteAkhavan et al., in 2012 , evaluatDvorak et al., in 2012 , showed Kelly et al., in 2008 , found tThe clinical studies on vitamin D that we included in this scoping review were three retrospective studies, one case series, and one case report.From the retrospective studies of Mangano et al. of 2016  and 2018In the retrospective study of Wagner et al. of 2017 , osteopoFretwurst et al., in 2016 , reporteAlso, Bryce and Macbeth, in 2014 , reporteWe included two animal studies that evaluated the effects of magnesium deficiency on osseointegration of titanium implants. The deficiency of magnesium led to lower cortical bone thickness, lower values of removal torque of the implants, and lower bone mineral density (BMD) ,41. In dDel Barrio et al., in 2010 , reporteWe found two animal studies that evaluated the effects of resveratrol intake on the osseointegration of titanium implants.In 2018, Ribeiro et al.  demonstrPimentel et al., in 2016 , evaluatTakahashi et al., in 2016 , evaluatAlso, Watanabe et al., in 2015 , evaluatLi et al., in 2018 , evaluatTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first scoping review to investigate the putative role of dietary supplements in affecting bone structural and mechanical properties involved in dental implant osseointegration, as well as in improving clinical outcomes, such as the maintenance of peri-implant tissue health and implant success rate.The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act defines a dietary supplement as a product that is intended to supplement the diet, which bears or contains one or more ingredients including a vitamin, mineral, herb, and amino acid, or a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combinations of these . The terIt should be stressed, however, that there is no consensus with regard to \u201cnutraceutical\u201d definition or similar terms. Aronson recently considered that the term \u201cnutraceuticals\u201d is too vague and should be abandoned, even if he did not propose any robust alternatives .According to the recent data of the United States (US) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), more than 25% of the US population had an insufficient intake of vitamins A, C, D, and E, as well as calcium, magnesium, and potassium in their diet; thus, the modern diet of Western countries does not seem to have an adequate intake of micronutrients. It was reported that micronutrient deficiencies affect around two billion people worldwide . HoweverSeveral micronutrients are hypothesized to have an influence on skeletal system, particularly on jaw bone and alveolar bone  and on dMoreover, Wagner et al.  showed tVitamin D deficiency commonly occurs in the general population. This hormone has a crucial function in skeletal mineralization, but also plays an important role in immunity and inflammatory response, increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines and decreasing pro-inflammatory ones .Bashutski et al.  showed tAlso, vitamin C deficiency may have a role in tissue healing and stability around dental implants. This micronutrient plays an important role in the biosynthesis of collagen, which is an important component of connective tissue of the gingiva, peri-implant mucosa, and alveolar bone . These eBMP-2 (p = 0.011), BMP-7 (p = 0.049), and OPN (p = 0.002) genes in the resveratrol-fed group than in the control group.With regard to resveratrol, Casarin et al.  investigRibeiro et al.  reportedHowever, considering the results of our research, several micronutrients are non-authorized or even not considered by the \u201cEU Register on nutrition and health claims\u201d on the basis of current scientific evidence.Major nutrients involved in skeletal health include calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, magnesium, and potassium, but other micronutrients and trace elements such as boron, selenium, iron, zinc, and copper also impact bone metabolism. Information on the influence of such \u201cminor\u201d elements coming from studies on nutrient depletion and studies on osseointegration is still lacking.Our scoping review overall demonstrated a lack of data about the effects of micronutrients and nutraceuticals on osseointegration of dental implants, although, for some of them, such as vitamin D, there was a clear association among their deficit, reduced osseointegration, and increased early implant failure incidence in both animal and human studies.Some micronutrient deficiencies are supposed to increase oxidative stress and inflammation and to affect collagen structure and bone mineralization. For these reasons, it would be desirable that further studies investigate the hypothesis of an influence of micronutrients and nutraceuticals on dental implant osseointegration and long-term success, as well as the opportunity of a diet integration to enhance peri-implant wound healing, bone healing, and peri-implant tissue stability. However, data for many micronutrients that might modulate bone metabolism are lacking, and dosing regimens for dietary supplements that improve dental implant osseointegration are not defined according to available findings; furthermore, safety issues remain to be carefully investigated. In conclusion, our findings support an ancillary role of vitamin D, in patients with vitamin D deficiency, as well as vitamin C supplementation, in facilitating the success of the dental implant surgery."}
{"text": "Materials chemistry has been one of the most talked-about areas of materials research over the past decades. Spanning from polymers and composites to metallic, ceramic, and hybrid materials, as well as nano- and micromaterials, chemistry is unique in creating diverse arrays of new materials for applications in catalysis, energy conversion and storage, advanced electronics, environmental devices, drug delivery, smart textiles, packaging systems, or scaffolding for tissue engineering\u2014to name but a few, with potential broad scientific and societal impact.At the same time, matching materials and sustainability is becoming crucial, as a result of ever more stringent regulatory requirements in the European Union, North America and developed Asian countries ,2,3,4. TSpecial importance is being attributed to the efficient use of the starting materials for obtaining the desired functional final products, while avoiding waste and the use of toxic substances, minimising the need for energy and using renewable resources ,8,9,10. Molecules, is reported in the Reference section of this Editorial [A selection of cutting-edge \u201cHot Papers\u201d in the field of renewable materials, published in the Materials Chemistry Sector of ditorial ,23,24,25Molecules is to provide an open-access publishing platform for the effective dissemination of high-quality scientific outputs at the core of research on Materials Chemistry. The Section invites papers related to either experimental or theoretical studies about synthesis, properties, characterization, and application of materials in the widest sense .The target of the \u201cMaterials Chemistry\u201d Section in Molecules? Discoverability, to begin with. Open access, indeed, translates into wider readership, greater visibility and increased citations; moreover, the Editorial Team of Molecules ensures online dissemination through social media tools, to maximize the visibility of the published research. Next, the Journal is associated with a favorable and constantly increasing impact factor (3.267). Furthermore, the committment of the Journal to the peer-review process ensures the high quality of the article accepted and a very efficient timeline.What are the benefits of publishing in the \u201cMaterials Chemistry\u201d Section of Molecules. Please also note that, in doing this, the \u201cMaterials Chemistry\u201d Section should be selected from the drop-down menu.Materials Chemistry is experiencing a paradigm shift from traditional production technologies and practices to one that assigns value to the replacement of fossil fuels with renewable resources, waste minimization, and avoiding the use of substances that pose serious risk to human health and the environment. In this context, the prospect for research on alternative feedstocks, environmentally benign reagents, solvents, and catalysts, and safer and more readily recyclable products, as well as non-persistent, non-bioaccumulative, eco-compatible materials, looks exciting. We hope you will consider submitting your materials\u2019 chemistry-related manuscripts to"}
{"text": "China\u201d . Secondly, the email of the corresponding author should have been presented as \u201cjhzhong28@163.com\u201d (instead of as \u201cjizhong28@163.com\u201d). Therefore, the authors\u2019 names and affiliations in this paper should have been presented as follows (changes are highlighted in bold):After the publication of the above paper, the authors have realized that the address presented for the authors, and the email address for the corresponding author, were both published containing errors. First, the address affiliation should have been presented as \u201cDepartment of Hematology, Renji Hospital, GUOQIANG ZHANG, JIHUA ZHONG, TING WANG and LU ZHONGSchool of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. ChinaDepartment of Hematology, Renji Hospital, Correspondence to: Professor Jihua Zhong, Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200127, P.R. ChinaE-mail: jhzhong28@163.comThe authors regret that these errors with the author affiliations and the corresponding author\u2019s email address were not noticed prior to the publication of their paper, and apologize for any inconvenience caused."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliations for Peng Shen. Instead of the affiliation \u201cDepartment of Dermatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China\u201d, they should have the affiliation \u201cDepartment of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "The Nutrients Editorial Office would like to update the error in the original published version .2,4,*,\u2020\u201d, has been changed to \u201cMaria Izquierdo-Pulido 1,2,4,*,\u2020, who also belongs to the Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.\u201d The affiliation of the fifth author, \u201cMaria Izquierdo-Pulido We would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused to the authors and readers by this mistake. We will update the article, and the original version will remain available on the article webpage."}
{"text": "Correction to:Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-018-35670-3, published online 13 February 2019In the original version of this Article, C\u00edntia Martins was incorrectly listed as a second corresponding author. The correct and only corresponding author for this Article is Ellie Bergstrom. Correspondence and request for materials should be addressed to ellie.bergstrom@griffithuni.edu.au.Further to this, the original version of this Article omitted an affiliation for Ellie Bergstrom. The correct affiliations for Ellie Bergstrom are listed below:School of Environment & Science and Australian Rivers Institute \u2013 Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, AustraliaLaboratory of Phycology, Department of Botany, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970 Florian\u00f3polis, SC, BrazilThese errors have now been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the Article, and in the accompanying Supplemental Material."}
{"text": "There are errors in the Funding statement. The correct Funding statement is as follows: This work was supported by the Researchers supporting Project (RSP-2020/189) King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.There is an error in affiliation 4 for author Giancarlo Polizzi. The correct affiliation 4 is: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Sezione di Patologiavegetale, University of Catania, Italy."}
{"text": "Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-020-72589-0, published online 27 May 2020Correction to: The Acknowledgements section in this Article is incomplete.Tara Pacific consortium, France Genomique Grant Number ANR-10-INBS-09, and the Genoscope/CEA. We are keen to thank the commitment of the people and the following institutions and sponsors who made this singular expedition possible: CNRS, CSM, PSL, KAUST, Genoscope/CEA, ANR-CORALGENE, agn\u00e8s b., the Veolia Environment Foundation, Region Bretagne, Serge Ferrari, Billerudkorsnas, AmerisourceBergen Company, Lorient Agglom\u00e9ration, Oceans by Disney, the Prince Albert II de Monaco Foundation, L\u2032Oreal, Biotherm, France Collectivites, Kankyo Station, Fonds Francais pour l\u2032Environnement Mondial (FFEM), Etienne Bourgois, UNESCO-IOC, the Tara Foundation teams and crew. Tara Pacific would not exist without the continuous support of the participating institutes. This publication is number 5 of the Tara Pacific Consortium.\u201d\u201cThis project has been funded through the should read:Tara Pacific consortium, France Genomique Grant Number ANR-10-INBS-09, and the Genoscope/CEA. We are keen to thank the commitment of the people and the following institutions and sponsors who made this singular expedition possible: CNRS, CSM, PSL, KAUST, Genoscope/CEA, ANR-CORALGENE, agn\u00e8s b., the Veolia Environment Foundation, Region Bretagne, Serge Ferrari, Billerudkorsnas, AmerisourceBergen Company, Lorient Agglom\u00e9ration, Oceans by Disney, the Prince Albert II de Monaco Foundation, L\u2032Oreal, Biotherm, France Collectivites, Kankyo Station, Fonds Francais pour l\u2032Environnement Mondial (FFEM), Etienne Bourgois, UNESCO-IOC, the Tara Foundation teams and crew. Tara Pacific would not exist without the continuous support of the participating institutes. We also thank Professor Russel Clark Perembo,\u00a0Alfred Yohang Ko\u2019ou, Augustine Mungkaje and Professor Simon Saulei, researchers of the Marine Scientific Research Committee and the National Research Institute of Papua New Guinea for the authorization of coral sampling and their valuable assistance during Tara expedition in Papua New Guinea. This publication is number 5 of the Tara Pacific Consortium.\u201d\u201cThis project has been funded through the Additionally, the information about research permissions is not included in the Article. The sampling and research described in this paper was approved by the Marine Scientific Research committee and the department of foreign affairs and trade of the independent state of Papua New Guinea, under the diplomatic clearance number 0232."}
{"text": "Nabiximols  interact with both CB1 and CB2 receptors. In several clinical trials with Nabiximols for MS spasticity, the investigators report improvement not only in spasticity itself, but also in several functions/symptoms mentioned before . We can conceptualize and, therefore, hypothesize, through this indirect information, that it could be considered the existence of a broad \u201cSpasticity-Plus Syndrome\u201d that involves, a cluster of symptoms apart from spasticity itself, the rest of the mentioned functions/symptoms, probably because they are interlinked after the increase of muscle tone and mediated, at least in part, in the same or close areas of the brainstem. If this holds true, there exists the possibility to treat several spasticity-related symptoms induced by MS pathology with a single therapy, which would permit to avoid the unnecessary adverse effects produced by polytherapy. This would result in an important advance in the symptomatic management of MS.Multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology progressively affects multiple central nervous system (CNS) areas. Due to this fact, MS produces a wide array of symptoms. Symptomatic therapy of one MS symptom can cause or worsen other unwanted symptoms . Appropriate symptomatic therapy is an unmet need. Several important functions/symptoms  are mediated, in great part, in the brainstem. Cannabinoid receptors are distributed throughout the CNS irregularly: There is an accumulation of CB In the last two decades, the availability of new disease-modifying therapies has radically changed the management of multiple sclerosis (MS) and relapsing\u2013remitting MS in particular , resultiA wide range of treatments are available to manage each of the MS symptoms \u20137. GivenMS pathology affects multiple areas of the central nervous system (CNS), producing therefore a multiplicity of symptoms that can be basically classified as sensory alterations, fatigue, importantly cognitive dysfunction, pain , visual and brainstem symptoms , those relating to mobility , psychologic/psychiatric alterations , bowel, sexual and bladder dysfunctions, sleep disorders, and paroxysmal symptoms . All these symptoms vary along the course of the disease, being more prevalent as the disease evolves  9\u201312)  to total (4%) . Similar1% to totAtaxia, reported in up to 80% of MS patients at some point in their disease , and treBladder symptoms have been reported in approximately three-quarters of patients with MS , while sFatigue, depression, and cognitive impairment are also highly prevalent among patients with MS and impact quality of life even after accounting for physical disability , 27. CenIn summary, symptoms of MS are widespread, varied, often interlinked, and highly prevalent among patients with the disease. The impact on quality of life is substantial, and mobility is a concern for patients , 17. MS As detailed above, the symptoms of MS are varied and substantially impact patients' well-being. Management of symptoms is, however, a complex task requiring a multidisciplinary approach. In some cases, non-pharmacological interventions may be beneficial, e.g., physiotherapy for spasticity, but might have a limited time effect and the evidence supporting such approaches is not always strong , and phaAny pharmacological intervention has a risk of side effects  and thisA syndrome in medicine is classically defined as a combination of signs and/or symptoms that forms a distinct clinical picture indicative of a particular disease or disorder . UsuallyAlthough the specific mechanisms of the above symptoms might vary, damage to the CNS is common to all of them and we could consider, for practical reasons, as forming part of a syndrome, in which we would denote this new broad \u201cSpasticity-Plus Syndrome\u201d as a useful concept to be used in the symptomatic management in MS. This could be considered as an extension of the definition of symptom clusters or complexes, which underscores two primary features that have been defined as the existence of \u201cthree or more symptoms  that are related to each other and that the symptoms must be inter-related through a common etiology or statistically as a cluster or latent variable. Such concurrent symptoms likely have a synergistic influence on behavioral, functional, and QOL outcomes and co-occurring symptoms seemingly provide a more efficient target for management than a single, isolated symptom taken out of its clinical context\u201d .The framing of MS symptoms within a syndrome also implies that a single intervention, in this case one that targets the cannabinoid system, a widely distributed molecular system in the CNS, may potentially influence a range of different symptoms. The presence in MS patients of one or more of the symptoms contained in the broad \u201cSpasticity-Plus Syndrome\u201d concept (spasticity and/or spasms-cramps and/or pain and/or bladder dysfunction and/or sleep disorders and/or fatigue and/or tremor) would have to trigger in physicians the search of the other symptoms' presence and severity and the attempt to manage them as appropriately as possible with proven, well-tolerated, and as simple as possible to use options.1 and CB2, along with their ligands, the endocannabinoids, which are derived from fatty acids  \u201347.CAnnabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related toMultipleSclerosis study (\u201cCAMS\u201d)   found si(\u201cCAMS\u201d) , 51. In (\u201cCAMS\u201d) . There i(\u201cCAMS\u201d) . MoreoveAs a clear limitation, we consider this as a preliminary conceptual proposal that has to be sustained in the future with new studies, not yet available, and that could give more background and support to our concept, so that the hypothesis would be testable and be a promising area of research in the field of symptomatic therapy. Another limitation is the fact that we do not know whether this concept could be applied to the spasticity present in other diseases such as spinal cord injury, stroke, etc., as it has not been surveyed yet as far as we know.1 and CB2 receptors.The numerous and varied symptoms associated with MS requires complex management with multiple drugs, all with potential side effects that may exacerbate other symptoms and with potential drug\u2013drug interactions. Recognition that a good number of MS symptoms might have a common or close underlying pathophysiology, or respond to a single therapy, in the form of a new broad \u201cSpastic-Plus Syndrome\u201d in MS may help simplify treatment of these symptoms with agents such as cannabinoids that target CB\u00d3F, LC-F, MM-G, PM, JP, and LR contributed conception and design of the study. \u00d3F wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version.\u00d3F has received honoraria as consultant in advisory boards, as chair/lecturer in meetings, from participation in clinical trials and other research projects promoted by Actelion, Allergan, Almirall, Bayer-Schering, Biogen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Roche, Teva, Orizon, and Araclon, and research support from the Hospital Foundation FIMABIS. LC-F has received compensation for consulting services and speaking fees from Merck, Novartis, Biogen, Bayer, Sanofi, Genzyme, TEVA, Almirall, Biopas, Ipsen, Celgene, and Mylan. MM-G has received compensation for consulting services and speaking fees from Merck, Biogen, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Almirall, Roche, and Teva. PM has received compensation for consulting services and speaking fees from Almirall. JP has done consultancy work for Bayer HealthCare, Biogen, Genzyme, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Teva, Roche, Merck, and Almirall; has given lectures in congresses and symposia organized by Almirall, Bayer, Biogen, Genzyme, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, and Teva Pharmaceuticals; and has received funding for research projects from Almirall, Biogen, Novartis, and Sanofi-Genzyme. LR has received compensation for consulting services and speaking fees from Biogen, Novartis, Bayer, Merck, Sanofi, Genzyme, TEVA, Almirall, and Mylan."}
{"text": "Our linear mixed-effects models required that for each individual the slope of the line of [18F]FDG data in the outcome and the slope of the peripheral blood transcript expression data correlate, i.e., the slopes of the outcome and explanatory variables had to be similar. Of 10,295 genes that changed as a function of time, we identified 639 genes whose expression profiles correlated with decreasing [18F]FDG uptake levels in the lungs. Gene enrichment over-representation analysis revealed that numerous biological processes were significantly enriched in the 639 genes, including several well known in TB transcriptomics such as platelet degranulation and response to interferon gamma, thus validating our novel approach. Others not previously associated with TB pathobiology included smooth muscle contraction, a set of pathways related to mitochondrial function and cell death, as well as a set of pathways connecting transcription, translation and vesicle formation. We observed up-regulation in genes associated with B cells, and down-regulation in genes associated with platelet activation. We found 254 transcription factor binding sites to be enriched among the 639 gene promoters. In conclusion, we demonstrated that of the 10,295 gene expression changes in peripheral blood, only a subset of 639 genes correlated with inflammation in the lungs, and the enriched pathways provide a description of the biology of resolution of lung inflammation as detectable in peripheral blood. Surprisingly, resolution of PTB inflammation is positively correlated with smooth muscle contraction and, extending our previous observation on mitochondrial genes, shows the presence of mitochondrial stress. We focused on pathway analysis which can enable therapeutic target discovery and potential modulation of the host response to TB.Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is characterized by lung granulomas, inflammation and tissue destruction. Here we used within-subject peripheral blood gene expression over time to correlate with the within-subject lung metabolic activity, as measured by positron emission tomography (PET) to identify biological processes and pathways underlying overall resolution of lung inflammation. We used next-generation RNA sequencing and [ Mycobacterium tuberculosis and transmitted via inhalation of air droplets expelled by a person with active TB. The primary site of M. tuberculosis infection is the lung, which leads to pulmonary TB (PTB).Tuberculosis (TB) is among the leading causes of mortality due to infectious diseases worldwide, with 1.5 million deaths recorded in 2018  is a common PET tracer, and its accumulation in tissues of the body indicates enhanced glucose metabolism (Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) is a medical imaging method, in which PET provides functional and CT structural information \u201310. 18F-tabolism \u201317, whictabolism  that is tabolism , 21 whil18F]FDG uptake levels. Most of these studies focused primarily on biomarker discovery by analyzing group differences between timepoints in peripheral blood  data available from study subjects   . Read pan 2.3.1d , and htson 0.6.0  was used package  in R  as an ordinal value; and j is the subscript for subject (n=75). Model 1 was used to extract the slope of each gene in each subject, while Model 2 constrains the expression levels of each gene to correlate with MSLA levels, over time, in each subject , such that the expression levels of the genes are correlated with PET levels, over time. Traditional differential gene expression analysis does not account for intra- and inter-subject variation.In the equations,  subject , 64, and package  in R veron 3.6.1 , 66, 67.on 3.6.1 , with th+ \u03b1\u03b2 T cells, CD14+ monocytes and neutrophils and modeled these using a leave-one-out approach.Adjusting for cell type proportion entails adding variables to the model and incurs a penalty in terms of the degrees of freedom. Increasing the model complexity can result in false negatives due to this penalty. Correction for a single cell type alone leaves the result poorly interpretable, since significance can be driven by changes in cell proportion in any of the remaining cell types. We therefore selected a set of 4 cell types, i.e., na\u00efve B cells, CD8We generated results for 5 different analyses based on Model 2:ijC omitted)2.1) Base, a model without correction for cell type  B cell, a model correcting for CD8+ monocytes, and neutrophils2.3) CD8 T cell, a model correcting for na\u00efve B cells, CD14+ \u03b1\u03b2 T cells, and neutrophils2.4) Monocyte, a model correcting for na\u00efve B cells, CD8+ \u03b1\u03b2 T cells, and CD14+ monocytes.2.5) Neutrophil, a model correcting for na\u00efve B cells, CD8SetRank package in R  for the set  gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA)  using thage in R , 71 and age in R  for the  package  in R wit package  and (c) bGestalt . For ORA the set . SetRankytoscape .SetRank output includes two rounds of correction with the Holm procedure. Since this second correction is dependent on the collection of pathways identified as enriched after applying the first correction, it is specific to the results for a given model. We therefore present the results for the comparison of models using only the p-values adjusted with the first correction.We merged the networks from all 5 models (2.1 to 2.5) into a single network to create a master layout of all enriched pathways. The network graph of each model was then represented using the master layout to generate per-model graphs with identical positioning of pathways for ease of comparison. Analyses controlled for false discovery using either the Benjamini and Hochberg  or Holm ReMap to obtain the co-ordinates of the TF binding sites (TFBS). For each gene, we then extracted the TF binding site start (TFStart) and end (TFEnd), chromosome, TF, track, location, strand, gene transcription start site (GeneTSS), and symbol for a promoter of 4,000 bases upstream of the transcription start site of the target genes from human genome GRCh38.p13, using in-house scripts. To estimate over-representation of the TFs in PETGenes, we first extracted the TFBS and their genomic features from the list of PETGenes. Next, we calculated the counts of gene promoters containing the TFs. The counts are for gene promoters that have at least one TFBS for the TFs. Finally, we computed the TF over- or under- representation for a set of TFs comparing the frequencies in the query set (PETGenes) to that of the remaining genes in the reference (Human Genome), using Fisher\u2019s exact test and an FDR < 0.05  from ReMap, which includes transcription factors, transcriptional co-activator and chromatin regulators , generatR < 0.05 .We used the induced network module analysis in ConsensusPathDB , 79 to bTo identify biological processes underlying the resolution of lung inflammation, during PTB treatment, we first identified genes with significant changes in expression, over time, using Model 1. We refer to these as TimeGenes. Biological processes enriched in these genes reflect changes in transcript levels, over time, in response to PTB treatment. Next, using different forms of Model 2 (Models 2.1 to 2.5), we identified genes with expression levels significantly correlated with the changes in the PET metric MSLA, in patients who were considered cured at the end of the 6-month PTB treatment. Using GSEA, we could identify the biological processes and pathways associated with these genes that undergo changes in transcript levels in peripheral blood, and which correlated with inflammation in the lungs during PTB treatment.+ monocytes, CD16+ monocytes, CD4+ \u03b1\u03b2 T cells, CD8+ \u03b1\u03b2 T cells, CD56bright NK cells, na\u00efve B cells and neutrophils. The results from the ANOVA are shown in + \u03b1\u03b2 T cells, CD14+ monocytes and neutrophils, showed changes in proportions over time in a manner that suggested that they could influence the statistical model.We filtered cell proportions to remove cell types that did not reach a mean proportion > 0.05 at any time point. Seven cell types remained, namely CD14As a baseline analysis with which to compare our constrained analysis, we applied a simple model that identified transcripts that change over time. We identified 11,229 transcripts  with significant changes in expression levels, over time, using Model 1 Table S118F]FDG uptake levels as represented by MSLA, over time, during PTB treatment  genes between TimeGenes and PETGenes Table S4SetRank with the Reactome pathways  Table S5CD19, VPREB3, CD72, CD22, FCRLA, CD79B, CD79A, HLA-DOB, P2RX5, FAM129C, FCRL5, PCDH9, BCL11A, PNOC, and BLNK. The expression profiles of PETGenes in Cluster 3, suggest up-regulation in B cells during treatment response, whereas Cluster 1, suggests down-regulation in platelet activation during treatment response. Curiously, there were no pathways overrepresented in Cluster 2  with the treatment-specific signature from Bloom et al.  320 micTable S6n et al. , 29 genen et al.  , as well as their target genes  and CALD1, GUCY1A1, GUCY1B1, ITGB5, MYL9, TPM1, TPM4, VCL. To these we added the genes whose nominal p-value contributed to the GSEA enrichment score: ACTA2, ANXA6, DYSF, MEF2A, MEF2C, MYH11, MYL12B, MYL6, MYLK, SORBS1, SORBS3, TLN1, TPM2, TPM3, as well as the transcription factors: CREB1, CREBBP, GATA1, GATA2, GATA4, GATA6, SRF, TEAD1, TEAD4. All but SORBS1, SORBS3, TPM2, and VCL decreased expression from Dx to W24. The network demonstrates that a highly interconnected cluster of contraction proteins connected to another interconnected cluster of transcription factors  leading to generation of second messengers\u201d, and \u201cRUNX1 regulates transcription of genes involved in BCR signaling,\u201d whose function is restricted to B cells Table 4 + \u03b1\u03b2 cells). There are also several pathways identified here as potentially relevant to T cells that have not previously been identified. These include some of the phospholipid metabolism pathways and the PIP pathways.Eleven pathways, all consistent with different aspects of lipid and phospholipid metabolism are enriched in the model 2.3 \u201cCD8 T cell.\u201d The pathways are: synthesis of phosphatidic acid (PA); synthesis of dolichyl phosphate; fatty acid metabolism; synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE); beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids; triglyceride metabolism; phospholipid metabolism; synthesis of phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs) at the early endosome membrane; synthesis of PIPs at the late endosome membrane; PI metabolism; and triglyceride biosynthesis. Lipid metabolism has been established as important to the function of T cells , again s+ monocytes and neutrophils no pathway or collection of pathways provided support in the same way as for na\u00efve B cells and CD8+ \u03b1\u03b2 cells. The pathways identified are generally consistent with inflammatory processes, but not characteristic of the cell types.For CD142+; Smooth muscle contraction; G alpha I signaling events; Platelet activation signaling and aggregation; Cell surface interactions at the vascular wall; rRNA modification in the nucleus and cytosol; PD-1 signaling; and Interferon signaling  and mitochondrial morphogenesis (TMEM11), but also includes many genes for mitochondrial complex V, the ATP synthase complex , which are all downregulated during treatment. Downregulation of these genes is consistent with the requirement of extensive oxidative phosphorylation during the peak of inflammation. Cells can increase oxidative phosphorylation by mitochondrial division or by increasing the density of cristae in mitochondria, which facilitates a higher density of oxidative phosphorylation complexes and enables mitochondria to be more efficient  identified subtle significant changes in transcript levels that are ignored in traditional gene expression analyses and provide robust results for downstream differential expression analysis and clustering.Previous studies on TB treatment response , 28\u201330 hurements , 33, 34.Our study had some limitations. We used a linear-mixed effect model to analyze gene expression levels, which only considers linear correlation or relationship of gene expression with time. The linear-mixed effect model accounts only for the linear characteristics of measurements, ignoring other dynamics or patterns of gene expression and PET measurements which may be characteristic of TB. Additionally, transcriptomics only reveals changes in regulation of RNA levels which do not necessarily correspond to functional changes in proteins; nevertheless, it does provide insight into the regulatory responses, especially in longitudinal analyses. Lastly, the models correcting for cell proportions rely on computational deconvolution and not on differential counts, and the choice of which cell types to include in the models is difficult. Including too many variables (too many cell proportions) can weaken the inferential power of the models, and including cell types with little effect reduces power without any benefit. For future studies, we suggest using mixed-effect models with splines or other non-linear models with more time points. Another limitation is that PET-CT measures only glucose metabolism and not oxidative phosphorylation, nor does it provide a measure of bacterial burden; a direct measure of TB load would be ideal.18F]FDG uptake in the lungs, is positively correlated with down-regulation of genes enriched in \u201cplatelet activation\u201d, \u201cinterferon and interleukin signaling\u201d, and negatively correlated with up-regulation of genes enriched in \u201cB cell activation\u201d as well as many other pathways consistent with prior literature. These results validate our overall approach. In addition, we have shown that correcting for major cell type proportions using a leave-one-out approach allows identification of processes consistent with the remaining cell type. Lastly, we have identified \u201csmooth muscle contraction\u201d and pathways related to mitochondrial stress and dysfunction as highly enriched pathways. The extent of coordinated smooth muscle contraction gene expression suggests that the signal is derived from non-leukocyte origins, such as SPCs. The results obtained from our comprehensive pathway analyses provide important new insight into the pathobiology of TB. In future studies they could contribute to therapeutic target discovery and potential modulation of the host response to TB.In summary we have demonstrated that the resolution of inflammation in the lungs during TB treatment, measured with changes in PET-CT [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE89403.Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. This data can be found here: Approval was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee (HREC) of Stellenbosch University (registration number N10/01/013), to recruit patients and collect specimens. For the current study to re-analyze the PET-CT and mRNA expression data, we received a separate HREC approval (X18/09/029). The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.Andr\u00e9 G. Loxton, Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Annare Ellman, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Bronwyn Smith, Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Caroline G. G. Beltran, Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Clifton E. Barry III, Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa; David Alland, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Department of Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, United States; Friedrich Thienemann, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Gerard Tromp, Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Gerhard Walzl, Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; James M. Warwick, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Jill Winter, Catalysis Foundation for Health, San Ramon, CA, United States; Katharina Ronacher, Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Kim Stanley, Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Ilse Kant, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Lani Thiart, Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Lance A. Lucas, Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Laura E. Via, Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Lori E. Dodd, Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland, United States; Magdalena Kriel, Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Nelita Du Plessis, Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Patrick Dupont, Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Ray Y. Chen, Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Robert J. Wilkinson, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Shubhada Shenai, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Department of Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, United States; Stephanie Griffith-Richards, Division of Radiodiagnosis, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Stephanus T. Malherbe, Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.TO and GT carried out the computational analyses and drafted the manuscript. GW designed the original study, obtained funding for it and oversaw the study. GT designed and supervised the current bioinformatic analysis reported here. SMa interpreted PET-CT and provided quantitative data on PET-CT scans as well as clinical findings. DZ, ET, and FD contributed to the NGS analysis. SMe provided expertise and additional supervision on computational analyses. EM, NP, AL, LK, KR, and GW provided expert immunological and clinical knowledge on interpreting the results. HK and JW interpreted results and participated in drafting the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.TO, SM, GW, and GT were supported by the South African Tuberculosis Bioinformatics Initiative (SATBBI), a Strategic Health Innovation Partnership grant from the South African Medical Research Council and South African Department of Science and Technology. SMa received funding from the EDCTP2 program supported by the European Union (grant number CDF1576). GW received funding from the South African National Research Foundation (SARChI TB Biomarkers #86535) and the South African Medical Research Council. AL is supported by the NRF-CSUR (Grant Number CSUR60502163639) and by the Centre for Tuberculosis Research from the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC). HK was supported by the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa. The Catalysis Biomarker Consortium was funded by the Catalysis Foundation for Health, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, International Collaborations in Infectious Disease Research.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "In the development of smart cities, there is a great emphasis on setting up so-called Smart City Control Rooms, SCCR. This paper presents Snap4City as a big data smart city platform to support the city decision makers by means of SCCR dashboards and tools reporting in real time the status of several of a city\u2019s aspects. The solution has been adopted in European cities such as Antwerp, Florence, Lonato del Garda, Pisa, Santiago, etc., and it is capable of covering extended geographical areas around the cities themselves: Belgium, Finland, Tuscany, Sardinia, etc. In this paper, a major use case is analyzed describing the workflow followed, the methodologies adopted and the SCCR as the starting point to reproduce the same results in other smart cities, industries, research centers, etc. A Living Lab working modality is promoted and organized to enhance the collaboration among municipalities and public administration, stakeholders, research centers and the citizens themselves. The Snap4City platform has been realized respecting the European Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and it is capable of processing every day a multitude of periodic and real-time data coming from different providers and data sources. It is therefore able to semantically aggregate the data, in compliance with the Km4City multi-ontology and manage data: (i) having different access policies; and (ii) coming from traditional sources such as Open Data Portals, Web services, APIs and IoT/IoE networks. The aggregated data are the starting point for the services offered not only to the citizens but also to the public administrations and public-security service managers, enabling them to view a set of city dashboards ad hoc composed on their needs, for example, enabling them to modify and monitor public transportation strategies, offering the public services actually needed by citizens and tourists, monitor the air quality and traffic status to establish, if impose or not, traffic restrictions, etc. All the data and the new knowledge produced by the data analytics of the Snap4City platform can also be accessed, observing the permissions on each kind of data, thanks to the presence of an APIs complex system. This paper is organized as follows: Sect.\u00a0In most of the modern smart cities, there is a great emphasis on setting up the so-called Smart City Control Room (SCCR) that is an area in which all the data are collected and aggregated and where high-level data/results are summarized and made accessible for decision makers and city operators. In large metropolitan cities, the SCCR includes large panels/monitors on which the status of the city is displayed in real-time presenting predictions and alerts regarding: mobility, energy, social activities, the environment, weather, public transportation, people flow, health, water, security, ICT, governmental, first aid, civil protection, police, fire brigade, hospital triage, and thus almost all the city resources expressed via key performance indicators (KPI). Some of the city\u2019s monitored resources are representative of critical infrastructures such as: mobility and transport, energy, security, health, water, civil protection, governance, ICT, etc. In medium-sized cities, the daily management of city resources is performed by a set of city operators, which could be legally independent with respect to the central municipality and should autonomously manage their SSCR  are instruments for the development and implementation of technology to accelerate innovation in cities  any kind of data source/collector, protocol and format from/to: open data, real-time data, GIS, IoT data, data stream, data driven, social media, Industry 4.0, etc.; (ii) IoT devices and networks, IoT edges, gateways, IoT brokers, via various protocols and formats; (iii) Web-scraping processes; (iv) dashboards collecting actions from the users via: buttons, dimers, time selectors, and showing them; (v) mobile applications collecting and presenting; (vi) results of data analytics, including personal data produced by users . They can be put in execution IoT edge, as well as on Cloud, and are based on Node-RED. IoT app also enables to perform business logic , smart interaction and data transformation behind the Snap4City dashboards, integrating ticketing, video wall dynamic re-configuration, etc. Microservices may also manage processes for data analytics, Web scraping, external services, data gathering and publication, etc. , formats , and protocols in push and/or pull, etc. This is the reason why a smart city big data platform, such as Snap4City, must be flexible and capable to ingest every various different kinds of data see Fig.\u00a0.Fig. 3SnMobility: public transport operators schedule and paths, traffic-flow sensors, parking status, cycling paths, road graph, accidents and traffic events, ordinances, car-park occupancy prediction, what-if routing, quality of public transportation services, etc. The services produced, starting from those data are: KPI assessing quality of public transportation; routing and multimodal routing; real-time traffic-flow reconstruction ; real-time status and predictions for parking, smart parking;Environment: (i) irrigators; (ii) smart waste; (iii) air quality sensors: PM10, PM2.5, CO, benzene, NO, NO2, O3, temperature, humidity, etc.; (iv) air quality heat maps for pollutants at point (iii); and (iv) pollination. As derived data, we can have NOX predictions ; air quality heat maps updated every hour, real-time status and trends related to air quality sensors and pollination, NOX predictions for the next 48\u00a0h, with a resolution of 4\u00a0\u00d7\u00a04\u00a0m and at two levels of height (at 3 and 6\u00a0m); and long-term predictions for pollutants\u2019 critical days;Energy: (i) recharging stations (fast and regular); (ii) consumption meters (smart info); (iii) smart light; monitoring consumption via smart meters, smart lights status and trends;Weather: forecast and actual ;Social: (i) smart benches; (ii) entertainment events; (iii) Twitter monitoring via Twitter vigilance (https://www.disit.org/tv), sentiment analysis, NLP text; (iv) TV-camera streams; and (v) triage status of major hospitals; also for early warning.People Flows: (i) Wi-Fi status; (ii) origin-destination matrices, people-flow analysis  from the Wi-Fi network of access points;Governmental and Communications: (i) KPI of the city, including COVID-19 data; (ii) digital signage (not directly included into the solution for Florence); (iii) civil protection, resilience guidelines and suggestions, KPIs (RESOLUTE project);Tourism and Culture: Points of interests (POI), cultural events, etc.;Analysis: (i) what-if routing; (ii) scenarios; (iii) traffic flow; and (iv) environmental predictions.Video streams: (not directly included into the Snap4City solution for Florence).Once the data have been collected and integrated, the historical data and real-time data can be exploited by data analytics processes, IoT apps, dashboards and apps. The original data and results of the data analysis can be accessed for business intelligence tools and SCCR. The most relevant data available in the Florence SCCR, are described next and classified based on their context:Starting from these kinds of data, reworking them  and thanks to the APIs presence, a set of services is available in the Florence SCCR. The series of dashboards designed to provide the services just described, a mobile app was created and called \u2018Florence where what\u2026\u2019 (see next section) and are capable to send suggestions and recommendations based on location and the preferences expressed by citizens and tourists.manage the data collection and integration, data analytics, prediction indicators , but also to carry out simulations and comparing them with the hypotheses on events, realized before the simulation and without the Snap4city tools.Activate and run data-analytic algorithms that can produce systematic or, if necessary, real-time forecasts, identifications of anomalies, and the ability to communicate them to operators and from an early warning and study perspective. Therefore, they are able to generate reports even in advance.Visualize the state of the city and its evolution and critical aspects for the different operators , allowing also some remote operators in their offices to access some summary information, prediction, service status, etc.Enable the carrying out, directly on the dashboards, the necessary in-depth analysis with drill-down techniques (time space and for reports), with: What-if simulations on problems and solutions, routing algorithms, predictive models and in-depth analysis tools. On these, it must be possible to open discussions/chats with other operators, even remote ones , and to bring the attention of all operators to support decisions.Manage events and reports that may arrive from various operators: mobility, transport, waste, energy, social media, highways, public transport, etc., in various standards and through various communication channels. Managing in these cases means: coordinating possible joint actions between several operators, acting, following their evolution, and keeping track of events, until their conclusion/resolution, to take them into account for the next actions.A SSCR is a solution and structure in which all data and indicators of the city are collected and aggregated to produce summary visions, indicators, forecasts, precursors, anomaly indicators, etc. The results are produced through big data analytics to support decision makers and operators, so that they can quickly understand the situation in full and act, also through simulations for scenarios with what-if conditions. When the city grows, its systems become more complex. Moreover, some cities are morphologically complex during their histories, morphogenesis and structures, and it becomes important to:Main dashboard, \u2018Firenze Oggi\u2019 (Florence Today), contains a set of KPIs monitored in real time: a number of users connected to the public Wi-Fi, civil-protection messages, weather forecasting, recharging stations statuses, state of road maintenance and accidents, public transport lines; but also statistical data such as: census numbers  and analyses of: traffic, pollution and what-if analysis. It has links to the following dashboards.Energy: position on the city map, real-time status and historical trends of: fast and normal recharging stations, ZTL gates, Wi-Fi, smart irrigators, smart lights, statistics on residential smart energy meters. KPIs: monthly cumulative energy consumption, average weekly consumption of each fast recharging station, number of users connected to the mobile app, eEnergy consumption via mobile app, accumulator status (used), etc.Environment: position on the city map, real-time status and historical trends of: air quality stations and low-cost sensors (PM10), weather sensors, pollen monitoring, Florence weather for today and for the next two days , temperature, waste sensors, etc.Mobility: traffic events in Florence, traffic daily inflow/outflow trend, total number of inflow/outflow vehicles, car-park statuses and trends, etc.Social: Twitter sentiment trends in the city of Florence, natural-language processing and sentiment analysis on tweets , people flow.Resilience: civil-protection messages in real time, hospital first aid, evacuation paths, etc.The SCCR is a decision-support tool that is able to provide evidence of the arrival/occurrence of critical conditions in real time and/or precursors of such conditions and offer solutions . Following these guidelines, the Florence SCCR has been realized with a series of ad hoc dashboards connected each other:Moreover, other additional views can be opened. In Fig.\u00a0The Florence SCCR development started on 2017 with the first dashboard, and since that time, the number of data has been increased with corresponding views and dashboards of various kinds. Most of the data are public and accessible on dashboards from the Web site of Snap4City.org, while a number of dashboards are private to the municipalities. In Fig.\u00a0The attention on general aspects, mobility and environment are a confirmation of the effective usage and need of an instrument such as an SCCR for monitoring the city. In summary, a total of more than 6000 accesses have been made and 340,000\u00a0min have been spent on the major dashboards for the major areas in the year 2019, which is an average of 57\u00a0min per access. On the other hand, there are dashboards that are typically accessed 24H/7D, and those that are only sporadically used.Smart City Control Rooms, SCCRs, are getting strong attention at this time for their capability of reporting in real time the status of several city aspects, thus creating a strong and effective tool for decision makers. This paper presented Snap4city as a Big Data Smart City Platform to support the city decision makers by means of a SCCR. The solution is adopted in different degrees of diffusion in European cities such as Antwerp, Florence, Lonato, Pisa, Santiago de Compostela, etc. In this paper, the Florence SCCR has been analyzed as a major use case describing the data, the services and the workflow. For data aggregation, the Km4City multi-ontology and tools have been used to collect data from GIS, utilities, open data, IoT networks, external services, social media, etc. The first Florence SCCR dashboard appeared in 2017 as a prototype, and, since that time, a great evolution has been occurred and the amount and type of data have increased. Most of the data are public and accessible on dashboards from the Web site of Snap4City.org, while a number of dashboards are private to the municipality. The results presented have shown the data regarding the last year of high usage of the platform. During this period, a particular attention by the users, on general overview aspects, mobility and the environment have been registered. In summary, a total of more than 6000 accesses have been made and 340,000\u00a0min have been spent on the major dashboards for those major areas in the year 2019, which is an average of 57\u00a0min per access."}
{"text": "In \u201cDocumenting Social Media Engagement as Scholarship: A New Model for Assessing Academic Accomplishment for the Health Professions\u201d :e25070), one of the authors was not mentioned in the original paper.The following author has been added:Alice Eaton, BscSwansea University Medical School, Swansea, United KingdomOne of the contributors was missed in the Acknowledgement section. Previously, the Acknowledgement section read as follows: All authors met the ICMJE authorship criteria, including reviewing and approving this manuscript for publication. Each of the 40 coauthors completed an Authorship Attestation Form confirming that they met all 4 of the ICMJE authorship criteria. In addition, each coauthor described on a shared Google Sheet how they made \u201csubstantial contributions to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data.\u201d The authors wish to thank Jocelyn C Anderson, PhD, RN, S Alexander Kemery, PhD, RN, and Chrystal L Lewis, PhD, RN for their comments on the draft of this manuscript.The corrected Acknowledgement section now reads as follows: All authors met the ICMJE authorship criteria, including reviewing and approving this manuscript for publication. Each of the 40 coauthors completed an Authorship Attestation Form confirming that they met all 4 of the ICMJE authorship criteria. In addition, each coauthor described on a shared Google Sheet how they made \u201csubstantial contributions to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data.\u201d The authors wish to thank Jocelyn C Anderson, PhD, RN, S Alexander Kemery, PhD, RN, Rebecca Koszalinski PhD, RN, CRRN, CMSRN, and Chrystal L Lewis, PhD, RN for their comments on the draft of this manuscript.The affiliation for authors Brendan Huang and Ajay Major was incorrect. They were displayed as:Brendan HuangDepartment of Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States Ajay MajorUniversity of Chicago, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Chicago, IL, United StatesThey have been updated to:Brendan HuangDepartment of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United StatesAjay MajorSection of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United StatesThe correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on December 9, 2020, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories."}
{"text": "In \u201cDiagnostic Accuracy of Chest Computed Tomography Scans for Suspected Patients With COVID-19: Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve Analysis\u201d :e19424), the authors noted one error.The affiliation for authors Lianpin Wu, Qike Jin, and Jiawei He was incorrectly listed as:Department of Cardiology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ChinaThe affiliation for these authors has been corrected to:Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children\u2019s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ChinaThe correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on November 20, 2020, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories."}
{"text": "Author Contributions statement appears below.An author name was incorrectly spelled as \u201cMichael von Bergwelt.\u201d The correct spelling is \u201cMichael von Bergwelt-Baildon\u201d. The updated \u201cMT, SYY, and CB developed the conception and design of the study. MT, SYY, TP, AB, and HG discussed the cases in interdisciplinary panels. MT acquired patient data. MT and SYY organized the database, performed all analyses, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. SYY, TP, and AB acquired the imaging data. TP, HG, MS, ST, MB-B, JM, JH, EC, SM, and CB contributed to the manuscript. All authors contributed to the revision and read and approved the submitted version.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-019-57087-2, published online 14 January 2020Correction to: The original version of this Article contained a typographical error in the spelling of the author Jooho Lee, which was incorrectly given as Jooho lee.In addition, the original version of this Article contained an error in Affiliation 6, which was incorrectly given as \u2018Department of Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea\u2019. The correct affiliation is listed below:Department of Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.These errors have now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article, and in the accompanying Supplementary Information file."}
{"text": "In the last 3 months, nearly a third of the world's population has changed their lifestyle. At this time of writing (June 30th) the COVID-19 pandemic has left a total of 10.302.867 confirmed cases, with more than 505.518 deaths worldwide, spreading to more than 188 countries  and Sociedade Brasileira de Urologia (SBU) performs this special edition, which aims to provide a screenshot impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Urology, within each different area of development It's contains a total of 27 manuscripts performed by expert urologists from France, Italy, Spain, Iran, Germany, Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Panama, the USA. The information that it contains, is reported until May 8th 2020.Finally, I would like to thank each colleague participating in this project, for the effort and valuable academic contribution, hoping that this crisis we are going through will allow us to grow as people and professionals. \u201cEvery crisis has a solution and a learning process, this only depends on us\u201d"}
{"text": "While there is an academic dialogue around what the field entails, developing from its roots of hygiene & tropical medicine and international health, there is still room for enhanced understanding and refined scope . This isth Canadian Conference on Global Health (CCGH), convened virtually from October 19 to 22, 2020 by the Canadian Society for International Health, was a key venue for further examining the different facets of global health. Featuring renowned speakers from numerous sectors, such as Drs. Jane Goodall, Anthony Fauci, and Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, discussions ranged greatly from the humanitarian response to COVID-19 to changing politics. The conference allowed for a reimagined understanding of the field and paved the way to a broader understanding that included three emerging prospects: emphasizing the importance of policy and governance, encouraging engagement of participants from the global south, and elevating the voice of women.The recent 26he present global health crisis is not primarily one of disease, but of governance: its key characteristic is a weakening of public policy and interstate mechanisms as a consequence of global restructuring\u201d th CCGH delivered virtually afforded opportunities for over a thousand participants from around the world to attend; drawing participation from: Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Dominican Republic, France, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Guinea, Ethiopia, Egypt, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Malawi, Mali, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands, Nigeria, Pakistan, People\u2019s Republic of China, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Senegal, Spain, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Turkey, United Republic of Tanzania, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America, Viet Nam, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. With more diverse voices and perspectives from around the world, global health practice can be improved. This is particularly the case with different cultures which may have different understandings and perspectives, which draw upon different traditions of social justice [The 26 justice . For exa justice . Given t justice .The BMJ Gender Diversity Group that women were underrepresented in decision-making around COVID-19 [th CCGH unveiled the 2020 Canadian Women in Global Health list, \u201cshowcasing the incredible achievements of Canadian women leaders in global health, fostering new and exciting collaborations, and advocating for gender equity in the health workforce and leadership more broadly\u201d [Similarly, with 49.6% of the global population identifying as female in 2017 , which dCOVID-19 . The 26tbroadly\u201d . For insbroadly\u201d . The lisOverall, I must commend the CCGH and its organizers for outlining three emerging prospects for which global health can be reconsidered. With enhanced attention paid to global health, we can reform our approaches, through emphasizing the importance of policy and governance, encouraging engagement of participants from the global south, and elevating the voice of women, to ultimately enhance public health to protect populations and improve public health."}
{"text": "Many studies find gender differences in how older adults\u2019 report on their memory, perform on cognitive testing, and manage functional impairments that can accompany cognitive impairment. Thus, understanding gender\u2019s effects in aging and Alzheimer\u2019s research is key for advancing methods to prevent, slow, manage, and diagnosis cognitive impairment. Our study, CoGenT3 \u2013 The study of Cognition and Gender in Three Generations \u2013 seeks to disambiguate the effects of gender on cognition in order to inform a conceptual model, guide innovations in measurement, and support future study. To accomplish this ambitious goal, we have gathered an interdisciplinary team with expertise in psychology, cognition, sexual and gender minorities, library science, measurement, quantitative methods, qualitative methods, and gender and women\u2019s studies. The team benefits from the intersections of expertise in being able to build new research ideas, gain novel insights, and evaluate a wide-range of actions and re-actions but this novelty can also raise challenges."}
{"text": "This research note aimed to analyze the scientific productivity trends 2015\u20132019, focusing on the top 30 universities in Europe and United States and on the top 30 private companies\u2014as classified in the SCImago Institutions Ranking. Our hypothesis is that private companies are gaining an increasingly prominent role in the research field, while academia is losing its predominance.From 2015 to 2019, all universities in Europe and the United States lost positions in the scientific production ranking, while private companies gained positions. These trends seem to be driven mainly by the scientific productivity sub-indicator \u201cInnovation\u201d. These data suggest that the role private companies will play in the future will not be limited to support research economically or influence it from \u201coutside\u201d. Private companies have taken a path that may lead them to directly control all stages of production/communication of knowledge, including research\u2014a role once bestowed on universities. Our data, although preliminary, seem to suggest that, at present, academia risks losing its predominance in the research field. This scenario deserves attention because of the threats it may pose to the independence of research and its role in supporting human equity and sustainable health for all. Scientific research has always had a fundamental role in promoting health and the progress of society as a whole. A recent editorial published in The Lancet  has discHowever, we think that also an alternative\u2014more pessimistic\u2014scenario, emerging from an analysis of recent trends in scientific productivity, deserves attention because of the threats it may pose to the independence of research and its role in supporting human equity and sustainable health for all.In support of this hypothesis, we will (1) provide an analysis of the scientific productivity trends from 2015 to 2019, focusing on the top 30 universities in Europe and the United States and on the top 30 private companies (2) detail the methodology used and its limits, and (3) discuss the implications of our hypothesis and future addresses.We have analyzed the scientific productivity trends from 2015 to 2019. First, we used the SCImago institutions ranking . InnovatWe calculated the average position (\u00b1\u2009standard deviation) in the ranking for scientific productivity by group  for each year from 2015 to 2019. We then calculated the changes of positions in the ranking for scientific productivity by group from 2015 to 2019.To see if these changes of positions in the ranking for scientific productivity were significantly different between universities in Europe and universities in the United States vs. private companies, we performed a multivariate Kruskal\u2013Wallis test \u20137. All sIn Europe, the top 30 universities were: Oxford, University College London, University of Cambridge, Imperial College London, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Catholic University of Leuven, University of Copenhagen, Utrecht University, University of Amsterdam, Kings College London, University of Manchester, University of Edinburgh, Karolinska Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Sorbonne Universite, Ghent University, Technische Universitat Munchen, University of Groningen, Leiden University, VU University Amsterdam, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Aarhus University, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitat Munchen, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Lunds University, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, University of Helsinki, Universitat Zurich, Uppsala University, and Technical University of Denmark. In the United States, the top 30 universities were: Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, Johns Hopkins University, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, University of Washington, University of Pennsylvania, University of California Los Angeles, Columbia University, University of California San Diego, University of California Berkeley, Cornell University, University of California San Francisco, Yale University, Duke University, University of Wisconsin Madison, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Northwestern University Evanston, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, University of Maryland Baltimore, New York University, University of Pittsburgh, Ohio State University Columbus, University of California Davis, University of Southern California, University of Chicago, Pennsylvania State University, University of Florida, and Washington University in Saint Louis. The top 30 private companies operating in Europe and in the US or at the global level were: Google, Facebook Inc., Microsoft Corp, Microsoft USA, Samsung Corp, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. United States, Hoffmann-La Roche, IBM United States, Genentech Inc., IBM Research, Alphabet Inc, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research United States, Microsoft Research Cambridge, MedImmune LLC., Toyota Group, Nokia Corp, Nokia Finland, GlaxoSmithKline United States, Qualcomm Inc USA, Qualcomm Inc, Sanofi United States, Biogen Idec USA, NEC Corp, Biogen Idec, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Panasonic Corp, LG Corporation, and Pfizer Inc. United States.From 2015 to 2019, all the universities in these groups lost positions in the scientific production ranking. In Europe, universities lost on average \u2212\u20099.8\u2009\u00b1\u200974.2 positions, while in the United States \u2212\u20095.5\u2009\u00b1\u200921. On the contrary, private companies gained on average +\u2009129.9\u2009\u00b1\u2009143.9 positions.These trends seem to be driven mainly by one of the scientific productivity sub-indicators, \u201cInnovation\u201d. Indeed, if we analyze this specific sub-indicator, the trends are even more marked. Universities lost \u2212\u2009166.6\u2009\u00b1\u200960.6 positions on average in Europe, and \u2212\u2009114.7\u2009\u00b1\u200951.5 positions in the United States; while private companies gained +\u2009116.5\u2009\u00b1\u2009113.7 positions.p value\u2009<\u20090.0001).On average, the European universities had higher positions than private companies in the ranking in 2015 . The scientific productivity trend from 2015 to 2019 was significantly different between these two groups  and in 2019 (46.8\u2009\u00b1\u200927.5 vs. 107.9\u2009\u00b1\u200951). However, again, the scientific productivity trend was significantly different from 2015 to 2019 in these two groups .Our data, although preliminary, seem to suggest that, at present, academia risks losing its central role in the research field, while private companies are gaining prominence.It is interesting that, among private companies, sectors historically linked to research  have lost power in terms of scientific productivity. In contrast, companies specialized in internet-related services, technology, and data analytics have acquired increasing importance in the research field. Alarmingly, some of these companies, at present in the top ranking for scientific productivity, have recently been accused of using the information they gather from individuals indiscriminately and amorally for the purposes of profit-making and, even worst, social control , 10.The trends above analyzed suggest that the role private companies will play in the future will not be limited to support research economically and/or influence it from \u201coutside\u201d. Indeed, companies specialized in internet-related services, technology, and data analytics have taken a path that may easily\u2014or already has\u2014lead them to directly control all stages of production and communication of knowledge, including research\u2014a role once bestowed on universities. This finding is in contradiction with the results of a recent study by Fleming et al. , which sAlthough caution is needed given the preliminary nature of our data, the trends analyzed seem to suggest that, at present, academia is losing predominance in the research field. The vision matured in the nineteenth-century of universities (and science) as expression of free thought, guarantee for rights, and ability to dialogue with power to further human development and social justice is apparently going through a historic crisis.If the trends analyzed will be confirmed, the pessimistic vision of the Dialectic of Enlightenment  may becoThe present research note discusses the findings of an analysis of trends in scientific productivity. This is a preliminary work using a simple methodology.The results of our analysis need to be confirmed using a bigger sample size and data from other geographical areas or specific research fields.Future research should examine all the scientific productivity sub-indicators: not only \u201cInnovation\u201d but also \u201cNumber of published articles and citations\u201d and \u201cSocial media visibility\u201d.Furthermore, future studies should investigate how the cooperation between universities and private companies may influence scientific productivity and, in turn, the ranking.Finally, it would be critical to have data from sources other than SCImago. Currently, SCImago is the only dataset grouping data by research institution, while similar databanks  do not provide this kind of information."}
{"text": "A community has many different opportunities to improve the traffic safety. The community is local part of the public sector. On all decision made has the community big impacts on questions within its own territory. Urban planning is an important tool. Urban planning is normally a rather complex system and important decisions are made in a long term perspective. It is very important for all who work for traffic safety to learn the system in order to have an impact. The big pallet a community has embrace also many other tools than urban planning.1. Reduce the need of transportation: Urban planning, public transportation, road toll, forbid use of cars in some areas, one-way roads, reducing parking places 2. Separation of areas for activities: Special lines for pedestrians, bikes, cars and public transportation 3. Safety in the road system: Roundabout, fens, avoid U-turns, street lightning, traffic light, sleeping policemen4. Maintaining of the infrastructure: No digging technics, cleaning streets from snow fist for pedestrians5. Supervision: Speed control, immediate feed-back to offenders. Camera supervision, Control of parking, Alco control, Control the use of helmets, belts etc., Control of vehicles 6. Local regulations: Speed limits, one way roads, parking regulations, no access for cars and motorbikes to some areas, the high of hedges, restrictions for traffic during some time during the day7. Education and Information: Special parks for education of children, education and information in preschools and schools, education for old citizens8. Support to different groups: Baby and child seats for rent, helmets for rent, reflectors, bus-service for elderly9. Volunteers: Follow children to and from school, give advice to all in traffic, help the police in their supervision10. Support to local sport-clubs and other associations11. Restaurants and alcohol beverages: Restrictions to serve drivers alcohol, education to serving personnel, home driving service12. Agreements with employees and tenders: Use of safety helmets, belts etc., intelligent speed adaptation (ISA), always give priority to public transportation or bike, use only safe cars with alcohol-interlockCity Planning, Governing, Safe Community"}
{"text": "Acanthobothrium have been documented as parasites of the spiral intestine of elasmobranchs. Results of a metadata analysis indicate that 114 species of elasmobranchs have been reported as hosts of 200 species of Acanthobothrium. The metadata analysis revealed that 3.7% of species of sharks and 14.9% of species of rays that have been reported as hosts to date; some species are parasitized by more than one species of Acanthobothrium. This work provides a Category designation, as proposed by Acanthobothrium. These Category designations are a tool to facilitate comparisons among members of Acanthobothrium for descriptions of new species in the future.Species of  According to Acanthobothrium Blanchard, 1848  is the most diverse genus that has been reported as parasite of the spiral intestine of elasmobranchs (Caira and Jensen 2017). At the present time, 201 species of Acanthobothrium are considered to be valid  are host to a great variety of parasites in nature, particularly helminths. be valid , 2020. TAcanthobothrium and their geographic distribution based on records that have been generated from different parts of the world. The checklist focuses on the 201 valid species of Acanthobothrium and reports correlated with the genera and species of elasmobranchs, and includes the geographical distribution of each.The main goal of this work is to provide a revised checklist based on a metadata analysis of the host relationships of members of Acanthobothrium continues to grow and there are still regions of the world without a single report of this genus  Ocean;WCA Western Central Atlantic;WCP Western Central Pacific;WIO Western Indian Ocean;WNA Western North Atlantic;WNP Western North Pacific;WSA Western South Atlantic;WSP Western South Pacific.Acanthobothrium presented herein includes the name of the species, authority , abbreviation of the name of the collection where specimens are deposited and the accession numbers of the specimens, followed by the status of the specimens . The acronym \u201cNR\u201d was used for data that are not reported in the original source. Localities  were given and referenced in the literature cited. A Category designation was supplied for all species using the categorical method proposed by Information for each species of Acanthobothrium based on the combination of four qualitative characters: the total length of worms- \u2264 15 mm = S (short) or > 15 mm = L (long); the number of proglottids comprising the strobila- \u2264 50 = F (few) or > 50 = M (many); the number of testes per proglottid- \u2264 80 = F (few) or > 80 = M (many); and symmetry of the ovarian lobes- symmetrical = S or asymmetrical = A. Of the possible combinations the following 10 categories currently are recognized and coded as follows: 1 = SFFS; 2 = SFFA; 3 = LMMA; 4 = LMMS; 5 = LMFS; 6 = LMFA; 7 = LFFA; 8 = SMFS; 9 = LFFS; 10 = SMMS. This method limited the number of necessary comparisons required in the description between known species with new species assigned to the same Category. For this work, the categories and characteristics were used as in The categorical method was developed as a system of grouping species of For specimens deposited in a formal collection, acronyms are as follows:AMSAustralian Museum, Sydney;CH-MHNJP Colecciones Helmintol\u00f3gicas del Museo de Historia Natural \u201cJavier Prado\u201d y del Instituto de Medicina Tropical \u201cDaniel. A. Carri\u00f3n\u201d, Universidad Mayor de San Marcos, Per\u00fa;CHE Colecci\u00f3n de Helmintos, Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, M\u00e9xico;CHIOCCole\u00e7\u00e3o Helmintol\u00f3gica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;CNHE Colecci\u00f3n Nacional de Helmintos del Instituto de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico;DMNZ Dominion Musem , New Zealand;DZAUW Department of Zoology, Andhra University, Waltair, India;DZCJ Department of Zoology, Bipin Bihari, P. G. College, Jhansi, India;HWMLUniversity of Nebraska State Museum, Harold W. Manter Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States;IPCAS Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, Czech Republic;IPMB Institut Penyelidikan Marin Borneo (Borneo Marine Research Institute), Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia;LRP Lawrence R. Penner Parasitology Collection, Helminthological Collection, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States;MACN-PaMuseo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Colecci\u00f3n Parasitol\u00f3gica, Buenos Aires, Argentina;MEPN Museum of the Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador;MHNLSMuseo de Historia Natural La Salle, Caracas, Venezuela;MHNP Museo de Historia Natural, Lima, Peru;MLP Museo de Ciencias Naturales de La Plata, Departamento de Zoolog\u00eda Invertebrados (Parasitolog\u00eda), Argentina;MNHG Museum of Natural History, Geneva, Switzerland;MNHN Mus\u00e9um National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle, Paris;MNHNCMuseo Nacional de Historia Natural de Chile;MPM Meguro Parasitology Museum, Tokyo, Japan;MZUM (P) Muzium Zoologi, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;MZUSPMuseu de Zoologia da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil;NHMUKThe Natural History Museum, London;NMNS National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan;PRLXUParasitology Research Laboratory, Xiamen University, China;QMQueensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;SAM AHCSouth Australian Museum, Adelaide, Australia;SBC Sarawak Biodiversity Center, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia;SPUKSchool of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, Pakistan;SYSU School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University;UAA Department of Zoology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India;USNPCUnited States National Parasite Collection, Beltsville, Maryland, United States;ZCUOK Zoological Collection, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran;ZIMC Collection of the Zoological Survey of India, Indian Museum, Calcutta and the Collection of the Department of Zoology, the University of Allahabad, India;ZMB Natural History Museum Berlin, Germany;ZUTCCollection of the Zoological Museum, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Acanthobothrium. The list includes the type host of each species, type locality, and additional hosts and/or localities. Five of the elasmobranchs that were reported as hosts of Acanthobothrium were only identified to genus and four others are reported as \u201ccf.\u201d (= similar to) , Heterodontidae (five species) and Triakidae (six species)  and Dasyatidae (70 species)  Fig. . In contium Fig. . Of the es) Fig. .Acanthobothrium are not evenly grouped in the different categories. In Category 1 there are 55 species, 44 in Category 2, 19 in Category 3, 37 in Category 4, 17 in Category 5, 14 in Category 6, four in Category 7, four in Category 8, and three in Category 9. Although there is a Category 10, species in that category also are in grouped with those in Category 8 because their characteristics are thought to fall into both categories (Table Acanthobothrium were classified as unknown (\u201c?\u201d) because the original descriptions do not have sufficient information for assignment in one of the ten categories  have been reported as hosts for species of ium Fig. . In contium Fig. . Estimatreported . PublicaECA, ESA, WIO, ARC, and SOC. According to the percentages of species of elasmobranchs that have been reported as hosts of species of Acanthobothrium, we can infer that there are still many new species of Acanthobothrium to be discovered. In the GenBank database records, molecular sequences of only 16 of the 201 species of Acanthobothrium have been reported. However, more molecular information about species of Acanthobothrium is required for future analyzes, both for identification and life cycle studies; these would provide more solid information for delimiting distributions.The information in the Figures Acanthobothriumchilensis R\u00eago, Vicente & Herrera, 1968, was included for reference, although it was described from a fish, Sardachiliensis  (Perciformes: Scombridae)  see . Extensidae) see  failed tAcanthobothrium appear to exhibit oioxenous specificity for their elasmobranch hosts. In the present metadata analysis, for species exclusively in elasmobranchs, 83% of the species of Acanthobothrium show remarkable host specificity for their definitive host, and thus, should be considered to be an oioxenous species. In contrast, 34 of the 200 species (17%) of Acanthobothrium have been reported in more than one species of elasmobranch (Table Acanthobothrium, 45 of the type specimens of Acanthobothrium require confirmation of the host (Table Acanthobothrium that suggest misidentification of the parasites; these should reevaluated in future studies. To mention obvious cases, A.batailloni has been reported from the Mediterranean Sea and from the Pacific coast of Peru and Chile and A.brevissime has been reported from the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific coast of Peru.According to  species 7% of Aca species 7% of AcaAcanthobothrium, 13 have been classified in more than one category (see category designations in Table The categorical method developed by Acanthobothrium that has been assigned to more than one category suggests that the categories still need some refining, or it is an example of cryptic species that cannot be distinguished without molecular information. However, molecular information cannot replace morphological descriptions of species. One reason is the lack of material for sequencing of the vast majority of already-known species. Morphology also augments molecular data in studies of the phylogeny of platyhelminths (Acanthobothrium. This updated database includes the category designation for each species described to date will be an important tool for the future taxonomic studies.Having more information, such as molecular sequences, could solve some problems in identification, such as the two cases mentioned above. A species of elminths . A compl"}
{"text": "In \u201cTwelve-Month Follow-Up to a Fully Automated Internet-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy Intervention for Rural Adults With Depression Symptoms: Single-Arm Longitudinal Study\u201d :e21336) the authors noted one error.The affiliation for authors Mark Schure and Kathryn Tuchscherer Franklin was incorrectly listed as:Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United StatesThe correct affiliation for these authors is:Department of Health & Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United StatesThis affiliation is affiliation 1 in the corrected manuscript. Accordingly, affiliations 1 and 2 in the originally published manuscript have been renumbered to affiliations 2 and 3 in the corrected manuscript.The Corresponding Author address for Mark Schure has also been corrected from:Mark Schure, BSc, MSc, PhDDepartment of Mechanical & Industrial EngineeringMontana State UniversityBozeman, MTUnited Statesto:Mark Schure, BSc, MSc, PhDDepartment of Health & Human DevelopmentMontana State University305 Herrick HallBozeman, MT, 59717United StatesThe correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on October 23, 2020, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories."}
{"text": "In this paper, we consider the trust degree of a jammer, defined as the probability that the jammer cooperates to secure the legitimate transmission, and investigate its influence on confidential cooperative communication. According to the trust degree, we derive the closed-form optimal transmit signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the confidential message,  With the rapid growth of communications between socially-connected users, not only physical parameters, e.g., channel qualities and traffic demands, but also the social relationship among users, such as kinship, friendship, and acquaintance, have been taken into account as key design parameters for efficient cooperative communications ,2,3,4,5.In the literature, the trust degree has triggered plenty of research interest in various fields, including content caching, mobile social communications, and especially cooperative communications ,2,3,4,5.Due to the broadcasting nature of wireless mediums, physical (PHY)-layer security has also drawn significant attention in communication networks ,9,10,11.Motivated by the aforementioned research and problems, we have observed that the trust degree plays a significant role in cooperative secure communications. Hence, in this paper, we consider the probability that the jammer cooperates in secure legitimate transmission as its trust degree and investigate its influence on the performance of confidential cooperative communications. Different from , we not Notation: For a complex scalar x, its complex conjugate is denoted by With the rapid growth of online social networks, more and more people are getting involved in online social interactions. Therefore, the social relationship has emerged as an important issue to investigate how the degree of closeness of the social relationship between users affects their communication strategies ,16,17,18In the literature, the trust degree has been evaluated and quantified in various ways ,21,22,23Consider a user cooperation network as shown in In this paper, we consider that Direct transmission: (a) Cooperative transmission: (b) According to the above strategies, the expected secrecy rate with respect to (w.r.t.) trust degree given in , is obta used in ,24. Notiiven in [R\u00afse (In In shown in , which hIn this paper, we investigated the confidential cooperative communication according to the jammer\u2019s trust degree and exploited its characteristics to design efficient cooperative strategies. To maximize the expected secrecy rate, we derived the closed-form optimal transmit SNR of the confidential message based on the trust degree and observed that the expected secrecy rate will become saturated along with the increasing"}
{"text": "The segetal flora of winter crops includes mostly native or archaeophyte annual species that are often strong specialists of their habitats. Threatened by the intensification of agriculture, segetal flora is particularly valuable from a perspective of biodiversity conservation and evolution. Moreover, it contributes to maintain biodiversity in agroecosystems and provides several ecosystem services. The dataset here described was set up to provide the first inventory of the segetal flora of Italian winter cereal crops and allied crop types, the latter including flax and autumn-sown legumes. It includes 24,676 georeferenced occurrence data deriving from 1,240 floristic and phytosociological relev\u00e9s. The data were collected from the greater part of Italian territory, in a temporal range spanning from 1946 to 2018. The concept of \u201cweed\u201d is very subjective, as any plant that interferes with human activities can be considered as such, implying the existence of agricultural weeds, environmental weeds, ruderal weeds and many others. Weeds of arable land are almost exclusively annual and are called \u201cagrestals\u201d or \u201csegetals\u201d . For decThe here presented dataset is available in GBIF  and inclIn the light of what is stated above, the main aims of the present paper are the description and presentation of this recently-released dataset, providing information on its usefulness and possible future applications.Plant biodiversity in traditional agroecosystems of Italy: a floristic and ecological multi-scale analysis based on geodatabases.RM118164361D0EE4 .Giovanna Abbate, Mauro Iberite, Marta Latini, Emanuele FanfarilloSapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.The disappearance of traditional agroecosystems and the consequent biodiversity loss due to changes in agriculture are receiving increasing attention in Europe. The use of databases on plant taxonomical, distributional, ecological and functional traits is of crucial importance in conservation actions. The need to improve monitoring and reporting activities by improving the quality of biodiversity data is also underlined by the European Biodiversity Strategy. This project aimed at fulfilling a global analysis of the plant diversity existing in the traditional agroecosystems of Italy, knowledge of which is currently lacking, by means of the collection, digitisation and processing of original and archival data. The proposed actions concerned: the preparation of thematic databases on segetal flora and vegetation, including the features of plant species and communities; the analysis of data at different spatial and temporal scales; the production of thematic maps on plant diversity and its related topics; the development of new methods to estimate the nature value of agroecosystems; the detection of bio-indicator plant species for floristic richness, agricultural intensity and environmental quality. Special attention was given to winter arable plants and communities, currently at high risk of disappearance in Europe. The achieved results provided an important basis for any future research, with special regards to the definition of conservation strategies for plant diversity in European rural areas.The occurrence data were retrieved through extensive literature searches and intensive field samplings, the latter being carried out in the greater part of Italy to fill the knowledge gaps in some geographic areas. Literature data were selected using a habitat-based criterion: only the records for taxa unambiguously reported to grow in winter cereals, flax and autumn-sown legumes were collected. Consequently, all the records with no or with generic information on the growing habitat (e.g. \u201cfields\u201d or \u201ccultivated land\u201d) were excluded. Likewise, records of taxa identified to the genus or higher level, doubtful identifications, nomenclatural ambiguities and crop species were not considered. The bibliographic source of each record is available upon request to the authors.All the occurrence data were georeferenced. Geographic coordinates , geodetic datum and a value of uncertainty for coordinates were attributed to each single record. The geographic coordinates were manually attributed, based on the descriptions of the relev\u00e9 location provided in the original source. If coordinates were already available, they were converted in WGS84 geodetic datum, when differently expressed. The uncertainty of geographic positions was estimated according to the 9-degree scale defined by The taxonomic nomenclature was updated according to the latest standards available for the Italian flora  and was published using GBIF Integrated Publishing Toolkit (IPT) publishing platform (https://cloud.gbif.org/eca). Once the data were imported in GBIF, the nomenclature was automatically referred to the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy  4.0 LicenseMetadata language: EnglishDate of metadata creation: 09-04-2020Hierarchy level: DatasetThe fields provided by the \u201cSegetal flora of Italy\u201d dataset are:occurrenceID, basisOfRecord, eventDate, scientificName, kingdom, taxonRank, decimalLatitude, decimalLongitude, geodeticDatum, coordinateUncertaintyInMetres, continent, country, countryCode, stateProvince, organismQuantity, organismQuantityType.Magnoliopsida , followed by Liliopsida  and Polypodiopsida . Though, on the basis of the most recent results summarised by the APG , Ranunculales (12%), Caryophyllales (11%) and Fabales (8%). Poales (14%) is the most represented order within Liliopsida. The records in the dataset belong to 53 families, 340 genera and 859 taxa. The five most represented families, genera and species are shown in Tables Within sterales 5%, RanunKingdom: PlantaePhylum: TracheophytaClass: Magnoliopsida, Liliopsida, Polypodiopsida.Order: Alismatales, Apiales, Asparagales, Asterales, Boraginales, Brassicales, Caryophyllales, Cucurbitales, Dipsacales, Equisetales, Ericales, Fabales, Gentianales, Geraniales, Lamiales, Liliales, Malpighiales, Malvales, Myrtales, Oxalidales, Piperales, Poales, Polypodiales, Ranunculales, Rosales, Salviniales, Santalales, Saxifragales, Solanales.Family: Amaranthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Apiaceae, Araceae, Aristolochiaceae, Asparagaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Cyperaceae, Dennstaedtiaceae, Elatinaceae, Equisetaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Gentianaceae, Geraniaceae, Heliotropiaceae, Hypericaceae, Iridaceae, Juncaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Lythraceae, Malvaceae, Marsileaceae, Onagraceae, Orobanchaceae, Oxalidaceae, Papaveraceae, Plantaginaceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Portulacaceae, Primulaceae, Ranunculaceae, Resedaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Santalaceae, Saxifragaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, Thymelaeaceae, Urticaceae, Verbenaceae, Violaceae.35\u00b023'60\"N, 6\u00b030'0\"E; 47\u00b012'0\"N, 18\u00b036'0\"E). Regarding administrative regions, the highest numbers of records are from Sicily, Veneto, Lombardy and Latium (Table The species occurrences stored in the dataset were recorded from the greater part of the Italian territory (Fig. The dataset includes species occurrences recorded from 1946 to 2018 (Fig. As expected, a high seasonality characterises the dataset. Most of the occurrences were recorded in spring and early summer. The months of greatest occurrence of the investigated taxa are, respectively, June, May, July and April Fig. .The \u201cSegetal flora of Italy\u201d dataset was the basis for the definition of the first inventory of the segetal flora of Italian winter cereal crops and allied crop types . The lat"}
{"text": "State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.\u201d Regarding to the numbering of the affiliations, the affiliation of Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt, instead of having affiliation #2, it should have the affiliation #3. For author Weimin Zhang, the affiliation should be \u201cState Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China\u201d instead of \u201cBotany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.\u201d For author Daochen Zhu, the second affiliation should be \u201cState Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China\u201d instead of Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt. Regarding to the numbering of the affiliations, the affiliation of the State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China, instead of having affiliation #3, it should have the affiliation #2.In the published article, there were errors in affiliations of the authors Sameh S. Ali, Weimin Zhang and Daochen Zhu. For author Sameh S. Ali, the second affiliation should be \u201cBotany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt\u201d instead of \u201cAlso, in the article's citation, an author name was incorrectly presented as Morales GM. The correct spelling is Murillo Morales G.Figure 5, Additionally, Figures 1\u20135 were presented in a wrong order. E.coli BL21 (Laccase). Instead, it should be written as E.coli BL21 (Lacc). A correction has been made to abstract, last sentence:There was also an error in the abstract text. The name of the mutant bacterial strain was incorrectly written as E.coli BL21 (Lacc), under different initial pH conditions, demonstrated a promising potential to enlarge the spectrum of renewable products for biorefinery activities.\u201d\u201cLignin biodegradation products from The authors apologize for these errors and state that they do not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "This article describes acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme involved in parasympathetic neurotransmission, its activity, and how its inhibition can be pharmacologically useful for treating dementia, caused by Alzheimer\u2019s disease, or as a warfare method due to the action of nerve agents. The chemical concepts related to the irreversible inhibition of AChE, its reactivation, and aging are discussed, along with a relationship to the current international legislation on chemical weapons. Over time, the use of incendiaries, darts, spears, and arrows impregnated with poisons from different organisms, animals, and plants, the lethality of substances used for warfare have been dramatically improved. Despite international agreements already in existence by the end of 19th century, these did not inhibit the large-scale use of CW during World War I (WWI) (1914\u20131918), when millions of casualties were provoked mainly by phosgene, chlorine, and, particularly, sulfur mustard (HD 1) . This co2 (GB), soman 3 (GD), and tabun 4 (GA) . These findings resulted in the weaponization of the first nerve agents, called also G-agents, which included sarin n 4 (GA) . Such CW5 and 6, 1, these compounds can be similarly regarded as \u201carea denial weapons\u201d [Later, during the 1950s, aiming to produce more effective pesticides, groups in the former Soviet Union, Great Britain, Sweden, and the United States developed other organophosphorus compounds which were more toxic and persistent (less volatile) than G-agents. These new chemicals were then named V-agents, which are phosphonothioates 5 and 6,  [4,12,13weapons\u201d .2 and GA 4, along with sulfur mustard HD 1, against civilian and military targets during the Iran\u2013Iraq war. The tragic events in the Kurdish city of Halabja show how abhorrent can be the use of these substances as warfare agents [2 was employed in the terrorist actions carried out by the sect Aum Shinrikyo, provoking casualties among civilians and first responders [Although they were not used in the World Wars, the international community could soon testify their potential as Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) when, in the 1980s, Saddam Hussein\u2019s troops used chemical artillery containing G-agents, GB e agents ,17,18. Isponders ,21,22.Although many papers have dealt with chemical warfare over the years, the use of CW is currently a pressing subject. Recently, chemical warfare agents have made headlines due to their alleged deployment in the Civil War ongoing in Syria (2011\u2013) and as means of murdering the North Korean national Kim Jun Nam at the Kuala Lumpur International Airport in 2017. A report from Malaysian authorities confirmed that VX was used by the perpetrators ,40,41,427\u201310) [In 2018, events that occurred in Salisbury and Amesbury, Great Britain, where a former Russian agent and other people were poisoned with an \u201cunknown, high-purity grade military agent\u201d with possible neurotoxic effects, prompted discussions about the so-called \u201cNovichok\u201d agents. These then elusive compounds are predicted to act similarly to known nerve agents, but with higher toxicity and different physicochemical properties, for example, being solid at room temperature. After discussions on the actual structures of the Novichok agents, the most important agreement on chemical disarmament, the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), has acknowledged four novel scaffolds in its \u201cAnnex on Chemicals\u201d, which are to be entered into force in June 2020. 7\u201310) ,48,49,50From pharmacological and toxicological points of view, the biological targets of classical (G- and V-) and \u201cNovichok\u201d nerve agents are the cholinesterases, a class of enzymes involved in a myriad of biological processes, such as respiration, cognition, and drug metabolism. Cholinesterases are found in two isoforms, AChE (EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), EC 3.1.1.8. Compounds that can inhibit cholinesterases may impact the body positively or negatively and, therefore, be either explored as method of warfare or therapeutically ,65,66,67Herein, we review the inhibition of cholinesterases and their outcome and how these chemical reactions can be subject of interest in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) or as method of warfare, which is forbidden by the CWC.After many international agreements have sought to forbid the use of toxic chemicals as a mode of warfare, the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) entered into force in 1997, paving the way for the creation of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the international watchdog responsible for overseeing the implementation of the CWC. The headquarters are located in The Hague, The Netherlands. As of January 2020, there are 193 signatories or State Parties to the CWC. In accordance to OPCW website, \u201c98% of the global population lives under the protection of the Convention\u201d and \u201c97% of the chemical weapons stockpiles declared by possessor States have been verifiably destroyed\u201d ,68, the In the preamble of the CWC, the State Parties are called out to ensure \u201cthat the complete and effective prohibition of the development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, retention, transfer and use of chemical weapons, and their destruction, represent a necessary step towards the achievement of these common objectives\u201d ,2,3.The current text of CWC has the \u201cAnnex on Chemicals\u201d section. There, compounds considered as chemical warfare agents or precursors are listed, along with the toxins saxitoxin and ricin. Chemicals are divided in Schedules 1 to 3), accordingly to the possibility of peaceful application  to 3, ac. Schedul11 and chlorosoman 12, precursors to GB 2 and GD 3, respectively , a toxic chemical related to VX (5) is an example of Schedule 2A chemical. Diethyl methylphosphonate , is an example of Schedule 2B chemical, as it can be precursor for toxic nerve agents, but also flame-retardant materials , a15 and triethyl phosphite 16 . DEMP may be then chlorinated using thionyl chloride 18, a Schedule 3B chemical, yielding methylphosphonyl dichloride , another Schedule 2B chemical. MPDC is then reacted with a source of fluoride, generating methylphosphonyl difluoride , also a Schedule 2B chemical. Reaction of MPDF with isopropanol 21 in presence of a base, affords the toxic Schedule 1 chemical. There is comprehensive literature on the synthesis of organophosphorus compounds and researchers must read carefully the CWC, in the OPCW website (www.opcw.org) to learn more on the international legislation [Although synthetic relationships are not the criteria for the Schedule Chemicals, islation ,71,72,73Chemistry is ubiquitous, its principles and applications underlie innumerous biological processes, as is the case with cholinesterases, key enzymes in the metabolism of different species. This class of enzyme in superior animals is present in two different isoforms, as aforementioned, AChE and BChE. AChE is involved in the regulation of neurotransmission processes (parasympathetic neurotransmission), being important for (but not limited to) cognition and respiration, for example. BChE is found in plasma, being responsible for hydrolysis of different esters, property that has been studied to understand a series of metabolic events or for treatment of cocaine addiction, for example. Furthermore, it has been extensively studied due to its stoichiometric reaction with organophosphorus compounds, which indicates that it is not only a biomarker of exposure to these toxic chemicals but also a potential treatment for intoxication, acting as bioscavenger of nerve agents ,81,82,8322 and aldicarb 23 , into acetate 26 and choline 27 through a tetrahedral transition state 28 at the post-synaptic cleft, ending the action potential, in accordance with the proposal below  during ACh hydrolysis. Finally, the acyl pocket site (APS) is the point where the difference between AChE and BChE may be assessed, with AChE having a smaller APS than BChE, determining the size of the substrate to be hydrolyzed [A schematic representation of different sites of AChE is shown in drolyzed ,91,92,9325, the parasympathetic neurotransmitter, into choline 26 and acetate 27, which are reuptaken for de novo synthesis of the neurotransmitter. Therefore, AChE is a pharmaceutical target, as its inhibition provokes an increase of neurotransmitter concentration at the post-synaptic cleft, leading to exacerbated cholinergic response over the nerve structures that require parasympathetic stimulation, such as neuromuscular junctions. This outcome may be positive, as in the case of treatment of diseases where the transitory, reversible inhibition of AChE located in the central nervous system (CNS) delivers valuable response, e.g., AD, or negative, when toxic chemicals, such as nerve agents  or other suitable entity , an alcohol 31 is displaced , donepezil , and galantamine . The fourth compound is memantine , which affects other receptors  [Currently, there are only four drugs available to ameliorate the memory loss and other symptoms related to AD. Nonetheless, they can only act in a certain level of impairment and are unable to halt the progression of the pathology. Consequently, knowledge on the different mechanisms that can contribute to the onset of AD and discover of the early neurological, biochemical, and behavioral changes, useful for the development of a more efficient treatments. Three of these compounds act as AChE inhibitors, rivastigmine  ,126,127.4 receptor inhibitors and PROTAC (PROteolysis Targeting Chimeras) compounds, among other approaches [Rivastigmine is regarded to react with the serine residue of the ES present in AChE and BChE  which illustrates the clinical effects. Acute exposure may be fatal due to the respiratory failure resulting from the continuous stimulation of neuromuscular junctions at diaphragm, as described earlier in this paper [22 and aldicarb 23  that can be used as proof of exposure to nerve agents. Nevertheless, if the enzyme is not aged 44, treatment with fluoride ions enables a de novo synthesis of the organophosphorus compound 47. These compounds can be successfully detected by chromatographic and spectrometric techniques , an anticholinergic agent (to counteract the effects of the higher concentration of the neurotransmitter), and an anticonvulsant (to control seizures). Up to date, pyridinium oximes have been clinically used as AChE reactivators, pralidoxime ompounds  [4,182,1erase 56 ,192,193.59 as anticholinergic agent, and an anticonvulsant, such as diazepam 60  hinders effective treatment. Additionally, an efficient \u201cuniversal antidote\u2019 towards all cholinesterase inhibitors is not yet available . To tackCholinesterases are constitutive enzymes, essential to the correct performance of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). The chemistry of AChE inhibition and aging in the context of the contemporary issue of terrorism by chemical warfare is an attractive conduit for chemical education and for dual use, military and civilian research work. AChE has a pivotal role in memory and learning, therefore increased knowledge on AChE function may facilitate the development of further, more effective therapies towards neurodegenerative diseases, like AD. Besides the varied conceptual background in Chemistry that it demands, the subject is also multidisciplinary, since it is related to pharmacology, toxicology, medicinal chemistry, international politics, health, environmental and forensics sciences, as well ethical issues."}
{"text": "Spinning, what you will, in heeding that swarm of guidance, creatingyour own shell, then transforming, as you will, within that isolation,still seems like an almost unconvincing, almost unnecessary nuisance.You had chosen this situation, if it is fair to say there was a choice,when there was no viable alternative. Your cocoon can feel so safe,an illusion perhaps, but reality provides nothing less vulnerable.The walls are thin enough to allow you to breathe, and to vaguely hearor feel vibrations, even though their meaning cannot be known.Light penetrates, and darkness, too; the changes remain obscure.Ruminating on that former lifestyle, you can digest time thoroughly,like those last memorable green leaves of Springtime, then so succulent,and satisfying, but to what end you know not; not all cocoons survive.Time, space, being, identity, the interpreted past, the fancied futurecan all be consumed within your insatiable capsule. Chrysalis or cocoon,distinctions no longer matter; each benefits from a covering and distancing.Complacency or contentment allows a concentration on one\u2019s onlycertainty, the presentness right now, in this cell-like confinement,because emergence would require several just preposterous miracles."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliations for R. de Diego-Balaguer. As well as having affiliation 3, she should also have:4 Catalan Institute for Research and Advance Studies, Barcelona, Spain5 Cognition and Brain Plasticity Unit, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain6 Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, SpainThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Objective assessments of movement impairment are needed to support clinical trials and facilitate diagnosis. The objective of the current study was to determine if a rapid web\u2010based computer mouse test (Hevelius) could detect and accurately measure ataxia and parkinsonism.Ninety\u2010five ataxia, 46 parkinsonism, and 29 control participants and 229,017 online participants completed Hevelius. We trained machine\u2010learning models on age\u2010normalized Hevelius features to (1) measure severity and disease progression and (2) distinguish phenotypes from controls and from each other.r =\u20090.66 for UPDRS dominant arm total to r =\u20090.83 for the Brief Ataxia Rating Scale). A disease change model identified ataxia progression with high sensitivity. Classification models distinguished ataxia or parkinsonism from healthy controls with high sensitivity (\u22650.91) and specificity (\u22650.90).Regression model estimates correlated strongly with clinical scores (from Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.Hevelius produces a granular and accurate motor assessment in a few minutes of mouse use and may be useful as an outcome measure and screening tool. \u00a9 2019 The Authors.  Drug development efforts are underway for patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases, including cerebellar ataxias, Parkinson's disease (PD), and Parkinson\u2010plus syndromes. Key challenges for clinical trials include the ability to accurately diagnose early diseaseSuch challenges are amplified in children in whom norms for movement evolve rapidly with age. Furthermore, disease\u2010tailored clinical scoring scales are limited in their ability to measure nonprototypical phenotypes, for example, in ataxia patients with bradykinesia. Because of the complex, heterogeneous, and overlapping phenotypes in neurodegenerative diseases, it would be advantageous to complement existing assessment methods with a readily available tool that could characterize movement across a number of phenotypes.We have developed a rapid, computer mouse\u2013based tool called Hevelius that quantifies arm function by extracting 32 features from continuous, target\u2010driven computer mouse trajectories . Here, we demonstrate the effectiveness of Hevelius (1) to accurately measure disease severity and (2) to distinguish patients with ataxia or parkinsonism from controls and from each other.Data from 229,017 online participants were used to develop the normative data set. Participants self\u2010reported coming from 158 countries, with the largest group coming from the United States (43.8%).1,185 = 19.99, P\u2009<\u20090.0001).One hundred and eighty\u2010nine patients were assessed using Hevelius in the clinic setting: 95 with cerebellar ataxia, 46 with parkinsonism, and 29 controls  were increased, and those related to movement control  were impaired compared with online controls in both ataxia and parkinsonism  total and common total score. The mean absolute error (MAE) for all was <10% of the maximum score. The MAE for Hevelius \u00b1 standard deviation (SD) in estimating BARS dominant arm score was 0.35\u2009\u00b1\u20090.30, comparable to the previously published MAE of 0.38 of expert clinicians asked to rate video recordings of the finger\u2010nose\u2010finger task.The estimates produced by the regression models correlated strongly with actual clinical scores. The correlation coefficient ranged from r = 0.89, P\u2009<\u20090.0001; UPDRS, r = 0.82, P\u2009<\u20090.0001; common score, r = 0.85, P\u2009<\u20090.0001).Although Hevelius measures dominant arm performance, it is equally effective for predicting dominant arm score and total score. This is not surprising given that in our data set dominant arm score and total score were highly correlated  and healthy controls with high sensitivity (\u22650.91) and specificity (\u22650.90); see Table A model trained to discriminate between healthy controls and early\u2010stage ataxia patients (BARS score of 0 in the dominant arm), yielded a sensitivity of 0.75 and specificity of 0.97.A binary classification model trained to learn which session in a pair of sessions was more severe was applied to 18 individuals with a progressive ataxia diagnosis and a repeat session . The mean interval duration between sessions was 325\u2009days with a range of 126\u2013469\u2009days. In these 18 individuals, the dominant arm BARS score increased (indicating disease progression) in 8 of 18, was unchanged in 9 of 18, and decreased (indicating improvement) in 1 of 18 . The classification model predicted that 17 of 18 individuals had increased dominant arm severity at the time of their second session. One of 18 was predicted by the model to have decreased severity on the second session . These results support that Hevelius can sensitively capture arm severity progression information.Hevelius is a novel tool for performing objective, granular, and rapid assessments of dominant arm motor function. We have demonstrated that the tool can be used in children and adults and forms an interpretable and multidimensional representation of ataxia and parkinsonism.We have shown that the 32 movement features computed from computer mouse trajectories are interpretable, capture several dimensions of motor control, and vary with development and aging . Despite age adjustment enabled by the normative data set, it is conceivable that not all age\u2010related factors were fully removed, resulting in inflated performance estimates of classification models.Krzysztof Z. Gajos, PhD, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA: conception, organization, execution of the research project; design, execution, and review and critique of the statistical analysis; 3. writing of the first draft and review and critique of the manuscript. Katharina Reinecke, PhD, Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA: execution of research project; review and critique of manuscript. Mary Donovan, BS, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA: execution of the research project. Christopher D. Stephen, MB, ChB, Ataxia and Movement Disorders Units, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA: execution of the research project; review and critique of the manuscript. Albert Y. Hung, MD, PhD, Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA: execution of the research project; review and critique of the manuscript. Jeremy D. Schmahmann, MD, Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA: execution of the research project; 3. review and critique of the manuscript. Anoopum S. Gupta, MD, PhD, Ataxia and Movement Disorders Units, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA:. conception, organization, and execution of the research project; review and critique of the statistical analysis; writing of the first draft and review and critique of the manuscript.Krzysztof Z. Gajos, PhD, is employed by Harvard University and has received grants from NIH, NSF, and Adobe. Katharina Reinecke, PhD, is employed by the University of Washington, has received grants from NSF CAREER Grant, and gift money from Adobe Research, Microsoft, and Google CSO of Startup Augury Design Inc. Mary Donovan, BS, is employed by Massachusetts General Hospital and is a medical student at Georgetown University. Christopher D. Stephen, MB, ChB, is employ8ed by Massachusetts General Hospital, has received grants from Sanofi\u2010Genzyme, has receceived compensation for conducting clinical trials from Sanofi\u2010Genzyme, Bristol\u2010Myers Squibb, Biogen Inc., and Biohaven Pharmaceuticals Inc. Albert Y. Hung, MD, PhD, is employed by Massachusetts General Hospital. Jeremy D. Schmahmann, MD, has stock ownership Cadent Pharmaceuticals, intellectual property rights in the Brief Ataxia Rating Scale, Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome Scale, and Cerebellar Neuropsychiatric Rating Scale and is a license holder with the General Hospital Corporation, is a consultant for Cadent and Biohaven, has given expert testimony for the Massachusetts Committee for Public Counsel Services. is on advisory boards of Cadent, National Ataxia Foundation, Society for Research on Cerebellum and Ataxias, is employed by Massachusetts General Hospital, has received honoraria from the Institute of Neurology Queen Square, British Neuropsychiatric Association, Spanish Neurological Society, New York University Langone Medical Center, American Speech\u2010Language\u2010Hearing Association, Department of Neurology Emory University, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein School of Medicine, has received royalties from Oxford University Press, Elsevier, Springer, MacKeith Press, has received grants from National Ataxia Foundation, NIH, US Army Medical Research, and has received compensation for conducting clinical trials and sponsored research from Biohaven Pharmaceuticals Inc. Anoopum S. Gupta, MD, PhD, was a consultant for Biogen, Inc., is employed by Massachusetts General Hospital, has received grants from Ataxia\u2010Telangiectasia Children's Project, Biogen, Inc.Appendix S1: Supplementary MethodsClick here for additional data file."}
{"text": "Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-020-60897-4, published online 06 March 2020Correction to: In the HTML and PDF of the original version of this Article Hye Seung Lee was incorrectly affiliated with \u201cDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea\u201d The correct affiliations for Hye Seung Lee are listed below.Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea.Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.Additionally, the Supplementary Figure S1 file contained errors in the affiliation list where affiliations 2, 4 and 6 were omitted. As a result, affiliation 3 was listed as affiliation 2, affiliation 5 was listed as affiliation 3 and affiliation 7 was listed as affiliation 4.These errors have now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article, and in the accompanying Supplementary Information file."}
{"text": "In the original publication of this article, the author Serghei Mangul was erroneously listed with a second affiliation: Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90\u00a0090, USA, which has been removed from the author byline. The authors regret this error."}
{"text": "Background: Dementia, a significant cognitive impairment, is characterized by a decline in memory. It affects an individual\u2019s mood and behavior, which can impair their quality of life and well-being. Studies show that the demand for applying music as a new therapy method for dementia has increased during the last decades. Objective: To review the studies conducted on the impacts of music on different symptoms of dementia and provide readers with a more detailed picture of the efficacy of music, and recognize gaps in the literature. Methods: Electronic searches were conducted in the Cochrane Library (1938), Embase (773), Medline and PubMed (700), PsycINFO (89), and Scopus (218) databases. The search was comprised of all the literature from 2010 to 2020. For the search, key terms including \u201cDementia\u201d AND \u201cmusic\u201d OR \u201cmusic intervention\u201d OR \u201cmusic therapy\u201d and index terms \u201cclinical trial\u201d OR \u201crandomized controlled trials\u201d were used. Finally, after screening 891 citations, 30 studies were included. Results: In general, it was observed that in most cases, music could be used as one of the safe and cost-effective non-pharmacological approaches for dementia treatment. However, in some studies, no impact or short-term effect of music on some symptoms of dementia such as wandering, agitation, and cognition was detected. Conclusion: Observing no effect or even negative impact of music on people living with dementia could be due to a random selection of music, fewer individuals, and the lack of a standard protocol. High heterogeneity in outcomes did not allow for clear conclusions on the benefits of music in dementia. This demands a comprehensive non-pharmacological music treatment approach to be designed for each stage of dementia to be employed alongside pharmacological treatments. This study proposes 13 gaps in the research on the health impact of music on dementia that could be studied by future researchers. Dementia is an umbrella term for several progressive diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s that affect memory, language, problem-solving, and the individual\u2019s thinking ability, which interfere with their daily living activities . People There are various kinds of therapy methods for managing dementia symptoms: pharmacological and non-pharmacological. Although evidence shows that pharmacological therapy can delay and somewhat control behavioral disorders in PWD, it cannot cure dementia . Some poSeveral physiological and psychosomatic benefits of music have been mentioned in the literature.Biological/physiological: The physiological effect of music helps to balance vital signs such as blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and hormone levels [e levels ,18.Behavioral and psychological: The psychological effects of music help to reduce mood fluctuations and behavioral disorders such as depression, agitation, and aggression [gression ,19,20,21Cognitive: Music also boosts communication skills, the quality of life, well-being, intimacy, memory, self and environmental awareness, the ability to distinguish between the surroundings and moments of the day, and managing pain [ing pain ,22,23. Aing pain ,24. PWD Emotional: Music engages the individual\u2019s attention (apathy) and helps them enjoy their life, improves their self-esteem, and communication, which leads to improvement in behavior [behavior . People behavior .To retain the music benefits, people with dementia need to receive regular music treatment, which is approximately two to three times a week . OverallMusic intervention can be performed at home or in residential aged care facilities, as individual  or groupSpecific symptoms of dementia such as depression ,20,36,37Group music therapy ;Specific stage or type of dementia ,41,46; Recorded music ;Music and exercise ;Assessment tools for measuring music\u2019s impact ;Residents living in a residential aged care facility ; andIndividualized music .Previous review studies have limited their focus to the following aspects: The main aim of this review was to investigate music\u2019s efficacy on people living with dementia by exploring the changes in the different symptoms of dementia including a broader setting. We also provide readers with a more detailed picture of the music\u2019s efficacy by analyzing the gaps in previous studies and suggesting more appropriate research design and methodological considerations that need to be addressed in future studies.Intervention typeThe focus of the studyExperiment designTherapy approachIntervention settingEvaluation scales and results The objective of this meta-narrative review was to investigate the publications using a qualitative approach and systematic review by highlighting the contrasts and similarity on music\u2019s efficacy. Electronic searches in the Cochrane Library (1938), Embase (773), Medline and PubMed (700), PsycINFO (89), and Scopus (218) databases were performed to find all of the peer-reviewed publications in English that had the keywords and search terms \u201cDementia\u201d, \u201cmusic\u201d, \u201cmusic intervention\u201d, \u201cmusic therapy\u201d, \u201cclinical trial\u201d, and \u201crandomized controlled trials\u201d in their titles and abstracts. The time frame chosen for this search was from 2010 to 2020. In general, studies that fit in all of the following criteria were included in this review:Papers that did not have any details about one of the criteria as above-mentioned have not been included in this review. Additional articles were identified through a review of reference lists of included articles, titles, and abstracts. Identified citations were exported into Mendeley, and duplicates were removed.Among the 891 studies, only 30 met the inclusion criteria and were selected for further investigation .We extracted data on the study areas, type of dementia, intervention design, number of participants, study environment, conductor of the study, measurement scales, and results. The measurement and results are summarized in the Previous studies have identified some areas that need to be covered to draw clear conclusions on music\u2019s efficacy for PWD. Some of the suggested areas such as combining MT with other activities ,47,49, dControl group: To compare individuals living with dementia who experience music treatment and others who only receive pharmacological treatment or are involved in other activities, it is necessary to divide people with dementia into two groups: a control group or a study group. Although sixteen papers out of 30 [ut of 30 ,58,59,60ut of 30 ,67,68,69ut of 30 ,55 with Gender: Although researchers have included different genders  in their study, only one of the studies identified music\u2019s impact based on gender [n gender . In thisSample size: The sample size of the studies varied from eight to 165 participants. In several studies, the sample size of the experiment was less than ten [than ten ,58,61,70than ten , where ethan ten ,69 incluLong-term effect: Some studies have found that music had a short-term impact, but it is unclear if music can be beneficial in the long-term. Only two studies reported long-term [ong-term ,34, one ong-term , and oneong-term . In one ong-term , residenong-term . As a reLive or recorded music: Music intervention sessions are conducted either as a recorded [recorded ,66,67,69recorded  based onrecorded ,59,61,65recorded  selectedrecorded ,26, recorecorded ,51,58,68recorded ,70 selecrecorded ,63,67,70recorded ,52,54,65Music intervention or music therapy: Researchers have sometimes mixed the definition of music intervention (music medicine) with music therapy and considered any types of music treatment as music therapy. Among the 30 reviewed studies, only nine of them considered music therapy [ therapy ,64,68,70 therapy ,68,70 or therapy ,34 modes therapy ,64. Musi therapy ,57,59,67 therapy ,64,65,69 therapy ,50. Alth therapy . While m therapy ,50, reseSelecting appropriate music and professional therapists: The music treatment approach aims to decrease the costs, and it is not obvious that it is necessary to hire professional music therapists to conduct music sessions, or medical personnel can conduct the therapy session. While some researchers have tried to use PWD\u2019s favorite song [ite song ,56,62,64ite song ,58,61,63ite song ,64,70. TPhysiological impact: In addition to changes in psychological data, dementia may cause changes in physiological signals. One study [ne study  found thne study ,71. In oLack of an exact measurement scale: Although most of the studies employed quantitative measurement mechanisms that used clinical scales, some researchers did not apply any particular measurement scale. Some researchers have monitored changes in PWD\u2019s moods and behavior by observing and analyzing their body or facial expressions [ressions ,57,65, oressions ,63,70. ICombination of music with pharmacological methods: One study [ne study  pointed Combination of music with other activities: Although some studies have proved that listening to music and being involved with social activities positively impact dementia symptoms, only nine studies combined various activities such as playing games, solving word-puzzles, gardening, and engaging in mental or physical activities [tivities ,59,60,68tivities . Severaltivities . In anottivities , short-tImpact on agitation, wandering, and cognition: The impact of music treatment on the agitation, wandering, and cognition of individuals with moderate or severe dementia is not completely clear. While seven out of 30 studies discussed a reduction in agitation [gitation ,55,57,65gitation . Anothergitation  did not Benefits of music for family members and caregivers: In one study, it was mentioned that music therapy could also increase caregivers\u2019 satisfaction [sfaction . The impThis meta-narrative review on the previous studies indicated some improvement in the physiological or psychosomatic behaviors of people living with dementia after music intervention ,57,67,70Overall, these studies have focused on the short-term impacts of music on people with dementia. One of the drawbacks with the previous studies is using the terms incorrectly in the literature and referring to any type of musical intervention as a music therapy. Thus, it is important to distinguish between using music intervention and music therapy. Music intervention or therapy has mixed outcomes, which do not guarantee it as a long-term therapy solution. Therefore, to have more reliable results, high-quality longitudinal, cross-sectional studies should be conducted to identify the confounding factors. Additionally, a bigger sample size with both control and study groups is needed. Additionally, controlling for pharmacological therapy and other intervention methods could be beneficial for investigation into the impact of music in isolation and also in combination with other treatments. Additionally, researchers should examine whether recorded music can have the same outcome as live music, which would decrease the cost for hospitals and nursing facilities. Fewer studies on personalized music intervention ,54,57 deOne of the symptoms of dementia is changes in vital signs such as blood pressure, heart rate, and vitamin deficiency. This review found three papers that considered vital signs ,58,71 giAdditionally, only two papers considered the benefits of music for family members and caregivers ,68, whicOverall, for future research, it is beneficial to consider all aspects of the methodological considerations discussed in this review including gender, control group, sample size, long-term effects, whether it is live or recorded, receptive or active music intervention or therapy, personalized or selected music by caregivers or music therapists. Furthermore, combining music treatment with other activities that involves both PWD and their family or caregivers may be beneficial, along with targeted pharmacological treatments."}
{"text": "Edible crickets are among the praised insects that are gaining recognition as human food and livestock feed with a potential of contributing to food security and reduction of malnutrition. Globally, the sustainable use of crickets as food or feed is undermined by lack of information on the number of the edible crickets, the country where they are consumed, and the developmental stages consumed. Furthermore, lack of data on their nutritional content and the potential risks to potential consumers limits their consumption or inclusion into other food sources. We reviewed published literature on edible cricket species, countries where they are consumed, and the stage at which they are consumed. We further reviewed information on their nutritional content, the safety of cricket consumption, and the sensory qualities of the edible crickets. We also looked at other benefits derived from the crickets, which include ethnomedicine, livestock feed, pest management strategies, contribution to economic development, and livelihood improvement, particularly in terms of use as food preservatives and use within music, sports, and cultural entomology. Lastly, we reviewed information on the farming of edible crickets. In this review, we report over 60 cricket species that are consumed in 49 countries globally. Nutritionally, crickets are reported to be rich in proteins, ranging from 55 to 73%, and lipids, which range from 4.30 to 33.44% of dry matter. The reported amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is 58% of the total fatty acids. Edible crickets contain an appreciable amount of macro- and micro-mineral elements such as calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, iron, zinc, manganese, and copper. Also, the crickets are rich in the required amount of vitamins such as B group vitamins and vitamins A, C, D, E, and K. Overall, the cricket species examined in this review are safe to be consumed, and they display high proximate content that can replace plant and livestock products. The crickets play valuable roles in contributing to the economies of many countries and livelihoods, and they have medicinal and social benefits. This review is expected to promote greater recognition of crickets as a source of food, feed, and other benefits in the world and encourage up-scaling by farming them for sustainable utilization. Brachytrupes membranaceus , 38Brachus icipe .Jongema  documentCrickets have been consumed as food in Asia, Latin America, and Africa as far back as prehistoric times. In Biblical scriptures, cricket consumption is recommended to the Israelites by God to be fit for their consumption: \u201cthese you may eat any kind of locust, katydid, cricket or grasshopper\u201d (Leviticus 11: 22). In China, crickets have been consumed as food for over 2,000 years , 39. In A. domesticus to be two-fold as compared to that of broiler chickens and pigs, four-fold compared to that of sheep, and more than 12-fold compared to that of cattle. Moreover, crickets may be produced on locally available food substrates such as agro byproducts and weeds, and they thus aid in cleaning the environment  and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), mineral elements, carbohydrates, energy, and the ease of farming make crickets promising as a sustainable food source , 48. Theironment , 29, 51.ironment , 44, 45.ironment . House cWhile edible crickets are found to be rich sources of proteins and other nutrients , 53, theCrickets are non-wood wild products found in natural resources all around the globe apart from cooler regions at latitudes 55\u00b0 and beyond; the greatest species abundance is found in the tropics where temperatures are warm and suitable for their faster development compared to cold regions . CricketEdible crickets are excellent sources of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and vitamins . HoweverBrachytrupes sp. and 83.9% for A. domesticus  per 100 g of dry weight . The enelt stage , 61  and arachidonic acid (50.43 g/100 g of dry matter) are the most abundant fatty acids in Brachytrupes sp. and B. portentosus, respectively , and palmitic acid (C16 fatty acid) as compared to other fatty acids , 73, 115ectively . The seccalities , 58, 114Tarbinskiellus portentosus, G. testaceus, G. assimilis, A. domesticus, A. confirmata, Brachytrupes sp., and B. portentosus have higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) compared to pork and broiler chicken meat  compared to pork and broiler chicken meat. Most of the crickets in our review, except for G. bimaculatus and T. emma, have more essential fatty acids than the pork and broiler chicken. Crickets generally have more unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) compared to saturated fatty acids (SFA) , and some cancers affecting human beings, are due to the consuming of SFA  , 61. A nd to UFA . This dig of SFA . Consumpg of SFA .Gryllus bimaculatus cricket contains the highest amount while Brachytrupes sp. contains the least amount of calcium  is applied to patients suffering from athlete's foot for treatment  diet containing 100, 75, 50, 25, and 0% fish meal can be successfully changed to contain 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% G. bimaculatus crickets, respectively . Gathering crickets from farms and consuming them as food can also help in reducing pesticide use in controlling these cricket pests. This, in return, can protect the environment from pollution, minimizing the killing of other useful insects and poisoning of consumers . This practice of allowing crickets to fight was later declared illegal during the Qing Dynasty (1644\u20131911 CE). Currently, however, cricket fighting is legal, and it has become a common sporting activity in many Chinese cities, such as Beijing, Guangzhou, Huwan, Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Tianjin, where cricket fighting clubs and societies have been formed . CricketCrickets have contributed a lot to the shaping of literature, art, and doctrine in societies around the world\u2014referred to as cultural entomology . ContribThe crickets have also played different roles in folklore and superstition in different parts of the globe. In this perspective, some communities hold a lot of esteem for crickets since they believe that once you hear the song of the cricket it spells good fortune, although others say it is a bad omen when a cricket makes noise around you. In China, for instance, the crickets have been implicated to foretell the coming of rain, death, or the returning of a lover who has been away . MoreoveScapteriscus and Neocurtilla, Gryllotalpidae) that enters into the house of a Brazilian brings both good luck and rainfall  . The othA. domesticus and Brachytrupes. The results showed that various types of Enterobacteriaceae and sporulating bacteria can be identified and subsequently seperated from raw crickets entering them most likely during contact with the soil , the short-tail cricket B. portentosus, and T. portentosus  , 189. Extentosus , 189\u2013191he globe .A. domesticus, G. bimaculatus. They, however, prefer rearing G. bimaculatus, which form a greater portion of the Thai production since G. bimaculatus has a short lifecycle and is stronger and hardy, though less popular than A, domestica , brown field cricket (G. assimilis), and two-spotted field cricket (G. bimaculatus) are the common crickets bred in Europe and for industrial processing . A grant from the Danish government facilitates the technology transfer of cricket farming through GREENiNSECT project that supports \u201cthe rearing and eating crickets as a delicious, affordable and healthy solution for malnutrition.\u201d The project has accelerated, leading to the establishment of small-scale cricket farms in L. Victoria region, which was the initial point of introduction in Kenya and Uganda. From this point of introduction, cricket farming has spread to other regions, such as central Kenya and the coast of Kenya. Three cricket species, S. icipe, A. domesticus, and G. bimaculatus are reared (Scapsipedus icipe and A. domesticus are most popular among farmers because they are softer than G. bimaculatus. In Kenya, there are about 300 cricket farmers who produce 28,800 kg of crickets per year (In Africa, cricket farming is at its infancy stage in countries such as Kenya, Uganda, Mali, and Madagascar , 202. Cre reared , 204. Inper year . The criper year , the larper year ,. The yiFarming of crickets requires varying degrees of labor input during the rearing cycle . Each daicipe have already assessed hygienic and toxicological and microbial risks related to edible crickets, more research on their composition and nutrient profile should be carried out to fully implement edible crickets as food into the global legislation documents. Currently, there are only a few cricket species that are farmed. The farmers must be encouraged to start rearing other species of crickets that have not yet been confined. Also, animal breeders should try to find out whether it is possible to crossbreed the crickets with a long lifecycle with the ones with a short lifecycle.The current study has shown that consuming crickets as food by human beings is traditionally practiced in 49 countries around the world. Over 60 cricket species are known to be edible. Crickets are a highly nutritious food resource and may therefore be included in the list of the common diet of global consumers in the future. These crickets could also be used as nutritional supplements for special diets for schoolchildren, sick people, and athletes. Inclusion of potentially suitable species of crickets into the normal diet requires defined and standardized conditions of their rearing as well as the detailed monitoring of their composition, including biologically active compounds. Though the EFSA and Edible crickets have become popular in the past few years not only in the scientific literature but in other platforms as well. One of the major advantages of eating crickets is their impressive nutritional composition. Many sources report that crickets have better nutritional characteristics than traditional protein sources. In our research, we aimed to give a complete picture of edible crickets in the world, their nutritional profile and other benefits. The materials we used are published results of different authors from the past few years. The list of crickets provided by various authors' shows that there are 66 crickets that are consumed as food and feed in the world and crickets generally have a better nutritional profile than other meats. Based on our findings, crickets have a promising nutritional profile in terms of energy, protein, lipids and important fatty acids, mineral elements vitamins, carbohydrate and medicinal elements and may become part of many food products in future. As an enterprise, cricket farming, can mitigate food insecurity, act as a source of income when sold and a source of employment. The present review provides comprehensive information on the diversity of crickets, their nutritional values and their potential to contribute to the livelihood of mankind.HM, SN, MA, MM, SE, JE, EK, JO, SH, KF, MO, NR, and CT: conceptualization, writing\u2014original draft, and writing\u2014review and editing. HM, SN, EK, and SH: data curation. HM, SN, EK, SE, and MM: formal analysis. HM, SN, MA, MM, SH, NR, SE, JE, EK, and KF: methodology. HM, SN, and EK: software. SN, MM, JE, SE, SH, CT, and KF: validation. HM: investigation. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "Biosensors and micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) have witnessed rapid development and enormous interest over the past decades. Constant advancements in diagnostic, medical, and chemical applications have been demonstrated with regard to several platforms and tools. Biosensors, relying on various sensing platforms such as surface plasmon resonance, piezoelectric, electrochemical, lab-on-a-chip, and paper, have been broadly used in research. Covering various excitation and readout schemes, MEMS devices transduce physical parameter changes, such as mass, temperature, or stress changes, caused by alterations in anticipated measurands, to electrical signals that can be further processed. Common examples of MEMS platforms include accelerometers, magnetic field sensors, pressure sensors, radiation sensors, microphones, and particulate matter sensors.In total, nine papers are published in this Special Issue, covering biosensors and MEMS-based diagnostics applications ,6,7,8,9.This Special Issue also covers three comprehensive reviews written by the research groups of K\u00fclah, Altintas, and Bui and Medintz, respectively ,8,9. ThiI would like to take this opportunity to thank all of the authors for submitting their papers to this Special Issue. I also want to thank all of the reviewers for dedicating their time and helping to improve the quality of the submitted papers."}
{"text": "To the Editor\u2014Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory tract infection ranging from mild respiratory illness  to severe illness 1 that has caused an unprecedented global crises in <90 days in all 206 countries of the world.2 Today, most of the world\u2019s major cities are in full quarantine and all social and economic behaviors have been limited due to the SARS-Cov-2 outbreak. Controlling the spread of the virus has become one of the most important challenges for governments across the globe. The increase in COVID-19 cases in the advanced industrial countries, including Italy, Germany, France, Spain, and United States, reflects the rapid spread of the virus. As of April 4, 2020, the following countries have been most affected: Italy, with a populations of almost 60 million, has ~119,827 COVID-19 patients . Germany, with a population of almost 82 million, has ~85,778 COVID-19 patients . France, with a population of almost 66 million, has ~63,536 COVID-19 patients . Spain, with a population of almost 46 million, has ~117,710 patients . And the United States, with a population of 320 million, has ~241,703 patients . The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 is rapidly increasing. Iran, with a population of almost 81 million, has ~44,605 COVID-19 patients, with 2,898 deaths (Fig.\u00a035 Iran formed a headquarters for the COVID-19 crisis on February 23, when the virus count was ~15 people per day. In contrast, in Italy, the COVID-19 crisis headquarters was formed on March 13, when the outbreak count was ~2,500 per day. Also, these countries\u2019 respective health ministries published safety and prevention guidelines for many locations, especially crowded centers including hospitals, clubs, transportation systems, schools, etc, in the early days of the outbreak. They also sought widespread collaboration with NGOs and volunteers as well as extensive intragovernmental collaboration to ensure the observation of safety protocols to control the spread of disease. Although traffic and concentration laws as well as heavy fines were not considered in the early days, these collaborations ultimately resulted in an 80% reduction in traffic between cities and as well as in social gatherings and even family gatherings. Ultimately, all of these measures have led Iran to better control the spread of the virus than other aforementioned industrialized countries. Nevertheless, Iran has a long way to go to achieve complete control of the pandemic.For example, Italy, with an outbreak date similar to that of Iran, has more than twice the disease incidence rate of Iran. According to reports released by the ministries of health in Iran and Italy,6 This experience and history are expected to be very useful and effective in controlling COVID-19.Because Iran is located among neighboring countries in a very high-risk area for many diseases, including tuberculosis, rabies, Crimean Congo fever, cholera, brucella, malaria, polio, and some others, it has been even more successful in controlling such diseases than the United States."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 4. Instead of \u201cDepartment of Cardiovascularology, the Affiliated Donghua Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China\u201d, it should be \u201cDepartment of Cardiovascularology, Tungwah Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Dongguan, China.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Faced with the COVID-19 pandemic, the world was forced to adopt strong public health measures, such as travel restrictions, physical distancing, and self-isolation. Prolonged periods of self-isolation, like the one imposed by the ongoing pandemic, may have serious repercussions on people's mental health . For exaWe conducted a search on August 8th, 2020 for peer-reviewed publications in English using three databases: PubMed, ProQuest, and Web of Science. We searched for publications that had the following keywords in their titles: \u201calcohol\u201d or \u201cdrinking\u201d or \u201csmoking\u201d or \u201cnicotine\u201d or \u201ccigarette\u201d or \u201ccigarettes\u201d or \u201ccigar\u201d or \u201ccigars\u201d and \u201cCOVID-19\u201d or \u201cpandemic\u201d or \u201cSARS-CoV-2,\u201d a search that led to ~300 publications. We found two publications regarding potential changes in tobacco use patterns due to the pandemic in the general population. One, a study describing a survey conducted in the United States of America (USA), where almost half of the respondents reported no changes in their smoking patterns, and about a quarter reported having reduced their cigarette smoking . There wRegarding alcohol use, we found a publication reporting an increase in alcohol sales during the early stages of the pandemic in the UK . We alsoTo complement this search, the authors also looked for country-specific information regarding restrictions on alcohol and tobacco sales, if there were any, and changes in patterns of alcohol and tobacco use in their respective countries. To conduct this search, the first and last authors invited fellow mental health professionals, members of a team connected through the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) , to sharRestrictions on alcohol sales as a response to the pandemic vary among countries represented in our team, within a continuum that goes from total alcohol ban to no restrictions besides those caused by physical distancing. In India, for example, there was a nationwide alcohol ban during initial stages of lockdown , which sIn most countries, however, even during stricter lockdown periods, alcohol sales have been allowed in liquor stores, supermarkets, and retailers. In Nigeria, alcoholic beverages are considered essential commodities, with liquor stores exempted from the lockdown , despiteThere have been no restrictions on tobacco sales in any of the contributing authors' countries. However, in Colombia, cigar shops can only remain open as long as they also distribute food and basic necessities. In India and the USA, accessibility to tobacco via retailers has varied across states. In the USA, there were reports of tobacco sale increases , 37. An Our findings concur with the suggestions made by other authors that, during the COVID-19 pandemic, tobacco and alcohol use patterns have been influenced by societal and cultural processes, as well as by local alcohol control policies , 41. We The pandemic has led the world to recognize the need for global action in order to support people's health and well-being. It is necessary for all countries to develop measures that will support the entire population during this time of crisis, including people with a substance use disorder. These measures should incorporate effective demand, supply, and harm reduction strategies to reduce risky substance use and substance-related harm. In regard to alcohol and tobacco, potential ways forward include revising local alcohol and tobacco licensing systems and reducing hours of sale, reducing availability via carry out and delivery services, promoting help seeking and reducing stigma around it, providing sustained public health promotion campaigns, and fostering diversion initiatives that could be conducted while observing physical distancing. It is of the utmost importance for any strategy to be evidence informed, locally relevant, culturally appropriate, and equitable. In other words, it is relevant and necessary local actions that would lead to global impact, and the time for action is now.RRam and PG developed the concept of this manuscript and discussed it with FA, DG, SE, JG-D, AL, LO, VP-S, MPC, RRan, MS, and ZS. FA, DG, SE, JG-D, AL, LO, VP-S, RRan, MS, ZS, and PG provided country-specific information. RRam and PG wrote the initial draft and FA, DG, SE, JG-D, AL, LO, VP-S, MPC, RRan, MS, and ZS edited and approved the final version for submission. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliations for Zhan-Qiang Wang, Kuo Li, Tian-Tian Huo, and Pei-Yuan Lv. All of these authors are also affiliated to the Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.Additionally, there was an error in the original affiliation 3, now amended to be affiliation 4. Instead of \u201cDepartment of Neurology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China\u201d it should be \u201cNo. 2 Department of Neurology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China.\u201dThe authors apologize for these errors and state that they do not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-020-59120-1, published online 10 February 2020Correction to: In the original version of this Article, Alice Ballone was incorrectly affiliated with \u2018Faculty of Biosciences, and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy\u2019. The correct affiliation is listed below.Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), University of Pompeu Fabra and Icrea, Barcelona, Spain.This error has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article."}
{"text": "Michael L. Beeton was not included as an author in the published article. The corrected Author Contributions Statement appears below.in vivo model and performed the animal experiments. CH carried out the laboratory analyses with the support from NR, LK, and GR. CH, IL, MH, KL, VM, WB, BK, WG, and TW contributed to the interpretation of the results. CH and IL wrote the manuscript with the input from all authors. WG and TW supervised the project. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version.CH, IL, MH, WG, and TW conceived the original idea. MS, HU, SS, OS, MB, MP, JN, AJ, and MK designed the The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Journal of Animal Science and Technology, \u201csince May 2020, the article processing time has stably decreased. It is believed that the article processing time will continue to become shorter, as time spent at home will increase in the future\u201d [Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions (JEEHP) is not an exception. The number of submitted manuscripts has increased by 95% in 2020 . JEEHP has also published some articles related to COVID-19, including an editorial [This year began with the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has dramatically influenced all aspects of life for people throughout the world, including editors. A striking trend has been a marked increase in the number of submissions to journals. For instance, the number of submitted manuscripts increased by 42% in 2020, compared with an average expected increase of 11% during 2016\u20132019, in the neurosurgical, stroke neurology, and neurointerventional literature [ future\u201d . The Jouditorial .There is still no substantive, evidence-based reason to think that the present situation will change until at least the end of 2021. Despite promising advances in vaccine development and chemotherapeutic drugs, large-scale trials will be necessary to determine their efficacy.The COVID-19 pandemic has presented tremendous challenges for teachers and instructors at all levels of education. At my medical school, lectures have moved online in the form of video files or real-time lectures, but laboratory and clinical practice has continued to involve face-to-face activities from February to November of this year. Personally, as an instructor, I have found it difficult to implement problem-based learning or team-based learning (TBL) through an online platform. The issue is not that the transition to an online environment is likely to diminish students\u2019 academic performance, since medical students in Korea are excellent at organizing their knowledge and acquiring skills; instead, the problem relates to the thought processes instilled by student-centered learning which enables the mutual learning and growth among peers. I wonder whether the transition to online learning may affect graduates\u2019 competency, including social relationships. In Singapore, an online TBL platform was provided to teachers and students. In this system, the group of students could communicate through a separate communication platform, distinct from class-wide discussions . The imphttps://www.jeehp.org/).I received a letter from an author who submitted a manuscript to the journal this August, stating that she stopped the procedure \u201cbecause the journal is not indexed in Journal Citation Report (JCR).\u201d This manuscript had already been revised twice according to the reviewers\u2019 and editors\u2019 comments\u2014in other words, the manuscript was withdrawn at the stage of its final acceptance. Reviewers\u2019 and editors\u2019 time should not be wasted in this way. I have been frequently asked whether JEEHP is indexed in Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE). The indexing and abstracting status of JEEHP is clearly presented on its website  in health education. I am not sure when the JEEHP will be listed in SCIE, as desired by many potential authors. If the 2-year impact factor reaches the 2nd quartile  in the corresponding category, it will be re-evaluated by Clarivate Analytics. However, JEEHP still did not reach that status in 2020, as described below.In a recent article, Tennant  sharply The countries of the authors who published articles in JEEHP this year, as well as the total cites from Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and Crossref metadata, were analyzed. The 2-year impact factors calculated by the Web of Science were also calculated for recent years, although these are not official impact factors. In 2020, half of the articles were from Korean authors . This laKorean Journal of the Academic Society of Nursing Education, and 4 from the Korean Medical Education Review. One review was the report from the Korean Institute of Medical Education and Evaluation (KIMEE). The 2 educational/faculty development materials consisted of 1 guideline published in a booklet on extravasation and 1 training material containing the Korean Government\u2019s guideline on COVID-19  infection when caring for a patient or suspected case\u201d has been cited 50 times according to Crossref metadata  will be Due to the increased number of submissions, 74 reviewers from 19 countries were invited this year. Without their help, it would not be possible to publish the journal. JEEHP is deeply indebted to them. Below are the reviewers\u2019 names and affiliations by country.Australia: Michael Field, University of Sydney; Boaz Shulruf, University of New South WalesArgentina: Raul Alfredo Borracci, Austral UniversityCanada: Oksana Babenko, University of Alberta; Armson Heather, University of CalgaryChina: Yanhua Yi, Guangxi Medical UniversityDenmark: Steven Arild Wuyts Andersen, RigshospitaletIndia: Irfan Ali, Great Eastern Medical School and Hospital; Thalanjeri Padmini, Yenepoya Medical College; Khanna Vinay, Manipal Academy of Higher EducationIran: Mohammad Esmaiel Hajinezhad, Iran University of Medical ScienceItaly: Fabrizio Consorti, Universit\u00e0 Sapienza of RomeKorea: Duck Sun Ahn, World Federation for Medical Education; Hyung-Joon Ahn, Yonsei University; Ara Cho, Catholic University of Korea; Younyoung Choi, Hanyang Cyber University; Kyungsook Choi, Chung-Ang University; Cheol-Woon Chung, Catholic Kwandong University; Young Eun, Gyeongsang National University; Geum-Hee Jeong, Hallym University; Sunho Jung, Kyunghee University; Min Hyeok Kang, Busan Catholic University; Chul-Gyu Kim, Chungbuk National University; Sue Kim, Yonsei University; Sun Kim, Catholic University of Korea; Youngjon Kim, Wonkwang University; Ji-Woon Ko, Sunmoon University; Suk Bong Ko, Catholic University of Daegu; Young Hwan Lee, Yeungnam University; Kyunghee Lee, Shinhan University; Sujung Lee, Hallym University; Yonghee Lee, Korea University; Eunyoung Lim, Korean Institute Curriculum and Evaluation; Deuk-Sang Ma, Gangneung-Wonju National University; Mikyung Moon, Kyungpook National University; Younjae Oh, Hallym University; Bohyun Park, Changwon National University; Kwi Hwa Park, Gachon University; Dong Gi Seo, Hallym University; Yeonok Suh, Soonchunhyang University; Eun Young Suh; Seoul National University; Sanghee Yeo, Kyungpook National University; Mira Yun, Chung-Ang UniversityMexico: Gonzalez Fernanda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de TamaulipasPakistan: Gardezi Syed Adeel Hussain, Combined Military Hospital; Khadija Qamar, Aga Khan University; Iqbal Waseem, College of Physicians and Surgeons PakistanPalestine: Ramzi Shawahna, An-Najah National UniversitySaudi Arabia: Mohammed Abdulrahman, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science; Badr Alsayed, University of Tabuk; Amira Fraghely, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz UniversitySpain: Jorge Riqueleme Galindo, University of AlicanteUnited Arab Emirates: Indira Kannan, Tawam HospitalUK: Cleopatra Branch, Universities of Greenwich and Kent; Aaron Courtenay, Ulster University; Matt Homer, University of Leeds; Adam Rathbone, University of NewcastleUSA: Neeka Akhavan, University of Florida; Lynch Amanda, Oakland University; Erin Breitenbach, A.T. Still University; Stalvey Carolyn, University of Washington; Cathy Chang, Baylor College of Medicine; Eugene Jones, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Myunghee Jun, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay; Linda Konecny, A.T. Still University; Sara Lolar, Wayne State University; Anna Miller-Fitzwater, Wake Forest Medical School; Takara Page, Ascension Health; Betty Del Rio Rodriguez, Baylor College of Medicine; Thongpriwan Vipavee, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Hon Yuen, University of Alabama at BirminghamZambia: Aubrey Chichonyi Kalungia, University of Zambia; Ogah Nike, University of ZambiaCountry unidentified: Manguiat Jose-SebastianTom Huh, a graduate student of the Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea, voluntarily made the audio recordings of some abstracts.I will consider adopting artificial intelligence for editing and publishing . Some prThe editor\u2019s job has been very hard for me since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic due to the rapid increase in submissions. As mentioned above, 230 manuscripts were rejected without peer review. Rejecting a submission is a serious decision, and the editor and the editorial team should read manuscripts thoroughly before making that choice. Furthermore, more reviewers should also devote themselves to reading manuscripts and writing reviews. Next year, we will do our best to select more scientifically described and well-written articles according to the journal\u2019s style and format in order to save the reviewers time and to reduce their burden.The COVID-19 pandemic may last until the end of 2021. We have trained medical and health personnel to combat this viral disease and to reduce its burden. Thanks to our collective efforts, the day will soon come when we will again be free from the present pandemic. I hope that all of the readers, authors, and reviewers of JEEHP will stay safe and be healthy in this pandemic period."}
{"text": "In \u201cEstimated Sleep Duration Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Major Metropolitan Areas on Different Continents: Observational Study of Smartphone App Data\u201d :e20546) the authors noted one error.In the originally published paper, the name of one author cited in Reference 25 (Czeisler M\u00c9) was incomplete. The list of authors cited in Reference 25 originally appeared as follows:Czeisler M, Howard ME, Robbins R, Barger LK, Facer-Childs ER, Rajaratnam SM, et al.In the corrected version of the paper, the list of authors appears as follows:Czeisler M\u00c9, Howard ME, Robbins R, Barger LK, Facer-Childs ER, Rajaratnam SM, et al.The correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on February 22, 2021, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 1. Instead of \u201cDepartment of Cerebrovascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China\u201d, it should be \u201cDepartment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "We are waging a war against a deadly virus that has already resulted in the death of thousands of people worldwide  in middle-aged master athletes  should be avoided. Nevertheless, in times as these of a pandemic and social isolation, it is important to avoid deconditioning as it will weaken the immune function and diminish the defense against viral infections (Agha et al., The higher physical fitness, better health, lower inflammation, better redox balance, and the longer leukocyte telomere length of master athletes indicates they are not only biologically younger than their calendar age suggests, but are also expected to have a better ability to successfully face a COVID-19 disease than their frail sedentary age-matched peers .HS proposed the subject. HS, TR, CS, SA, MK, HD, and CC discussed the hypothesis and the manuscript content. HS wrote the first draft, with CS, SA, MK, and HD making initial revisions. All final revisions were shared and had contributions of HS, CC, DM-S, SA, TR, MK, and HD. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "Djuro Ma\u00e7ut. The correct spelling is Djuro Macut. In addition there was an error in affiliation 7. Instead of \u201cDepartment of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia,\u201d it should be \u201cClinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.\u201dIn the article, an author's name was incorrectly spelled as The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "In \u201cEffectiveness of an 8-Week Web-Based Mindfulness Virtual Community Intervention for University Students on Symptoms of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression: Randomized Controlled Trial\u201d :e18595) the authors noted two errors.Member names of the group author \u201cMVC Team\u201d were not added to the PubMed listing of this article at the time of publishing. All member names have now been added as collaborators on the PubMed listing, as follows:Sahir Abbas, Yvonne Bohr, Manuela Ferrari, Wai Lun Alan Fung, Louise Hartley, Amin Mawani, Kwame McKenzie, Jan E Odai.As well, MVC Team was incorrectly noted as having contributed equally. This note has been removed from MVC Team. Only Christo El Morr, Paul Ritvo, and Farah Ahmad contributed equally.The correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on September 30, 2020, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories."}
{"text": "COVID-19 has severely affected people's health and well-being, including all economic sectors, tourism, culture, and education. Along with combating the COVID-19 epidemic, fighting the \u201cinfodemic,\u201d which refers to the rapid spread of misinformation, related to the disease on the social media is also of concern, because fake news spreads faster and easier than this virus, and just as dangerous .In Vietnam, the role of press and social media in spreading the government's information regarding COVID-19 pandemic is undeniable; however, fake news phenomenon is still substantial. A report of the Ministry of Information and Communications revealed that from 01/02 to 05/31/2020, the press had published a total of 560,048 news and articles about COVID-19 translation. According to the statistics of the police force, from the onset of the Covid-19 epidemic to the middle of March 2020, there were nearly 300,000 news articles on cyberspace, posts on websites, blogs, forums, and almost 600,000 news, articles, videos and clips related to the disease posted on social networks (Massive media bombardment regarding the lockdown period led to public speculation in Vietnam, as in many parts of the world, which was the cause of grocery shortages and great consequences. Supermarkets and grocery stores revealed out-of-stock of antibacterial gels, antibacterial wipes, detergents, and toilet paper, while pharmacy stores reported the shortage of isopropyl alcohol, latex gloves, and medical-grade masks , leadingIn response to fake news, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, the government has made early predictions and concrete strategies. Since June 12, 2018, the National Assembly of Vietnam passed a cybersecurity law comprising seven chapters and 43 articles that stipulated activities to protect national security, ensure social order and safety on cyberspace, and responsibilities of agencies, organizations, and individuals involved . CyberseMoreover, the government needs to pledge to be transparent in providing information, helping people grasp promptly and take measures to prevent and fight epidemics. Solving this method also helps people have faith in the official news of the state. However, the most important thing is that every internet user needs to be alerted to select reliable information and respect seriously for Vietnamese law. Furthermore, health professionals and health workers should regularly transfer necessary knowledge about disease prevention and control to people on the social network.TTPN, DCN, ATTN, and LHN: conceptualization. TTPN, DCN, and ATTN: writing\u2014original draft. LHN, TTPN, DCN, ATTN, GTV, CTN, THN, and HTL: writing\u2014review and editing. CTN, THN, LHN, and GTV: project administration. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "In randomized trials, the term \u201cdouble-blind\u201d  has no standard or widely accepted definition. Agreement about which groups are blinded is poor, and authors using these terms often do not identify which groups were blinded, despite specific reporting guidelines to the contrary. Nevertheless, many readers assume\u2014incorrectly\u2014that they know which groups are blinded. Thus, the term is ambiguous at best, misleading at worst, and, in either case, interferes with the accurate reporting, interpretation, and evaluation of randomized trials. The problems with the terms have been thoroughly documented in the literature, and many authors have recommended that they be abandoned.We and our co-signers suggest eliminating the use of adjectives that modify \u201cblinding\u201d in randomized trials; a trial would be described as either blinded or unblinded. We also propose that authors report in a standard table which groups or individuals were blinded, what they were blinded to, how blinding was implemented, and whether blinding was maintained. Individuals with dual responsibilities, such as caregiving and data collecting, would also be identified. If blinding was compromised, authors should describe the potential implications of the loss of blinding on interpreting the results.\u201cDouble blind\u201d and its derivatives are terms with little to recommend their continued use. Eliminating the use of adjectives that impart a false specificity to the term would reduce misinterpretations, and recommending that authors report who was blinded to what and how in a standard table would require them to be specific about which groups and individuals were blinded. The single biggest problem in communication is the illusion that it has taken place. George Bernard ShawIn reports of randomized trials, the use of the term \u201cdouble-blind\u201d and its derivatives  is commonly understood to indicate that two groups participating in the trial are kept unaware of which participants are receiving the experimental intervention and which are receiving the control intervention \u20136.Despite its long and widespread use, however, the term has several problems.Agreement about which groups are blinded in a double-blind trial is poor \u201316. For Even when using the term in an article, many authors do not identify which groups were blinded or how blinding was implemented , 16, 17.Many readers assume\u2014incorrectly\u2014that they know which groups are blinded in a double-blind trial Table\u00a0 2\u20135, 11, 16. UnfThe suggestion to establish explicit definitions for the term , 18 is cbefore participants have been assigned to experimental groups, whereas blinding minimizes surveillance, expectation, and ascertainment bias after group assignment. Many readers are not aware of this difference [In randomized trials, the allocation schedule  has to be kept secret to prevent group assignment from being manipulated. That is, allocation concealment minimizes selection bias fference , 18\u201320, \u201cA randomised trial can be methodologically sound and not be double blind or, conversely, double blind and not methodologically sound.\u201d . Said anhow treatments are made indistinguishable [which groups are unaware of treatment assignment [Some authors prefer \u201cmasking\u201d to \u201cblinding,\u201d although the meaning of either term in a clinical trial may not be readily apparent to nonnative English speakers , 22. Furuishable , 25, 26,signment \u20136. FinalThe problem with trying to identify in a single term the groups who are blinded in a trial is that the number of pairs is potentially large. The literature identifies 11 groups or individuals who could be blinded: participants, care providers, data collectors and managers, trial managers, pharmacists , laboratAs near as we can tell, despite the above problems and several calls to abandon the term , 16, 28,The terms \u201cfully blinded\u201d or \u201cpartially blinded\u201d do appear in the literature, but not as substitutes for substitutes for double-blinding or single-blinding . AlthougWe considered blinding \u201cassignment concealment \u201d becauseHowever, assignment concealment does not work well as a label. We concluded that \u201ca concealed assignment trial\u201d was unlikely to replace \u201ca blinded trial.\u201d Likewise, its use can be awkward: \u201cgroup assignment was concealed from participants\u201d was unlikely to replace \u201cparticipants were blinded to treatment.\u201d Further, as noted above, for better or worse, the mere use of the term \u201cblinding\u201d is widely considered to indicate study quality, and we concluded that authors would be unwilling to give up using this prized and familiar term. Finally, many people believed that \u201cconcealment\u201d should be reserved for, or would be confused with, allocation concealment.The term \u201cblinding\u201d is so firmly established that a simple substitute term, even if we could find one, is unlikely to be acceptable. Instead, we propose two changes in reporting trials described as blinded.Our first proposal is to eliminate the use of adjectives that modify \u201cblinded\u201d: single-, double-, triple-, observer-, personnel-, rater-, observer-, fully or partially blinded, or any other qualifier that would make \u201cblinded\u201d seem more specific than it is. A trial would be described as either blinded or unblinded. Using \u201cblinding\u201d as a verb in a sentence would also be helpful. Such use encourages specificity by requiring a noun, usually which groups were blinded: \u201cWe blinded caregivers and data assessors\u201d or \u201ccaregivers and data assessors were blinded.\u201dWe wholeheartedly endorse the near-universal recommendation that authors report whether or not the trial was blinded , 14\u201316, was or was not blinded, what information they were blinded to, how blinding was implemented, and whether blinding was maintined during the trial. The supplemental part, used when necessary, would present the same data for any other group or individual who was blinded. Individuals with dual responsibilities, such as caregiving and data collecting, would be identified in the same row heading. If blinding was compromised, authors should report the fact in the table and indicate in the text the potential implications that loss of blinding might have for interpreting the results.Accordingly, our second proposal is to have all trials described as blinded include the details in a standard \u201cWho Knew\u201d table Table\u00a0. This ta\u201cBlinding\u201d as a concept to reduce bias has been used for more than 200\u2009years , and \u201cdoThomas A. Lang, MAPrincipal, Tom Lang Communications and Training InternationalAdjunct Instructor, Medical Writing and Editing Program, University of Chicago Professional EducationSenior Editor, West China Hospital/Sichuan Medical School, Chengdu, ChinaDonna F. Stroup, PhD, MScPrincipal, Data for Solutions, Inc.Adjunct Instructor, Medical Writing and Editing Program, University of Chicago Professional EducationCo-signers :Matthias Egger, MD, MSc, FFPH: Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health and former Director, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, and President, National Research Council, Swiss National Science Foundation. Former co-editor, International Journal of EpidemiologyForough Farrokhyar, MPhil, PhD: Professor and Research Director, Department of Surgery, Department of Health, Evidence and Impact, McMaster UniversityRobert Fletcher, MD: Professor Emeritus of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School; founding Co-Editor, Journal of General Internal Medicine; former Co-Editor-in-Chief, Annals of Internal Medicine; founding member, Word Association of Medical Editors (WAME); member, International Advisory Board, The LancetSuzanne W. Fletcher, MD: Professor Emerita of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School; founding Co-Editor, Journal of General Internal Medicine; former Co-Editor-in-Chief,\u00a0Annals of Internal Medicine; National Academy of Medicine; former member, American Board of Internal Medicine; founding member, US Preventive Services Task ForceR Brian Haynes, OC, MD, PhD, FRCPC: Professor Emeritus of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Professor of Medicine, McMaster University; co-founder, Evidence-Based Medicine movement; founder, Health Information Research Unit; founding Editor, ACP Journal Club; lead developer of the structured abstractAnne Holbrook, MD, PharmD, MSc, FRCPC: Professor, Department of Medicine, and Director, Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, McMaster University; leading Canadian drug policy advisor and research lead for evidence-based therapeuticsEileen K Hutton, RM, PhD, DSc (HC): Professor Emerita and former Assistant Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences, and former Director of Midwifery, McMaster University; Professor of Midwifery Science, Vrije University, Amsterdam; and Fellow, Canadian Academy of Health SciencesAlfonso Iorio, MD, PhD, FRCPC: Professor, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact; Bayer Chair for Clinical Epidemiology Research and Bleeding Disorders; Chief, Health Information Research Unit and Hamilton-Niagara Hemophilia Program, McMaster UniversityRichard L. Kravitz, MD, MSPH: Professor, Internal Medicine; Former Director, Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, University of California, Davis; former co-Editor-in-Chief, Journal of General Internal Medicine; Director, UC Center Sacramento, a program providing leadership training in politics and relevant evidence for policymakersJos\u00e9 Florencio F. Lape\u00f1a Jr., MA, MD, FPCS: Professor of Otolaryngology; former Vice-Chancellor, University of the Philippines; Editor-in-Chief, Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; Charter President, Philippine Association of Medical Journal Editors; Past President, Asia Pacific Association of Medical Journal Editors (APAME); Secretary and Past Director, World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)Maria del Carmen Ruiz-Alcocer, MD: Senior Medical Editor, Intersistemas Publishers; Former President, Mexican Association of Biomedical Journal Editors (AMERBAC); Past Director, World Association of Medical Editors (WAME); member, European Association of Science Editors (EASE)Roberta Scherer, PhD: Senior Scientist, Clinical Trials and Evidence Synthesis, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; former Associate Director, USA Cochrane Center; Adjunct Assistant Professor, Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Maryland School of MedicineChristopher H. Schmid, PhD: Professor and Chair of Biostatistics and founding member and former Co-Director of the Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health in the Brown University School of Public Health; founding Co-Editor of Research Synthesis Methods; helped develop Institute of Medicine national standards for systematic reviewsThomas A. Trikalinos, MD: Associate Professor of Health Services, Policy, and Practice; Director, Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health, School of Public Health, Brown UniversityJunmin Zhang, MD, PhD: Professor and Managing Director, Journal of Capital Medical University, Medical Education Management, Journal of Translational Neuroscience, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}
{"text": "Due to the growing public awareness of cardiovascular disease (CVD), blood pressure (BP) estimation models have been developed based on physiological parameters extracted from both electrocardiograms (ECGs) and photoplethysmograms (PPGs). Still, in order to enhance the usability as well as reduce the sensor cost, researchers endeavor to establish a generalized BP estimation model using only PPG signals. In this paper, we propose a deep neural network model capable of extracting 32 features exclusively from PPG signals for BP estimation. The effectiveness and accuracy of our proposed model was evaluated by the root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) standard and the British Hypertension Society (BHS) standard. Experimental results showed that the RMSEs in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) are 4.643 mmHg and 3.307 mmHg, respectively, across 9000 subjects, with 80.63% of absolute errors among estimated SBP records lower than 5 mmHg and 90.19% of absolute errors among estimated DBP records lower than 5 mmHg. We demonstrated that our proposed model has remarkably high accuracy on the largest BP database found in the literature, which shows its effectiveness compared to some prior works. According to a statistical report from the World Health Organization (WHO), cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, with an estimated 17.9 million people dying from CVD in 2016, representing 31% of global deaths  is denoted as Noise removal: Fast Fourier transform (FFT) is applied to every PPG data segment to convert it from its time domain into the frequency domain. Let x are data points in each PPG data segment {X} and Normalization and 1st and 2nd derivative of PPG calculation (denoted as \u201cdPPG\u201d and \u201csdPPG\u201d): All the raw values of PPG are positive, so min\u2013max normalization is applied to every PPG data segment. The equation of min\u2013max normalization can be represented as (5):Feature point detection: Before feature extraction, a few points should be marked and detected in every cycle of the heartbeat for every signal  for cycle segmentation and alignment. Firstly, the systolic peaks of PPG waves of each heart cycle are marked by taking advantage of an algorithm mentioned in . The corPartitioning and abnormal cycle removal: After feature points are located, each PPG data segment and its corresponding dPPG and sdPPG waves are partitioned into fragments by reserving each PPG data segment from one valley point of PPG to the next consecutive valley point of PPG. Abnormal heart cycles are also removed following the criteria mentioned in . After aPrior to the actual process of estimating the blood pressure using PPG signal exclusively, we conduct a preprocessing to enhance the quality of the PPG. The raw PPG data preprocessing consists of four main steps, including noise removal, normalization, feature point detection, and partitioning. The detailed explanation of each step is presented as follows:hr, t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, t6, t7, t8, AS, dAS, sdAS, DS, dDS, sdDS, S1, S2, AA, dAA, sdAA, DA, dDA, sdDA, RAAD, dRAAD, sdRAAD, PI, dPI, sdPI, dVI, sdVI, AID, dAID, sdAID, dDID, sdDID, PIR, dPIR, sdPIR, dRIPV, sdRIPV, AT, dAT, sdAT, DT, dDT, sdDT, dTVO, sdTVO, Slope_a, S3, S4, RtArea, NI, AI, AI1, RSD, RSC and RDC. All the definitions of the 59 features are listed in The candidate features are the 65 features proposed in past studies ,26,27,28thors of  observedthors of . ConsequfAn index After feature selection is done, the optimal feature set considered to be highly correlated to BP is obtained. The next step is to train a machine learning model which is able to predict the SBP and DBP values accurately given the selected features. In this work, we use a fully connected deep neural network regressor for this goal. As shown in As a matter of fact, a brain of a human comprises billions of neurons connected each other with synapses, and each neuron communicates through electrical currents. A special kind of machine learning model, called a neural network (NN), was proposed a long time ago to mimic the behaviors of neurons. A generic NN consists of perceptrons, mimicking the function of biological neurons, and an interconnected layered structure that connects every perceptron in one layer to another. Each perceptron contains a weighted vector W and a bias b, as seen in As the development of artificial intelligence has evolved, more and more different kinds of neural networks, such as fully connected networks, convolutional neural networks, and recurrent neural networks, have been proposed to tackle different kinds of problems. Among them, long short-term memory (LSTM) and fully connected neural networks are the most commonly applied regressors for building BP estimation models. Su et al.  construcFollowing the methodologies mentioned in \u03b732 \u00d7 2,176,188), including hr, AS, DS, AA, dAA, sdAA, DA, dDA, sdDA, PI, dPI, sdPI, dVI, sdVI, AID, dAID, sdAID, dDID, sdDID, dRIPV, sdRIPV, AT, Slope_a, S3, S4, NI, AI, AI1, RSD, RSC, S1 and S2, is selected as our final feature set. With the help of the Despite the fact that models built from LSTM units are the most frequently and widely applied for time series-related problems, in this study, we choose a different approach. We use a fully connected neural network, which is much simpler in terms of the number of parameters compared to an LSTM unit, to build up our core deep fully connected neural network, serving as a predictor of BP. We conduct tests on several models to determine the optimal number of hidden layers and neurons, following the approach in . Finally\u03b732 \u00d7 2,176,188) is split into three parts, and each part contains 70%, 20% and 10% of the data, which serve as training, testing and validation datasets, respectively. As for the training process, a gradient descent optimizer, called \u201cNadam\u201d [Our model, as shown in  \u201cNadam\u201d , is appl \u201cNadam\u201d  for sign \u201cNadam\u201d  for cardN is the number of total BP samples (SBP or DBP) to be evaluated and There are several mathematical methods and indices that are used to evaluate the validity of the regression model. Among them, the RMSE and MAE between the ground truth of BP and the estimated BP are the most widely used to gauge the performance of a BP estimation model. The definitions of the RMSE and MAE are shown in (10) and (11), respectively :(10)RMSEn (AAMI)  and the n (AAMI) . AdditioAn article by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI)  suggestsr, whose value ranges from -1 to 1 and it can be formulated as [r is to measure the degree of correlation between two signals, Pearson\u2019s correlation analysis is one of the most popular methods used to evaluate the validity of a regression model by computing Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient lated as :(12)r=\u2211iA Bland\u2013Altman plot  is used To be honest, it is extremely difficult for us to do a fair comparison with prior works for the following reasons. First, most of the existing models used both ECG and PPG as inputs of the models. Second, even if the inputs of the models were PPG only, it is still difficult to compare them, since the datasets used in different studies may be different. Last, but not least, even if the model to be compared uses the same dataset as our model and also takes only PPG as input, the number of subjects (and cardiac cycles) used for training and testing, which will hugely affect the degree of generalization of a model, may still be different. However, despite all the impediments, it is still necessary to compare our proposed model to other works owing to the fact that through the comparison, we will be able to understand and judge our own model better. The comparison results are shown in From In summary, in this study, we propose a fully connected DNN model to estimate SBP and DBP, from a PPG signal only. We perform feature selection based on big data analysis using 9000 subjects, 2,176,188 records of BP in total and 32 optimal features selected based on the proposed selection index. Finally, our proposed model reaches BHS Grade A and satisfies the AAMI standard. The MAE is as low as 3.21 mmHg and 2.23 mmHg for SBP and DBP, and the RMSE is as low as 4.63 mmHg and 3.21 mmHg for SBP and DBP, which outperforms all existing works using the same dataset (MIMIC II). For future works, we plan to apply other RNN-related models to see if the MAE and RMSE can be further decreased. A sequence to sequence model is also a promising direction for this topic. Phase changes in blood pressure can happen under various influences. Thus, further studies should try to involve the correlation between BP estimation and natural time analysis. Additionally, we would like to implement our model in wearable devices to help people at risk of high blood pressure to monitor their BP continuously in their daily activities. Hence, studies on data from people outside hospital should be conducted."}
{"text": "Geriatric assessment\u2014broadly defined\u2014has become foundational to systems of care for frail elderly people at risk for functional decline, death, intensification of services, and long-term institutionalization. Its key feature is the ascertainment of multiple dimensions of health and health risks: not only medical, but functional, cognitive, psychological, and socioeconomic factors. This multidimensionality is key to systematic screening and targeting using technologies to uncover frail, at-risk elderly people in their neighborhoods, homes, and at various other service contact points, for more intensive evaluation, i.e., \u201ccomprehensive geriatric assessment\u201d, a multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment process that identifies medical, psychosocial, and functional limitations of a frail older person to develop a coordinated plan to maximize overall health with aging . Geriatric care models embedding comprehensive and multidimensional assessment\u2014in the community and in institutions\u2014have been studied for years, with evidence supporting the efficacy of some in improving various outcomes ,3,4. In Geriatrics all relate in some way to the foundational theme of multidimensional geriatric assessment, as they also exhibit the continuing evolution and differentiation of structures and processes of care built upon it. Implemented or anticipated assessment-based models of \u201cco-care\u201d with other specialties, allied health providers, or for special clinical populations, are the subject of several reports [The papers gathered in this Special Issue of  reports ,8,9,10.  reports ; as pers reports . Attenti reports ,14. The  reports . Finally reports ,17. Buhr reports .Undoubtably, the papers appearing here represent only a small sampling of present activity, but they indicate the ongoing relevance of foundational principles as services and care for aging populations expand. New technologies, populations, systems of care and financing, and workforce development strategies will need to hold true to these core principles."}
{"text": "HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice , has been amended to include factual corrections. An error was identified subsequent to its original publication. Figure The article \u201cShaping Alcohol Health Literacy: A Systematic Concept Analysis and Review\u201d by Orkan Okan, Gill Rowlands, MBBS, MD, FRCP, FRCGP, Susie Sykes, PhD, and Jane Wills, which was published in the January 2020 issue of"}
{"text": "Scientific Reports10.1038/s41598-020-59596-x, published online 17 February 2020Correction to: The original version of this Article contained a typographical error in the spelling of the author Manickam Ashokkumar, which was incorrectly given as Manickam Ashok kumar.In addition, there was an error in Affiliation 4, which was incorrectly given as \u2018Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Univeristy of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA\u2019. The correct affiliation is listed below:Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.Furthermore, the Supplementary Information file omitted an affiliation for Aanand Sonawanne, which is now listed as Affiliation 3.These errors have now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article, and in the accompanying Supplementary Information."}
{"text": "Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical/Journal of the Brazilian Society of Tropical MedicineTitle: Synanthropic rodents as virus reservoirs and transmittersVol.53:e20190486: 2020 - Page: 4/11 - doi: 10.1590/0037-8682-0486-2019Coronaviridae family; Letovirinae, which has one subgenus, Milecovirus, found only in frogs and a sea hare thus far115, and Orthocoronavirinae, which is found in birds and mammals, and is divided into four genera due to the antigenic and genetic characteristics of the viruses53,116.\u201dHere is the form in which the information is found: \u201cAccording to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, two subfamilies belong to the Coronaviridae family; Letovirinae, which has one subgenus, Milecovirus, found only in frogs (Microhyla fissipes) thus far115, and Orthocoronavirinae, which is found in birds and mammals, and is divided into four genera due to the antigenic and genetic characteristics of the viruses53,116\u201dIt should be read: \u201cAccording to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, two subfamilies belong to the"}
{"text": "In \u201cEffects of Aerobic Exercise on Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Long-Term Breast Cancer Survivors: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial\u201d  the authors made two corrections.The affiliations for authors Mali S\u00e6ter and Kristina Hermann Haugaawere originally published as:2 ProCardio Center for Innovation, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayAnd have been changed to:2Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway3ProCardio Center for Innovation, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayThe subsequent affiliation numeration has been adjusted to accomodate for this change. The correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on November 15, 2023 together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories."}
{"text": "TThere is a great and renewed need for discussion in this area, in order to exchange and share experiences at 360 degrees on opportunities, problems, and even failures. With this in mind, this Special Issue, \u201cAssistive Technologies, Robotics, and Automated Machines in the Health Domain: Second Edition\u201d  was laun"}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 2. Instead of \u201cDepartment of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan\u201d, it should be \u201cDepartment of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "As of 15 May 2023, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a total of 765,903,278 cases and 6,927,378 cumulative deaths worldwide  . It is fJS, HL, FC, and SC designed and wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version."}
{"text": "The quantity and quality of cropland plays an important role in ensuring food security. In order to explore spatiotemporal patterns of the extent to which cropland satisfies people\u2019s grain need, we integrate multi-source heterogeneous data to investigate in which era, and in which region, the cultivated land can meet people\u2019s food demands. It turns out that in the past 30 years, with the exception of the late 1980s, the amount of cropland could satisfy people\u2019s grain needs at the nation scale. However, more than 10 provinces , mainly located in western China and southeast coastal areas, have been unable to meet the grain needs of local people. We projected the guarantee rate to the late 2020s. Our study concludes that the guarantee rate of cropland is estimated to be higher than 150% in China. Compared to 2019, except Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Jilin, Ningxia, as well as Heilongjiang in the Sustainability scenario, and Shanghai in the Sustainability and the Equality scenarios, the guarantee rate of cultivated land will increase in every province  in 2030. This study has reference value for the study of China\u2019s cultivated land protection system, as well as important significance for China\u2019s sustainable development. Globally, factors such as population growth, higher incomes and urban lifestyles are driving changes in food demand and consumption, putting pressure on the quantity and quality of land resources ,2. SimilSince the reform and opening up in 1978, after 40 years of spectacular growth, China has become the world\u2019s second-largest economy. The population has increased by almost 40 percent, from 987 million in 1980 to 1.412 billion in 2020 . MeanwhiA great deal of effort has been made in China to safeguard domestic food security. Grain output in China has increased steadily under a series of polices and measures implemented by the Chinese government and farmers, such as the delimitation of farmland protection red line and the construction of well-facilitated cropland, etc . Grain o6 hm2, which was mainly distributed in plains, rapidly expanded and densely populated regions, such as Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and the Sichuan Basin. Approximately 3.18 \u00d7 106 hm2 of cropland were occupied for construction [Achievements in alleviating and eradicating hunger have increased in recent decades, but challenges remain. For example, land and water resources have never been more stressed and their accumulation is pushing the productive power of land and water systems to their ultimate limit. From 1990 to 2010, built-up land in China increased by 5.52 \u00d7 10truction ,12. In atruction , irrigattruction  pose sertruction . More noTherefore, it is of great urgency to rethink deeply about China\u2019s ability to ensure food security under these complex contexts. Many studies have concentrated upon the food security of China in the view of food production ,17, foodThis study includes three steps for the analysis of the past and the future. First, we calculated people\u2019s grain needs based on the population and per capita grain requirements. Then, by taking gain crops sown area, farm crops sown area, grain yield per unit area and cropland area into account, we obtain the cropland requirement. Finally, according to the cropland requirements, cropland guarantee degree was calculated . The folProjections of the level of cropland satisfying people\u2019s grain need in the future are critical to enable a better understanding and anticipation of cropland\u2019s bearing capacity. The climate projections and scenarios assessed by the IPCC  based on SSP - RCP  framework, have furnished an exhaustive grasp of the restrictions and opportunities for policy action . 2 by the middle of this century, and then returned to 2.6 W/m2 by 2100. In order to achieve such a level of radiative forcing, greenhouse gas emissions (as well as indirect emissions of air pollutants) should gradually decrease over time [The Representative Concentration Pathway 2.6 represents scenarios that lead to quite low greenhouse gas concentrations. This is a scene of \u201cpeak and fall\u201d. Its radiative forcing level first reached about 3.1 W/mver time . Under Rver time . The Repver time .The Shared Socioeconomic Pathway describes possible changes in various aspects of society in the 21st century, such as population, economy, technology, society, governance and environmental factors. The purpose is to promote a comprehensive analysis of future climate influence, vulnerability, adaptation and mitigation ,32. In SIn this study, people\u2019s grain consumption was considered as the grain demand by people.Ration and feed grain were two parts that people needed, and the calculation of grain demand is:(1)RationThe calculation of ration consumption in rural and urban areas is the same with previous study , and it (2)Feed GrainThe method of calculation of feed grain in rural and urban areas is similar to the previous study , which cHere, we take the calculation of The calculation of the amount of grain needed in the people\u2019s consumption of pork in rural areas is the same as the calculation in urban areas.However, there are some differences:First, the change in feeding structure has been taken into account when calculating feed grain. The details are as follows:Forage required per unit of product in 1989 and 1999 is based on the research results of Wang Minli and other researchers of the Institute of Agricultural Economy and Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences . With soSecond, the proportion of edible parts of meat, aquatic products, milk and eggs and the loss of production and circulation are considered. The proportion of edible parts was 65.9%, 55.6%, 100% and 85% respectively, and the loss proportion was 15%, 34%, 6% and 10% respectively [m is the grain yield per unit area; n is the percentage of the area sown by grain crops in the area of cultivated land; k is multiple-crop index, which means the ratio of crop sown area to cultivated area. The definition of cropland requirement is as below:Data from 1989 to 2019 used in this part can be seen and calculated from m: Due to the bottleneck of per unit yield potential of cultivated land, when the per unit yield level continues to increase and approaches the maximum per unit yield potential, the potential for per unit yield increase will gradually decrease. The function curve of exponential decay model can better reflect this change trend. This paper assumes that the external environment disturbance variable of crop growth is constant, that is, without considering crop improvement factors, we can use the grain yield data over the years (1997\u20132020) to build regression analysis models of every province, and the formula is as follow:2; t. n and k in 2030 originated from previous studies, which were 0.68 and 1.2 respectively. In this study, the values of Guarantee level of cropland is defined as:Six categories of data were applied in this study, including population, per capita grain requirement, cropland, per unit area grain yield, sown areas of farm crops, and sown areas of grain crops , the detThe population in 1989, 1999, 2009 and 2019, as well as population in rural and urban areas in 2009 and 2019 was collected from China Statistical Yearbook 1990, China Statistical Yearbook 2000, China Statistical Yearbook 2010 and China Statistical Yearbook 2020 ,5,36,37.https://dataguru.lu.se/app#worldpop, accessed on 2 September 2022) [Population data in 2030 under three scenarios were accessed from the high resolution data set for global future population developed with RCP  and SSP  scenarios (er 2022) . Population of each province from 1989 to 2030 can be seen from People\u2019s needs for grain include ration and feed grain. Therefore, per capita food consumption is necessary in the calculation of ration and feed grain. The data for per capita food consumption in rural and urban area in 1989, 1999, 2009, and 2019 were obtained from China Statistical Yearbook 1990, China Statistical Yearbook 2000, China Statistical Yearbook 2010 and China Statistical Yearbook 2020 ,5,36,37.The data on per capita food consumption in rural and urban areas in 2030 were from the China dietary nutrition guidelines .https://www.resdc.cn/, accessed on 8 October 2022).The cropland data for 1989, 1999, 2009 and 2019 were obtained from the 1-Km land remote sensing data in 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020 . And the amount of cropland in each province can be seen from Gridded 1km land use/land cover change projections of China under comprehensive SSP-RCP  scenarios of 2030 were used to obtain the cropland for 2030  of 2030 is 1.92 \u00d7 10e lowest .To capture the regional heterogeneity of grain needed by people, we disaggregate grain consumption into five categories from low to high: Lowest (<3); Medium low (3\u2265 and <9); Low (9\u2265 and <15); Medium high (15\u2265 and <21); Highest (\u226521). There are distinct patterns of the amount of grain needed by people : for exaA look at demand patterns over time provides insight into the amount of grain needed by people . Over thDelineating cropland by group is critical to understanding cropland demanding trends. Provinces in the western part of China led in cropland demand from 1989 to 2009. In 2019 and 2030, it can be seen that the southeastern coastal areas, from Huang Huai Hai Plain to Sichuan Basin areas, and northwest areas play major role in the demand for cropland . In the past thirty years, the guarantee rate of cultivated land in the other provinces  has declined, with the exception of Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Sichuan, Tibet, and Qinghai .In 1989, cropland in Tianjin, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shanghai, Hainan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Xinjiang could not meet people\u2019s grain needs. Cropland in Sichuan, Jiangsu and Fujian met people\u2019s grain needs to a great extent. While the cropland of the remaining provinces  was able to satisfy people\u2019s grain need basically.In 1999, the cropland in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanxi, Liaoning, Shanghai, Yunnan, Tibet, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang was unable to meet people\u2019s grain need. Cropland in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Guangxi met people\u2019s grain need to a great extent. While the cropland in other provinces  was able to satisfy people\u2019s grain need basically.In 2009, cropland in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanxi, Liaoning, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fu-jian, Guangdong, Hainan, Tibet, Shaanxi, Gansu and Qinghai could not meet people\u2019s grain needs. Cropland in Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi and Guizhou met people\u2019s grain need to a great extent, while the cropland of the remaining provinces  was able to satisfy people\u2019s grain need basically.In 2019, the cropland in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Tibet, Shaanxi and Qinghai was unable to meet people\u2019s grain need. Cropland in Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan met people\u2019s grain need to a great extent, while the cropland of the remaining provinces  was able to satisfy people\u2019s grain need basically.Under the Sustainability, the Middle Road and the Inequality scenarios, apart from Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Fujian, Guangdong, as well as Hainan in the Sustainability scenario, all provinces  are projected to achieve guarantee rate of cropland greater than 100% . With the exception of Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Jilin, Ningxia as well as Heilongjiang in the sustainability scenario and Shanghai in the sustainability and equality scenario, the guaranteed rate pf cropland is expected to be higher in all provinces  compared to 2019 . In this study, we analyzed whether or not cropland in China could satisfy people\u2019s grain needs across geographic and temporal scales. The following conclusions can be drawn:(1) With the exception of 1989, the amount of cropland could meet people\u2019s grain need. Moreover, the ability of cropland to satisfy people\u2019s grain need increased from 1989 to 2009, while decreased from 2009 to 2019. Under the three scenarios in 2030, the guarantee rate of cropland is estimated to be higher than 150%. (2) From 1989 to 2019, the guarantee rate of cultivated land in other provinces  decreased except Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Sichuan, Tibet and Qinghai. Furthermore, more than 10 provinces , which are mainly located in western China and southeast coastal areas, were unable to satisfy the grain demand of local people. Compared to 2019, all provinces  except Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Jilin, Ningxia, and Heilongjiang in the Sustainability scenario, and Shanghai in the Sustainability and the Equality scenarios, are projected to have a higher guarantee rate of cropland in 2030 than in 2019.The demand for cultivated land is the key content of this study. By comparing with the existing research, the demand for cultivated land calculated in 2030 (161 million hectares to 164 million hectares) is slightly higher than the previous research results (about 150 million hectares) , which iFrom 1989 to 2009, under the comprehensive influence of population and per capita grain ration and feed grain consumption changes, the grain consumption demand of the Chinese population changed little, but due to technological progress, the unit yield of cultivated land increased, and the amount of cultivated land required decreased. As a result of urbanization and the project of returning farmland to forests, a large amount of cultivated land in China has been occupied . HoweverChina is a vast country with large regional differences. The differences in natural conditions, diet structure, population development and urbanization process in different regions have led to differences in the cultivated land satisfaction rate in different regions of China. The cultivated land resources in western China are poor, and the problems of soil erosion, desertification and soil salinization are serious ,44,45. TChina now is in a new era of food security. The decline in the area of cultivated land and low utilization efficiency have a very negative impact on the potential productivity of China\u2019s cultivated land. Although the results of this study suggest that the amount of cultivated land in China will be more than 1.5 times of that needed to meet people\u2019s grain needs by 2030, the marginalization of cultivated land in the process of urbanization, the non-agricultural transformation of cultivated land, and the transformation of agricultural cropping patterns to achieve economic benefits have potential impacts on China\u2019s food production. Hence, under the background of food security, we need to reasonably use and control the cultivated land, strictly monitor the quantity of cultivated land, and improve the productivity of cultivated land. In addition, due to the geographical differences in population distribution, cultivated land quantity and cultivated land production potential, cultivated land protection in different regions of China faces various pressures. Therefore, under the strategic background of national food security, each region should actively explore and formulate cultivated land protection policies and agricultural production plans, that are suitable for itself and promote the sustainable development of China\u2019s food production."}
{"text": "Both natural disasters such as wildfires, earthquakes, tsunamis, and hurricanes, as well as man-made disasters such as civil wars, have been known to result in significant mental health effects on their victims.The purpose of this general literature review is to analyze the impact and contribution of social determinants to mental health and resilience following natural and man-made disasters.In this paper, we specifically explore some of the most studied factors relating to vulnerability and protection, such as gender, age, ethnicity, social support, and socioeconomic status on mental health and resiliency in disaster survivors. In addition, several other possible factors were discussed, such as previous trauma, childhood abuse, family psychiatric history, and subsequent life stress.Using key words such as mental health, social determinants, disasters, wildfires, earthquakes, terrorism attacks, and resilience, we conducted a literature search in major scientific databasesA discussion of the implications for public health policy and practice is presentedNone Declared"}
{"text": "PLOS ONE Editors retract this article [The  article  because PLOS ONE Editors note that primary data were not provided with the article, contrary to the Data Availability statement.The AH, MA, MN, ZI, ML, AM, and JTC did not agree with the retraction. MJ, FMP, SA, MNA, and PA either did not respond directly or could not be reached."}
{"text": "Food is not only a source of nutrition for humans; it also encompasses social, cultural, and psychological dynamics. Understanding of food products, preferences, and practices provides us with knowledge of historical, cultural and contemporary uses . In addiIn the first paper published in this Special Issue, Valli et al.  analyze Zorell  highlighIn addition, Cipriano-Crespo et al.  present Mu\u00f1oz et al.  focused In the context of Poland as a particular example in Europe, Raftowicz  analyzedRos-Bar\u00f3 et al.  carried Dancausa Mill\u00e1n and Mill\u00e1n V\u00e1zquez de la Torre  analyzedFinally, in the context of the relationship between food and tourism, Yang et al.  focused This Special Issue on \u2018Public Awareness of Food Products, Preferences and Practices\u2019 discusses the conception, protection, and promotion of food from a broad perspective, analyzing food-based experiences, consumption, food cultures, social behavior related to food, and healthy and sustainable food practices. All these papers came from original and innovative international research and case studies that show food, from all perspectives, as it is: a necessary fact that straddles the biological and the social, with strong implications for our daily life. They also invite researchers and decision-makers in the field to look into future lines of research, which will span various different areas, such as artificial intelligence, advances in measuring food carbon footprint, demographic and climate change, the preservation of biodiversity, and other factors that could affect individuals\u2019 food preferences, lifestyle, health, and wellbeing."}
{"text": "After struggling with COVID-19 pandemic for two years, the world is finally recovering from this crisis. Nonetheless, another virus, Monkeypox, is quickly spreading throughout the world and in non-endemic regions and continents, threatening the world to a new pandemic. Twitter as a popular social media has successfully been used for predicting and controlling outbreaks. Much research previously has been done for building early warning systems, trend prediction, and misinformation and fake news detection. Since tweets are not accessible to all researchers, in this work, a publicly available dataset containing 2400202 tweets gathered from May first to December twenty-fifth, 2022 is presented. Twitter developers academic researcher API which returns all the tweets matching a given query was used to gather the dataset. To this end, the full archive search and keywords related to Monkeypox and its equivalents in other languages, i.e. Monkeypox or \u201cmonkey pox\u201d or \u201cviruela dei mono\u201d or \u201cvariole du singe\u201d or \u201cvariola do macoco\u201d were used. The retweets were excluded using the negation operator, and the tweet ids and user ids were extracted and shared with public. Approximately, 1.79 percent (43047 number) of tweets were geotagged. To visualize the geotagged tweets, the longitude and latitude of the bounding box coordinates were averaged. This work will help researchers shed light on the news, patterns, and on-going discussions of Monkeypox on social media, identify hotspots, and help contain the Monkeypox virus. Specifications Table\u2022The COVID-19 pandemic has created havoc throughout the world. After more than two years, just when the Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPI) are being lifted, and the world needs to recover from the damages caused, a new virus, Monkeypox, emerges in more than 20 countries, and threatens the globe to a new pandemic.\u2022NPIs have canceled or postponed many surgeries, diagnostic tests  and procedures , causing a great number of patients to fall out of their timeline \u2022It is critical to contain the Monkeypox virus and extinguish the menace. Twitter has previously been successful in early warning systems for outbreaks \u2022Researchers from Data Science, Computer Science, Social Science, Mathematics and Statistics, Medicine and even Economy can use Twitter data further to understanding misinformation/disinformation regarding Monkeypox \u2022The results of the studies could be used by decision-makers to inform more targeted policies, and health officials to provide better services suitable for all communities especially vulnerable and marginalized populations.\u2022Social media platforms such as Twitter are increasingly being used by public to discuss their opinions, concerns, and experiences. This dataset could help researchers understand the popularity of Twitter posts over time, locations and hotspots where people are more concerned, the discussed topics at their hotspots, and sentiments/emotions of the topics of concern.\u2022Previously, a Twitter dataset was prepared for Monkeypox in June 2022 1Each line in the file Monkeypox_May1_to_Dec25_2022.csv is associated with a defferent tweet and includes two columns, TweetID and AuthorID which represent the tweet id and the user id. The file includes 2400202 lines in total. To access the actual tweets and their metadata, the tweet ids need to be hydrated. One software that can hydrate the tweets is DocNow hydrator The tweets belong to 69 different languages. Roughly, 81.82 percent (1963797 number) of the tweets are in English. About 1.79 percent (43047 number) of tweets are geotagged. The longitude and latitude of geotagged tweets were estimated by averaging the longitude and latitude of their bounding box coordinates. Twitter as one of the most popular social media platforms is capable of providing researchers with information to understand the global situation better, and help reduce the number of cases. Therefore, in this work, a dataset containing all the tweets posted since May first to December twenty-fifth 2022 is presented. This dataset can be updated in the future and help researchers overcome various issues regarding the current Monkeypox outbreak.2Twitter API academic researcher account returns all the tweets available with a certain query and allows the user to retrieve ten million tweets per month. The full archive search of the Twitter API academic researcher account was used to retrieve the tweets. This endpoint accepts a query as input which includes a set of keywords and returns all the tweets and their metadata that match the keywords. Since European countries are the hotspots for current Monkeypox virus, the keywords used to build the query included Monkeypox and its equivalents in Spanish, French, and Romanian, i.e., Monkeypox or \u201cmonkey pox\u201d or \u201cviruela dei mono\u201d or \u201cvariole du singe\u201d or \u201cvariola do macoco\u201d. In addition, the retweets were excluded using the negation operator, -is:retweet. The tweets were gathered from May first to December twenty-fifth 2022, and 2400202 number of tweets were retrieved. Other than the actual text, the metadata obtained included tweet id, conversation id, in reply to user id and in reply to username (in case of the tweet being a reply), created at, type , language, retweets count, reply count, like count, geo id, geo-country, geo-province/city, geo-coordinates, author id, author name, author username, author description, author-reported location, author hashtags, created account at, follower count, following count, tweet count, and image URL. However, due to Twitter developers\u2019 privacy policy agreement, only the tweet ids and user ids are shared with the public This dataset complies with the Twitter developers\u2019 API terms of use and privacy policy Zahra M. Nia: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing \u2013 original draft, Writing \u2013 review & editing. Nicola L. Bragazzi: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Supervision, Writing \u2013 original draft, Writing \u2013 review & editing. Jianhong Wu: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Software, Validation, Writing \u2013 review & editing. Jude D. Kong: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Writing \u2013 review & editing.The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper."}
{"text": "The aim of this review was to assess the possible risk factors arising from working conditions, that could have an impact on the stress, fear, and anxiety of construction workers.A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA format in the Pubmed, Cochrane, Web of Science, Scopus, and PsycInfo electronic databases on February 3, 2023, using the following key words: anxiety, stress, fear, and construction workers. Methodological quality was assessed using the critical appraisal tools of the Joanna Briggs Institute.A total of 35 studies were included. The results showed a number of conditioning factors for stress, anxiety, and fear among construction workers such as age, inappropriate safety equipment, safety culture, high workload and long working hours, physical pain, low social support from direct supervisor or co-workers, lack of organizational justice and lack of reward, financial situation, maladaptive coping strategies, and characteristics of the pandemic.There are a number of risk factors related to working conditions, organizations, and individuals that can affect the levels of stress, anxiety, and fear among construction workers, such as age, work hardship, safety culture and, especially, the long hours that construction professionals work. This may lead to an increase in the number of occupational accidents and higher associated fatality rates.https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022367724, identifier: CRD42022367724. The construction sector is currently one of the main productive sectors and economic engines in most countries . It is iThe tasks that construction workers perform may be found to be unsatisfactory for them due to the concurrence of factors related to the work itself, individual characteristics, lifestyle and concomitant health problems, and/or problems related to the professional performance itself , 7. In fStress can be considered as the body's response to frequent and/or continuous mismatches between an individual's demands and the individual's ability to cope with them . This haIt is well known that construction projects often have very tight deadlines. This means that the teams of people who carry out the work, whether they are craftsmen, site teams, supervisors, or technical staff, are under a lot of pressure from their companies. In addition to stress, this can cause anxiety in the worker. Anxiety, according to Spielberger , can be In order to assess the risk factors related to levels of anxiety, stress, and fear among construction workers in the construction industry, a systematic review was conducted following the guidelines of the PRISMA statement  . The proThe search was carried out in the Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science Scopus, and PsycInfo electronic databases on the basis of the keywords that the research question yielded following the PECO strategy .Based on these keywords, the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) thesaurus was consulted, yielding the descriptors Anxiety, Psychological Stress, Fear, and Construction industry. In order to enlarge the scope of the search, synonymous terms were used to complete the search based on the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) thesaurus , linked The following inclusion criteria were used for the selection of articles: (1) original articles published in English, Spanish, French, and Portuguese; (2) typology: original articles, meta-analysis, short communications, and case reports; (3) articles published in the last 10 years; and (4) articles measuring any of the following values and/or effects: level of stress, anxiety and fear, number of cases of people with stress/anxiety/fear, substance use, insomnia, physical manifestations of psychological stress, comparison according to type of profession/sex/country, possible risks for the materialization of accidents at work, coping measures, how work and/or psychosocial conditions influence, and health-work relationship and vice versa. Similarly, the exclusion criteria were: (1) studies in a language other than English, Spanish, French, and Portuguese; (2) typology: opinion articles, editorials, and letters to the editor; (3) studies of low scientific-technical quality after applying the quality assessment tool; and (4) articles that did not answer the research question and were not related to the objective of the review.For this search, a pre-established protocol was initially followed for the search and revision strategy in order to minimize the risk of bias in the selection and subsequent publication. This strategy was similar in the different databases by using the aforementioned descriptors and related keywords through the Boolean operators AND and OR. In the drafting of this work, two researchers independently carried out the bibliographic searches. As a secondary strategy, a search was carried out based on the use of references and names of the authors cited in the different records selected  with the intention of verifying the existence of works not found in the primary search. For the screening and selection of articles, duplicate studies were eliminated and those articles that could be included were selected after reading the abstract and title according to the previously established criteria. After this initial screening, the same authors analyzed the full articles and selected those studies potentially suitable for inclusion in the review. This selection was made by consensus between the two researchers and any discrepancies that may have arisen were resolved by a third author.Two reviewers independently determined the methodological quality of the selected studies using the critical appraisal tools of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) at the University of Adelaide. These tools allow the assessment of the methodological quality of a study and the extent to which a study has excluded or minimized the possibility of bias in its design, conduct, and/or analysis. The versions for analytical cross-sectional studies (8 items) , for quaA total of 35 studies were selected. The initial search strategies identified a total of 1,150 references, which were then screened according to the topic of this review. Twenty-six of the 35 studies were analytical cross-sectional studies, 2 carried out qualitative research, 6 were mixed methods, and 1 was a quasi-experimental study .Of the 35 selected studies, 8 articles were conducted in China; 4 in the United States, Australia and Korea; 2 studies were conducted in Singapore, Ghana, and India; and 1 study was conducted in Canada, Ethiopia, the Netherlands, Indonesia, Nigeria, the United Kingdom, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Taiwan. In 26 of the 35 selected articles, the sample consisted of construction workers in general, and in 3 of them a distinction was made between workers and supervisors. In another 2, the sample consisted of foreign or migrant construction workers, and the rest had specific characteristics, making a total aggregate sample of 13,399 subjects. As for the topic of research, 31 studies were found on stress, 10 on anxiety, and 3 on fear.The prevalence of substantial mental distress was between 16 and 50% among construction workers , 32 [20,Between 37 and 50% of construction workers showed moderate to extremely severe levels of anxiety , 50. AmoFear among construction workers was mainly associated with the characteristics of the COVID-19 pandemic , 51, witThe different studies showed multiple conditioning factors for stress, anxiety, and fear among construction workers such as age, inappropriate safety equipment, safety culture, high workload and long working hours, physical pain, low social support from direct supervisor or co-workers, lack of organizational justice and lack of reward, financial situation, maladaptive coping strategies, and characteristics of the pandemic.The number of hours worked by employees is a determining factor for the level of stress according to the Occupational Stress Index (OSI). Several studies have found working hours of more than 12 h per day  or up toIn many cases, construction projects have to comply with a completion date, and must be finished within that timeframe with the resources that were initially planned. In this sense, many construction workers, despite being fatigued, continue to work for fear of losing their jobs, prioritizing the economic needs of their families over their physical health . LikewisOn the other hand, several of the studies in this systematic review link the age of individuals to mental health , 33, 39.Safety culture is another factor that has been linked to higher levels of stress and anxiety , 34, 43.In this line, the low social support of the direct supervisor or co-workers is a key element as a protective or risk factor, depending on the case , 34, 41.Finally, with appropriate coping techniques, construction workers can improve their stress levels. However, maladaptive coping techniques such as substance use , self-distraction, denial, venting, among others, lead to increased depression, anxiety, and stress , 43, 46.The present study has a number of limitations. Firstly, while the studies included in this review offered valuable contributions to knowledge about the mental health of construction workers, there are not enough studies that encompass the geographical dispersion and socio-cultural differences, types of construction work, and situations that can be encountered in the construction sector. This is why the results found in this review cannot be extended to all construction typologies, company types and sizes, and the important contextual variations that may exist in different regions of the world. Secondly, the multifactorial nature that can give rise to the different risk factors related to mental health makes it impossible to establish a precise interpretation of their cause, as many of these factors are found outside the workplace, such as education, culture, religion, family, or the personal condition of each worker, among others. In this sense, another limitation to be considered is the fact that the different working conditions established in each country at a global level and the laws and customs applied in each one of them in this area hinder the performance of a homogeneous analysis in general terms, as coping behaviors may differ considerably between one place or another, since certain working contexts that could a priori be considered susceptible to harming the health of the worker have become normalized.Accidents at work can be related to the mental health of workers, and age, hardship, and especially the long hours worked by construction professionals are factors that are significantly related to stress, anxiety, and fear. However, further studies are needed in this area that also include different work contexts and variables such as culture, education, professional qualifications, work environment, support systems, among others, in order to establish an early detection of risks.The findings of this review could help construction companies to establish policies toward improving the working conditions of their employees and to increase knowledge about mental health in this sector. In this way, researchers and professionals dedicated to occupational safety, health, and risk prevention can identify these psychosocial factors and establish strategies and proposals to minimize the possible occurrence of such risk factors.The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, writing\u2014original draft, and writing\u2014review and editing: CG-S, JG-I, JG-S, JF-R, JC-V, RA-C, JM-P, and CR-F. Data curation: CG-S, JC-V, CR-F, and JG-I. Methodology, resources, and visualization: CG-S, JG-I, JG-S, JF-R, JC-V, RA-C, and CR-F. Project administration: JG-S, JC-V, and CG-S. Software: CG-S, JG-I, and JG-S. Supervision: JG-S, JG-I, JF-R, RA-C, and CR-F. Validation: JG-I, JC-V, JG-S, RA-C, and JF-R. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version."}
{"text": "Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were first filled with a number of metals starting in 1993 . Single-Several groups are working on the topic. The groups of Jeremy Sloan in the UK ,5, MariaFirst of all, more substances are waiting to be incorporated into carbon nanotubes. Secondly, the filling of carbon nanotubes opens new possibilities. Third, incorporated substances form new phases inside CNT. Many new works on modeling the atomic structure of filled SWCNTs are forthcoming. Fourth, the filling modifies the electronic properties of SWCNTs. In all cases, the collaboration of researchers around the world is required, which brings new ideas and results. The electronic properties of SWCNTs were first modified and extensively investigated by Marianna V. Kharlamova ,15,16. IA large variety of incorporated substances allows tuning the electronic properties of SWCNTs for targeted applications. Recently, Hisanori Shinohara et al. filled SWCNTs with HgTe, WTe, and MoTe and investigated the electronic properties of filled SWCNTs with spectroscopic techniques ,9. It isSpeaking of applications, most carbon nanotube papers target nanoelectronics, electrochemical energy storage, nanomedicine, thermoelectric power generation, catalysis, sensors, spintronics, and magnetic recording. From one side, all these applications can be developed on an industrial scale. On the other side, the synthesis methods of filled SWCNTs, manipulation, and building device methods are optimized and ready to be implemented in factories. For these reasons, a boom in investigations of filled CNTs is expected. In the Special Issue entitled \u201cApplications of Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials: Advances and Perspectives\u201d, we focus on applications of chemically functionalized carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene nanoribbons, 2D heterostructures, fullerenes, and nanodiamonds. In my review paper , I summaIn a research paper , the autInterested authors are invited to submit their excellent experimental and theoretical works to this special issue entitled \u201cApplications of Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials: Advances and Perspectives\u201d."}
{"text": "CA and SE organized the database. CA, MD, and MoM performed the statistical analysis. CrC wrote the first draft of the manuscript. CrC, MD, CG, and MiM wrote sections of the manuscript. MD, CG, and MiM collected data. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version\u201d.The correct spelling is CCr, GC, RL, VB, and CCo contributed to conception and design of the study. AC and ES organized the database. AC, DM, and MMo performed the statistical analysis. CCr wrote the first draft of the manuscript. CCr, DM, GC, and MMi wrote sections of the manuscript. DM, GC, and MMi collected data. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version.In the published article, author names were incorrectly written in Conflict of interest section as \u201cCA has received research grants from Almirall, research grants from ECTRIMS-MAGNIMS and honoraria from Almirall, Biogen, Roche Sanofi-Genzyme and Novartis. MoM has received research grants from ECTRIMS-MAGNIMS, UK MS Society, and Merck; and honoraria from Biogen, Merck, Roche, and Sanofi-Genzyme. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest\u201d.The correct spelling is AC has received research grants from Almirall, research grants from ECTRIMS-MAGNIMS and honoraria from Almirall, Biogen, Roche Sanofi-Genzyme and Novartis. MMo has received research grants from ECTRIMS-MAGNIMS, UK MS Society, and Merck; and honoraria from Biogen, Merck, Roche, and Sanofi-Genzyme. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in anyway. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "In the published article, the author names were incorrectly written as \u201cNing Yan, Zi Zhang, San Guo, Shu Shen, Xing Li\u201d. The correct spellings are \u201cNingning Yan, Ziheng Zhang, Sanxing Guo, Shujing Shen, Xingya Li\u201d.In the published article, there was a mistake in the Author contributions. The correct Author contributions appears below.NNY, ZHZ, SJS, and XYL wrote the manuscript. NNY, ZHZ, and SXG prepared Figures and Tables. All authors have reviewed the manuscript and gave their consent to publication. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "In the published article the author names were written in the incorrect order of given and family name. The author name order has been corrected.In the published article affiliation 3 was incorrect. Affiliation 3 has been corrected.The Copyright has been corrected as follows:\u00a9 2023 Ricci, Russo, Renzi, Baldi, Nannini, Lami, Menicatti, Pallecchi, Bartolucci, Niccolai, Cerboneschi, Smeazzetto, Ramazzotti, Amedei and Calabr\u00f2. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.The \u201cAuthor contributions\u201d has been corrected as follows:ASC, AA, and ER designed the study. FR, GN, and GL collected the samples. FR, DR, SB, MP, MM, and GB performed the experiments. FR, ER, SB, and EN analyzed the data. MC and MR analyzed microbiota data. ER and FR wrote the manuscript. ER edited the manuscript. AA, DR, and ASC supervised the manuscript. ER, AA, and ASC provided for funding acquisition. All authors have approved the final draft submitted.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Osteichthyes, Cypriniformes in Fauna Sinica was finally completed in 2021. After the efforts of four generations of ichthyologists, the last volume has been officially submitted to the Science Press for printing. The publication of this book is a lifelong dream of the Academician Hsien-wen Wu  (The three-volume H.W. Wu) , a famouAcademia Sinica. In the same time, he held a position concurrently as a professor in zoology, anatomy, embryology, and parasitology in the Central University, Fudan University, and Jiangsu Medical College, respectively. His research objects were not only fish, but also included helminths, amphibians, and reptiles. During World War II, the Institute of Zoology and Botany moved from Nanjing to Chonqing, where Professor Wu devoted himself to studies on experimental ichthyology, including physiology and functional morphology such as the mechanism of aerial respiration in fish. From 1940 to 1947, Professor Wu guided his early students, Dr. Jiankang Liu (\u5218\u5efa\u5eb7) and Dr. Xiaowei Zhang (\u5f20\u5b5d\u5a01), the famous ichthyologists in China, in serially publishing many scientific reports on the respiration mechanism of rice eel, exploring in relative detail the structure and function of respiration organ of rice eel based on the morphology, histology, and physiology. In 1950, the Institute of Zoology and Botany was renamed the Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and moved from Shanghai to Wuhan. From 1964 to 1977, Dr. Wu devoted himself to the editing of the two-volume monograph The Cyprinid Fishes of China , and systematically gave a comprehensive description of freshwater fishes in China  University in in China , 1977. Tiformes\u201d . Also, iScience in China in 1981  were not developed until 1970s. Since 1977, encouraged and promoted by Hsien-wen Wu, Yiyu Chen (\u9648\u5b9c\u745c), Xianglin Chen (\u9648\u6e58\u7ca6), and the members of the team have conducted an extensive skeletal study on the representative species in the order Cypriniformes, as well as the descending families such as Cyprinidae, Cobitidae, Homalopteridae, and Catostomidae . They ap in 1981 , and the in 1984 . These p in 1984 .Professor Hsien-wen Wu paid high attention to the collection of fish specimens and emphasized the importance of long-term fieldwork. The team members Yiyu Chen and Wenxuan Cao (\u66f9\u6587\u5ba3) have long devoted themselves to field research on the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau to collect specimens. Due to their efforts, China currently has the largest collection of cypriniform specimens in the world, and IHB has been rewarded to be one of the world\u2019s leading centers for ichthyology, along with fish research centers in France, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Until now, the fish museum founded by Hsien-wen Wu has collected more than 400,000 fish specimens, accounting for more than 1,200 species of fish.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (Science China (Chinese Science Bulletin (Progress in Natural Science (Dr. Hsien-wen Wu emphasized the importance of frontier scientific research, which promoted the rapid development of the ichthyology research team in IHB. Following his heritage, the team has conducted a series of cutting-edge studies, including the evolution of Cyprinidae, Cypriniformes , and plavolution , Sciencece China , ChineseBulletin , Progres Science , and so  Science .Fauna Sinica, Osteichthyes, Cypriniformes,\u201d and the launch of the phylogenetic studies on Cyprinidae and Cypriniformes.In summary, Hsien-wen Wu\u2019s great contribution to ichthyological research in China is mainly manifested in the concentrated description of Cyprinidae and Cypriniformes, the publication of \u201cThe Cyprinid Fishes of China,\u201d \u201cHsien-wen Wu\u2019s great contribution also includes the establishment of the largest fish museum in Asia featuring Cypriniformes. After decades of improvement, there are now more than 400,000 fish specimens, about 1,200 species, and more than 260 type specimens housed in the museum."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in the author list, and author Alan Anticevic was erroneously excluded. The corrected author list appears below.1*\u2020, Jure Dem\u0161ar1,2\u2020, Alan Anticevic3,4 and Grega Repov\u01611Nina Purg1Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia2Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia3Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States4Department of Psychology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United StatesIn the published article, there was an error. Alan Anticevic was erroneously excluded from the Author Contributions statement. The corrected Author Contributions statement is below.NP, JD, AA, and GR: conceptualization. JD and GR: methodology and software. NP and GR: investigation and formal analysis. NP, JD, and GR: writing\u2014original draft, writing\u2014review, and editing. AA and GR: resources, supervision, and funding acquisition. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.In the published article, there was an error. Alan Anticevic was erroneously excluded from the Conflict of Interest statement. The corrected Conflict of Interest statement is below.JD consults for Manifest Technologies. AA and GR consult for and hold equity in Neumora Therapeutics and Manifest Technologies.The remaining author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Numerous and heterogeneous populations of beneficial microorganisms originating from raw materials, equipment, and production and processing environments can affect the fermentation process by their metabolic activities, allowing for the enhancement of the nutritional value, sensory characteristics, overall quality, safety, and shelf-life of final food products ,2,3. In On the other hand, multiple sources of the contamination of raw materials, equipment, and environments involved in the manufacturing of fermented foods may allow for the establishment and proliferation of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms, which can cause alterations in the final products and threaten consumer health ,7.Microorganisms, dedicated to \u201cBeneficial and Detrimental Microorganisms Occurring in Fermented Foods\u201d, aimed at collecting new studies concerning any aspect of pro-technological, probiotic, spoilage, and/or pathogenic microorganisms occurring in fermented foods, as well as on the characterization, evolution, and metabolism of microbiota that occurs during the production, storage, and distribution of these products.This Special Issue of In their study, Hussain et al.  examineddonejang, a fermented soybean product, using 29 samples originating from different regions of Korea. In particular, the biogenic amine content, bacterial composition, and metabolic functions were assessed.Jeong et al.  investigFagbemigun et al.  investigPediococcus acidilactici M76 for the lactic acid fermentation of black raspberry extract, whereas Thongwai et al. [Komagataeibacter maltaceti species, and characterized its ability to produce bacterial cellulose.Song et al.  assessedi et al.  identifiClostridium tyrobutyricum strains with different genotypic and proteotypic profiles, showing that strain-specific germination and growth characteristics should be considered among other factors to evaluate the risk of cheese spoilage by this spoilage agent of hard and semi-hard cheeses.Finally, Podrzaj et al.  compared"}
{"text": "Incorrect AffiliationIn the published article, there was an error in affiliation(s) 1. Instead of \u201cThe Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China\u201d, it should be \u201cDepartment of Radiology, Hainan Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Sanya, China\u201d.In the published article, there was an error in affiliation(s) 2. Instead of \u201cDepartment of Radiology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, China\u201d, it should be \u201cThe Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.Additional Affiliation(s)The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliation 1 for Xin Li and Zhiye Chen. As well as having affiliation(s) 1, they should also have The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "The Oncologist, Volume 27, Issue 12, December 2022, Pages 1058\u20131066, https://doi.org/10.1093/oncolo/oyac188This is a correction to: Cara Mathews, Domenica Lorusso, Robert L Coleman, Susan Boklage, Jamie Garside, An Indirect Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Dostarlimab and Doxorubicin for the Treatment of Advanced and Recurrent Endometrial Cancer, In the originally published version of this article, there were errors in the panels A and B of Figure 2: Dostarlimab should show a blue line and Doxorubicin should show a red line.This error has been corrected."}
{"text": "The lower consumption of NP1 and NP2 by postmenopausal women was associated with a higher risk of osteopenia, but not osteoporosis.Nutrient patterns (NPs) and the synergistic effect between nutrients have been shown to be associated with changes in bone mineral density (BMD). This study aimed to identify NPs and to associate them with BMD categories in postmenopausal women. This cross-sectional, observational, analytical study was carried out with women in menopause for at least 12 months, aged \u226550 years. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical variables were investigated. BMD was assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. A dietary assessment was conducted using a food frequency questionnaire, and three nutrient patterns  were extracted from the principal component analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to investigate the association between BMD classifications and NP consumption. A total of 124 women, aged on average, 66.8 \u00b1 6.1 years, were evaluated. Of these, 41.9% had osteopenia and 36.3% had osteoporosis. The NP1 (OR: 6.64, [CI95%: 1.56\u201328.16];  Skeletal disorders such as osteopenia and osteoporosis result from reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and the deterioration of bone microarchitecture ,2. OsteoIn addition to hormonal changes, several modifiable factors such as smoking, physical activity, and dietary factors are associated with BMD in postmenopausal women and with the possible deleterious outcomes in the bone health of this population ,8,9. SomThe relationship between NPs and BMD in older adults, especially postmenopausal women, has only recently received attention ,14,15,16Considering the heterogeneity of the results of previous studies and the lack of a conclusive NP to address BMD, it is necessary to clarify which patterns may be related to bone mass and the consequent development of disorders such as osteopenia and osteoporosis. Furthermore, by evaluating the consumption patterns of postmenopausal women and their correlation with the aforementioned outcomes, it may be possible to add new nutritional recommendations for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. In this sense, the aim of this study was to identify NPs and to associate them with the BMD categories of postmenopausal women.\u00ae Version 3.01, Atlanta, GA, USA) software ; p = 0.030, respectively) when compared with women in the third tertile. In the adjusted models, the first tertile of NP2 consumption remained associated with osteopenia, with an increased risk , while the second tertile lost its association with osteopenia  when adjusting for PA level, antiresorptive drugs, and calcium and vitamin D supplementation. We found no association between the NPs and osteoporosis in the model presented (p > 0.05)  .In the present study, NP1  was inversely associated with osteopenia. In other words, the lower consumption of this pattern increases the risk of postmenopausal women of having compromised BMD. This same association was observed for NP2, defined by a high consumption of iron, vegetable protein, thiamine, folate, total fiber, PUFA, insoluble fiber, vitamin A, vitamin K, alpha-tocopherol, copper, sodium, and retinol.The NP1 and NP2 identified in our study are composed of a large number of nutrients that are important for bone health; hence, their association with osteopenia. Bone is composed mainly of proteins, which, in addition to playing a structural role, have an anabolic effect via insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) . IGF-1 aThe role of other B-complex vitamins in bone health is still unclear, but there are indications that they are linked to homocysteine metabolism, which involves remethylation that is dependent on vitamin B12 and folic acid (B9), and trans-sulfuration that is dependent on vitamin B6 . EvidencAmong minerals, zinc and copper are essential cofactors for enzymes involved in bone matrix synthesis, acting to stimulate bone formation and to suppress its remodeling , with poFurthermore, fibers seem to increase intestinal calcium absorption in both rats and humans, and improve bone parameters ,66,67. INP3, characterized by a high consumption of carbohydrates, soluble fiber, total sugar, and vitamin C, while being low in total lipids, saturated fat, and MUFA, was not associated with osteopenia and osteoporosis. That may be due to the low number of nutrients correlated in this pattern, in addition to the absence of important nutrients for bone health , althougIn contrast to our initial hypothesis, no association was observed between NP and osteoporosis. The explanation for the lack of association may lie in the characteristics of the population studied. Of the 124 women evaluated, only 45 were classified as having osteoporosis, and their distribution between NP1 and NP2 was uniform, which may have caused the loss of effect on BMD. In addition, because of the characteristics of the study, this condition was previously established, and the women may have modified their consumption patterns because they were oriented on the importance of calcium, vitamin D, and other nutrients for bone health during outpatient treatment.2 increase in BMD [Our results are consistent with those from the few other studies available on the relationship between NP and BMD in postmenopausal women ,15. In ae in BMD . It is ne in BMD . FurtherThis study has some limitations, such as the cross-sectional design that does not allow us to infer the causality between the NP identified and osteopenia. There is a need for longitudinal studies, especially in this population, in order to clarify the relationship between nutrients in the development of osteopenia and osteoporosis. The use of drugs such as glucocorticoids, and other chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, chronic kidney diseases, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which may increase the risk of osteoporosis, were not evaluated, which could be a confounding factor . The meaIn conclusion, a lower consumption of NP1 and NP2 was negatively associated with BMD. So, postmenopausal women in this study were at greater risk of osteopenia when they consumed less of the dietary pattern rich in vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, phosphorus, riboflavin, animal protein, total protein, vitamin B6, potassium, vitamin D, vitamin E, calcium, cholesterol, \u03b2-carotene, omega 3, magnesium, zinc, niacin, and selenium (NP1); or of those rich in iron, vegetable protein, thiamine, folate, total fiber, PUFA, insoluble fiber, vitamin A, vitamin K, alpha-tocopherol, copper, sodium, and retinol (NP2). The nutrients present in these patterns are characteristic of a diet that is rich in vegetables and milk and their derivatives, and they are related to bone metabolism, demonstrating the importance of nutrition with essential nutrients, especially calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, protein, and vitamin B12 for the maintenance of bone health. Further studies, especially longitudinal ones, are needed to confirm our results, especially with postmenopausal women, who may suffer more from the consequences of bone deterioration."}
{"text": "M = 14.46 \u00b1 1.883 years old). Using SPSS software, descriptive statistics were determined for all variables; mean differences between age and gender were found using ANOVA and the post hoc Scheffe test. Linear regressions with the Enter method were used to study how to predict perceived quality of life and satisfaction with life. Results: Males had scores indicating more SSES|optimism, emotional control, resilience, confidence, sociability, creativity, energy, a sense of belonging to school, and PYD. Girls had better skills for cooperating and relating to teachers but more test anxiety and DASS. Younger adolescents had better psychological health, greater skills, and a better perception of quality of life and life satisfaction when compared to older adolescents. Age, gender, SSES, PYD, and the DASS variables can explain 69% of the variance in life satisfaction, while these variables can explain 60.5% of the variance in perceived quality of life. Conclusions: These results point to the relevance of SSES for psychological health and well-being, suggesting that interventions should focus on promoting these variables, paying special attention to female gender and age-related challenges.Background: After two years of psychological, physical, social, economic, environmental, and societal challenges, this paper examines the psychological health and well-being of Portuguese students based on their socioemotional skills (SSES), positive youth development (PYD), depression, anxiety, and stress (DASS), as well as the relationship between these variables and their influence on perceived quality of life and life satisfaction. Methods: This study examined 3235 students from lower to upper secondary, half of whom were female ( The pandemic had a particularly negative impact on adolescent age groups\u2019 on physical and psychological health ,2, but aConsidering gender disparities, girls were the gender most impacted by the pandemic in terms of psychological health and well-being ,17,18, eWhen examining the various socio-emotional competencies, girls demonstrated greater ability, particularly in social awareness, pro-social behavior, and responsible decision-making, whereas boys demonstrated greater self-management ability and motivation . Taking From a positive developmental analysis perspective , the litA positive development is associated with the efficacy of mental health problem prevention practices ,27,28. PRavens-Sieberer et al.  observedThe present study looks at the psychological health and well-being of Portuguese students based on their socio-emotional skills (SSES), positive youth development (PYD), depression, anxiety, and stress (DASS), as well as the relationship between these variables and their effects on perceived quality of life and life satisfaction.H1.\u00a0Gender differences exist for socio-emotional skills (SESS), positive youth development (PYD), depression, anxiety, and stress (DASS).H2.\u00a0Socio-emotional skills (SESS), positive youth development (PYD), and depression, anxiety, and stress (DASS) vary with age.H3.\u00a0There is a correlation between gender, age, socio-emotional skills (SESS), positive youth development (PYD), depression, anxiety, and stress.H4.\u00a0Gender, age, socioemotional skills (SSES), positive youth development (PYD), depression, anxiety, and stress (DASS) are predictors of perceived quality of life.H5.\u00a0Gender, age, socioemotional skills (SESS), positive youth development (PYD), depression, anxiety, and stress (DASS) all predict life satisfaction.With the answers to these hypotheses, we hope to contribute not only to the investigation of the current landscape of the psychological health and well-being of adolescents, which has been extensively studied, but also to the relationship between SSES, PYD, and DASS with perceived quality of life and life satisfaction, which we did not find to be extensively studied and which could be a key focus for the development or adaptation of health promotion interventions.In the study \u201cPsychological Health and Well-being|Observatory of Psychological Health and Well-being: Monitoring and Action\u201d, the Directorate-General for Education and Science Statistics, the Directorate-General for Education, the National Program for the Promotion of School Success, the Aventura Social Team/ISAMB/University of Lisbon, the Order of Portuguese Psychologists, and the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation collaborated and approved all the instruments used. This investigation began in December 2021 with Ministry of Education approval.The sample consisted of a stratified  and random selection of Portuguese mainland public schools by geographic region/NUTS III . In total, 27 groups of schools were included in which classes were also drawn, including all levels of education available in the school cluster . In February and March 2022, after stratified and random selection of each grade\u2019s classes, the liaison teachers and psychologists of the participating schools administered the data collection instruments in computer rooms. Students only completed online questionnaires with parental informed consent. The application protocol lasted between 20 and 30 min on average. Methods and outcomes are described in detail in the online study report  that is M = 14.46 \u00b1 1.883 years) from lower secondary  to upper secondary . In total, 46.1% of respondents were male, 50% were female, and 3.9% did not respond.This study included 3235 pupils aged 11 to 18  , examinePositive Youth Development , and homogeneity, which was not guaranteed in the majority of the variables, but was prioritized due to the similar number of cases in each subgroup and the robustness of the parametric tests in the face of violation.\u2192Starting with descriptive statistics  for all variables under consideration, ANOVA tests were used to look at differences in means based on gender and level of education. The post hoc Scheffe test was used to control multiple comparisons whenever there were more than two conditions. This test was prioritized since it was intended to investigate all possible contrasts between the means of the groups and can be used when there is or is not an equality of cases in the groups. Using the Pearson test, a cross-sectional analysis was conducted to confirm the relationship between the variables under investigation and to ascertain their magnitude and effect. The correlational analysis and literature review bolstered the need for an in-depth examination of the variables gender, age, SSES, PYD, and DASS in predicting perceived quality of life and life satisfaction.\u2192Linear regressions were performed with the Enter method to assess the prediction of perceived quality of life and life satisfaction. The assumptions of the model, namely normal distribution, homogeneity, and error independence, were analyzed. The first two hypotheses were validated graphically, while the independence hypothesis was validated using the Durbin\u2013Watson test. VIF was utilized to identify multicollinearity. Every outlier was removed.\u2192The significance level was set at 0.05.In the analysis of gender-based mean differences in the scales and subscales SSES , perceived quality of life, life satisfaction, PYD (Positive Youth Development)|competence, confidence, and connection, and DASS |depression, anxiety and stress, statistically significant differences were found in the variables: SSES|optimism, emotional control, resilience/resistance, confidence, sociability, PYD = competence, confidence, and connection; DASS = depression, anxiety, and stress. No statistically significant differences existed between the dimensions of SSES|curiosity and persistence.The male gender showed a higher mean across all domains except SSES|cooperation, relationship with teachers, and test anxiety, DASS|depression, anxiety, and stress .In the study of academic year differences, all variables (except DASS|anxiety) exhibit statistically significant differences when comparing differences in means.Regarding lower secondary, the 7th grade has a higher average in the domains SSES|optimism, emotional control, resilience/resistance, confidence, curiosity, sociability, persistence/perseverance, creativity, energy, cooperation, self-control, sense of belonging to school, bullying, and relationships with teachers; PYD|competence, confidence, and connection; perceived quality of life and life satisfaction, in contrast to the 8th grade. The 8th grade has higher averages for DASS|stress and depression, with less favorable results.With a more positive outlook, the 7th grade only stands out negatively in terms of bullying, while the 9th grade has a lower result.However, in upper secondary, 10th graders have a higher average in the dimensions of optimism, emotional control, resilience/resistance, confidence, curiosity, sociability, persistence/perseverance, creativity, energy, cooperation, self-control, and a sense of belonging to school; PYD|competence, confidence, and connection; perceived quality of life and life satisfaction, compared to 12th graders. Year 12, excluding SSES|curiosity, persistence/perseverance, creativity, cooperation, self-control (11th grade), a sense of school belonging, and relationships with teachers. Year 11 has a higher mean for SSES | bullying and a lower mean for relationships with teachers than Year 12, which stands out favorably. In contrast to the 10th grade, the 12th grade has a higher average in the DASS|stress and depression.In the 8th grade, the means of all SSES dimensions (except test anxiety), PYD, perceived quality of life, and life satisfaction decrease, except DASS|stress and depression, which tend to rise. The dimensions SSES, PYD, and perceived quality of life tend to increase in the 9th grade, then again in the 10th grade, before decreasing in the 11th grade, and, in some cases, tending to decrease in the year that follows (12th grade). Bullying and test anxiety tend to increase in 11th grade.With an improved outlook in 7th grade, a decline in 8th grade, and an improvement in 9th grade, satisfaction with life tends to decline after 9th grade. DASS|stress and depression are also more positive in 7th grade, with an increase in 8th grade, an improvement in 9th grade, and successive increases in subsequent years .In the examination of variable correlations, a significant negative correlation was found between age and SSES|optimism, resilience/resistance, confidence, sociability, energy, sense of belonging to school, bullying, perceived quality of life, and life satisfaction; PYD|competence and connection, indicating that these domains tend to decline with age. Nonetheless, there is a significant positive correlation between age and SSES|cooperation, curiosity, and test anxiety, and DASS|depression and stress.No significant correlations existed between age and the variables SSES|emotional control; PYD|confidence; DASS|anxiety.Overall, significant positive correlations were found between all SSES subscales, suggesting that as one subscale increases, the others tend to increase as well, except bullying, which demonstrates a significant negative correlation with the other subscales. There is no significant correlation between test anxiety and curiosity and bullying, and there is a negative correlation between test anxiety and all subscales except cooperation and relationship with teachers.All variables except SSES|bullying and test anxiety and DASS|depression, anxiety, and stress are significantly and positively correlated with perceived quality of life and life satisfaction. This analysis suggests that as life satisfaction and perceived quality of life increase, so do SSES capabilities.PYD|competence correlates positively and significantly with all domains except age, bullying, test anxiety, and DASS dimensions. Except for the lack of a substantial correlation between age and PYD|confidence, the pattern holds for both PYD|confidence and connection.DASS|stress has a significant correlation with all variables, both positively and negatively, with age, bullying, test anxiety, and other DASS domains|depression and stress. The DASS|depression and anxiety (correlation with age is not significant), exhibit the same trend .A multiple linear regression (Enter method) was conducted using the variable age, gender, PYD, SSES, and DASS to determine the predictability of perceived quality of life after checking for and deleting outliers. Multicollinearity was not an issue as the VIF never exceeded 10 in any of the variables, and the tolerance never fell below. The data do not satisfy the assumption of independent errors . The histogram of standardized residuals and the normal P\u2013P plot of standardized residuals indicated that the error distribution of the data was approximately normal. The data also support the hypothesis of non-zero variances.F(23.2804) = 186.812. p \u02c2 0.001. R2 = 0.605. R2Adjusted = 0.602), indicating that the independent variables explain 60.5% of the variance in perceived quality of life , pointing to positive autocorrelation. The histogram of standardized residuals and the normal P\u2013P plot of standardized residuals indicated that the data contained approximately normally distributed errors. The data also met the assumption of non-zero variances.F(23.2802) = 110.879. p \u02c2 0.001. R2 = 0.69. R2Adjusted = 0.47) revealing that the total variation in life satisfaction can be explained by 69% by age, gender, and the variables SSES, PYD, and DASS (A multiple regression (Enter method) based on the previous set of independent variables but investigating their prediction of life satisfaction revealed a significant equation , positive youth development (PYD), and depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms (DASS). The results align with earlier studies that suggest that a person\u2019s ability to adjust to environmental challenges has an impact on their overall well-being and quality of life ,18,29. AGender differences exist for SSES, PYD, and DASS. Regarding gender, it was observed that SSES, DASS, PYD, perceived quality of life, and life satisfaction scores were lower for the female group in comparison to the male group. These findings are consistent with previous studies . The lowSSES, PYD, and DASS vary with age. Aging (measured by the school year proxy) was associated with lower levels of emotional health, optimism, resiliency, self-confidence, and sociability. Prior studies have shown a connection between advancing age, increased socioemotional skills deficits, and psychological symptoms , which lAs youth mature and approach maturity, the indicator of bullying tends to decrease. Consistent with the present study, the HBSC 2022 study in Portugal found that younger people were more likely to report being abusers or victims of bullying . SimilarIn our models, aging (measured by the school year proxy) was associated with a lower perception of life satisfaction, but not with perceived quality of life. Growing up implies maturation, but the results indicate a negative impact on the young person\u2019s socio-emotional state. Literature has shown that as individuals grow and develop, they are faced with increasingly complex and difficult challenges related to their personal and environmental circumstances. This can include academic pressure and family issues ,48. MakiIn adolescents\u2019 own words, when students are required to take entrance examinations for higher education in the twelfth grade, test anxiety tends to increase relative to other grades, possibly due to the increased importance of the exams. The difficulties associated with rising student development and school demands may help to explain the negative correlation between this variable and the majority of socioemotional skills. Similar results were found in a national study by Matos et al.  analyzinAge is not a predictor of quality of life perception, unlike gender, SSES, PYD, and DASS. Age, SSES, PYD, and DASS can all predict life satisfaction, but gender is not one of them. According to our results, satisfaction with life is also impacted by SSES|optimism, sense of belonging to school, PYD|confidence, and connection. For their part, SSES|optimism, confidence, curiosity, energy, and PYD|connection reveal a favorable impact on the explanation of perceived quality of life. An interesting result from our perspective is the fact that SSES|bullying does not reveal a negative relationship with perceived quality of life, and in the literature, bullying shows a negative impact on health-related quality of life , or the Promote socio-emotional skills and literacy, adapting to the gender and years of schooling specifics identified here, e.g., proactive work;Increase (or acquisition) clinical psychologists in schools and health facilities, e.g., preventive work;Avoid reactive work, which is required in instances of moderate or severe symptomatology or pathology.It is crucial to understand that, in addition to their academic environment, adolescents\u2019 familial environment has a significant impact on their mental health. According to Matos et al.\u2019s study , adolescRegarding the study\u2019s strengths, it is important to note that it was conducted during the first school year after the return to the new post-COVID-19 normality, allowing us to see the actual situation and the psychological health requirements and characteristics of Portuguese students. In addition, the size of the sample and its stratification by the Portuguese mainland territories enable a country-wide perspective. Third, a period of development analysis between lower and upper secondary has different features. On the other hand, we note that the study is cross-sectional, we cannot be sure that the sample is representative, and we only used one method to collect data.In a subsequent study, in order to comprehend how the model behaves, a more in-depth examination will be conducted by education level and gender."}
{"text": "The use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) has increased exponentially and worldwide in the last decade. Taking into account their tolerability and safety profile, they constitute the first line, in all age groups and in polimedicated population, for treatment of depressive, anxious, and phobic disorders, among others. Although safe, especially when compared to first generation antidepressants, they are not totally exempt of adverse effects, and may cause, especially in this context, some degree of cognitive impairment, which may or may not be completely reversible. On the other hand, and despite the controversy related to the subject, some studies suggest a possible protective effect of this pharmacologic class regard the development of cognitive disfunction, which, although not very consistent, should not be neglected.To understand the cognitive impact of short- and long-term use of SSRIs, given the increasing use in an aging, polymedicated population.SSRIs\u201d, \u201ccognitive\u201d, \u201cimpairment\u201d, \u201cadverse effects\u201d, \u201cdementia\u201d.Brief sistematic review of selected articles from Pubmed, Medline and Uptodate databases, with the keywords \u201cSSRIs are not entirely exempt from cognitive effects, despite their recognized safety profile. Some of the adverse effects typically related to the class, such as hyponatraemia, especially when insidious and silent course, as well as anticholinergic activity  interfere with global functionality and may clinically present as mild cognitive impairment or even major neurocognitive disorders. Furthermore, given their potential to induce or inhibit the cytochrome P450 system, they are significantly implicated in pharmacokinetic drugs interactions that increase cognitive burden associated with other psychotropic drugs.In the long term, and in certain patient populations, it has been hypothesized that they may exert some protective effect on physiological and pathological cognitive functions decline, by preventing neuronal death, acetylcholine decrease and amoyloidogenesis.Despite their benign adverse effect profile, when compared with tricyclic antidepressants, SSRIs are not devoid of adverse effects on cognitive domains. However, and despite contradictory and inconsistent results, when well tolerated, SSRIs may confer benefits in terms of preserving global functionality, far beyond the affective symptoms resolution that motivated their introduction in the first place.None Declared"}
{"text": "Mental health issues can have significant impacts on individuals and communities and hence on social sustainability. There are several challenges facing mental health treatment; however, more important is to remove the root causes of mental illnesses because doing so can help prevent mental health problems from occurring or recurring. This requires a holistic approach to understanding mental health issues that are missing from the existing research. Mental health should be understood in the context of social and environmental factors. More research and awareness are needed, as well as interventions to address root causes. The effectiveness and risks of medications should also be studied. This paper proposes a big data and machine learning-based approach for the automatic discovery of parameters related to mental health from Twitter data. The parameters are discovered from three different perspectives: Drugs and Treatments, Causes and Effects, and Drug Abuse. We used Twitter to gather 1,048,575 tweets in Arabic about psychological health in Saudi Arabia. We built a big data machine learning software tool for this work. A total of 52 parameters were discovered for all three perspectives. We defined six macro-parameters  to aggregate related parameters. We provide a comprehensive account of mental health, causes, medicines and treatments, mental health and drug effects, and drug abuse, as seen on Twitter, discussed by the public and health professionals. Moreover, we identify their associations with different drugs. The work will open new directions for a social media-based identification of drug use and abuse for mental health, as well as other micro and macro factors related to mental health. The methodology can be extended to other diseases and provides a potential for discovering evidence for forensics toxicology from social and digital media. Several factors are contributing globally to declining social sustainability including people\u2019s health, economic issues, global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic and environmental disasters, and increased social division and polarization [Mental health is related to social sustainability because it is an important aspect of overall health and well-being, and mental health issues can have significant impacts on individuals and communities. Mental health issues such as depression and anxiety can lead to decreased productivity, absenteeism, suicides, and other negative impacts on social and economic well-being. For example, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), there is a suicide every 40 s, totaling more than 700,000 per year. This high rate of suicide highlights the deteriorating social conditions around the world .Moreover, addiction is often related to mental health in that it can be a symptom of, or a response to, underlying mental health issues. For example, people may turn to substances or behaviors such as drugs, smoking, alcohol, gambling, or internet use as a way to cope with mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, or stress. However, addiction can also contribute to, or exacerbate, mental health problems, as the use of substances or engagement in certain behaviors can have negative impacts on mental well-being . The CenThere are several challenges facing mental health treatment, including a lack of access to care, stigma, a shortage of mental health professionals, limited treatment options, co-occurring disorders, and a lack of integration with physical health care. These challenges can make it difficult for people to receive the mental health treatment they need, which can have negative impacts on their well-being and overall quality of life. Addressing these challenges is important for promoting mental health and improving the well-being of individuals and communities.However, more important is to remove the root causes of mental illnesses because doing so can help prevent mental health problems from occurring or recurring, improve the effectiveness of treatment, and reduce the need for ongoing care. Root causes of mental health issues can include trauma, genetics, environmental factors, and physical health issues. A multifaceted approach that addresses social, economic, and environmental factors as well as individual needs is needed to remove the root causes of mental health issues effectively.There is a significant body of research on the relationship between physical and psychological health. Studies have explored the connection between mental stress and physical diseases such as cancer, lung disease, and kidney disease ,7,8, as A holistic approach to understanding mental health issues is missing from the existing research. What is needed is to understand mental health and illnesses in the context of socio-economic and environmental contexts, create awareness for the people of the causes and effects of mental illnesses, and develop interventions to bring social behaviors, lifestyle, and root cause changes.This paper proposes a big data and machine learning-based approach for the automatic discovery of parameters (or factors) related to mental health  from Twitter data. The parameters are discovered from three different perspectives Drugs and Treatments, Causes and Effects, and Drug Abuse. Moreover, we automatically discover associations between the parameters and drugs. We gathered from Twitter 1,048,575 tweets in Arabic about psychological health in Saudi Arabia during the month of October 2022. The tweets were retrieved using various keywords and hashtags related to mental health. We built a machine learning software tool for this work  using different data sources. See for instance ,7,8,17. Discussing works that used machine-learning methods in studying topics related to mental health, for instance, Iram et al.  utilizedSeveral studies have utilized Twitter data for studying psychological health. Zhang et al.  developeRegarding research on mental health using Arabic Twitter data, we have found only a limited number of studies. Alabdulkreem  proposedOur work differs from previous research studies from a variety of perspectives including its particular focus, the nature of the dataset , the software design (the pipeline and approach for machine learning), the innovative methodology of using AI for discovering parameters, and the innovative methodology and design of finding associations between parameters and drugs.In this section, our methodology and the design of our tool are explained. Note that we have used contextual translations and made some adjustments to the translations of original Arabic tweets in order to make them more understandable to English readers. This may include changes to the order of the information in the tweet, the removal of unnecessary or redundant information, and the provision of summaries for tweets that are too long or contain unnecessary information. We have also sometimes omitted parts of the original tweets in order to protect the privacy of the tweeters. Note that Arabic tweets  tend to be written in an informal style, so a literal translation may not always be clear or convey the intended meaning. Note also that in some tables in the paper, some search terms, or key terms detected by our machine learning models, may appear multiple times. This is because the original terms in Arabic may be different, but their English translations may be identical. The Arabic content  is not presented in this paper due to the publisher\u2019s requirements. It can be found in an extended version of this paper made available on a preprint server .This study proposes a big data and machine learning-based approach for the automatic discovery of parameters related to psychological health from Twitter data. The proposed approach focuses on psychological disorders in Saudi Arabia but can be applied to other diseases and languages. There are five components in the proposed approach: data collection and storage, data preprocessing, drugs for psychological health parameters discovery, validation, and visualization and reporting. The first step was to use a Python script with a specified search query and a set of keywords and Twitter hashtags related to psychological health in Saudi Arabia. A discovery module was then constructed for data analysis and detection of parameters using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) and the scikit-learn library. We discovered the parameters from three different perspectives . The results for each perspective are discussed in detail in We collected Arabic tweets that are related to psychological health in Saudi Arabia using Twitter REST API and Tweepy. The data was obtained using various key terms and hashtags related to psychological health. For instance, the following key terms were used: depression, sadness, panic, mental illness, and others. Additionally, we used various hashtags such as depression month, social anxiety, social phobia, and others. A sample of the keywords used for data collection is as follows: suicide, social phobia, depression, depressed, sadness, fear, anxiety, obsessive, incantation, envy, panic, neurology, psychotherapy, mental health, psychological counseling, and mental illness. Some of the hashtags used include World Suicide Prevention Day, Suicide Awareness Month, suicide prevention, social anxiety, social phobia, depression, depression month, and seasonal depression. The list of Arabic key terms used in data collection can be found in an extended preprint version of this paper . The datData analytics requires the preparation of data as a critical ingredient. Data preprocessing involves a number of methods for cleaning, eliminating noise, improving quality, and, eventually, increasing accuracy. One of the libraries available for preparing textually based data is Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK). Preprocessing includes a number of steps including tokenization, normalization (replacing letters), stop word removal, and the elimination of irrelevant words and characters. Our first step in the preprocessing was eliminating all irrelevant characters and words such as numbers, URLs, different symbols , English alphabets, emojis, etc. Moreover, we eliminated non-Arabic characters, repeating characters, and all various forms of punctuation symbols such as brackets and mathematical notations. The next step was tokenization and normalization in which we removed all different types of Arabic diacritics including single marks such as Fatha, Dammah, Kasra, Tashdid, and Sukun as well as double marks such as Tanwin Damm, Tanwin Kasr, and Tanwin Fath. Moreover, we used the normalizer to convert all different shapes of Alif, Yaa, and Taa Murbutah to the basic form bare Alif, dotless Yaa, and Haa, respectively. After that, we removed the list of stop words provided by the NLTK library with an additional list of words in dialectical Arabic developed by us; further details of data-preprocessing of Arabic tweets including a list of Arabic stop words can be found in our earlier work .In this section, we discuss the methodology for identifying psychological health parameters through topic modeling analysis of Twitter data. Modeling of topics is a frequently employed AI approach for data analysis and topic discovery, and it contains various algorithms that identify patterns and themes in a collection of documents by clustering word terms . For topWe modeled the data from three perspectives: Drugs and Treatments, Causes and Effects, and Drug Abuse. We used a list of keywords to create a subset of the dataset and discover the parameters for each perspective. For instance, for the Drugs and Treatments perspective, we used names of antidepressants, painkillers, and medicines . For the Causes and Effects perspective, we used multiple keywords such as side, effects, and cause. For the Drug Abuse perspective, we used multiple keywords such as abuse and extra. Most of the keywords are in Arabic and few in English because some tweets use some terms in English such as medicine names. We modeled each perspective into different clusters. After extracting the clusters, we allocated each tweet to its cluster based on the highest probability of the tweet association with a cluster. After that, we performed an analysis of the tweets and keywords in each cluster in which we looked at the keywords and examined the context of the keywords in each parameter. This enabled us to name each cluster based on the keywords and tweets using our domain knowledge. We iteratively refined clusters\u2019 names using our domain knowledge and other quantitative measures. The process enabled us to eliminate irrelevant clusters and combine clusters that were similar. We eventually aggregated the parameters based on their common themes into macro-parameters that represent broader areas. This is done separately for each perspective.The discovered parameters were validated internally and externally. For external validation of the data and parameters extracted from the Twitter data, we utilized academic papers, news articles, and online reports. To assess the validity of the discovered data and parameters, internal validation was carried out utilizing tweets from the gathered dataset.In this study, we provide a variety of visualization methods of the parameters we have discovered. These are intertopic distance maps, taxonomies, and keyword frequency diagrams (both cluster-specific and corpus-wide). Python pyLDAvis package was used to compute and depict the terms frequency diagrams and distance maps ,51. The This section focuses on the parameters discovered for the Drugs and Treatments perspective. As noted in the Introduction Section, we have translated the Arabic content (words and tweets) contextually and made adjustments to the original text, including changes to the information order and the removal of unnecessary or redundant information. We have also omitted parts of the original text that were not useful.We used a list of Arabic and English keywords to create a subset of the dataset and discover the parameters for the Drugs and Treatments perspective. The subset contains 6717 tweets. The LDA algorithm detected 30 clusters from the subset of the dataset. We merged similar clusters, discovered parameters, and categorized them into five macro-parameters.The keywords used (translated into English) are as follows: medicine, drugs, pharmaceutical, medicinal, prescribe, prescription, dose, antidepressant, as anti (depression), anti (depressants), tranquilizer, milligrams, pill, pills, reliever, melatonin, Panadol, Rufenac, Celebrex, Ibuprofen, Acetaminophen, Brintellix, Duloxetine, Faverin, Seroxat, Lyrica, Remeron, Cipralex, Xanax, Benzodiazepine, Valium, Escitalopram, Leponex, Paroxetine, Bupropion, Imipramine, Haloperidol, Reserpine, Tetrabenazine, Clonazepam, Lorazepam, Diazepam, Amitriptyline, Nortriptyline, Mirzagen, Prozac, Serotonin, Cyproheptadine, Salipax, Tramadol, Wellbutrin, Letrozole, Cabergoline, Tranylcypromine, Gomood, Rhodiola, Ashwagandha, Duspatalin, and Omeprazole.A taxonomy see  illustraIn this section, we discuss the parameters related to the macro-parameter Diseases and Disorders. This parameter is about postpartum depression which is a form of depression that develops in women after giving birth to a child. The parameter is represented by keywords such as depression, birth, gloom, death, mother, afflict, women, sadness, husband, hate, and postpartum. Several tweets in this parameter discuss the symptoms of this disease such as exhaustion and lack of energy, sleep disturbance, anorexia disorder, weakness in concentration, and thinking about death.In this section, we discuss the parameters related to the macro-parameter Individual Factors including anxiety, sadness, poor concentration, poor memory, loss of appetite, and fear of medicine. This parameter relates to anxiety, a common emotion characterized by worry, nervousness, and unease about an uncertain outcome. It is a normal reaction to stress that everyone experiences at some point, but anxiety disorders are more than short-term worries or fears. Anxiety can have a negative impact on daily activities such as work, school, and interpersonal relationships . Common This parameter relates to sadness. It includes the following keywords: depression, treatment, sadness, time, psychological, anti (depression), symptoms, psychological, pills, treatment, deep, disappointed, hopes, wound, and heal. Many tweets in this parameter initiate sad thoughts. Some of the tweets are poems. We found several tweets that contain poems focusing on sadness due to love. They initiate sad thoughts in people; although people may enjoy it first, it can lead to severe depression and suicide like any other intoxication. It is well known that sad songs may give enjoyment to lovers, but they may also become a source of depression.The poor concentration parameter regards the difficulties in concentration and the issues related to it. This parameter contains the following keywords: depression, medication, treatment, disorder, anti (depression), self, causes, pills, diabetes, deficiency, anxiety, prescription, treatment, psychological, and dangerous. Although these keywords do not directly mention concentration, they are about diseases related to concentration. Most of the tweets are about causes of poor concentration including depression and anxiety.The poor memory parameter discusses the negative effects of depression on memory and focus. People and experts discussed how depression affects memory and one\u2019s ability to concentrate and remember. Moreover, some tweets have highlighted that some people fear using antidepressants because they think that it will cause issues with memory and concentration.This parameter is about loss of appetite, which can happen because of depression. Some of the keywords in this parameter are biscuits, psychological, treatment, medication, depression, eating, taking, alone, light, coffee, chocolate, and food. Some people have mentioned loss of appetite among the negative effects of antidepressants.This parameter regards fear of medicine. Individuals with this fear may feel intense fear and worry when considering taking medication or going to a doctor or hospital. The parameter covers some factors of fear, including the length of medicine (duration of treatment), side effects, fear about taking the incorrect medication, worry about being incorrectly diagnosed, concern about becoming dependent on medication, and fear about medical procedures or treatments.Here, we cover the parameters related to the macro-parameter Social and Economic Factors including poverty, unemployment and insufficient finances, high cost of healthcare, loss of loved ones, forensic psychiatry, and social depression. This parameter relates to poverty as an economic factor that can cause mental health issues. This parameter captures various dimensions such as low household income, medical care, children, stealing, sadness, fear, depression, and psychological diseases. Some tweets under this parameter have highlighted how stealing money from poor people can have a devastating impact on their mental health. It can have a disastrous effect on the livelihoods of those affected, depriving them of the basic necessities such as food, shelter, and medical care that their families and children require for survival. Eventually, it can lead to feelings of despair, depression, and mistrust in others.This parameter discusses inadequate finances and unemployment as social and economic factors for depression and mental health issues. This parameter includes various dimensions detected by our model such as work conditions, unemployment status, children, prison, depression, and committing suicide.This parameter relates to the high cost of healthcare as one of the socioeconomic causes of depression. This parameter involves various dimensions such as low income; healthcare expenses; chronic diseases; healthcare expenses for elderly parents; and stress and pressure. Some tweets discussed how low-income elderly people with chronic illnesses, such as diabetes or hypertension, tend to incur greater expenses for medical services. This may result in inadequate housing and nutrition, which may worsen health outcomes. All of these factors may lead to higher healthcare costs for those who are poor. This can contribute to feelings of stress and pressure.This parameter highlights one of the social causes of depression, the loss of loved ones. The parameter is represented by keywords such as pills, depression, period, feeling, lost, most important, depression, best, sleep, matter, medicine, even, life, living, death, friend, desire, and Iniesta. Some tweets related to the depression experience of the football player Iniesta who got depressed from the death of his close friend. The following tweet is an example: \u201cWhen I was fighting depression, my best time was when I swallowed pills and went to sleep. Even hugging my wife was like hugging a pillow, without feeling.\u201d.This parameter is about forensic psychiatry, defined as \u201cthe branch of psychiatry that deals with issues arising in the interface between psychiatry and the law, and with the flow of mentally disordered offenders along a continuum of social systems\u201d . It is \u201cThis parameter is about social depression. This parameter highlights various dimensions such as stressful life events, stigmatization of medicines, weight increase, and lifestyle. This parameter emphasizes the fact that society is living in a time when the cost of living and healthcare has increased, and high achievement has become a necessity leading to social depression and anxiety.The parameters associated with Treatment Options macro-parameter are discussed in this section. This parameter discusses walking as a treatment for psychological diseases. It is represented by keywords such as prescribe, body, walking, negativity, psychological, energy, nature, anxiety, needs, medications, diseases, fear, equivalent, work, painkillers, emptying, endorphins, sedatives, and reduce. The tweets in this parameter discuss a range of benefits of walking such as triggering the body\u2019s whole muscular system and reducing relapses of mental illnesses.This parameter is regarding optimism, which is a psychological approach or outlook that emphasizes the beneficial aspects of life and anticipates positive results. Optimism is often regarded as a form of resilience, allowing individuals to manage challenging circumstances and recover from adversity . This paThis parameter is about good company and the importance of good friends for mental health issues. Some of the keywords for the parameter are depression, anti (depression), best, friend, anti (depressants), normal, good, and defect. People discussed how good friend can be as an antidepressant for depression. There are many tweets in this parameter such as the following, \u201cBest antidepressant: (a good) Friend\u201d.This parameter focuses on the pendulum technique. It contains the following keywords: fear, then, question, pendulum, yourself, effectiveness, know, answer, write, ask, feelings, attachment, ready, mention, answer, sharp, intention, depression, anti (depressants), and sun. It was detected as a treatment for psychological issues.This parameter covers spirituality as a treatment for sadness and depression. People discussed how spirituality is used to treat people from sadness and depression. For example, doing good actions, remembering God, and praying the morning prayer.The antioxidants parameter focuses on the role of antioxidants in fighting depression and mental illnesses. It is represented by key terms such as coffee, psychological, depression, oxidation, treatment, anti (depression), condition, people, helps, most, moods, relieve, improve, anti (oxidants), richness, fruits, combined, plus, and vegetables. The tweets in this parameter have discussed natural sources of antioxidants. Moreover, many tweets have mentioned how coffee is rich in antioxidants and how it can help relieve depression and improve mood state.The painkillers and antidepressants parameter highlights the difference between painkillers and antidepressants in terms of their use. This parameter contains the following keywords: depression, medications, disease, treatment, patient, psychiatric, medication, psychological, anti (depression), instead of, doctor, depression, for a patient, Cipralex, painkiller, body, give, Celebrex, and hurt. Some tweets have mentioned that antidepressants can be prescribed for physical illnesses. It is not clear from the tweets why an antidepressant is prescribed. Doctors may see some symptoms of depression.This parameter is about community-supported therapies. This parameter includes various dimensions such as community support groups, society programs, faith, successful treatment factors, etc. Here is an example of a related tweet: \u201cPsychological diseases involve a set of genetic, familial and social factors, and therefore recovery from them also requires a combination of all these factors, such as regular use of medication, adherence to healthy habits and lifestyle \u201csports\u201d, family support, community awareness and embrace and not to reject those who suffer from it, or to stigmatize them as weak or lacking in faith!\u201d.This parameter is about the types of medical treatments for psychological illnesses, which are Cogitative Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and the use of medications/drugs. A number of tweets discuss psychotherapy and medication. For example, a tweet stated that \u201cin mental illness, each case is different from the other. And depends on the condition and depression degrees. Medicines are used in severe cases and behavioral therapy benefits most people. Therefore, first, you must visit a doctor, who will examine you and let you know whether you need to take medicine or undergo behavioral therapy\u201d. In addition, some tweets highlighted the importance of lifestyle for mental health.The parameters related to the macro-parameter Treatment Limitations are covered in this section. This parameter discusses antidepressant limitations. It is represented by keywords including depression, medicine, truth, relieve, reality, natural, dealing, mind, crises, right, exaggerating, delight, emotion, happiness, nervousness, etc.The parameter is about the negative effects of antidepressants. It is represented by keywords such as depression, medicine, anti (depressants), people, psychological, sadness, possible, pill, condition, psychological, actually, disease, nervousness, causes, etc. There are many tweets that mention the side effects of antidepressants. As previously noted, we have translated the Arabic content (words and tweets) contextually and made adjustments to the original text, including changes to the information order and the removal of unnecessary or redundant information. We have also omitted parts of the original text that were not useful. Here is an example tweet: \u201cIf the psychiatrist is incompetent, he will give the patient pills that ruin a person\u2019s life\u201d. A tweeter stated that one of her siblings committed suicide after a doctor convinced him that his depression doesn\u2019t have a solution and there is no treatment for it. In addition, in another case, it was reported in a tweet that someone\u2019s close relative was prescribed so many strong pills that if he forgot to take them for a day or two he would have a bout of screaming and crying.A number of tweets mentioned some diseases that were detected by our tool as side effects of antidepressants such as obesity, drowsiness, bruxism, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Some tweets have discussed the positive sides of using antidepressants. For example, the following tweet: \u201c\u2026 some mental illnesses are chronic like some physical illnesses such as diabetes and high blood pressure. Therefore, you may need to take antidepressants for long periods or all of your life\u201d. Several tweets have mentioned other ways of treating depression such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), St. John\u2019s wort, and magnesium.In this section, we provide the associations between the detected parameters and drugs for the Drugs and Treatments perspective. These are shown in These parameter-drug associations can be discovered automatically as follows: we built a vocabulary of all medicines used for the treatment of psychological illnesses, and we searched for these medicines against tweets in each parameter and recorded the associations with the drugs found through the search for each parameter.This section discusses the parameters discovered for the Causes and Effects perspective. An overview of parameters and macro-parameters is provided in We created a list of Arabic keywords to build a subset of the dataset and identify the parameters for the Causes and Effects perspective. The dataset obtained contains 88,566 tweets. The parameters and other information on the Causes and Effects perspective are provided in The keywords employed are side, effects, because of, cause it, it causes, caused by, cause, brought, result, weight, my weight, cholesterol, disorders, lethargy, migraine, appetite, metabolism, memory, concentration, dizziness, sleep, insomnia, headache, crying, stomach, hyperactivity, attention, deficit, depression, and addiction.In this section, the parameters that belong to the macro-parameter Diseases and Disorders are discussed including attachment disorder, insomnia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This parameter is about attachment disorder, which is a form of mental illness or behavioral condition that interferes with a person\u2019s capacity to establish and sustain relationships. It relates to the challenges involved in understanding emotions, expressing affection, and placing one\u2019s trust in others. The parameter is represented by keywords such as psychological, health, family, live, your life, hospital, person, reality, well-being, success, locked up, lost, attachment, money, etc. People discussed that someone should avoid excessive attachment to loved ones as it can destroy person\u2019s life. Furthermore, a case of a celebrity who was deceived by a loved one was discussed.This parameter focuses on insomnia, which can be a cause or an effect of other psychological issues. This parameter is characterized by keywords such as sleep, sadness, anxiety, doctor, eye, fear, depression, symptoms, fear, diaspora, matter, etc. People discussed different reasons for insomnia such as excessive worry, fear, depression, anxiety about events or people, sadness, excessive thinking, exhaustion, or loss and nostalgia.This parameter regards obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), which is a prevalent mental health problem characterized by compulsive behaviors and obsessive thoughts. People discussed the symptoms of OCD, the causes and treatment. For example, someone tweeted: \u201cObsessive-compulsive disorder is the control of an idea that its owner knows is absurd, forcing him to repeat actions, such as making sure the door is locked, cleanliness, or purity, to a degree that may affect the productivity of the individual. This indicates underlying anxiety and can be treated with some medication and dialogue...\u201d.This cluster is about post-surgery depression, and it focuses on surgeries as a cause of depression. The tweets associated with this parameter are mostly related to the depression that occurs after Sleeve gastrectomy surgery because the stomach is restricted to a certain food, and this has a negative effect, such as feeling lonely or that the person cannot go out and eat a variety of foods like before. However, depression can happen as a side effect of any other surgery.The chronic physiological diseases parameter discusses various diseases that could lead to depression. The following keywords were detected by our model: depression, depression, cause, psychological, sick, chronic, king, medical, brain, fear, diseases, Salman, suffering, surgical, cause, city, relationship, psychological, nerves, and compensate. When a person suffers from a disease that affects his ability to move and could lead to some changes in lifestyle, this could result in depression. A tweet mentioned five chronic diseases which cause depression and sadness including diabetes mellitus, arthritis, heart disease, kidney failure, and thyroid gland. Some other tweets linked COVID-19 infection to a range of chronic neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, memory problems, and Parkinson\u2019s disease-like disorders.We highlight here the parameters under the macro-parameter Individual Factors. There are eight parameters. This parameter is about fear as a cause or effect of psychological illnesses. Our model detected the following keywords: leave, care, fear, weight, gain, about you, subject, sleep, diseases, poverty, keep away, think, difference, fear, doctor, health, face, your fear, and sources. The tweets highlighted different kinds of fear including fear of losing persons, fear of diseases, fear of poverty, and others.This parameter is about sadness which could be a symptom, a cause, or an effect of psychological diseases. It is represented by keywords including world, depression, wish, real, people, complete, me, normal, age, try, need, needs, work, fear, person, years, time, stay, etc. This parameter is similar to a parameter covered in the previous perspective. For more details see This parameter is about loneliness, which is characterized by keywords such as wish, heart, alone, sadness, complete, pass, loneliness, mind, stage, fear, focus, nights, human, thinking, anxiety, unknown, details, compensate, trust, and calm down. Someone tweeted: \u201cI hope that God will compensate me for all the nights of loneliness, sadness and misery, and reassure my heart \u2026\u201d.This parameter is about people who lost their sense of value and pleasure in everything and wish for death. This parameter includes the following keywords: depression, want, need, myself, times, moment, desire, overwhelming, disappear, the world, have, presence, heavy, exist, feel, want, depression, sadness, and view. People discussed different symptoms associated with lacking passion such as a feeling of helplessness, low energy and exhaustion, constant pain, and the feeling of guilt. Other tweets have mentioned other symptoms including a lack of self-esteem, self-loathing, lack of focus, loss of hope, and the desire to disappear.This parameter is about the suppression of emotions either positive or negative, which can lead to depression and other psychological illnesses. Based on our model, the following keywords were detected: sadness, sorrow, physical, cause, after, able, personality, disease, experience, sleep, possible, upset/angry, need, your chest, was not, wish, tell, say, inside, and live. Some tweets highlighted some of the effects of suppressed emotions such as anxiety, depression, and other stress-related illnesses. Other tweets mentioned the importance of discussion and expressing emotions for psychological health.The negative emotions parameter is about people who talk about and share their personal negative experiences and generalize them, causing depression for themselves and others in society. It is represented by keywords such as depression, condition, people, friendliness, because, human, life, depression, psychological, crying, sleep, conversation, life, yourself, have, sadness, anxiety, permanent, phrase, and love.This parameter regards the devil and negative thoughts. It is characterized by keywords such as most important, sadness, anxiety, whirlpool, fear, heart, devil, life, comfortable, bad, sorrows, stable, caused, current, last, past, make, tense, and destroy. People discussed how the devil negatively affects people\u2019s mental health. The following tweet is an example: \u201cRemember that one of devil\u2019s most important goals is to cultivate sadness and fear in the heart, so that he does not make you stable or comfortable, but rather discontented, anxious, and pessimistic. He links you to the past, its pains, and the sorrows it causes you, and links you to the future, its fears and anxieties; To make you always in a tense spiral and mistrust, and his goal is to destroy your current moment and spoil your life.\u201d.This parameter is about lacking inner peace. The following keywords were detected by our model: life, peace, anxiety, insomnia, stay away, in you, people, many, things, topic, anger, inside me, focus, your Lord, struggle, urgency, fear, anxiety, psychological, and joy. This parameter focuses on the importance of inner peace for fighting depression. People discussed different things such as how to get inner peace by avoiding passing judgment on people. Following is an example tweet: \u201cIf you do not feel peace within you, you will find many things in life that cause you anger, chaos, grumbling, anxiety, and conflict. How do I find peace inside me? get closer to your Lord; avoid passing judgment on people; stay away from focusing on any disturbing topic; live life with grace, not with complexity.\u201d.There are five parameters under the Social and Economic Factors macro-parameter. This parameter covers various study-related issues which could cause psychological illnesses such as studying for long hours, studies-related depression, and bullying in schools. The parameter contains the following keywords: concern, problem, subject, permission, fear, cause, psychological, lead, schools, academic, level, impact, delay, space, going, coming, elite, to school, disability, and counsellors. The tweets discussed the causes of psychological illness. For instance, the following tweet highlights different causes of psychological illnesses and some solutions which don\u2019t lie in drugs: \u201cWhen the psychologist\u2019s tweets highlight how some psychological disorders, such as depression, anxiety, etc., develop as a result of people\u2019s exposure to psychological trauma, abused childhood, or some social problems such as divorce and others. It is natural to find that the solution to these problems does not lie in drug treatment\u201d.Furthermore, a tweet stated a list of disorders which are related to certain causes. These disorders include anxiety disorders, especially panic attacks and anxiety about disease, depression and mood disorders, traumatic disorders, personality disorders, dissociative disorders, and internal psychological struggle due to social pressure. Another tweet highlighted various socioeconomic causes of depression and psychiatric disturbances. A tweet reported that \u201cthe poor economic state of the family may cause social problems and bad psychological effects that lead to excessive thinking and eventually lead to mental illnesses\u201d.A number of tweets reported that universities and schools cause fear and depression. Moreover, several tweets discussed the issues of bullying in schools and how it affects the academic progress of students. For example, a tweet mentioned that bullying in schools can cause depression, anxiety, social shyness, social phobia, and eventually delay in the academic level.This parameter focuses on work as a cause of psychological issues. Among the keywords that our model detected are depression, limit, need, possible, permanence, depressed, length, fear, offender, no one, praise be to God, literally, still, life, sufficiency, society, coming, and deficiency. People discussed how long working hours affect mental health and how leaving very little time for family and social relationships can result in depression and family breakup.This parameter is about the lifestyle as a cause of psychological illness including eating and thinking patterns. The parameter is represented by keywords such as time, depression, sadness, cause, grace, speech, problems, know, silence, understood, inside, pretended, stupid, committed, smiled, answered, wellness, weight, in relation to, and hospital. Here are some example tweets about maintaining a good lifestyle. For example, the following tweet: \u201cMost people write about pain and talk about fatigue until their minds are programmed to be depressed and think negatively which cause them illnesses\u201d.Following is another example tweet: \u201cMalnutrition is the cause of mental illness, which can be treated with diet, exercise, cupping, and good company rather than medicine. The consumption of indomie, soft drinks, and drinks containing stimulants causes fear. Alcohol, smoking, and sweets cause anxiety and depression.\u201d.This parameter is about the high cost of healthcare as a socioeconomic factor for psychological illnesses. This parameter includes the keywords depression, knew, make, have, session, psychological, period, good, for depression, seasons, diseases, suffering, fear, difficult, home, street, family, and life. This parameter is similar to a parameter covered in the previous dimension. For further details see This parameter is about seasonal depression which is a type of depression that occurs as a result of the change of seasons. This parameter is represented by keywords such as depression, Saturday, gloom, depression, severe, I have, birth, feel, winter, weather, spray, period, know, month, offender, people, cause, feel, atmosphere, and inside. In tweets and keywords, different types of depression were mentioned such as post-weekend depression, postpartum depression, and winter depression.This parameter regards emotional release (catharsis) as part of psychotherapy. The following keywords were detected by our model: depression, life, fear, hair, remove, cut, winter, sleep, name, family, wake up, satiate, inside, side, entered, smell, bring, come, answer, and people. Many tweets have talked about cutting hair as a way of emotional release. The following tweet, for example: \u201cCutting hair removes 100% of life\u2019s depression\u201d.This parameter is about good friends and is described by the following keywords: depression, better, anxiety, person, can, deeper, seriously, kidding, inside you, collect, spontaneity, quest, reach, continuity, wonderful, include you, the two things, the mother, cause, and not happened. People discussed the importance of good friends for psychological health. Following is an example tweet: \u201cWhen you talk to good friend while you are in a state of anxiety and fear, you become reassured because of his deep words and great actions\u201d.This parameter covers spirituality as a treatment for psychological illnesses. This parameter is similar to a parameter covered in the previous perspective. For further details see This parameter is about surgery as a treatment for psychological diseases. Among the keywords that our model detected are operation, depression, sadness, hours, surgery, success, suffering, future, sleep, psychological, medical, patient, mood, Salman, natural, first, thinking, anxiety, excess, and permanent. Several tweets have talked about the success of a surgical operation to treat a patient suffering from chronic depression.Similar to Furthermore, we found that some painkillers, such as Panadol, are associated with the Insomnia parameter. The research highlights that the use of painkillers may be associated with an increased risk of developing insomnia. Opioid use is likely to be a contributing factor to insomnia due to the sedative effects of opioids, which can make it difficult to fall asleep and stay asleep . FurtherIt is possible that individuals who experience pain or headaches and have difficulty sleeping may benefit from the use of painkillers. Research has demonstrated that individuals suffering from chronic pain often experience sleep disturbances , includiIn this section, we discuss the parameters discovered for the Drug Abuse perspective. An overview of parameters and macro-parameters is provided in In this section, we discuss the Drug Abuse perspective. We employed a list of keywords to build a subset of the dataset and identify the parameters for the Drug Abuse perspective. The following is a translation of the list of keywords utilized: abuse, mood, trance, without a recipe, pill, and extra. The dataset that we got after filtering data contains 2,701 tweets.The LDA algorithm detected 30 clusters for the Drug Abuse perspective. We excluded twenty clusters from the results as they were irrelevant to the focus of this perspective. We merged similar clusters, discovered parameters, and categorized them into five macro-parameters. Using the discovered parameters for Drug Abuse perspective, a taxonomy was created see .In this section, we discuss the parameters related to the macro-parameter Drug Abuse. This parameter relates to bipolar disorder, known as manic depression, which is defined as \u201ca mental illness that causes unusual shifts in a person\u2019s mood, energy, activity levels, concentration, and ability to carry out day-to-day tasks\u201d . It invoThis parameter regards university exams and is described by the following keywords: depression, condition, fine, pills, work, tried, unfortunately, help, peace, family, suicide, prison, answer, mercy, cut, tired, have, difficult, and see.This parameter relates to the death of loved ones as a cause of drug abuse. The following keywords were detected by our model: pills, depression, matter, feeling, period, depression, life, better, more important, medicine, even, death, lived, lost, sleep, go, desire, resistance, Kharkhi, etc. Some tweets relate to the depression of football player Iniesta and the death of his close friend which caused him depression.This parameter discusses addiction, known as substance use disorder. It is a condition characterized by an impaired ability to control the use of legal or illicit drugs, alcohol, nicotine, or other substances, resulting in changes in brain function and behavior . This paThis parameter is about abusing drugs and committing suicide as an effect of psychological issues. The following keywords were detected by our model: psychological, potion, treatment, heart, one, long, love, doctor, take, pass, fear, depression, bad, etc. Some people mentioned that they have tried to commit suicide by using an overdose of medicine.This parameter is about the Flakka drug. The following keywords were detected by our model: depression, fear, love, potion, intensity, newness, intake, feeling, problem, desire, alone, therefore, withdrawal, dope, lethargy, drug, to withdraw, attempt, symptoms, and depression. Many tweets mentioned that this drug is spread among young people and the reason for its spread is that it is cheap. People have also discussed the effects of using the Flakka drug such as hallucinations, madness, strange behavior, loss of control over mental abilities, and a mad start to a dark path. Many tweets have also mentioned the withdrawal symptoms of the drug such as feeling lethargy and suffering severe depression.This section highlights the associations between the detected parameters and drugs for the Drug Abuse perspective. In this research, we proposed a big data and machine learning-based approach for the automatic discovery of parameters related to psychological health from Twitter data. The parameters are discovered from three different perspectives: Drugs and Treatments, Causes and Effects, and Drug Abuse. Moreover, we automatically discovered associations between the parameters and drugs. The parameters were discussed in detail in We discovered twenty-four parameters from the Drugs and Treatments perspective and grouped them into five macro-parameters: Diseases and Disorders, Individual Factors, Social and Economic Factors, Treatment Options, and Treatment Limitations. A total of twenty-two parameters were detected from the Causes and Effects perspective and we grouped them into four macro-parameters: Diseases and Disorders, Individual Factors, Social and Economic Factors, and Treatment Options. We detected six parameters from Drug Abuse perspective, namely, bipolar disorder, university exams, death of loved ones, addiction, suicide, and flakka drug.A multi-perspective view of psychological health data is depicted in This work makes important theoretical and practical contributions to the area. The earlier research see  has lookThis work sheds new light on the social and environmental factors that impact mental health and makes significant contributions to the field of toxics. Through the use of big data and machine learning, the study was able to identify the root causes of mental health issues from Twitter data and analyze parameters related to drugs and treatments, causes and effects, and drug abuse. As a result, this work provides a more comprehensive understanding of the complex social and environmental factors that contribute to mental health issues. This research seeks to identify and address the harmful social and environmental factors that can cause or worsen mental health issues, making it an important contribution to the field of toxics. Furthermore, it provides valuable insights into the relationship between mental health and various factors, which has the potential to inform the development of effective interventions that can improve public health and social sustainability. Our approach of focusing on different perspectives and aggregating identified parameters into macro-parameters is a powerful method that allows for a more nuanced and detailed understanding of mental health and its contributing factors. By identifying these factors, this study has the potential to contribute to the development of strategies to reduce exposure to harmful substances and mitigate the negative impacts of social, economic, and environmental factors on mental health. Therefore, the findings of this study have significant implications for the improvement of public health and social sustainability.The findings have the potential to open new avenues for identifying drug use and abuse for mental health, as well as other micro and macro factors related to mental health through social media. The methodology can also be applied to other diseases and may have the potential for forensic toxicology research. However, more research is needed to fully explore the potential of social media for forensic purposes. Moreover, our approach can serve as an autonomous real-time surveillance system that captures crucial system parameters related to mental health, socio-economic factors, and the environment. By detecting opportunities, challenges, and risks, we can take proactive steps toward optimizing society for better, sustainable health outcomes. Moreover, our system\u2019s ability to monitor and analyze a variety of factors in real-time allows for swift and effective action to be taken in response to potential threats to mental health. By continually tracking and assessing these parameters, we can proactively identify potential risks and take steps to mitigate them. This not only improves individual well-being but also helps to create a healthier, more resilient society.The work presented in this paper is the beginning, many more works are needed to investigate the potential of social media for forensic and other purposes. This research is part of our broader work on data-driven parameter discovery from Twitter and other data sources applied previously to different research areas including the education sector in KSA during COVID-19 , the disThis work is scientifically valid as it uses a systematic approach to gather data from Twitter and applies big data and machine learning techniques to analyze the data. The study collected a large sample of over one million tweets in Arabic about psychological health in Saudi Arabia. The use of a large sample increases the statistical power of the study, making it more representative of the population of interest. The study used machine learning algorithms to discover parameters related to mental health from the tweets, which ensures a consistent and replicable approach to the data analysis. The methodology used in the study is comprehensive and transparent. The paper provides a detailed account of how the study was conducted, including the data collection process, machine learning algorithms, and the parameters discovered. This allows other researchers to replicate the study and verify the results. Furthermore, this study identifies the potential for extending the methodology to other diseases and forensic toxicology, further demonstrating the robustness of the methodology. Our methodology and results are applicable to other research domains beyond mental health; therefore, our findings have a level of generality and transferability. This implies that results are not limited to the specific sample, population, or context used in this paper but can be extended to other contexts or populations. This study\u2019s results provide a comprehensive account of mental health from different perspectives, including drugs and treatments, causes and effects, and drug abuse. This study identified 52 parameters from different perspectives related to mental health, which were further aggregated into six macro-parameters. This study\u2019s findings were based on social media discussions by both the public and health professionals, which provides insight into the social and environmental factors that impact mental health. Furthermore, this study identified the associations between different drugs and mental health, which has implications for the effectiveness and risks of medication for treating mental health issues. In conclusion, this study\u2019s comprehensive methodology, large sample size, and use of machine learning algorithms make it scientifically valid. This study\u2019s results provide a valuable contribution to understanding mental health issues from a social and environmental perspective, and the potential for extending the methodology to other diseases and forensic toxicology provides a promising avenue for future research.Mental health issues can have significant impacts on individuals and communities, and addressing root causes can help prevent mental health problems. The big data and machine learning approach proposed in this paper can be used to automatically discover parameters related to mental health from Twitter data, including information on drugs and treatments, causes and effects, and drug abuse. This can provide a comprehensive understanding of mental health as seen on social media, discussed by the public and health professionals, and can also identify associations with different drugs. The methodology can be extended to other diseases and has the potential for discovering evidence for forensic toxicology from social and digital media. Additional research is necessary to fully explore the potential of social media for forensic purposes; this paper is just the beginning and it will form our future work.The conclusions drawn in this work are confirmed by scientific data and objectivity in several ways. First, the paper identifies mental health as a significant issue with impacts on individuals and communities and highlights the need for a holistic approach to understand its root causes. This understanding is supported by scientific research on mental health and the impacts of social and environmental factors on mental health outcomes. Second, we propose a data-driven approach for discovering parameters related to mental health from Twitter data. The use of big data and machine learning tools is a well-established methodology for data analysis and can provide insights into complex problems, including mental health. Third, we report the results of this study that collected over one million Arabic tweets about psychological health in Saudi Arabia. The use of Twitter data provides an objective and real-time view of mental health issues, as discussed by the public and health professionals. The analysis of the Twitter data provides a comprehensive account of mental health, causes, medicines and treatments, mental health and drug effects, and drug abuse.Although our work on using big data and machine learning to automatically discover parameters related to mental health from Twitter data is innovative and insightful, there are limitations to the study that must be considered. Firstly, the study solely relies on Twitter data, which may not represent the entire population and may suffer from selection bias. Additionally, the study only focuses on Arabic tweets related to mental health in Saudi Arabia during a specific period, which may limit the generalizability of the findings. To address this limitation, more data should be collected and analyzed in Saudi Arabia and internationally. Secondly, the study collected a substantial number of tweets, but further research is needed to capture relevant tweets comprehensively, such as through additional keywords and hashtags. Thirdly, the research focused on three perspectives, and more research is needed to ensure that all perspectives are captured to provide more comprehensive information. Fourthly, there is a need to incorporate other sources of digital media and scientific data to enhance the diversity and richness of the discovered information. Finally, while machine learning algorithms are powerful tools for data analysis, they are not infallible and may produce inaccurate or biased results. We are confident that all the limitations we have identified can be overcome in our future work. As we move forward, we invite the community to join us in improving the proposed approach and enhancing its robustness and impact. Working together, we can achieve our goals and realize the full potential of our efforts."}
{"text": "The last five decades have witnessed an inordinate number of advances in the diagnosis and management of congenital heart defects (CHDs), as reviewed elsewhere . These aIn the first paper, Vecchiato and associates from Padova and Naples, Italy, discuss the overshoot of the respiratory exchange ratio during recovery from maximal exercise testing in young patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) . The autIn the second paper, Sganga and her colleagues from Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA review quality improvements in a pediatric echocardiography laboratory . The autIn the third paper, Dr. Pop from the University of Medicine Pharmacy Sciences and Technology of Tirgu Mures and the Tirgu Mures Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases and Heart Transplant, Tirgu Mures, Romania, compares different contrast agents  used for computed tomographic angiography (CTA) studies in infants referred for aortic arch evaluation . Dr. PopIn the paper to follow, I review clinical aspects of mitral atresia with normal aortic root . Mitral In the next paper, Dr. Singh from the Baylor College of Medicine/The Children\u2019s Hospital of San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA, reviews \u201cas low as reasonably achievable\u201d (ALARA) in pediatric electrophysiology laboratory . Dr. SinIn the sixth paper, Dr. Divekar and associates from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center/Children\u2019s Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, and the Cleveland Clinic Children\u2019s Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA, review transcatheter device therapy and how to integrate advanced imaging with invasive procedures in the management of CHD . These aIn the subsequent paper, Dr. Arar and his colleagues at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center/Children\u2019s Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, review the role of cross-sectional imaging in pediatric interventional cardiac catheterization . This paIn the next paper, Dr. Betancourt and her associates from The Children\u2019s Hospital of San Antonio/Baylor College of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA, review the utility of a three-dimensional printed model in the biventricular repair of complex CHDs . They rep = 0.27). In addition, no difference in time to first oral feed (2.0 days (1.1\u20134.5) vs. 3.1 days (1.8\u20134.4), p = 0.34) and time to goal feed (6.0 days (3.2\u20138.3) vs. 6.9 days (5.0\u20139.0), p = 0.15) was detected. Furthermore, no variance in establishing all oral feeds in one year: 88% vs. 98%, p = 0.16 was identified. However, the delayed group performed substantially worse on all the above parameters. The authors conclude that immediate and early groups demonstrated no variations in feeding outcomes or length of stay in their investigation, while the delayed group performed worse on all measures. Consequently, they recommend that caregivers focus on extubating the babies within 3 days following surgery to enhance feeding outcomes while reducing hospitalization duration.In a subsequent paper, Kepple and his associates from Creighton University School of Medicine and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, review the impact of extubation time on feeding outcomes after neonatal cardiac surgery . The autIn the final paper of this series, Dr. Sharma and associates from The Children\u2019s Hospital of San Antonio/Baylor College of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA, and the Cohen Children\u2019s Medical Center, New York, NY, USA, discuss advances in the prenatal management of fetal cardiac disease . They stThe papers included in this Special Issue, while not addressing all the advances that occurred in the last 50 years , have in"}
{"text": "Incorrect AffiliationIn the published article, there was an error in affiliation 7. Instead of \u201cDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Noura bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia\u201d, it should be \u201cDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Correction: Liu et al. BMC Medical Imaging (2023) 23:14710.1186/s12880-023-01077-4Following the publication of the original article [1], it was brought to our attention that an error had been introduced during typesetting. In the article [1], it was stated that the Corresponding Author, Zhentao Li, was affiliated with United Imaging Intelligence (Beijing) Co., Ltd, located at Yongteng North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100,094, People\u2019s Republic of China.The correct affiliation for Zhentao Li should have been the Department of Radiology, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, located at 11 Xizhimen Nandajie, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100,044, People\u2019s Republic of China.The author group information has been updated accordingly, and the original article  has been"}
{"text": "Patient blood management (PBM) is a multidisciplinary and patient-centered treatment approach, comprising the detection and treatment of anemia, the minimization of blood loss, and the rational use of allogeneic transfusions. Pregnancy, delivery, and the puerperium are associated with increased rates of iron deficiency and anemia, which correlates with worse maternal and fetal outcomes and places pregnant women at increased risk of obstetric hemorrhage.off-label use of human recombinant erythropoietin in selected patients. This regimen should be tailored to the needs of each individual patient. Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) accounts for up to one-third of maternal deaths in both developing and developed countries. Bleeding complications should be anticipated and blood loss reduced by interdisciplinary preventive measures and individually tailored care. It is recommended that facilities have a PPH algorithm, primarily focusing on prevention through use of uterotonics, but also incorporating early diagnosis of the cause of bleeding, optimization of hemostatic conditions, timely administration of tranexamic acid, and integration of point-of-care tests to support the guided substitution of coagulation factors, alongside standard laboratory tests. Additionally, cell salvage has proven beneficial and should be considered for various indications in obstetrics including hematologic disturbances, as well as various forms of placental disorders.Early screening for iron deficiency before the onset of anemia, as well as the use of oral and intravenous iron to treat iron deficiency anemia, has been shown to be beneficial. Anemia in pregnancy and the puerperium should be treated according to a staged regimen, administering either iron alone or in combination with an This article reviews PBM in pregnancy, delivery, and the puerperium. The concept comprises early screening and treatment of anemia and iron deficiency, a transfusion and coagulation algorithm during delivery, as well as cell salvage. Patient blood management (PBM) is a multidisciplinary and patient-centered treatment approach, comprising the detection and treatment of anemia, the minimization of blood loss, and the rational use of allogeneic transfusions. So far, the focus of PBM has been on major elective surgeries. Given the success of PBM initiatives , it seemPregnancy, delivery, and the puerperium are associated with increased rates of iron deficiency and anemia , 3, 4, wAnemia in pregnancy is defined by the WHO as a hemoglobin level <110 g/L. Worldwide, up to 40% of pregnant women receive a diagnosis of anemia . In EuroThe leading cause of anemia in pregnancy as well as postpartum is iron deficiency , 14. TheIron deficiency has detrimental effects on physical and mental performance, thermoregulation, immune function, neurologic function, and enzymatic function , with the consequence that maternal mortality rises with increasing severity of iron deficiency anemia . In geneThe administration of iron without actual knowledge of iron status is considered controversial , 27. AccBy contrast, diagnosed iron deficiency should be treated, as even mild anemia can be unpredictable, suddenly worsening over the course of a pregnancy with attendant risks to the mother and fetus. The mode of therapy should take into account various factors, including time remaining until delivery, the severity of anemia, the likelihood of additional complications , maternal comorbidities, and the patient's wishes   Fig. 2)2).Oral iron is the gold standard for the treatment of mild to moderate iron deficiency anemia . Higher Gastrointestinal side effects such as constipation, heartburn, and nausea, which occur in up to 30% of patients and limit the dose which can be administered, are a major disadvantage of oral iron preparations , 38, 39.Intravenous iron preparations are an important adjunct or alternative to oral iron therapy and allogenic blood transfusion. Indications for intravenous iron therapy include inadequate therapeutic response to oral iron therapy, anemia requiring rapid normalization, or simultaneous use of erythropoiesis stimulating proteins  .Intravenous iron administration bypasses the intestinal mechanism of iron absorption and therefore often results in an increase in free iron in serum after intravenous iron administration . DespiteA first, hemoglobin and ferritin measurement is normally performed in the first trimester and an oral iron therapy is usually prescribed in case of hemoglobin <100 g/L and/or ferritin <30 g/L. In the case of a lack of response to oral iron (Hb levels rising by less than 10 g/L within 14 days), severe iron-deficiency anemia, intolerance of oral iron, or clinical need for rapid and efficient treatment of anemia , intravenous iron therapy should be administered in the absence of contraindications but not before 16 weeks of gestation .The intravenous iron preparations used today differ in terms of pharmacokinetics, molecular mass, toxicity, and side effects . Meta-anSeveral studies have confirmed the efficacy and safety of parenteral iron as ferrous saccharate in iron deficiency and anemia in pregnancy , 47, 48.Study data are available for other intravenous iron preparations too, for example, iron polymaltose, iron gluconate, and low molecular weight iron dextrans . In geneThe growth factor rhEPO, a glycoprotein , is identical to endogenous erythropoietin and serves as a selective growth and survival factor for erythroid cells . Of releMeanwhile, there is also increasing experience using rhEPO in obstetrics , 64, 65.According to present results, the combination of rhEPO and parenteral iron is superior to iron therapy alone in terms of raising hemoglobin concentration and may be considered as an alternative in severe anemia or rejection of allogenic blood transfusion . The effThe coagulation cascade as classically taught, with extrinsic and intrinsic pathways converging on a final common pathway of thrombin formation, does not fully capture the true nature of in vivo clot formation . A more In this model, the exposure of TF-bearing cells to factor VII activates the extrinsic pathway leading to the formation of a small amount of thrombin. This small amount of thrombin then amplifies the pro-coagulant response by activating cofactors, factor XI, and platelets. Following that, a large burst of thrombin is formed on the platelet surface via the intrinsic pathway. Thus, the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways are not redundant but rather work in concert to bring about adequate secondary hemostasis ending in conversion of fibrinogen in fibrin monomers .3, due to a combination of hemodilution, and rapid turnover in the uteroplacental unit [Pregnancy is characterized by multiple changes to this system  Fig. 3)3). Firsttal unit , 76.Third, and perhaps most importantly, there is an altered baseline coagulation status in pregnancy. The most notable change with respect to the nonpregnant state is a progressive rise in fibrinogen (factor I) concentration, peaking at 24 h postpartum , 79, 80.Standard laboratory tests of coagulation do not reliably reflect the hypercoagulable state of pregnancy , 89, 90.Coagulation disorders in the setting of preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, or disseminated intravascular coagulation often result in high blood loss. Other, more common, situations with a risk for massive hemorrhage arise from the placenta accreta spectrum, or placental abruption. 90% of patients with placenta accreta spectrum have blood loss >2,000 mL, which is associated with an increased risk of allogeneic blood transfusion. PPH is defined as blood loss in excess of 500 mL independent of delivery mode .The four leading causes of PPH are uterine atony, accounting for up to 80% of cases, as well as trauma, placental disorders, and coagulation defects, although PPH can also occur in women without any of these risk factors. These are also known as the \u201cfour Ts\u201d: tone, trauma, tissue, and thrombin , 105. AsMeasures for the prevention of PPH suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) include the administration of uterotonics, primarily oxytocin, late cord clamping , controlled cord traction for placental removal, and assessment of uterine tone in all women . The treConsidering the importance of rapid correction of hemostasis during PPH, viscoelastic point-of-care tests, such as ROTEM and TEG, have been proven to be of great value in the assessment of bleeding, by allowing for individualized coagulation management according to each patient's needs . PPH algFocusing on the second pillar of PBM, the reduction of perioperative red blood cell loss, the use of a cell salvage can also be applied in a peripartum setting. Historically, the idea of collecting a patient's own blood was born in obstetrics when the case of a woman who died of PPH provoked William Highmore to write a letter to The Lancet in 1874, stating that re-transfusing the lost blood could have saved the patient's life. In the past few decades, cell salvage has been implemented in various surgical settings. Despite this auspicious start, clinicians were initially cautious in obstetrics, due to concerns regarding amniotic fluid embolism and the re-transfusion of fetal debris potentially causing maternal alloimmunization. However, a focused review by Goucher et al.  of over Within obstetrics, cell salvage should be considered for various indications, especially various forms of placental disorders . FurtherPregnancy, delivery, and the puerperium are associated with increased rates of iron deficiency and anemia, which correlates with worse maternal and fetal outcomes and places pregnant women at increased risk of obstetric hemorrhage. Iron deficiency and anemia in pregnancy and the puerperium should be treated according to a staged regimen, administering either iron alone or in combination with human recombinant erythropoietin in selected patients. This regimen should be tailored to of the needs of each individual woman. It is recommended that obstetric facilities have a PPH algorithm, which incorporates early diagnosis of the cause of bleeding, optimization of hemostatic conditions, timely administration of TXA as well as oxytocin, and integration of point-of-care tests to support the guided substitution of coagulation factors, alongside standard laboratory tests. Cell salvage has been shown to be safe and beneficial and should be considered for various indications in obstetrics.David Hencker and Clara Castellucci have no conflicts of interest to declare. Alexander Kaserer received honoraria for lecturing from Bayer AG, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland. Christian Breymann is medical advisor in the field of iron therapy in OBGYN and received honoraria for lecturing from Vifor International and Pierre Fabre Switzerland. Donat R. Spahn's academic department is receiving grant support from the Swiss National Science Foundation, Berne, Switzerland, the Swiss Society of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (SSAPM), Berne, Switzerland, the Swiss Foundation for Anesthesia Research, Zurich, Switzerland, Vifor SA, Villars-sur-Gl\u00e2ne, Switzerland, and Vifor  AG, St. Gallen, Switzerland. Dr. Spahn is co-chair of the ABC-Trauma Faculty, sponsored by unrestricted educational grants from Novo Nordisk Health Care AG, Zurich, Switzerland, CSL Behring GmbH, Marburg, Germany, LFB Biom\u00e9dicaments, Courtaboeuf Cedex, France, and Octapharma AG, Lachen, Switzerland. Dr. Spahn received honoraria/travel support for consulting or lecturing from Danube University of Krems, Austria, European Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Brussels, BE, Korean Society for Patient Blood Management, Seoul, Korea, Korean Society of Anesthesiologists, Seoul, Korea, Network for the Advancement of Patient Blood Management, Haemostasis and Thrombosis, Paris, France, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, MA, AstraZeneca AG, Baar, Switzerland, Bayer AG, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland, B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany, CSL Behring GmbH, Hattersheim am Main, Germany and Berne, Switzerland, Celgene International II S\u00e0rl, Couvet, Switzerland, Daiichi Sankyo AG, Thalwil, Switzerland, Haemonetics, Braintree, MA, USA, Instrumentation Laboratory (Werfen), Bedford, MA, USA, LFB Biom\u00e9dicaments, Courtaboeuf Cedex, France, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Kenilworth, NJ, USA, Novo Nordisk Health Care AG, Zurich, Switzerland, PAION Deutschland GmbH, Aachen, Germany, Pharmacosmos A/S, Holbaek, Denmark, Pfizer AG, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland, Pierre Fabre Pharma, Alschwil, Switzerland, Portola Schweiz GmbH, Aarau, Switzerland, Roche Diagnostics International Ltd, Reinach, Switzerland, Sarstedt AG & Co., Sevelen, Switzerland and N\u00fcmbrecht, Germany, Shire Switzerland GmbH, Zug, Switzerland, Takeda, Glattpark, Switzerland, Tem International GmbH, Munich, Germany, Vifor Pharma, Munich, Germany, Neuilly sur Seine, France and Villars-sur-Gl\u00e2ne, Switzerland, Vifor  AG, St. Gallen, Switzerland, and Zuellig Pharma Holdings, Singapore, Singapore.Concept and design: Donat R. Spahn and Alexander Kaserer. Drafting of the manuscript: Alexander Kaserer, Clara Castellucci, David Henckert, and Christian Breymann. Figures: Alexander Kaserer and David Henckert. All authors critically edited the manuscript, approved the final version to be submitted, and agree to be accountable for the accuracy and integrity of the work."}
{"text": "Dear Editor, Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by a parasite transmitted by infected female sandflies. There are 3 main forms of the disease :Cutaneous leishmaniasis (Cl) is the most common form and causes skin lesions, mainly ulcers, on exposed parts of the body (see examples in Figure 1 Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis leads to partial or total destruction of mucous membranes of the nose, mouth and throat. Over 90% of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis cases occur in Bolivia, Brazil, Ethiopia and Peru.Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar, is fatal if left untreated in over 95% of cases. Most cases occur in Brazil, east Africa and India. An estimated 50,000 to 90,000 new cases occur worldwide annually. Visceral leishmaniasis is highly endemic in Iraq, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen.Several Leishmania spp. can cause Cl, but most infections probably remain symptomless. The first sign of an infection is typically a small erythema, which develops into a papule, then a nodule that progressively ulcerates over a period of 2 weeks to 6 months. Lymphatic spread and lymph-gland involvement, which may precede lesion development, are common and there is a variable tendency for lesions to self-heal . In addiHealthy skin is essential for physical well-being and can have a significant impact on an individual's self-reliance and sexual attractiveness. Cl can make life very difficult for affected individuals, as the visible skin lesions can create emotional distress and make routine relationships with close relatives and friends difficult, particularly when the lesions are visible in exposed parts of the body.In addition to the psycho-social effects of visible lesions, the permanent scars left by the disease can negatively impact an individual's quality of life, creating social issues and psychological symptoms. As such, it is important for healthcare providers to take a holistic approach to managing and treating leishmaniasis, addressing both the physical and psycho-social aspects of the disease to improve outcomes for affected individuals .Quality of life is a subjective perception that is influenced by an individual's values, culture, goals, standards, expectations, and concerns. This concept is particularly relevant in chronic diseases like leishmaniasis, as it can help capture the disease's social and psychosomatic impact and the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. By taking a comprehensive approach to the management and treatment of leishmaniasis, healthcare providers can improve the quality of life for affected individuals . Assessing patients\u2019 quality of life with Cl can improve our understanding of their needs and the psycho-social consequences of the disease. This can help develop effective therapeutic solutions, improving outcomes for affected individuals. By taking a patient-centred approach, healthcare providers can optimize outcomes and improve the overall quality of life for those with leishmaniasis. This may involve tailored treatment plans and ongoing support and education for patients to manage the disease and its effects on their daily lives . Cl can have significant physical and psychological impacts on patients\u2019 quality of life. To create a better quality of life for affected individuals, healthcare professionals should consider all aspects of the disease in conjunction with therapeutic interventions. In addition, evaluating the extent of disease involvement and characteristics such as the number, size, and duration of scars, along with potential side effects of treatment and residual lesions, is crucial for planning a successful patient care management program. By taking a comprehensive approach that addresses the disease\u2019s physical and psycho-social aspects, healthcare providers can improve outcomes and quality of life for those with Cl.For countries where Cl is not endemic, it is important to know where leishmaniasis is endemic in order to be aware of the disease in travellers returning with symptoms. About 95% of Cl cases occur in the Americas, the Mediterranean basin, the Middle East and central Asia. Cl is highly endemic in Algeria, whereas for West Africa, the epidemiological information is scarce. In East Africa, all forms are endemic. In the following countries leishmaniasis is endemic :Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentinia, Azerbajan, Belize, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoir, Democratic Republic Congo, Djbouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France, French Guiana, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Greece,Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Malawi, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Siudan, Suriname, Syrian Arab Republic, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand,Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Ukraine, USA, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Palestine, and Yemen. In northern and central Europe, no authochthonus cases have been reported. That is, in Germany, leishmaniasis occurs almost as an imported disease. In 2000, a reference centre for the diagnosis and therapy of leishmaniasis was opened at the Institute for Tropical Medicine, Berlin, Germany. During the first two years, 58 cases of leishmaniasis were imported . Up to 2The authors declare that they have no competing interests.Not applicable0000-0003-2794-1508The ORCID ID of Azami M is:"}
{"text": "Due to the increase in life expectancy and the aging of the global population, the \u201cBelt and Road\u201d (\u201cB&R\u201d) countries are faced with varying degrees of lung cancer threat. The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences in the burden and trend of lung cancer disability in the \u201cB&R\u201d countries from 1990 to 2019 so as to provide an analytical strategic basis to build a healthy \u201cB&R\u201d.Data were derived from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 (GBD 2019). Incidence, mortality, prevalence, the years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of lung cancer and those attributable to different risk factors were measured from 1990 to 2019. Trends of disease burden were estimated by using the average annual percent change (AAPC), and the 95% uncertainty interval (UI) was reported.China, India, and the Russian Federation were the three countries with the highest burden of lung cancer in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the AAPC of incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs generally showed a downward trend in Central Asia (except Georgia) and Eastern Europe, while in China, South Asia (except Bangladesh), most countries in North Africa, and the Middle East, the trend was mainly upward. The AAPC of age-standardized incidence was 1.33% (1.15%\u20131.50%); the AAPC of prevalence, mortality, and DALYs from lung cancer in China increased by 24% (2.10%\u20132.38%), 0.94% (0.74%\u20131.14%), and 0.42% (0.25%\u20130.59%), respectively. A downward trend of the AAPC values of age-standardized YLD rate in men was shown in the vast majority of \u201cB&R\u201d countries, but for women, most countries had an upward trend. For adults aged 75 years or older, the age-standardized YLD rate showed an increasing trend in most of the \u201cB&R\u201d countries. Except for the DALY rate of lung cancer attributable to metabolic risks, a downward trend of the DALY rate attributable to all risk factors, behavioral risks, and environmental/occupational risks was shown in the vast majority of \u201cB&R\u201d countries.The burden of lung cancer in \u201cB&R\u201d countries varied significantly between regions, genders, and risk factors. Strengthening health cooperation among the \u201cB&R\u201d countries will help to jointly build a community with a shared future for mankind. The \u201cBelt and Road\u201d (\u201cB&R\u201d) Initiative refers to the \u201cSilk Road Economic Belt\u201d and the \u201c21st Century Maritime Silk Road\u201d, which was first proposed by China in 2013. \u201cB&R\u201d countries run through Eurasia, connecting the Asia Pacific Economic Circle in the east and the European Economic Circle in the west . Detailed methodology has been published elsewhere  study obtained from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) website. All data for this study were obtained from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) website . YLLs are calculated as the product of counts of deaths caused by lung cancer and a standard remaining life expectancy at the age of death. The age-standardized rates were corrected by the direct method and the world standard population to account for differences in the population age structure. Our study follows the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER) to ensure transparency and replicability Table\u00a01 The 66 members of \u201cB&R\u201d countries are as follows: 1) East Asia: China; 2) Central Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan; 3) South Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Pakistan; 4) Southeast Asia: Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Burma, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam; 5) high-income Asia Pacific: Brunei and Singapore; 6) North Africa and the Middle East: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen; 7) Central Europe: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Hungary, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Slovenia; 8) Eastern Europe: Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Republic of Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine; 9) Western Europe: Cyprus, Greece, and Israel. See p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.We calculated absolute numbers and age-standardized rates of incidence, mortality, YLDs, and DALYs to quantify the burden of lung cancer, grouped by gender and age in the \u201cB&R\u201d countries. Age-standardized estimates allow comparisons across time, countries, and subregions and are adjusted for differences in the age distribution of the population. Age was divided into three groups: 20\u201354 years, 55\u201374 years, and \u226575 years. The three risk factors  were included in the present study. Data were stratified by region . SDI is a composite indicator of a country\u2019s lag-distributed income per capita, educational attainment, and the total fertility rate in women younger than 25 years. Methods of SDI development and computation are detailed elsewhere . Trends Being involved in the Global Burden of Disease 2019 and other open databases rather than directly speaking to patients inspired this research. Although no patient was directly involved in this study, members of the public read our manuscript, and all agreed on the specific findings of this study.The absolute number of incidence, mortality, YLDs, and DALYs in 2019 caused by lung cancer in each member country of the \u201cB&R\u201d are shown in p < 0.001), 2.24% , 0.94% , and 0.42% , respectively. See From 1990 to 2019, the AAPC of age-standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs generally showed a downward trend in Central Asia (except Georgia) and Eastern Europe, while in China, South Asia (except Bangladesh), and most countries in North Africa and the Middle East, the trend was mainly upward Figure\u00a03p < 0.05) (p < 0.05). For adults aged 75 years or older, the age-standardized YLD rate from 1990 to 2019 showed an increasing trend in the \u201cB&R\u201d countries, except Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Mongolia, Bangladesh, Maldives, Afghanistan, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, Greece, and the Philippines. In China, age-standardized YLDs showed an increasing trend with the increase of age, and the highest AAPC value of age-standardized YLD rate from 1990 to 2019 was in adults aged 75 years or older: 2.87% . See p < 0.05).p < 0.05).For DALYs of lung cancer attributable to behavioral risks, the age-standardized DALY rate of middle SDI regions, China, Georgia, Bhutan, Bhutan, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Afghanistan, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Macedonia, Serbia, and Cyprus showed an increasing trend in the \u201cB&R\u201d countries from 1990 to 2019 .For DALYs of lung cancer due to environmental/occupational risks, the age-standardized DALY rate of Georgia, Bhutan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Bulgaria showed an increasing trend in the \u201cB&R\u201d countries from 1990 to 2019 . See For DALYs of lung cancer attributable to metabolic risks, the age-standardized DALY rate of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Maldives, the Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, Bahrain, Slovakia, Belarus, and Ukraine showed a decreasing trend in the \u201cB&R\u201d countries from 1990 to 2019 (all With an estimated 1.79 million deaths per year, lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths . SmokingOur study found significant differences in the trend of age-standardized YLDs between genders. A downward trend of the AAPC values of age-standardized YLD rate in men was shown in the \u201cB&R\u201d countries. For women, the upward change trend of YLDs was observed in most countries. The global incidence of lung cancer in men is declining twice as fast as in women . The ageThe increase in life expectancy has led to a greater global burden of diseases. Global population aging is the principal medical and social demographic problem worldwide. In the Non-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries, the fastest-aging countries are Saudi Arabia, Brazil, and China . Since 2In recent decades, countries within the Middle East have faced social, political, and financial instability brought about by war. These conflicts have directly led to a significant decline in the overall level of local medical services and a shortage of professional experts, seriously affecting the provision of cancer diagnosis services. The cancer patients in these areas cannot be diagnosed early and cannot receive effective healthcare , 23. In With a deeper understanding of the biology of lung cancer, many advances have been made in the treatment of lung cancer, such as minimally invasive techniques, stereotactic ablative radiotherapy, targeted therapies, and ICIs . New theYLDs can reflect the amount of time lived in states of less than good health due to a specific disease or injury and are calculated as the prevalence of a sequela of any given cause multiplied by the average duration until death or remission and by the disability weight for that sequela. The YLDs are the sum of each of the sequelae associated with the disease or injury , 27. YLLGlobally, from 2010 to 2019, the number of lung cancer increased by 23.3%, and the age-standardized incidence rates decreased by 7.4% in men and increased by 0.9% in women . All theUnlike previous lung cancer burden studies based on GBD data, this study focuses on the \u201cB&R\u201d countries proposed by China, the world\u2019s second-largest economy, under the global community of shared future strategy. It not only describes the changes in disease burden in a specific region or globally but also provides targeted data support for how countries with significant differences in social demographic indices but strong political and economic connections can formulate policies to reduce the burden of lung cancer. Preventive measures such as smoking control interventions and air quality management should be prioritized in low and middle SDI regions. Our research also suggested that we should pay more attention to female lung cancer patients. For women, the upward trend of YLDs was observed in the \u201cB&R\u201d countries, and it may continue to rise in the future . By studThis study also has several limitations. First, GBD 2019 has inherent limitations that are applicable to this study. Second, the GBD database lacks lung cancer\u2019s pathological staging and classification. In the future, the \u201cB&R\u201d countries can use economic development as a link to drive the construction of information-based disease monitoring systems, providing sufficient support for the estimation of disease burden and policy adjustments.In summary, the overall burden of lung cancer in the \u201cB&R\u201d countries is still huge, especially in China, South Asia, North Africa, and the Middle East. There are significant differences between genders and ages. The lung cancer prevention and treatment policies in women and adults aged 75 years or older need to be improved. With the background of the health \u201cB&R\u201d Initiative, multi-country cooperation and experience sharing will play an important role in jointly facing the challenges caused by lung cancer and promoting the positive development of healthcare in all member countries.The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/XL conceived and designed the study. ZZhu, WY, LZ, WJ, BC,QW, XC, SY, and ZZhang analyzed the data. ZZhu, XL, and YD provided significant advice and consultation. WY and XL wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version."}
{"text": "In \u201cPerformance of a Web-Based Reference Database With Natural Language Searching Capabilities: Usability Evaluation of DynaMed and Micromedex With Watson\u201d  the authors noted two errors.1. The Authors Contributions section currently reads as:All authors contributed to the study conception; design; and acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of the data. AR, PMG, AS, LAV, DLS, GPJ, and DWB were responsible for study conception or design. PMG, HHE, DLS, and MGA developed the interview guides. MM, AS, SD, and LPN conducted participant recruitment. PMG acted as the interview moderator and had either AR or MM assisting with data collection during testing. PMG, MM, JC, and SD abstracted the data from interview recordings. Data analysis was performed by PMG, MM, and AR. The first draft of the manuscript was written by AR and PMG, with all authors reviewing the draft and providing critical feedback. All authors contributed to and approved the final manuscript.And will be changed to:RR and DWB are co-senior authors and contributed equally.All authors contributed to the study conception; design; and acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of the data. AR, PMG, AS, LAV, DLS, GPJ, and DWB were responsible for study conception or design. PMG, HHE, DLS, and MGA developed the interview guides. MM, AS, SD, and LPN conducted participant recruitment. PMG acted as the interview moderator and had either AR or MM assisting with data collection during testing. PMG, MM, JC, and SD abstracted the data from interview recordings. Data analysis was performed by PMG, MM, and AR. The first draft of the manuscript was written by AR and PMG, with all authors reviewing the draft and providing critical feedback. All authors contributed to and approved the final manuscript.2. In the original article, the ORCID number for Petra Schultz was reported as follows:0000-0001-7337-1046And has been updated to:0000-0001-7949-9243The correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on May 18, 2023, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories."}
{"text": "Anisakis  are still common. The Y-shaped lateral cord\u00a0is not unique to Anisakis spp. Acquiring a history of ingesting raw/undercooked fish/seafood can be a clue to the diagnosis of the condition. This review emphasizes the following key points: insufficient awareness of fish parasites among medical professionals, seafood handlers, and policy makers; limited availability of effective\u00a0diagnostic methodologies; and inadequate clinical information for optimizing the\u00a0management of anisakidosis\u00a0in numerous regions worldwide.A review was conducted to identify the most common causative agents of anisakidosis, the methods used for identification of the causative agents, and to summarize the sources of infection, and patients\u2019 demographics. A total of 762 cases  were found between 1965 and 2022. The age range was 7 months to 85 years old. Out of the\u00a034 countries, Japan, Spain, and South Korea stood out with the highest number of published human cases\u00a0of anisakidosis, respectively. This raises the question: Why\u00a0are there few to no\u00a0reports of anisakidosis cases in other countries, such as Indonesia and Vietnam, where seafood consumption is notably high? Other than the gastrointestinal tract, parasites were frequently found in internal organs such as liver, spleen, pancreas, lung, hiatal and epigastric hernia, and tonsils. There are also reports of the worm being excreted through the nose, rectum, and mouth. Symptoms included sore throat, tumor, bleeding, gastric/epigastric/abdominal/substernal/lower back/testicular pain, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, intestinal obstruction, intussusception, blood in feces, hematochezia, anemia, and respiratory arrest. These appeared either immediately or up to 2 months after consuming raw/undercooked seafood and lasting up to 10 years. Anisakidosis commonly mimicked symptoms of cancer, pancreatitis, type I/II Kounis syndrome, intussusception, Crohn\u2019s disease, ovarian cysts, intestinal endometriosis, epigastralgia, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, intestinal obstruction, peritonitis, and appendicitis. In these cases, it was only after surgery that it was found these symptoms/conditions were caused by anisakids. A range of not only mainly marine but also freshwater fish/shellfish were reported as source of infection. There were several reports of infection with >1 nematode (up to >200), more than one species of anisakids in the same patient, and the presence of L4/adult nematodes. The severity of symptoms did not relate to the number of parasites. The number of anisakidosis cases is grossly underestimated globally. Using erroneous taxonomic terms, assumptions, and identifying the parasite as The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00436-023-07881-9. Anisakis, and (3) pseudoterranovosis caused by members of the genus Pseudoterranova  anisakidosis caused by any members of the family Anisakidae, (2) anisakiosis caused by members of the genus Anisakis alone comprises of at least 9 species  of infected people with anisakid nematodes and to answer these questions: What are the parasite species reported as the causative agent? What was the possible source of infection? What method was used to identify the parasite and/or diagnose the disease? What symptoms were presented? The review was based on the publicly available information. A review of peer-reviewed literature for topics on Anisakiasis, OR Anisakidosis OR Anisakiosis, was conducted through a search of the Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases. The bibliographies of the articles found through the search were checked for any other articles relevant to the topic. All languages were included. Following this, some gray literature, such as conference abstracts and proceedings, were also included after ensuring there was no associated publication, acknowledging the lack of peer review for this type of literature. The literature was last searched on 1st February 2023. Although Data including authors, year of publication, country, age, and gender of the patient, diagnostic techniques for the disease, method of parasite identification, parasite ID, developmental stage of the parasite, number of parasites found in the patient, infected organs, symptoms, treatment, the time between consuming seafood and emergence of the symptoms, duration of the symptoms, and possible source of infection were recorded in an MS Excel sheet.Hysterothylacium spp. These 409 articles reported 762 cases dated between 1965 and the end of 2022 , it was found that the minimum and maximum age of infected people was 7 months old and 85 years old . In 27 cases in which more than 10 anisakid larvae was reported , acute biliary pancreatitis, autoimmune pancreatitis, type I and II Kounis syndrome, colonic intussusception, Crohn\u2019s disease, enlarged bilateral ovarian cysts, intestinal endometriosis, epigastralgia, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, intestinal obstruction, ileum to ileum intussusception caused by Meckel\u2019s diverticulum, peritonitis, acute appendicitis, acute arthritis of knees, elbows and ankles, and non-anisakid parasitic disease.Engraulis encrasicolus) pickled in vinegar, a typical Mediterranean food), croaker fish, fish swimbladder, raw mackerel, abalone, penis fish, assorted sashimi , baked cod, catfish, ceviche, cod liver, conveyor belt sushi , raw sea bream, eel sashimi, empurau fish (Tor tambroides), fish eggs, flatfish, yellowtail, flounder sashimi, fresh cured Alaskan salmon, poke style raw tuna from Alaska, grilled scabbard fish, hake, herring fish, home-cured salmon gravlax, marinade bluefish, marinated mackerel, marinated pilchards, raw Atlantic salmon , raw bonito, raw clams, raw cuttlefish, raw oyster, raw Pacific saury, raw salted fish or squid , shrimp, raw yellowtail, redfish/sushi, rockfish (Sebastes sp.), fresh slices of raw jacopever, shabu-shabu (mackerel fish), trout, sliced raw fish (Sebastes schlegelii), ascidians, and a piece of flatfish gut, prior to the disease occurrence. The source of these fish was not only mainly from marine waters but also occasionally from freshwater and local rivers. Based on the history provided by patients, the onset of the symptoms was highly variable, starting from immediately to 2 months after consumption of the abovementioned seafood. In one case, the duration of symptoms was up to 10 years of intermittent pain.The source of infections, based on the patients\u2019 reports, was a wide range of seafood. These included marinated anchovies , and considerable variations in the pattern of occurrence by year, the number of publications is clearly higher since the beginning of the millennium. Although we included publications since 1965, there are reports of human cases dating back to the nineteenth century. For example, in 1867, a nematode had been vomited by a child from a fishing community on the West Coast of Greenland and identified as Leuckart . Ascarise Martin . In anote Martin . In Japae Martin . In 1960e Martin . The tote Martin ; howevere Martin , in addiOur review suggests that, globally, the parasite is more common among people aged 31-60 years, similar to the age groups reported in country-focused studies. Cha and Mee Sun , based oAs previously shown by other authors  were reported in humans   Gibson , suggestm Oshima . The absHysterothylacium larva is also important , Hysterothylacium larvae penetrated the stomach wall, causing hemorrhage and attracted eosinophils"}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliations for authors Siyu Liu, Kailang Wu and Chenglian Zhu. Author Siyu Liu should instead of having affiliation 1, have \u201cState Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China\u201d. Author Kailang Wu should instead of affiliation 1, have \u201cState Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China\u201d. Author Chengliang Zhu should, instead of affiliation 2 have \u201cDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China\u201d. The corrected affiliations appear above.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Sleep is an essential biological requirement for human life, alongside food, water, and air. Therefore, it is not surprising that insufficient sleep, in terms of both quantity and quality, may disrupt cognitive and physical performance, quality of life and health. Sleep is compromised in many cardiological, neurological, psychiatric, metabolic, pneumological, and oncological diseases, but it is also well known that sleep disorders significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular, neurological, and oncologic disease, and that they can deeply modify the outcome of coexisting medical conditions ,2,3,4. TIn the light of the reciprocal relationship between sleep and health, it appears crucial that pulmonologists, endocrinologists, neurologists, cardiologists, otolaryngologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, pediatricians, dentists, and family medicine practitioners evaluate sleep quantity and quality in their daily activities.Brain Sciences, entitled \u201cMultidisciplinary Aspects of Sleep Medicine\u201d, was to provide additional insight into this topic, including relevant studies from experts in the field.Following this perspective, the goal of this Special Issue of Sleep bruxism is a common behavior, with a prevalence estimated in 13% of the general population, characterized by pain in the masticatory muscles and/or tooth wear. In a preliminary study, Wieckiewicz et al.  found a Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a multifactorial disease that is an increasing social and health problem occurring in about 3\u201310% of general population. It is characterized by recurrent breathing pauses due to the collapse of the upper airways and represents an independent risk factor for hypertension, ischemic heart disease, strokes, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, sudden cardiac death, cancer, and cognitive disorders. Urbanik et al.  analyzedIn the same area, Macek et al.  assessedIn industrialized countries, professionally active populations frequently have reduced sleep that may lead to daytime sleepiness, cognitive deficits, and impaired response of the stress-related activities of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary axis and the autonomic nervous system. Gomez-Merino and colleagues , in theiIn the last decade, several studies evaluated the physiological and pharmacological properties of melatonin and its crucial role in regulating the sleep/wake rhythm. Biggio et al. , in theiThe content of this Special Issue may represent a preliminary, though still meaningful, contribution to the scientific evidence. Many research efforts in sleep medicine are moving towards novel approaches and new advancements for the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders. Relevant progress in the identification of the sleep functions and the reciprocal relationships between sleep disorders and systemic diseases may improve quality of life as well as the effectiveness of health care."}
{"text": "Instead of \u201cRehabilitation Center, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China\u201d, it should be \u201cCheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.\u201dIn the published article, there was an error in affiliation for Hao Zhang. Instead of \u201cHao ZhangThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "A 3-year-old girl presented to our outpatient clinic with a bee sting on her neck. One hour earlier, a honeybee had landed on her neck, and she had swatted it, resulting in a painful sting. The patient did not exhibit any symptoms of fever, cough, cold, nausea, vomiting, breathlessness, chest pain, palpitations, blackouts, or loss of consciousness, but she did report pain in the area where she was stung. On examination, we observed a foreign body on the right side of the patient\u2019s neck . DermoscHymenoptera stings are common and painful envenomations that lead to an annual average of 62 deaths in the United States.Although honeybees are notorious for leaving their stingers in the victim\u2019s skin, other members of the Hymenoptera order may also leave a stinger behind."}
{"text": "Nutrition is essential to sustaining the quality of life and a fundamental right of all people . Yet, maHealthcare Special Issue, \u201cNutrition and Public Health 2.0\u201d, brings together research from scholars of different disciplines representing various regions of the world to understand achievements and current issues in nutrition and public health, including research, practice, policy, and communication across the lifespan. The articles selected are centered on two public health nutrition concepts: nutrition security and nutrition equitability.The Nutrition security ensures that individuals, families, and countries have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, affordable, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and preferences for an active and healthy life ,5. NutriNutrition equitability is an emergent concept that addresses the food system stakeholders and holds the stakeholders accountable to ensure accessibility and affordability of sufficient nutrition regardless of individuals\u2019 social, environmental, and economic positions ,10. ThisIn summary, the 16 articles in the Public Health and Nutrition 2.0 Special Issue document that to achieve population-level nutritional well-being, nutrition equitability, and security  is essen"}
{"text": "Viruses, we showcase some of the fascinating and diverse virology being undertaken in Canada that was presented at the 4th Symposium of the Canadian Society for Virology 2022 [Viruses, we accrued five manuscripts to highlight research that focuses on human, animal, and bacterial viruses.In this Special Issue of ogy 2022 ,2,3,4,5.Beginning with work by Hare et al. , this teYousefi et al.  investigNext, turning towards Mpox , we highlight the important proof-of-principle work by Noyce et al. . Here, rAlong similar lines in vaccine research, Aubrey et al.  highlighListeria monocytogenes, a bacterial pathogen that has been linked with prior contaminations of processed sandwich meats. Their team reports on the importance of bacteriophage stability under various stressors, including desiccation, elevated temperature, and low pH, mimicking various food preparation environments, and uses these conditions to both quantify those effects and select for stress-resistant bacteriophages. Their work may have broader applications to other food industry phages as this field continues to evolve.Finally, Gomez et al.  describeOverall, the collection of these manuscripts is, of course, only a small sampling of the great work being carried out by Canadian virologists and highlights a diverse range of studies, from fundamental understanding to practical applications to therapeutics development."}
{"text": "After this article was published, similarities were noted between this article and submissions by other research groups which call into question the validity and provenance of the reported results. In addition, during editorial follow-up, a number of data extraction errors were found, meaning some of the conclusions are no longer supported.PLOS ONE cannot stand by the reliability of the reported research, and the PLOS ONE Editors retract this article [In light of these issues,  article .JZ did not respond to the final editorial decision. CM, AX, KZ, ZQ, XL, CL, YH, WC, CZ, YL, SS, ZW, and BL either did not respond directly or could not be reached."}
{"text": "Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism (AE&M) are completing its first year. Despite its name in English and the mandatory use of this language for all articles, the former \u201cArquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia\u201d remains the official Journal of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism. I believe that such change will progressively increase the knowledge and interest of endocrinologists around the word on our journal, which, without losing its Brazilian origin and identity, will become more and more an international publication. Consequently its impact factor, unavailable during two years due to its name change, is expected to augment, leading to the increase of submissions of good original basic, translational and clinical research, in a healthy vicious cycle. In order to pursue the increase of the impact factor, original and review papers should be privileged, in detriment of case reports. As a matter of fact, many medical journals increased its impact factor restricting the acceptance of case reports. On the other hand, many journals are dealing specifically with this kind of medical article.The During 2015, 416 manuscripts have been submitted to AE&M. From them, 71.4% were original research, and the remainder consisted of case reports (18%), review articles (5.5%), brief reports (4.6%), letter to the editor (0.2%), and consensus statement (0.2%). From the total of submitted manuscripts, 306 came to a decision, and 79 have been accepted for publication (26%).Regarding the number of manuscripts per country, Brazil submitted 146, Turkey 61, China 16, India 11, Iran 10, Argentina 9, Portugal 8, Italy 7, Romania 5, and Egypt 4. Additionally, the following countries also submitted articles: Algeria, Bulgaria, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Taiwan, Tunisia, USA, and Venezuela.In this second year of my task as Editor-in-Chief of the AE&M, I intend to strengthen the relationship with colleagues of other countries, asking for reviews and mini-reviews. For this purpose I expect to count on the international editorial board of our journal.Last but not least, I would like to acknowledge and warmly thank all my Associate Editors for their outstanding collaboration, as well as the Brazilian and International reviewers for their time and expertise, selecting manuscripts which enriched the quality of our AE&M."}
{"text": "This study explores the trend of urolithiasis in various countries and categorizes the countries in terms of how their urolithiasis incidence rate has changed over time.The incidence rate of urolithiasis in 204 countries from 1990 to 2019, extracted from the Global Burden of Disease study, has been analyzed.p-value\u2009<\u2009.05). Also, African regions revealed significant increasing trends over time . The outstanding findings in cluster analysis showed that Afghanistan, Andorra, and Comoros had the most decreasing trend in urolithiasis rates over time . Cuba, Cyprus, Czechia, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Denmark, and Djibouti were in the next rank in terms of decreasing rate . In addition, urolithiasis rates in Congo, Eswatini, Gabon, and Grenada have the most increasing trend .According to the results, all regions had experienced an increasing trend in urolithiasis rate, except for Eastern Europe, Central Europe, and Southeast Asia regions . Moreover, the Caribbean region had the highest increasing trend of urolithiasis rates, and Central Asia was in the next rank (increasing rate of 48.3 and 34.3 per 100,000, respectively, The trend of urolithiasis rates was significantly increased in most countries, and Congo, Eswatini, Gabon, and Grenada had the highest trend among others. Also, Afghanistan, Andorra, and Comoros revealed the most decreasing rates, and the trend has dropped remarkably in several other countries. Urolithiasis, defined as the concentration of minerals in renal calyces and pelvic, is a common and painful urological condition with a significant disease burden worldwide. The prevalence of urolithiasis and, as a result, kidney stone burden has been increasing significantly in recent years all over the world, especially in developed countries , 2. UrolTo a better understanding of the global epidemiology of urolithiasis and its implications for public health and clinical practice, this study categorizes the countries into different groups based on how their urolithiasis incidence rate has changed over time. This study presents a longitudinal analysis through latent growth modeling on urolithiasis rates in 204 countries and territories. The analytical approach used in the present study is different from previous published studies and is a powerful tool for analyzing longitudinal data, as it can capture the dynamic and complex patterns of change over time and reveal the underlying structure and heterogeneity of the data.Data for incidence rates of urolithiasis (per 100000 persons) in 204 countries and territories were derived from the GBD study . The infwww.statmodel.com).The incidence rates of urolithiasis in each region were described with mean and standard deviation and appropriate plots. The response variable in this study is urolithiasis\u2019s incidence rates, which were modeled using the Latent Growth model to assess the trend in IMHE regions. Also, Growth mixture models (GMM) were applied, and countries were classified into subgroups in which samples within each subgroup followed similar trends over time. GMM is an advanced statistical approach used for trend analysis, and it can take into account heterogeneity in trends among countries. Therefore, using GMM, subgroups of countries are specified, in which countries within each group have similar trends of urolithiasis rates over the period of study. The coefficients of this model, intercept and slope, are interoperated as the overall mean level of the initial outcome and the average rate of outcome change over time, respectively. Statistical analysis was done using M-plus software, version 6.12 .We also applied the LGM to assess the trend of urolithiasis rates in each region separately. According to the obtained Beta from LGM, all regions had experienced an increasing trend of urolithiasis rate, except for Eastern Europe, Central Europe, and Southeast Asia region, which had a negative coefficient. According to the results, countries in Eastern Europe had a mean decrease of 71.4 per 100,000 from the year 1994 to 2019. In the next rank, Central Europe countries reveal a mean reduction of 56.2 per 100,000 during the study period. Moreover, the results show that the Caribbean region had the highest increasing trend of urolithiasis rates . The countries in Central Asia were in the next rank with a growing trend of 34.3 per 100000 people. African regions, including Western Sub-Saharan Africa , North Africa and Middle East , Central Sub-Saharan Africa , Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa  and Southern Sub-Saharan Africa  revealed significant increasing trends over time . Also, countries in cluster 2, including Cuba, Cyprus, Czechia, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Denmark, and Djibouti, have an initial rate of urolithiasis of 4808.6 per 100000 in 1990, and they have a decreasing trend with a slope of about -92.3 until 2019 . Azerbaijan, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, Ethiopia, Greece, Iceland, and Iran entered in class 3, had the next rank in terms of decreasing rate . Countries in clusters 1, 2, and 3 can be defined as having a sharp, moderate, and slow decreasing trend in urolithiasis rates over time, respectively.The intercept coefficients represent the estimated overall mean level of the initial urolithiasis rate in each cluster, and the slopes show the average urolithiasis rate change over time. A positive and negative slope reveals that the rate had an increasing and decreasing trend over time, respectively. For instance, the estimates for the first cluster  reveal that the initial rate of urolithiasis in the countries including this cluster, Afghanistan, Andorra, and Comoros, has been 2330.26 per 100000 in 1990, and it has a decreasing trend with a slope of -128.2 until 2019, every two years . Finally, countries in cluster 7, Congo, Eswatini, Gabon, and Grenada, have experienced a sharp growing trend of urolithiasis rate during this period of time . The colored map in Fig.\u00a0In addition, countries in classes 4 and 5 have a slowly increasing trend of urolithiasis over time until 2019. urolithiasis rates in countries included in cluster number 6  have a moderate increasing trend . Congo, Eswatini, Gabon, and Grenada have the sharpest increasing rates of urolithiasis. In the next rank, Bahrain, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Chad, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Croatia, Guatemala, Honduras, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Liberia, Morocco, and Yemen had the most increasing rate of urolithiasis. Other countries not mentioned so far have also seen an increase in the Urolithiasis incidence rate. These findings are in line with other studies , 26. It It is notable that gender, race, and median age of the population are important factors that can influence the prevalence of urolithiasis in different countries.According to a recent review, the prevalence of kidney stones is increasing and historically more common in males . HoweverThere is evidence that urolithiasis varies among different racial and ethnic groups . TraditiUrolithiasis is known to increase with age , 33. HowFinally, it is notable that due to the availability of new and more accurate diagnostic tools contributing to an increased diagnosis, asymptomatic stones are more detected due to the more frequent use of high-resolution imaging techniques , 34. On However, the GBD is a comprehensive and systematic effort to estimate the burden of diseases and injuries for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019, it also faces several challenges and uncertainties in the data collection which can introduce potential biases and limitations in the results. One of the main challenges is the variation in healthcare infrastructure, diagnosis practices, and data reporting among different countries. These factors can affect the accuracy and comparability of urolithiasis incidence rates across countries. For example, some countries may have more advanced diagnostic tools or more frequent screening programs than others, which can lead to higher detection rates of urolithiasis. Similarly, some countries may have more reliable and comprehensive data sources or more consistent definitions and classifications of urolithiasis than others, which can influence the quality and comparability of the data. These factors can introduce bias in the data, so caution is advised in interpreting and comparing the results across countries and over time.Globally, the incidence rate of urolithiasis has increased during 1990\u20132019, with various patterns in countries and regions.\u00a0The trend of urolithiasis rates was significantly increased in most countries, and Congo, Eswatini, Gabon, and Grenada had the highest trend among others. Also, the trend has dropped remarkably in several other countries. Afghanistan, Andorra, and Comoros revealed the most decreasing rates. Overall, while the high economic and health burden of urolithiasis, its rate does not seem to have dropped remarkably in most countries. Therefore, nowadays, when lifestyle leads people to this disease, it is important to implement comprehensive preventive programs that consider controllable risks, including nutritional factors, nutritional deficiencies, lifestyle factors, etc."}
{"text": "Cost-effectiveness of adding empagliflozin to the standard therapy for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction from the perspective of healthcare systems in China by Jiang Y and Xie J. (2022) Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 9:946399. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.946399A Corrigendum on In the published article, there was an error in the affiliation. Instead of \u201cDepartment of Cardiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China\u201d, it should be \u201cDepartment of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "The human body consists of its own cells, but also of microorganisms that are found both inside and outside the human body .Commensal microorganisms are of fundamental importance to the host, as they perform important tasks, such as contributing to host health, counteracting pathogenic bacteria, contributing to the regulation of host homeostasis and balance, and modulating the immune response .The oral microbiota is an important constituent of the human microbiota, with a fundamental role in human health. It is a complex matter, primarily because of the conformation of the oral cavity, which appears to be formed by a set of different ecological niches , with very different microbiological habitats that expand and vary greatly in pathology .http://www.homd.org, accessed on 21 September 2023) [The main phyla present in the oral cavity and constituting approximately 94% of the oral microbiome are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Fusobacteria. The remaining 6% of the bacterial phyla consist of Saccharibacteria, Synergistetes, SR1, Gracilibacteria, Chlamydia, Chloroflexi, Tenericutes, and Chlorobi  1, etc. .Several authors report that in the first 1,000 days after conception, a eubiosis framework is of fundamental importance for the development and maturation of the immune system, with even long-term effects on the health of the unborn child. An altered microbiota is in fact, according to multiple investigations, a predisposing factor for the onset of respiratory, allergic, immune, and metabolic diseases .In addition, several aids have been proposed to restore or prevent dysbiosis, including probiotics , the terOzone, which is widely used in medicine, also has a valid application for modifying the oral microbiota, in particular to eliminate bacteria and fungi, inactivate viruses, and control bleeding. .In conclusion, the aim of this research topic is to provide readers with up-to-date data on the association between dysbiosis of the oral microbiota and systemic conditions ,30. We h"}
{"text": "The ACIP recommendations were adopted by the CDC Director on June 27, 2023, and are official. The recommendations, underlying evidence and rationale, and clinical guidance are available (Supplementary Report,"}
{"text": "Nature 10.1038/s41586-023-06440-7 Published online 23 August 2023Correction to: In the version of the article initially published, Stanislaw Miscicki\u2019s name incorrectly appeared as Miscicki Stanislaw. Additionally, the affiliation for Thomas T. Ibanez has been updated to \u201cAMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France\u201d, and the second affiliation for Sharif A. Mukul has been updated to \u201cDepartment of Environment and Development Studies, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh\u201d. The corrections have been made to the HTML and PDF versions of the article."}
{"text": "In \u201cDeep Learning With Chest Radiographs for Making Prognoses in Patients With COVID-19: Retrospective Cohort Study\u201d  the authors made one amendment. The affiliation for co-author Soo-Youn Ham was listed as:Department of Radiology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Korea, Republic ofAnd will be changed to read as follows:Department of Radiology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic ofThe correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on August 23, 2023 together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories."}
{"text": "Saeed et al.\u2019s 2021 study examined the impact of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on anxiety and depression among students.We interviewed 34 first-to third-year undergraduate Japanese students, and asked them \u201cwhat are the factors that made you feel stressed in your studies or private school life?\u201d Students\u2019 interviews were recorded and transcribed. The transcribed data was coded, and similar contents were classified into five mutually exclusive categories with qualitative content analysis as follows: 1. Transition to university life; 2. Examinations; 3. Attendance and homework; 4. Extracurricular activities; 5. Social and human relationships . COVID-13Ansari et al. (2022) published data on stress and anxiety in medical and non-medical students; using a quantitative cross-sectional online survey, they found that the effect of social distancing and online learning weakened the students\u2019 relationships with their family, their peers, and the faculty,We strongly agree with the conclusion of Ansari et al.\u2019s study that social connection/support should be maintained as much as possible even in a virtual settingMM: Research concept, design of the study, literature review, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, preparation of initial draft, approval of final draft, and guarantor of the manuscript.SJ: Research concept, design of the study, literature review, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, revision of initial draft, approval of final draft, and corresponding author of the manuscript.AT: Research concept, design of the study, literature review, data interpretation, revision of initial draft, and approval of final draft.KM: Research concept, design of the study, prior literature review, data interpretation, revision of initial draft, and approval of final draft."}
{"text": "Generally, to achieve success in endodontics, it is essential to perform all stages of treatment with cautiousness and excellence ,2.The first stage, one of the most important, is the diagnosis. At this stage, only with the help of modern technologies is it possible to carefully examine the fundamental problems of the tooth and organise a correct treatment plan ,4. For eAmong the fundamental equipment for an effective diagnosis, we have three-dimensional radiology, the 3D CBCT .Moreover, utilising this equipment, we can achieve a series of advantages; for instance, precise analysis of internal and external resorptions, detection of pathologies of the maxillary sinus of odontogenic origin, visualisation of root morphology, observation of small lateral or periapical lesions, precise control of healings, identification of fractures ,7. All oFurthermore, modern 3D CBCT equipment can carry out targeted scans of small dimensions, only on the tooth or a few teeth to be analysed. Consequently, the radiation doses decrease, avoiding exposing the patient to excessive doses. In addition to radiology, in the diagnostic phase, it is essential to analyse the vitality of the teeth, any cracks, the periodontal status, etc. ,9,10.Only after having performed a correct diagnosis is it practicable to proceed with the subsequent stages of endodontic treatment: isolation of the operating field, access cavity, mechanical shaping, chemical cleaning, obturation, and finally, a suitable restoration ,13,14,15Recent approaches and devices are available that allow a general dentist or a recent graduate to have safe and reproducible treatments.The latest generation of rotating files is highly flexible and simple; it comprises effective cleaning techniques and modern obturation techniques that use the new biosealers ,23,24,25In conclusion, each stage should be performed excellently using modern technologies and protocols to achieve success."}
{"text": "Over the course of civilization, humans have increasingly expanded their freedom to live a better life. In comparison with the primitive society, our modern society has many more choices of life-supporting resources, such as year-round food supply, permanent shelters, diverse energy sources, and effective preventive and curing medicine. However, our society is currently still heavily relying on the resources provided by Mother Nature, which cannot meet the future global needs in terms of both quantity and quality under the pressure of population growth, natural resource reduction, and environmental deterioration. For example, the food sources originating from plants, animals, or microbes do not have the nutrition balance for optimal human health \u20133. ClBiodesign in living organisms deals with the structure of the particular organism and the interactions between the biomolecules encoded in their genomes. In the broadest sense, biodesign is concerned with the nature and properties of the information required to create biological behavior at the ecological, organism, cellular, organelle, and molecular levels and how biological systems interface with the environment and devices. The explosion of omics data , the rapid advance in computational modeling and machine learning, the reduced cost of omics data generation and analysis and DNA/RNA and protein synthesis, and the disruptive genome editing technology based on CRISPR-  Cas (CRISPR-associated) systems have accelerated the evolution of biodesign as a next-generation discipline of biology, as best reflected by a rapid increase in the number of publications related to biodesign since a decade ago Figure. As a cWith unlimited potential in fundamental research, broad practical applications, and ever-increasing amount of R&D funding support from government agencies, industries, and government/industry consortia around the world, biodesign is growing into a new interdisciplinary field that integrates a wide range of research areas, including molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, genomics, chemical engineering, computational biology, bioinformatics, synthetic biology, systems biology, physiology, ecology, breeding, medical science, animal science, microbiology, crop science, horticulture, and forestry. To embrace the promise of this fast-growing research discipline, this journal was launched to advance both fundamental and applied research, foster multidisciplinary collaboration, and promote dissemination of scientific information and knowledge in the field of biosystems design. This new journal will emphasize the rational or automated design of engineered organisms to address global challenges in health, agriculture, bioenergy, and the environment. It will promote research, with the increasing sophistication and greater social responsibility, on the predictable conduct of (1) engineered biological parts in an exogenous genomic context, (2) engineered part assemblies  in an exogenous compartment context, (3) engineered assemblies in an exogenous cell, (4) engineered cells in an exogenous tissue, and (5) engineered tissues in an exogenous organism.de novoorganism biodesign; and (3) social responsibility dimension: biodesign security and ethics  scientific dimension: biodesign theory, principles, methodology, tools, and applications; 2) organismal dimension: animal, human, microbial, plant, and organismAs a vigorously peer-reviewed, open-access online-only journal, it is dedicated to rapid, efficient, and free worldwide dissemination of scientific discoveries, technological advancements, and social responsibilities in the format of research articles, reviews, editorials, and perspectives. We are honored and humbled to serve the biodesign community as the founding editors-in-chief and executive editor and are extremely grateful to highly reputable experts to serve as associate editors. This journal welcomes high-quality manuscripts from researchers around the world. We hope that this journal will grow fast and healthy to become a leading journal in the field of biodesign through collective efforts of the editorial board, authors, reviewers, and readers."}
{"text": "Parent\u2013child interaction therapy (PCIT) is considered to be an effective intervention for children aged 2\u20137 years with conduct problems. PCIT research has been conducted for approximately 50 years; however, an analysis of general research patterns has not been published. In this context, the present study outlines a bibliometric analysis of scientific collaborations, prevalence across locations on the basis of countries and organizations, leading researchers, and trends within PCIT research. Findings demonstrate that PCIT is an area in which international scientific collaborations are intense and current, and collaborations continue to be formed around the world. Additionally, results indicate that dissemination of intercultural PCIT adaptations are continuous. DevelopResearchers have investigated PCIT as an effective treatment for a variety of emotional and behavioral concerns such as childhood depression , ADHD C, autism Many studies examining PCIT as a treatment for emotional and behavioral concerns have found promising results. For instance, PCIT has been found to be an effective intervention for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). ODD is often characterized by a child\u2019s lack of respect for authority figures, and a child with a diagnosis of ODD may exhibit behaviors such as breaking the rules, tantrumming, arguing with adults, displaying provocative behaviors, and acting stubborn . Bagner Additionally, a review of PCIT outcome studies measuring the effectiveness of PCIT in the rehabilitation of ADHD, one of the most common behavioral problems in children aged 2\u20137\u2009years, reported that PCIT is a very effective approach in reducing ADHD symptoms . More reThere are also studies demonstrating that PCIT remains effective for children who have experienced trauma. Research has found that PCIT and PCIT-based interventions are an effective approach in the rehabilitation of children who have been physically and emotionally abused, and thus, PCIT can prevent disruptive behaviors that may occur later in life . A studyHowever, researchers have noted the importance of treatment completion in family outcomes , and PCIIn the international literature, there are many clinical case studies, single-subject design studies, and randomized controlled trials using PCIT as a treatment for disruptive behavior of children with autism spectrum disorder . StudiesWhat is the distribution of publications on PCIT by years?What is the distribution of publications on PCIT according to Web of Science categories?What is the distribution of publications on PCIT according to the publisher?What is the distribution of publications on PCIT according to Web of Science index?What is the distribution of publications on PCIT by country?What is the distribution of publications on PCIT by organization?What is the distribution of authors publishing on PCIT?What is the distribution of journals in which PCIT studies are published?What is the distribution of citations on PCIT studies?What are the scientific collaborations and research trends within PCIT research?The purpose of the present study is to identify scientific collaborations within the PCIT subject area, examine the prevalence of PCIT studies across locations on the basis of countries and organizations, identify leading researchers, and to reveal trends within the PCIT research through a bibliometric analysis. In this context, the research questions to be answered are as follows.2.The present study focuses on examining publications on PCIT through bibliometric analysis.2.1.Firstly, the bibliometric data of the data sources were searched. In this context, the Web of Science (WoS), the most prominent database of international scientific literature  was sear2.2.Data for the present study was taken directly from WoS. Full data records and cited references were downloaded from the WoS Export menu in a tab-delimited file format. Obtained data were analyzed bibliometrically. Depending on the purpose of determining the intellectual structure and trends of the international literature, researchers may use bibliometric analysis when the scope of the review is wide and the data sources are too large for manual review . Distanc3.3.1.The number of publications in the field of PCIT provides important findings in terms of the development processes of the related field. In this context, the distribution of publications related to PCIT by year is presented in According to the WoS database records, PCIT studies were first published in 1970. While in the beginning PCIT publications ranged between 1 to 5 publications per year, 1\u201311 publications per year were detected between 1981 and 2003, 11\u201330 publications per year were detected between 2004 and 2013, and 23\u201356 publications per year were detected between 2014 and 2022.According to these categories of dates, each covering a range of 13\u2009years, 8.08% of PCIT studies were published between 1970 and 1982, an additional 8.08% were published between 1983 and 1995, 18.82% were published between 1996 and 2009, and 65.02% were published between 2010 and 2022. In this context, considering the number of early publications and the number of publications in recent years, it can be determined that PCIT studies have been published with increasing intensity for 52\u2009years.3.2.According to the WoS database records, PCIT studies were found to be most prominent in WoS categories of Psychology Developmental, Psychology Clinical, Psychiatry, Family Studies, Social Work, Pediatrics, Psychology Multidisciplinary, Rehabilitation, Linguistics, Education Special, Education Educational Research, Psychology, Public Environmental Occupational Health, Psychology Social, Psychology Educational, Sociology, Language Linguistics, Communication, Environmental Sciences, Audiology Speech Language Pathology, Behavioral Sciences, Psychology Experimental, Clinical Neurology, Computer Science Interdisciplinary Applications, and Neurosciences, respectively .3.3.According to WoS database records, Elsevier, Taylor & Francis, Springer Nature, Sage, Wiley, APA, MPDI, Oxford University Press, Cambridge University Press, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Amer Speech-Language-Hearing Assoc, Haworth Press Inc., British Psychological Soc, and Educational Publishing Foundation-American Psychological Association publish PCIT literature the most frequently .3.4.According to 3.5.In the analysis carried out to determine international collaborations regarding PCIT studies, co-authorship was used as the type of analysis, countries as the unit of analysis, the minimum number of documents by country was determined as 2, and the minimum number of citations by country was determined as 2. As a result of the analysis examining over 52 countries, the countries from where PCIT studies were published were found as 20 items and 9 clusters. During the visualization process, the total link strength (tls) was used as the weight scale of each item.The first cluster, shown in According to the results of the analysis to determine the central country, it can be said that the United States leads all countries in published PCIT studies , and theThe result of the analysis conducted to determine the distribution and collaborations among organizations from where PCIT studies are published is presented in When According to The result of the analysis examining researchers who are in scientific collaboration and relatively central positions among PCIT studies is presented in According to When The mapping of the analysis of journals that have published PCIT research is given in Analysis results examining the journals that have published PCIT research are shown in When In addition, the citation network among published PCIT researchers was analyzed with the researcher\u2019s unit and presented in The results of the analysis to determine the citation network for PCIT researchers are shown in When In a co-occurrence analysis of publications within the scope of the study, the author keywords were determined as the analysis unit. In this context, it is aimed to map the whole conceptualization by reducing the minimum number of common keywords to 2 in the study. Based on the 2-word limit, 219 words were mapped from the data set containing 991 keywords. However, as in other mappings, there are repetitive keywords . These are excluded in the visualizations. The visualization is based on occurrences as the weighting criterion.According to Items in the second cluster are abuse , addiction , aggression , cancer , child abuse , child neglect , communication , development , domestic violence , family therapy , joint attention , language , language acquisition , neglect , parent , relationship , retention , and synchrony . Items in the third cluster are adverse child experiences , case report , case study , childhood obesity , low-income , obesity , obesity prevention , parenting training program , parent\u2013child interaction therapy , parent\u2013child relationship , parenting , self-regulation , social skills , telehealth , and traumatic brain injury . Items in the fourth cluster are adoption , attachment , barriers , behavioral parenting training , childhood conduct problems , consultation , dissemination , evidence based treatment , facilitators , implementation , parent management training , therapist training , time-out , and training . Items in the fifth cluster are child abuse prevention , COVID-19 , foster care , mental health , mobile device , mobile phone , parenting intervention , positive parenting skills , preterm birth , RCT , stress , and translational research . Items in the sixth cluster are behavior problems , case series , child disruptive behavior , community mental health , engagement , natural helper , preschool children , single subject design , stuttering , therapy , and treatment outcomes . Items in the seventh cluster are adaptations , child behavior problems , child welfare , community intervention , cost-effectiveness , effectiveness , efficacy , meta-analysis , systematic review , and treatment outcome . Items in the eighth cluster are conversation analysis , emotion coaching , emotion regulation , emotion socialization , externalizing behavior , longitudinal , reflective functioning , socialization , television , and toddlers . Items in the ninth cluster are child development , cognitive development , developmental delay , early intervention , language development , maternal depression , parenting stress , and preschoolers . Items in the tenth cluster are attrition , disruptive behavior , dropout , follow-up , home-based treatment , maintenance , outcome , and treatment . Items in the eleventh cluster are child behavior , child maltreatment , observation , preschool depression , prevention , psychometric properties , randomize controlled trial , and sensitivity . Items in the twelfth cluster are acceptance and commitment therapy , anxiety , behavior therapy , child anxiety , oppositional defiant disorder , and selective mutism . Items in the thirteenth cluster are down syndrome , parent\u2013child interaction , pragmatic functions , repetition , sequential analysis , temperament , and young children . Items in the fourteenth cluster are attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder , behavior intervention , callous-unemotional traits , conduct problem , families , internet-based treatment , and trauma . Items in the fifteenth cluster are adherence , brief treatment , competence , externalizing behavior problem , homework , and treatment fidelity . Items in the sixteenth cluster are alexithymia , attention deficit , autism spectrum disorder , hyperactivity disorder , reliability , and validity . The item in the seventeenth cluster is motivation  and the item in the eighteenth cluster is behavior observations .When Based on the links listed, it can be interpreted that PCIT has a parent training quality  and is considered a short-term approach. In addition, adaptation and dissemination studies of PCIT continue around the world, the effectiveness of the studies beyond adaptation is examined, the therapy has an adaptive structure, and therapist acceptance is an important item. It is clear that the effectiveness of PCIT on child behavior and adjustment problems  has been studied. The effect of this intervention on children, as well as the effect of this intervention on parental stress and emotion regulation, has been examined. In addition, it is seen that PCIT has been examined in home-based and web-based formats in recent years . Thus, it can be interpreted that PCIT has a structure which may be transferable to technology and its application areas have expanded.4.n\u2009=\u200923), New Zealand (n\u2009=\u20097), and Australia (n\u2009=\u200944) have gained momentum in PCIT studies , publication year, language, etc. will impact the availability of bibliometric data. It is considered a limitation of the study that the keywords of (\u201cparent child interaction\u201d) or (\u201cparent\u2013child interaction\u201d) or (\u201cparent child interaction therapy\u201d) or (\u201cparent\u2013child interaction therapy\u201d) or (\u201cpcit\u201d) used during the search of data sources are used in English. This may limit the analysis of publications indexed in the WoS database in other languages. Given the use of VOSviewer for the analyses in this study, another limitation is the method for dealing with repetition of items . Errors may be apparent in the names of universities, the included researchers, the topics, and the citations based on the search parameters. Yet, strengths of the current bibliometric analysis include visualizing data such as prominent keywords, countries, universities, researchers, citations, and research topics which reveals general patterns associated with the historical dissemination of PCIT.The fact that the keyword used in the research process is searched only in the title is a limitation of the study, as some researchers may publish PCIT research without including PCIT in the title . Another6.Based on the analysis of bibliometric data of PCIT publications retrieved from the WoS database, it was concluded that PCIT studies have continued to increase since 1970. According to the classifications created, each covering a range of 13\u2009years, the highest rate of publications occurred between 2010 and 2022 (65%). In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that PCIT is a current research topic for the intervention of disruptive behavior problems and other various emotional, behavioral, and physical health concerns observed in children  from various cultures.When the studies were classified according to the WoS categories, it was concluded that the five most popular WoS categories in PCIT research were Psychology Developmental, Psychology Clinical, Psychiatry, Family Studies, and Social Work. Similarly, the five most frequent publishers of PCIT studies include Elsevier, Taylor & Francis, Springer Nature, Sage, and Wiley. In terms of WoS publication index categories, it was concluded that the majority of the publications (85%) were in the SSCI index. While most of the published PCIT studies are carried out in the United States, scientific collaborations have recently been established between Australia, New Zealand, Denmark, Netherlands, Taiwan, and Iran. Furthermore, the central organizations where published PCIT studies are conducted include the Univ Florida, Univ Oklahoma, West Virginia University, Griffith Univ, Michigan State Univ, Univ Calif Davis, Univ Massachusetts Dartmouth, Univ Calif Riverside, Florida State Univ, New York Univ, Univ Sydney, Univ New South Wales, and Texas Tech Univ. Developmental Psychology, Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Child & Family Behavior Therapy, and Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology are the journals in which PCIT studies are published most frequently. Sheila M. Eyberg, Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck, Beverly W. Funderburk, Rae Thomas, Larissa N. Niec, Cheryl B. McNeil, Daniel M. Bagner, Miya L. Barnett, Jonathan S. Comer, Amy D. Herschell, Susan G. Timmer, Eva R. Kimonis, Mark Chaffin, Kathleen Armstrong, Anthony J. Urquiza, Nancy M. Zebell, Lisa M. Ware, G. Mahoney, and H. Lyton are prominent researchers based on citations. The most frequently used keywords for PCIT studies are PCIT, dissemination, implementation, treatment, effectiveness, child welfare, behavior problem, autism spectrum disorder, emotion regulation, early intervention, child maltreatment, treatment, early intervention, oppositional defiant disorder, joint attention, language development, developmental delay, barriers, implementation, autism spectrum disorder, mobile phone, home-based treatment, emotional coaching, natural helper, telehealth, obesity, obesity prevention, addiction, parental responsiveness, preschool depression, reflective functioning, emotion regulation, and time-out. While some keywords are related to the structure of PCIT , some of them are related to application areas .Although PCIT is a subject area in which international scientific collaborations are intense and current, it is also an area in which collaborations continue to be formed around the world. At this point, it can be determined that intercultural adaptations of PCIT, an effective approach for treating emotional and behavioral problem areas experienced by children and their families with both typical development and developmental delay problems, are continuous.SU: conceptualization, methodology, software, formal analysis, writing \u2013 original draft preparation, and visualization. \u0130S, CM, and EV: validation. \u0130S and SU: investigation. SU, \u0130S, EV, and CM: writing \u2013 review and editing. \u0130S and CM: supervision and project administration. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "Editorial: Over the last few decades, the scientific community has recognized the enormous potential of bioactive dietary nutrients/components in the management and prevention of cancer. Based on the fact that bioactive dietary nutrients and molecules modulate the key deregulated signaling pathways in cancers, including proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle progression, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis ,2,3, it"}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error regarding affiliation 1. Affiliation 1 was published as: Clinical Laboratory, Dongyang People\u2019s Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China. The correct affiliation is: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Worldwide, several food-based dietary guidelines, with diverse food-grouping methods in various countries, have been developed to maintain and promote public health. However, standardized international food-grouping methods are scarce. In this study, we used two-dimensional mapping to classify foods based on their nutrient composition. The Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan were used for mapping with a novel technique\u2014t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding\u2014to visualize high-dimensional data. The mapping results showed that most foods formed food group-based clusters in the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan. However, the beverages did not form large clusters and demonstrated scattered distribution on the map. Green tea, black tea, and coffee are located within or near the vegetable cluster whereas cocoa is near the pulse cluster. These results were ensured by the k-nearest neighbors. Thus, beverages made from natural materials can be categorized based on their origin. Visualization of food composition could enable an enhanced comprehensive understanding of the nutrients in foods, which could lead to novel aspects of nutrient-value-based food classifications. To maintain and promote public health, it is important to follow a healthy and balanced diet that has adequate nutrient levels. To encourage the adoption of balanced diets containing diverse foods, the World Health Organization (WHO) established a \u201cHealthy diet\u201d , and sevDetailed information on food composition is a prerequisite for implementing dietary guidelines . In JapaThe visualization of high-dimensional datasets, such as food-composition tables, increases awareness of the nutritional value of foods. Data-reduction techniques are useful for investigating high-dimensional datasets. Principal component analysis (PCA) is one of the techniques  that havThis study aimed to classify foods based on nutrient information in the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, 2020 (Eighth Revised Edition). We used the t-SNE mapping method and the k-nearest neighbors (k-NN), which lead to the estimation of appropriate nutrient intake through FBDGs. This nutrient value-based evaluation of food would enable a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between nutrients and food.The Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, 2020 (Eighth Revised Edition) is an open source publication from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan, in which 2478 foods were divided into 17 food groups. In this study, 16 food groups, except for \u201cPrepared foods\u201d, were used for analysis; \u201cPrepared foods\u201d was included in meal. The 16 food groups and number of foods in each group are shown in n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA, and 1\u20138% of foods for vitamins D, E, K, B6, B12 and C; folic acid, pantothenic acid; zinc, copper, and manganese. Therefore, the imputation method was applied to estimate missing values using multidimensional scaling (MDS), which represents measurements of similarity among pairs of objects as distances between points of a low-dimensional multidimensional space, and random forest regression methods based on four steps  can be obtained based on the MDS. Here U has compressed information of X. Step 3: A regression model of jth variable of xj without missing values based on U was created by random forest. Step 4: Using the random forest regression models, missing values were calculated for jth variable. Steps 2 and 3 were performed for all variables X.Step 1: The distance between objects can be calculated using Equation (1).1, vitamin B2, niacin equivalent, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, vitamin C, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, iodine, selenium, and molybdenum. RDA is composed of proteins, vitamins A, B1, B2, niacin equivalents, B6, B12, folic acid, C, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, iodine, selenium, and molybdenum. AI is composed of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, pantothenic acid, biotin, potassium, phosphorus, manganese, and chromium. DG is composed of proteins, fats, saturated fatty acids, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, sodium, and potassium. In this case, the selected nutrients were energy, water, protein, fat, saturated fatty acid, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, dietary fiber, carbohydrate, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, vitamin A , vitamin D, vitamin E , vitamin K, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin equivalent, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, pantothenic acid, and vitamin C, whereas iodine, selenium, chromium, molybdenum, and biotin were excluded.The accuracy of the missing values was validated by removing 50 known values and estimating the values for the imputation method as described in the Methods Section . The aveNutrient-density data were used for mapping to exclude the effect of water. Thus, the data for nutrients per 100 g of edible portion were converted to per 100 kcal. Water and energy data were excluded from the dataset during conversion. All nutrients were mapped. Furthermore, to evaluate the contribution of macronutrients  to the mapping, we performed mapping using nutrients without them.A two-dimensional map of the nutrient matrix consisting of nutrients per 100 kcal and 2221 foods was constructed using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE). t-SNE is a nonlinear dimensionality reduction method in which Gaussian probability distributions over a high-dimensional space are constructed and used to optimize a Student\u2019s t-distribution in a low-dimensional space. The low-dimensional embedding descriptors, that is, nutrients per 100 kcal, can be obtained by minimizing the Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence  between The k-NN, a type of machine-learning model ,21, was All data in the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, 2020 (Eighth Revised Edition) were imputed. The numbers of foods consumed before and after data imputation are presented in 1, niacin equivalents, vitamin B12, and pantothenic acid were present in the first quadrant. Moreover, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese, vitamins A, D, E, K, B2, B6, folic acid, and biotin were located in the fourth quadrant.Two-dimensional mapping was performed using/100 kcal data after data imputation. The results of mapping all nutrients using t-SNE are shown in The k-NN method was used for ensuring classification accuracy. The number of foods misclassified using k-NN is shown in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, manganese, and vitamin C are located in the first quadrant. Sodium is present in the second quadrant. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, copper, vitamin D, vitamin B2, niacin equivalents, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and pantothenic acid is located in the third quadrant. Saturated fatty acids, potassium, calcium, vitamins A, E, K, B1, and folic acid is located in the fourth quadrant.The results of the mapping with nutrients, excluding macronutrients , are shown in This is the first visualization study which was undertaken using t-SNE with the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, 2020 (Eighth Revised Edition). Furthermore, this study showed that visualization by two-dimensional mapping was possible based on nutrient information in food-composition tables, as shown in a previous study . PreviouThe results showed that most foods formed clusters in accordance with the food groups in the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, 2020 (Eighth Revised Edition), as indicated by the misclassification rate. This indicates that many food groups had common nutrient patterns and were categorized based on nutrient similarity. Furthermore, as shown in In contrast, the beverages did not form large clusters and were scattered. The misclassification rate of beverages was 48%, with the highest rate among the food groups. This may be because this food group comprises a wide range of beverages, including soft drinks, beverages made from natural materials , and alcoholic drinks. In There is no international consensus on the definition of vegetables and fruits; thus, definitions vary among countries or cultures . The StaThe Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top was developed by the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries of Japan in 2005. A diet that adheres to the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top decreases the risk of total mortality and mortality from cardiovascular disease . Figure This study has some limitations. First, information on iodine, selenium, chromium, molybdenum, and biotin was not added to the dataset for data imputation and mapping because the number of available foods was insufficient. Secondly, details of bioactive compounds, such as phytochemicals and peptides, and the quality of nutrients, such as amino acid balance and fatty acid composition, were not included in the dataset of this study. Finally, this study employed nutrient density and did not reflect the actual nutrient quantity of real intake in the mapping. When data from the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan increase and nutrient data become available, more precise mapping will be performed. Analysis of the quality of nutrients or other compounds may lead to a better understanding of food characteristics.In conclusion, this is the first report on t-SNE-based visualization of the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, 2020 (Eighth Revised Edition), and the results showed that most foods formed clusters in accordance with the food groups in the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, 2020 (Eighth Revised Edition) in terms of nutrient values. In contrast, beverages did not form a large cluster, and beverages made from natural materials such as green tea, black tea, coffee, or cocoa were categorized based on their origin. The visualization of food composition enables a comprehensive understanding of the nutrients in foods, thereby leading to novel aspects of food classifications based on nutrient values."}
{"text": "Instead of \u201cSchool of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China\u201d, it should be \u201cDepartment of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China\u201d.In the published article, there was an error in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Our results show that the points of convergence between the classifications were the classification in terms of origin , nutrient sources, and food groups. However, inconsistencies were observed for the distribution of food items in each group in the 98 surveyed FBDG. As for nature, there was a convergence for in natura, minimally processed, and processed foods. However, the criteria adopted for minimally processed and processed foods described in the FBDG differ from those considered by the FST. FST also does not recognize the classification of foods concerning the level of processing.The World Health Organization (WHO) proposed the dietary guidelines presented as the Food-based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG). The FBDG classify foods according to their origin, nature, nutrient source, food group, and processing level. Food science and technology (FST) ranks food according to its origin, perishability, nutrient source, processing, food group, and formulation. This paper aimed to compare the convergence points for food classification according to the FBDG and FST. This study was carried out in two phases. The first step was identifying the Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG). For each of the FBDG, food items were grouped as fruits, vegetables, cereals, sugars, fat and oils, legumes, foods from animals, dairy products, and others. The second step aimed to identify and describe the different food classification systems. The search was performed on PubMed Food consumption has been recognized as an essential predictor of health or behavior that strongly influences health and future disease risk. Food composition and classification data are used in health studies, from which results are the basis for formulating public policies ,3,4,5,6.Such divergences are probably observed because two fields of scientific knowledge, although closely related, assign different criteria to classify foods: the first referring to food production and the second related to food and its effects on health. Many sciences, such as physics, chemistry, mathematics, and biology, bypassed the scientific development of food science and technology ,14. At tThe Codex Alimentarius covers topics related to food production at all stages of the production chain. It includes processed, semi-processed, and in natura foods. It also addresses issues related to the production of conventional and specialty foods, labeling, food hygiene, food additives, pesticide residues, and food safety assessment procedures derived from modern biotechnology, food inspection, and certification ,16,17. The changes from the First and Second World Wars in the production and sale of food, resulting from the economic, political, and social context, also led the population to move from a situation of malnutrition prevalence to the current state, in which excess weight takes on epidemic proportions ,21,22,23In this sense, the proposals for organizing, creating classification systems, food description systems, or even categories for describing foods may have different objectives, contributing to generating other groups: to create databases on the composition of foods; to support research and technological development; to monitor international, national, and regional trade in food items; to study the relationship between food consumption and health; to monitor the use of pesticides, dyes, antibiotic residues, and veterinary drugs, among others ,27,28,29The classification of foods aims to group them according to their physical, chemical, nutritional, and biological characteristics, as well as other food components, seeking, among other interests, the creation of programs and policies in the area of nutrition, health, and in the fields of agriculture and food industry ,31,32,33Food classification systems aim to organize and distribute a set of elements according to an order established by legal documents, consumers, and food professionals ,10,14. SClassifying food in multiple dimensions  is possible. However, it is essential that a food classification standard becomes a reference for the population and data obtained in epidemiological research in different regions of the world are comparable and equally interpreted, and understood by consumers, professionals, and scientists in the public health, nutrition and FST ,38,39. IIn this regard, in 1998, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed dietary guidelines as Food-based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG). FBDG aim to guide the population regarding food consumption and recommend that meal planning is based on foods that provide a healthy and balanced diet. They incorporate the consumption characteristics of each country and their eating habits, providing recommendations for which foods to eat or not ,40,41,42The FBDG classify food items according to their origin, food groups, nature/processing, and nutrient sources and food science and technology (FST) classifies foods according to the degree of perishability, origin, nutrient source, nature, processing, and formulation ,45,46,47This study was carried out in two phases . The fir\u00ae, Science Direct, and Web of Science and websites of international organizations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Codex Alimentarius. The following combinations of descriptors were used to search: \u201cfood classification\u201d and \u201cfood classification systems.\u201d The search was performed on 10 August and 11 August 2022, without limitation on the date or origin of the studies. To locate possible studies not found in the initial search, the authors performed a reverse search using the reference lists of the selected articles. Inclusion criteria were original and review articles on (1) food classification systems, (2) food guides, (3) food processing, (4) food industry, (5) industrialized food, and (6) processed food. Exclusion criteria were randomized clinical trials, experimental studies, case studies, and studies that brought an association between a particular food group and/or dietary guidelines and diseases. A total of 66 articles and international documents (specific legislation) were included ; the life cycle ; origin (exotic and autochthonous); the way the product is presented to the consumer ; based on the edible parts . The botanical characteristic is the most appropriate for naming these food items in their groups because they are stable. For this purpose, three taxonomic units are used: the botanical family , the botanical genus (group of related species), and the botanical species (basic taxonomic unit), bringing together very similar plant characteristics ,75,76,77Phaseolus vulgaris), broad bean (Vicia faba), lentil (Lens culinaris), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), dry pea (Pisum sativum), and vigna (Vigna sp.) are considered \u201cpulses\u201d, and they are distinguished from leguminous oil seeds by their low-fat content [Cereals are vegetables that, botanically, belong to the grass family. Their seeds are harvested when dried and comprise species such as rice, wheat, corn, barley, triticale, rye, millet, sorghum, and oats ,80. Cere content ,81,82,83Oilseed consists of seeds from various plants that produce edible vegetable oils, seed meals, and cakes for animal feed. Some important vegetable oil seeds are by-products of fiber or fruit crops . Some of the oilseeds are, directly or after slight processing , used as food  or for food flavoring  ,59. Codex Alimentarius, meat is the matured muscle mass and the other tissues accompanying it, including the corresponding bone mass, offal, blood, fat, cartilage, and bones. Its classification is related to the species from which it precedes: beef, pork, lamb; poultry ; fish ; hunting ; reptiles; batrachians ; chelonians ; insects [According to  insects ,84. In t insects ,86,87. M insects . Foods of animal and vegetable origin can be classified as perishable or semi-perishable since the water activity content in the food matrix affects the speed of deterioration, mainly of microbial origin. They can be classified as in natura, minimally processed, and processed according to their nature. Fresh food refers to food in its natural state . MinimalIn this context, foods are classified as pasteurized, dehydrated, evaporated, extruded, refrigerated, frozen, lyophilized, irradiated, fermented, and enriched, among others ,70,91,92Thus, the International Network of Food Data Systems (INFOODS) proposes the classification of foods based on their composition as simple foods and compound foods. Simple foods are those that have the following criteria: (a) foods in their natural state, only inedible or rejected parts are removed ; (b) foods from which part of the edible portion has been removed during processing ; (c) foods with a single main ingredient, dehydrated or with added water ; (d) foods with a single main ingredient, added with other ingredients in amounts that do not significantly impact the energy value; (e) foods that have been processed with or without the removal of parts of the edible portion, with or without the addition of small amounts of other ingredients, such as fortified corn flakes. Compound foods consist of raw materials with ingredients from different sources, such as cakes, bread, and ready-to-eat products, among others ,28,45,94n = 98) have FBDG to guide the consumption of necessary foods for health promotion. The regions with the highest number of FBDG are the European continent (n = 34), the American continent\u2014Latin America and Caribbean (n = 29), and the Asian continent\u2014Asia and Pacific (n = 17). Although Africa has 54 countries, only 10 have FBDG; Oceania has 6 countries with FBDG . Although 94 FBDG use classification according to food groups, we identified that some countries adopt combinations of food groups with nature and/or nutrient sources and/or origin, such as the FBDG of Peru, Israel, and Belgium, among others. Alternatives such as nutrient sources   or according to their nature/processing  , origin   and culture of the country are the minority . The most usual systematization in the FBDG is food groups (n = 1); highly processed foods, rich in sugar and fat (n = 1); processed foods (n = 5); processed foods high in fat, sugar, and salt (n = 1); in natura or minimally processed (n = 3); ultra-processed foods (n = 4). Of these countries, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru use the NOVA classification  [In seven FBDG , foods are classified as highly processed foods (d foods) ,35,95. Bn = 57; 58%), vegetables , oils and fats , vegetables and fruits , and foods from animals .Two hundred thirty-five terms were cited to name the food items in the respective groups described in the 98 FBDG . The mosIt is important to mention that the \u201cdairy products\u201d group is separated from the \u201cFood from animals\u201d group because, although the name food from animals is the most used for foods of animal origin, not all food groups of animal origin include dairy products (there are 30 terms related to the specific nomenclature \u201cmilk or dairy products\u201d). Therefore, this separation was maintained in this manuscript.n = 8; 8% of the 98 FBDG), 13 for the vegetable group , 52 (53%) for the cereal group, and 11 (11.2%) terms were listed as foods belonging to the legumes group (n = 46) described fruits and vegetables in the same group; 20% (n = 20) included fruit juice; nine (10%) included beans; in eight (8%) FBDG, legumes were also part of this group. Forty-seven FBDGs included legumes in the protein sources group [We found 84 terms to specify food items in the fruits, vegetables, cereals, and legumes groups. In total, 8 terms categorized foods into the fruit group , chemical composition, and nutritional value. Only their origin, e.g., plant origin, is the common criterion.n = 64) were foods from animals or protein sources, such as meat, poultry, pork, game meat, offal, fish, seafood, meat products , insects, eggs, tofu, milk, yogurt, cheese, beans, soy, pulses, peanuts, seeds, and oilseeds/nuts  included peanuts, and thirty-nine (40%) had soy in this group; 90% of the FBDGs incorporated eggs  and fish  into the group food from animals and only twenty FBDG (20%) included the seafood in that group. Likewise, we identified that some of the terms used to name the food items belonging to the legumes group in the analyzed 98 FBDG are related to foods belonging to other groups, such as nuts (fruit), soya (oilseed), and meat . Of the 235 identified terms, 27% of these  of the terms named foods from the milk and dairy product group: milk, cheeses, yogurts, dairy products, tofu, curds, labneh, foods rich in calcium, kefir  , soy milk  , tofu  (Cambodia and Yugoslavia), and eggs  . Only one (1%) FBDG (Oman) added dry curd (labneh) to this group. Furthermore, of the 235 terms used to identify the food items of each group, only 9%  terms were associated with oils and fats, e.g., butter, margarine, oils obtained from seeds, avocado, coconut, and olive oil. Fifteen FBDG (15.3%) included avocados in this group, while coconut was included in this group in ten (10.2%) of the FBDG . Twenty-two terms were used for food items in the sugar group. However, words like \u201chighly processed foods rich in sugar and fat; oil; butter; fat; rice\u201d are inconsistent with the proposed grouping . In the FBDG from Brazil, Ecuador, and Uruguay, foods were classified according to the NOVA (classification of foods based on the extent and purpose of their processing), which ranks foods as in natura/minimally processed (Group 1); in Group 2\u2014oils, fats, salt, and sugar (processed culinary ingredients), Group 3\u2014processed foods, and Group 4\u2014ultra-processed foods  3,12,24,114,115.The present study investigated convergence points between the classification of foods adopted by the researched Food-based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG) and the criteria adopted by food science and technology (FST). Our data show points of convergence when using criteria related to origin, nutrient sources, nature/processing, and food group . Our stun = 13; 13%) FBDG used terms associated with the classification according to nutrient sources.The current trend is for FBDG to be based on the dietary pattern of the target group, not nutrients . Based on = 1259) of these consumers believe it is easier to classify foods into food groups [The types of classification most adopted by the FBDG are those related to food groups and nutrient sources. However, most FBDG (94%) are classified according to food groups, a criterion also used by FST, rather than nutrient sources . A recenRegarding fruit and vegetable classification, approximately 49% of FBDG group fruits with vegetables. Fruits and vegetables, when correctly consumed in terms of frequency and quantity and combined with other foods, promote health benefits. Therefore, it is important to consider the analysis of the formulation, with the final nutritional composition of a product that uses fruits and vegetables as raw materials, as well as the addition of sugar, fat, and salt to these preparations ,116,117.Beans and other legumes are foods that are classified differently according to the different FBDG. They are included in the fruit and vegetable group, the cereals group, or even included in the food from animals group and with oilseeds. As we have already highlighted, these foods differ in chemical composition and nutritional properties. Legumes are known to be grains contained in pods; as they are grains, in 13% of the 98 FBDG, they are classified as cereals. However, legumes differ from cereals ,123,124.Twenty-three (23.5%) FBDG adopted a specific legume group, justified by their nutritional properties and anti-nutritional factors. These modify their recommendation compared to other foods, such as cereals, meats, and oilseeds ,122,124.Approximaely 40% of FBDG incorrectly included pulses, soy, and peanuts in the food from animals group. Both soy and peanuts are products of plant origin and do not have high biological value proteins. In addition, peanuts are legumes with a high fat content ,123,124.FBDGs of 17 Latin American countries added green bananas to the cereals and pulses group. In green bananas, 60\u201380% of the carbohydrates are fiber . Their ingestion is recommended since they behave in the body similarly to fibers and are considered healthy products ,129. Eggs, milk, and derivatives are products of animal origin with high nutritional quality recognized as important for human health. Their protein composition provides individuals the essential amino acids to develop and maintain vital activities ,124,126.The FBDG of Vietnam, Korea, Cambodia, and Kenya included in their dietary guidelines the consumption of insects in the protein-rich foods group, most likely due to the impact of the traditional intake of insects in these countries ,130,131.n= 15)) and 10 (10.2%) of the FBDG included avocado and coconut in this group, respectively. From the point of view of FST, avocado and coconut are fruits with high-fat content. It is known that oils , generally liquid at room temperature, have higher contents of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, except for coconut and palm oils. Olive oil is part of this group, but this term is only used to name oils from fruits: palm oil and olive oil. On the other hand, fats of animal origin, solid at room temperature, are the primary sources of saturated fatty acids such as bacon, lard, and dairy fat. Physiologically, they behave differently in the body; therefore, the fat type should be better specified in dietary recommendations [In the oils and fats group, almost 15  terms for the sugar group in the FBDG. Some authors consider \u201csugars\u201d all sugars used as ingredients in processed and prepared foods such as bread, cakes, soft drinks, jams, chocolates, and ice cream. Total sugars are mono and disaccharides naturally present in food, such as lactose in milk, sucrose in table sugar, or glucose and fructose in honey. Table sugar is a product obtained from sugar cane or sugar beet. Such substances are used to impart sweetness to food, among other technological properties, including preserving food ,135,136.Codex Alimentarius recommendations, while the logic for classifying foods in the FBDG does not harmonize, for example, origin, group, and main source of nutrients, as verified for foods of plant origin and legumes. Despite identifying divergencies concerning food classification, it is essential to mention that FBDGs are designed for another purpose than a food composition table or the classification carried out by FST. However, guiding the population using correct and understandable classification is crucial to avoid misinterpretation.Comparing the food groups described in the 98 FBDG, as well as the food items included in the groups, with the classification proposed by the FST, we identified that despite convergences regarding the sort, e.g., animal origin and vegetable origin, there is incompatibility regarding the inclusion of items in the groups . FST follows the The NOVA classification system groups foods as in natura or minimally processed, processed, and ultra-processed foods . AlthougConsidering the classification in terms of nature and food processing proposed by the FBDG and FST, we understand that they considered the same classification: in natura, minimally processed, and processed. However, the concepts proposed by FST differ from those established in the FBDG since minimally processed food, according to FST, is defined as any fresh fruit or vegetable or any combination that has been physically altered from its original form but remains fresh. The critical point of minimally processed fruits and vegetables is their active metabolism and respiratory rate despite physical changes ,70,89,90Furthermore, in the FBDGs of Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, and Uruguay, the term ultra-processed is used to classify some foods. According to the NOVA classification, ultra-processed foods are industrial formulations made entirely or mainly from substances extracted from food , derived from food constituents (hydrogenated fats and modified starch), or synthesized in the laboratory based on organic materials such as petroleum and coal  ,114,137.Industrialized foods can be added sugars, lipids, sodium, or food additives that can harm health when added improperly or when consumed in excess ,70. SimiRegarding the presentation of information on the classification of foods in the FBDG, some authors have shown that information on whether foods are sources of calcium, fat, or proteins still needs to be fully understood by the population ,121,139.Advances in the labeling of industrialized products that identify, in addition to the product\u2019s name, the list of ingredients, the nutritional information, and property claims on labels, provide better understanding, often restricted to professionals ,147,148.According to Sadler et al. , preciseCodex Alimentarius signatory country follows its recommendations, including the nomenclature of foods of animal and plant origin, whether in natura, minimally processed, or processed [Thus, to reduce information asymmetry between researchers, public policymakers, and consumers, using terms that nutritionally reflect food items for daily consumption is recommended, considering reliable data on their chemical composition that expresses the nutrition composition and sources of nutrients . Public rocessed ,149. Humrocessed ,150,151.In the modern world, convenience is needed, and the food industry is essential. After approximately 200 years of the food industry\u2019s existence and 60 years after food engineering became an established field of science, this has not been enough for some people to trust and feel safe with industrialized food. Furthermore, people lack knowledge about industrialized food, quality, and food safety, so how can they trust in something they do not know sufficiently? Including food subjects in basic education, such as food education, food safety, nourishment, good domestic food handling, and sustainability issues, must be considered in a public policy tool .Despite the various proposals developed in epidemiological studies, Deharveng et al.  and IrelIn addition to classifying foods, it is important to evaluate the chemical and nutritional composition of foods, simple and compound, since recipes, technical preparation files, and formulations are made up of a group of instructions related to the quantity and quality of raw materials and ingredients, to the precise recording of all ingredients, their proportions, and sequence of operations. Systematized recipes, technical preparation files, and formulations reveal foods\u2019 chemical and nutritional composition and show trends in the relationship between food and nutrition ,36. The Our results showed that the classification of foods indicated in the 98 surveyed Food-based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG) established convergence with food science and technology (FST) for the criteria source of nutrients and origin of foods, animal or plant. By classifying foods in food groups in the FBDG, we identified that the distribution of some food items in food groups needs to follow the botanical classification  recommended by FST for foods of plant origin. A similar approach can be considered for foods of animal origin. Legumes do not have the same nutritional value as animal foods. Presumably, such items were incorporated into the group because they were protein-rich. Using such groupings can lead to erroneous interpretations regarding the chemical and nutritional aspects in the interpretation of food consumption versus nutritional quality. Regarding the nature of foods, whether in natura, minimally processed, or processed, from a scientific and technological point of view, it is impossible to classify foods according to the \u201clevel of processing\u201d. Unit operations  do not define the nutritional value of the food.A proposal for food classification should include eating habits, availability of products in the region, access issues (food security), technological development, and availability of data on chemical composition. We must consider and improve the consumers\u2019 food literacy, informing them that foods, regardless of origin and technical process, are sources of nutrients. Indeed, its chemical composition determines whether a food item is a source of a particular nutrient. The chemical composition of a recipe or formulation will decide if the product is high in calories and is a source of lipids or fibers. The issue goes beyond a list that groups foods and is directly related to the correct information interpretation from the aspect of FST. The result of the recipe adopted at home, in food service, or in industry determines the processed food\u2019s content, quality, and nutritional value. The results of this review reinforce an urgent need for shared work between professional nutritionists, food scientists and technologists, public policymakers, and representatives of the food industry to discuss the classification of foods. Just grouping foods into categories does not translate the nutritional value of a food or a product exactly. There is a need to further educate health workers and researchers regarding food classification; thus, they may not contribute to misinformation."}
{"text": "Author Contributions statement was not updated to accurately reflect the contributions of the newly added authors PP, GA, JG-A and ME. The correct Author Contributions statement appears below.Due to a production error, the in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies. BA, PP, GA, JG-A, ME, JL and PS analyzed data and contributed to their interpretation. JL and PS supervised the project. ME, JG-A, JL and PS received funding. All authors reviewed the manuscript, approved the final version to be published and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.\u201d\u201cBA, JL and PS conceived and designed experiments. BA, MR, NC, LS, JE, PP, GA and JG-A performed the The publisher apologizes for this mistake. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Author list, and Author \u201cJiayin Yang\u201d was erroneously excluded. The corrected Author list appears below.In the published article, there was an error in the \u201cYong Lv, Xiaolong Xie, Lihui Pu, Qi Wang, Jiayin Yang, Siyu Pu, Chengbo Ai, Yi Liu, Jing Chen, Bo Xiang.\u201dAffiliations. A new affiliation was added for \u201cJiayin Yang\u201d: \u201cLiver Transplant Center, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.\u201dIn the published article, there was an error regarding the Author Contributions as the contributions of Jiayin Yang were erroneously excluded. The correct Author Contributions appear below:In the published article, there was an error in the \u201cBX: study concept, and management and coordination responsibility for the research activity planning. JC: study concept, experiment design, data analysis, and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual concept. JY: sample acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data for the work, drafting the work and revising it critically for important intellectual content. YLv: study concept, data analysis and drafting of the manuscript, and implementation of the computer code and supporting algorithms. XX: sample collection, conducting a research and investigation process, data analysis, and drafting of the manuscript. LP: performing the experiments and data collection. QW: sample collection, scrub data, and maintain research data. SP and CA: sample and data collection. YLi: critical advice on study design and found support for this project. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 1. Instead of \u201cTui-Na department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China\u201d, it should be \u201cTui-Na Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Consumers are more aware and demanding of healthy food options, besides being concerned with environment-friendly consumption. This paper aims to evaluate nutritional, technological, and sensory characteristics of legumes and their products\u2019 quality and versatility, considering potential applications in new food options. Legumes are foods that have a recognized nutritional group since they have high protein and fiber content. However, their consumption is still somehow limited for some reasons: in some countries it is not easy to find all the species or cultivars, they need an organization and planning before preparation since they need soaking, and there is the presence of antinutritional factors. Due to the different functionalities of legume proteins, they can be applied to a variety of foods and for different purposes, as grains themselves, aquafaba, extracts, flours, brans, and textured proteins and sprouts. These products have been inserted as ingredients in infant food formulations, gluten-free foods, vegetarian diets, and in hybrid products to reduce food costs as well. Foods such as bread, cakes, cookies, meat analogues, and other baked or cooked products have been elaborated with nutritional, technological and sensory quality. Further development of formulations focused on improving the quality of legume-based products is necessary because of their potential and protein quality. There is a wide variety of legumes: beans, soybeans, peas, lentils, chickpeas, lupins, carobs, and peanuts, which can be purchased green, dehydrated, in pods, sprouted, or in canned form .Pisum sativum L.) originating in the Mediterranean, especially in the Middle East, is one of the oldest domesticated crops in the world [Glycine max) has Asian origins and is one of the most versatile and nutritionally important legumes in the world [Cicer arietinum L.) is another legume with an important role in world food and is one of the most cultivated [Lens culinaris) is also a legume and it is estimated that in the year 2020 more than 6 million tons of lentils were produced in the world. Among the world\u2019s largest producers, Canada and India can be mentioned, and much of this production is exported [Pea , and Capes Portal, between February of 2020 and December of 2022.The identification of the studies was performed, and the papers were selected considering the following keywords: \u201clegumes\u201d; \u201cpulses\u201d; \u201clegumes flours\u201d; \u201cpulses flours\u201d; \u201clegumes proteins\u201d; \u201cprotein functionality\u201d; \u201ctechnological properties\u201d; \u201cnutritional and technological properties\u201d; \u201ctexture-modified foods\u201d; \u201csensory quality\u201d; \u201csensory properties\u201d; \u201clegumes plant-based\u201d; \u201clegumes products\u201d; \u201cnew food options\u201d.All the titles and abstracts of the articles were read in order to confirm if they addressed the study theme, and those that met all the inclusion criteria were read in their entirety. The targeted data included authors, legumes, food made, and outcomes. The inclusion criteria were (1) being compatible with the main subject; (2) free, online, digital access available for full reading and download. The exclusion criteria were (1) not being compatible with the main subject; (2) not addressing the topic of interest; (3) being an animal study; (4) being a dissertation, book, thesis, or literature review.Legumes consist mainly of carbohydrates 15\u201368%), proteins (15\u201340%), and dietary fiber (15\u201335%) and, depending on the legume, a varied content of lipids, especially soybean and chickpea. Cellulose is considered an important fiber component, found mainly in beans, peas, lentils, and green beans \u201368%, pro. These lIn legumes, the high amounts of protein deserve to be highlighted, which can vary from 20% in peas to 38\u201340% in soybeans and lupines . Legume The digestibility of legumes is lower than that of cereal proteins and this inferiority can be attributed to several factors that are related to the protein\u2019s structure and functionality, such as relative solubility, compartmentalization, bean proteins structure compactness, cell walls permeability, and seed protective coating, in addition to the presence of substances in the seed coat, such as tannins and phytic acid, which can form insoluble complexes with amino acids, making them unavailable for absorption ,26. ThisDespite having nutritional, sensory, and versatility advantages in cooking , legumesLentil-based foods have been successfully produced and marketed in recent years. Lentils are known to induce severe allergic reactions; however, it is currently unknown whether new lentil-based pasta retains the same allergenic potential as lentil seeds. Valdelvira et al.  studied With regard to bioactive compounds, legumes have several types of compounds depending on the variety of species, color, and type of processing of the legume. For example, lupine seeds contain low amounts of carotenoids and high concentrations of tocopherols and phenolics. However, the chemical composition of Andean lupine flour was modified by the technological processes  applied ,33. AfteGermination, also known as sprouting, is the process of soaking the legumes in water and keeping them in moist conditions until they begin to germinate . LegumesB-complex vitamins, for example, can increase in germinated grains, such as lentil sprouts, of which some studies already found a significantly higher amount than in dry lentil seeds . The gerChickpea germination for 72 h followed by boiling, drying, and peeling was considered a useful technique for cooking or as a thickener for follow-on infant formulas fortified with minerals and vitamins . OhanenyBresciani and Marti  evaluatePerri et al.  germinatAhure and Ejoha  evaluateLegume flours have been inserted in diets with or without gluten to make breads , cookiesThe addition of legume flour also favors viscosity, dough volume, specific bread volume, cake tenderness, and texture of bakery . Legume Giuberti et al.  made spaHoehnel et al.  evaluateKomeroski et al.  evaluatePasqualone et al.  studied Joehnke et al.  studied Du et al.  studied Evangelho et al.  studied Ma et al.  evaluateRecent studies have shown that the viscous liquids that can be drained from cooked or canned legumes produce stable foams, emulsions, and gels. This liquid, called aquafaba, can be used as a gluten-free and cholesterol-free vegan rheological additive in many food products such as egg-free mayonnaise, meringue, mousse, whipped cream, ice cream, emulsified sauces, cocktails, and confectionery products. A recent study with chickpeas, beans, lentils, soybeans, and peas investigated the use of such ingredients ,63.Chickpea in aquafaba was studied by Mustafa et al. . AquafabStantiall et al.  also evaShim et al.  evaluateAquafaba\u2019s physical properties, such as pH, density, viscosity, water, and oil absorption capacity, determine the functional properties of this new product. The lower pH of aquafaba can lead to an increase in foaming and emulsification properties ,63,66.Many consumers are concerned about aquafaba\u2019s oligosaccharides, as such compounds can cause unpleasant gastrointestinal symptoms such as flatulence, bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal pain . HoweverDue to its functionality, aquafaba can be used in food products, such as vegan mayonnaise and butter , and gluThe perspectives for consumption and marketing of legumes as substitutes for animal source foods also seem very promising due to the quality of the proteins in such grains, and the motivations are quite varied: for vegetarians, for nonvegetarians who respect animals, people who want to consume foods without cholesterol, or for religious or ethical reasons.Ma et al.  evaluateConsumers can have more than one motivation to replace meat with legumes and as an ingredient in processed foods, because of their promising processing qualities, since legumes can be included in many convenient products. In addition, the increased consumption of processed legumes products could reduce the use of meat in many dishes .Meat substitutes deserve to be further evaluated, especially regarding technological quality and acceptance, as some people who are interested in their consumption require that they be practical and have sensory characteristics close to the usual meat products such as appearance, texture, and general acceptability . Kim et Legumes can also be used for special diets like for people with dysphagia . The maiProtein aggregates result in thickening, increased viscosity, and the formation of a gel, whereas interactions between the denatured protein and the gelatinized starch of the legume grain contribute to the increase in apparent viscosity . ChickpeFood made with legumes as ingredients can profit from the quality of the proteins of these grains, since they may have functional properties such as solubility, water and oil retention capacities, gelling, emulsification, and foaming, among others, which are known to improve food texture ,77,78.Several minimal nonthermal processing methods are being used to induce significant changes in protein conformation and modulation without altering its native characteristics. Pulsed light, high-pressure processing (HPP), irradiation, ultrasound, supercritical carbon dioxide, plasma technology, and pulsed electric field (PEF) are emerging technologies. HPP treatment induces denaturation and aggregation or gelling of proteins with high textural properties. The functional properties of legume proteins such as hydration, gelling, and emulsification make legume proteins also suitable for industrial applications .Viscosity, water and oil retention capacity, and activity and stability of emulsions in legume preparations are influenced by the content of protein and soluble/insoluble carbohydrate ,80, polyWater absorption during immersion followed by high-temperature treatment during cooking leads to hydration and protein denaturation and starch gelatinization, in addition to solubilization ,81. ChanSoy protein has been widely used in the food industry for such purposes, in addition to peas, lentils, beans, and chickpeas ,84. In aAccording to their diverse functionalities and nutritional properties, legume proteins can be applied in a variety of foods and formulations and for different purposes. These functional properties make it possible to use legume proteins in the form of extracts, flours, textured proteins, and other derivatives in preparations such as soups, beverages, snacks, baked goods, or meat analogues . Some imThe secondary structure of legume proteins is directly linked to the functional characteristics and changes that occur in protein conformation, for example, emulsifying and foaming properties of legume proteins. High-pressure processing exposes the larger sites, which significantly improves protein digestibility due to structural loosening and protein unfolding .Different processing conditions can affect protein properties and functionality. In general, heat treatments such as cooking, microwave cooking, pressure cooking, and extrusion increase the digestibility of in vitro protein. In addition, an increase in cooking time was shown to be important for increasing in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD). Cooking resulted in better IVPD for lentils, chickpeas, peas, and soybeans, but soaking legumes before heating did not result in consistent effects. In microwave cooking, the lowest amount of energy (500 J/g) caused a significant increase in protein digestibility. A further increase in energy to 1000 J/g significantly improved protein digestibility. However, more energy input  during microwave cooking did not significantly affect protein digestibility. Soaking before pressure cooking reduced processing time and positively affected bean protein digestibility, as IVPD improved. With regard to the baking process, apparently, the process of mixing, kneading, rising, and baking the dough reduced IVPD in relation to cooking, except for the red lentil. The extrusion of common bean, pea seed, broad bean, and kidney bean flour significantly increased the IVPD up to 87% [Legumes have nutritional, technological, and sensory potential to be added to foods and become new options, and their low environmental impact should also be highlighted. However, some factors limit their use, in addition to the presence of antinutrients, which can be minimized through planning, hydration, and heat treatment. Germinated legumes have been used to improve the nutritional and sensory profile of preparations in addition to presenting lower levels of antinutritional factors.Due to the different functionalities of legume proteins, they can be applied to a variety of foods and formulations and for different purposes, whether in the form of the grains themselves, aquafaba, extracts, flours, brans, and textured proteins. From a technological point of view, the incorporation of legumes in cereal-based products has been welcome, whether for celiac individuals or people sensitive to gluten, as a strategy that adds nutritional value and expands food options. However, dough rheology and the technological quality of breads, cakes, and biscuits still need to be further investigated.Many people benefit from this increase in the consumption of legumes, such as people who do not consume gluten, vegans, vegetarians, allergic and dysphagic individuals, in addition to the world population that already has the habit of consuming such grains, which have culinary versatility. It is considered financially accessible and more sustainable than the consumption of animal source foods.For future perspectives, our research group is focusing on evaluating the behavior of different legumes associated with other vegetable options in meat analogues, as well as chemical, technological, and sensory quality of these final products."}
{"text": "Dr. Hamidah Hussain.Dr. Hamidah Hussain embodied everything that a global health researcher, advocate, and leader should be. Her work improved and saved countless lives across Pakistan, Bangladesh, Tajikistan, Indonesia, South Africa, and the Philippines. She was the co-founding Director of IRD Global in Singapore, and the founding Country Director for IRD Bangladesh. Her work included active case finding for susceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB), childhood TB, TB preventive services, vaccine-preventable diseases, and malaria control programs. Hamidah previously worked at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, BRAC in Dhaka, and Aga Khan University in Karachi. She received her medical degree from Aga Khan University, her Master\u2019s in Health Policy, Planning, and Financing from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and her PhD in health economics from the University of Bergen. She is survived by her husband, Shehzad Noorani, their son Hisbaan, her parents, and a brother. She was still raising funds while in hospital for the public health programs that she was passionate about. Hamidah\u2019s extraordinary courage, graciousness, wisdom, generosity, and commitment to the underserved were widely admired. She was a bright star dimmed far too soon, a dedicated force when it came to saving lives. Hamidah will be greatly missed for her contagious smile and contributions to global health. A tribute to her beautiful life can be viewed here (tinyurl.com/tributetohamidah)."}
{"text": "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. This study guides the prevention and diagnosis of NAFLD by analyzing its risk factors and the diagnostic value of each index for NAFLD.We collected the clinical information of adults individuals who underwent physical examination in the Physical Examination Center of Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, from January 2016 to January 2020, including gender, age, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), indirect bilirubin (IBIL), fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). We performed logistic regression analysis and ROC diagnostic analysis.p-values were less than 0.05). Among them, age, BMI, ALT, TG, and HDL had a predictive value for the occurrence of NAFLD in the adults . The combination of age, BMI, ALT, TG, and HDL had a diagnostic value for the occurrence of NAFLD (AUC\u2009=\u20090.881).The results showed that age, BMI, SBP, ALT, AST, FBG, TBIL, TG, and LDL were risk factors for NAFLD in adults, and HDL was a protective factor (all Healthy people should pay attention to their BMI levels, manage blood pressure, blood glucose, and lipid levels, and pay attention to changes in ALT and AST index levels to prevent NAFLD. Age, BMI, ALT, TG, and HDL indexes are helpful factors in the diagnosis of NAFLD. The prevalence of NAFLD is estimated to be about 25% .NAFLD is a progressive disease characterized by the accumulation of early liver fat (hepatic steatosis) and liver inflammation, promoting the transition from benign steatosis to more advanced NASH. Although the disease is reversible in its early stages, its treatment becomes more complex in the advanced stages. If left untreated, NASH may progress to cirrhosis, an irreversible disease state characterized by scarring of the liver tissue that may lead to HCC . The maiGiven that the majority of patients with NAFLD are predominantly asymptomatic, early diagnosis of NASH and accurate staging of fibrosis risk are critical for better stratification, monitoring, and targeted management of at-risk patients. To date, liver biopsy remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of NASH and NAFLD staging. However, its use is not widespread due to its invasive properties. In this study, we analyzed the general information, biochemical indexes, and risk factors associated with NAFLD and searched for significant, relevant diagnostic indexes from physical examination data from a population in Qingpu, Shanghai.2.2.1.The study subjects underwent physical examination in the Physical Examination Center of Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University from January 2016 to January 2020. We collected their physical examination data. The inclusion criteria were patients diagnosed with fatty liver by B-ultrasound results, those with complete physical examination information, and patients aged \u2265 18\u2009years. The exclusion criteria are viral hepatitis, drug-induced hepatitis, autoimmune liver disease, Wilson disease (hepatolenticular degeneration), liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, severe malnutrition, infection, bile duct infection, severe cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, other metabolic or immune diseases, cachexia and other malignant tumors, and long-term alcohol intake exceeding the standard . Duplicate samples were deleted.The patients were divided into a NAFLD group and a non-NAFLD (NO-NAFLD) group according to the criteria. Age, BMI, SBP, DBP, ALT, AST, TBIL, DBIL, IBIL, FBG, TC, TG, HDL, and LDL indexes were collected for comparison between the two groups. The diagnosis of fatty liver is based on the 2010 criteria of the Chinese Medical Association Society of Liver Diseases . Fatty l2.2.2 test. Data for skewed distributions were expressed as medians and quartiles and compared using the Mann\u2013Whitney U test. When the results of the descriptive analysis were statistically different, the factor was regressed by binary logistic regression. p\u2009<\u20090.05 was considered a statistically significant difference.Data were statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS 26.0 software, and R software (version 3.6.3) was employed to visualize and graph the results of independent factors. Descriptive information was expressed as .A total of 31,718 physical examiners\u2019 data were collected according to the above criteria, including 15,628 males and 16,090 females. In the 31,718-person sample, there were 16,968 patients with NAFLD and 14,750 people without NAFLD. There were differences in age, SBP, DBP, BMI, ALT, AST, TBIL, IBIL, FBG, TC, TG, HDL, and LDL between the NAFLD group and NO-NAFLD group  with a cut-off value of 125.50. The prediction of BMI was accurate  with a cut-off value of 23.25. The prediction of ALT was accurate  with a cut-off value of 16.50. The prediction of TG was accurate  with a cut-off value of 1.385. HDL was predicted with accuracy  with a cut-off value of 1.315. The accuracy of the predictive ability of the remaining indicators was poor ; Table 34.In this study, we analyzed the health data of 31,718 patients to study the risk factors associated with the occurrence of NAFLD. We found that age, SBP, DBP, BMI, ALT, TBIL, FBG, TG, and LDL were risk factors for the occurrence of NAFLD and age, BMI, ALT, TG, and HDL were valuable for diagnosing NAFLD. We also performed a combined analysis of several indicators with an AUC area above 0.7 and found that the combined five indicators of age, BMI, ALT, TG, and HDL had diagnostic value for the diagnosis of NAFLD (AUC\u2009=\u20090.881).Here we found age a risk factor for NAFLD development. The results of multifactorial logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of NAFLD increased by 2.9% for each year of age, which is consistent with the results of several studies \u201311. The ALT is a common indicator of liver function. According to our study, ALT was an independent risk factor for the development of NAFLD , which is consistent with several other studies , 17, andOur study also identified SBP, DBP, BMI, FBG, TG, and LDL as risk factors for the development of NAFLD. Abnormalities in these indicators corresponded to each of the components included in METS. METS usually includes obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension . Some stObesity is a key factor in the development of NAFLD. In the present study, we found that BMI was a risk factor  and the best predictor (AUC\u2009=\u20090.836) of NAFLD, which is in accordance with several other studies , 25. RecDyslipidemia is also a risk factor for the development of NAFLD. In this study, LDL was the strongest risk factor for NAFLD. The risk of NAFLD increased 1.285 times for each unit increase in LDL level. TG has diagnostic value for NAFLD by a ROC analysis study (AUC\u2009=\u20090.78). The pathogenesis of NAFLD is thought to be related to hepatocellular fat accumulation and dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism, leading to steatosis, as well as hepatocyte inflammation and necrosis , Shanghai Health Care Commission (202040065), Research Project of Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (QYM2020-06), the Scientific Research Foundation provided by Pudong Hospital affiliated to Fudan University , Fudan Zhangjiang Clinical Medicine Innovation Fund Project (KP7202105), and the Pudong New Area Clinical Characteristic Discipline Project (grant no. PWYts2021-11).The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "Dear Editor,We read the article by Sun et al. published in Critical Care with great interest . The autAs is well known, antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum antibiotics, can cause significant disruption to the gut microbiota, including a 10,000-fold decrease in bacterial load and a decrease in diversity , 3. DiffFurthermore, there are also flaws in the analysis methods used in this study. Firstly, the authors used outdated OTUs for gut microbiota analysis, and ASV analysis was not performed, which weakened the power of this study. Secondly, the authors only used Lefse for differential analysis of gut microbiota between the two groups, without using more robust methods such as DESeq2. Thirdly, in this study, only a small proportion of the analysis results were adjusted for p-values, which can lead to many false positive results.Overall, this study has value of publication, but many issues still need to be addressed."}
{"text": "When chronic and intense, loneliness, in turn, may lead to distortions of sharing. For example, in less fortunate cases, the motivational force of loneliness is not so strong as to facilitate the sharing of our loneliness story with others or, even more, the sharing of the illusion of sharing (Kugiumutzakis, Third, I suggest that meaning. Acts of meaning (Bruner, emotional narratives with the Other (starting early in infancy; Stern, Fourth, because of the distortions of sharing, we cannot co-create  Bruner,  are impecultural membership, that is, finding one's place in the world as a doer and knower (Trevarthen, collective story-telling, which can be called \u2018socionoesis\u201d' (Trevarthen, symbolic and collaborative awareness (Trevarthen et al., cultural learning is facilitated and pride in meaning (Trevarthen, Finally, apart from the presence of an actual Other, synrhythmia, sharing and co-construction of meaning, it is The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication."}
{"text": "In the United States, disparities in gestational age at birth by maternal race, ethnicity, and geography are theorized to be related, in part, to differences in individual- and neighborhood-level socioeconomic status (SES). Yet, few studies have examined their combined effects or whether associations vary by maternal race and ethnicity and United States Census region.Race) on gestational weeks at birth using linear regression and on gestational age at birth categories  using multinomial logistic regression.We assembled data from 34 cohorts in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program representing 10,304 participants who delivered a liveborn, singleton infant from 2000 through 2019. We investigated the combined associations of maternal education level, neighborhood deprivation index (NDI), and Index of Concentration at the Extremes for racial residential segregation , and some college  relative to a master\u2019s degree or higher. Those with a high school diploma or less also had an increased odds of preterm  and early term birth . In adjusted models, NDI quartile and ICERace quartile were not associated with gestational weeks at birth. However, higher NDI quartile (most deprived) associated with an increased odds of early term and late term birth, and lower ICERace quartile  associated with a decreased odds of late or post-term birth. When stratifying by region, gestational weeks at birth was lower among those with a high school education or less and some college only among those living in the Northeast or Midwest. When stratifying by race and ethnicity, gestational weeks at birth was lower among those with a high school education or less only for the non-Hispanic White category.After adjustment for NDI and ICERace.In this study, maternal education was consistently associated with shorter duration of pregnancy and increased odds of preterm birth, including in models adjusted for NDI and ICE It is wGestational age at birth is also an important determinant of cognitive and educational outcomes. Systematic reviews demonstrate that, relative to their full term peers, children born preterm are at increased risk for academic difficulties in reading and math  and thosWithin the United States, there are stark disparities in gestational age at birth, including by maternal race and ethnicity , 13. FroRacial, ethnic, and geographic disparities in gestational age at birth are theorized to be related, in part, to differences in individual-level socioeconomic status (SES) . Those ode facto) via historical and contemporary systemic racism  launched the ECHO program to investigate the influence of early life environmental exposures on child health and development. ECHO supports pediatric cohorts throughout the United States in the sharing of extant data and the collection of new data under a common protocol. This nationwide consortium is able to leverage demographic and geographic heterogeneity and a large sample size to answer important research questions about child health and development , 46. The2.2n\u2009=\u20098 cohorts were dropped). The secondary study population excluded three cohorts (n\u2009=\u2009547) that enrolled only preterm births (< 37\u2009weeks) and included 9,757 participants from 31 ECHO cohorts. This secondary study population was utilized to investigate the association between the exposures and gestational age outcome categories.The primary study population consisted of 10,304 participants from 34 ECHO cohorts who delivered a liveborn, singleton infant from 2000 through 2019 and who had the following outcome and exposure information available for analysis: gestational age at birth, maternal prenatal level of education, maternal race and ethnicity, and at least one geocoded residential address during pregnancy . We rest2.3in vitro fertilization or on artificial insemination (0%), obstetrical estimate from first trimester ultrasound (2%), obstetrical estimate from ultrasound taken in the second trimester with fetal biparietal diameter dating within 2\u2009weeks of sure last menstrual period (LMP) (0%), ultrasound taken in the second trimester with unsure or no LMP date (0%), report from obstetrical medical record reporting \u201cconsensus\u201d estimated date of delivery with no ultrasound documented during first and second trimester (8%), obstetrical estimate from LMP only (8%), neonatal estimate of gestational age at birth obtained from child medical records (39%), estimate from cohort research encounter (3%), report by mother (27%), and cohort-provided estimated date of delivery without further description (12%)  , 48.continuous measure  and a categorical measure . These categorizations were based on the definitions of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee Opinion  that addresses match to and the algorithms and code that attempt to select the most accurate latitude/longitude location for each address . To asseRace)   and the Race) , 55. We Race) , and preRace) , includiRace) . We chosortality . We calcortality , 57.NDI is a summary measure created through principal components analysis using the following eight census tract measures (as percentages): males in management and professional occupations, crowded housing, households in poverty, female-headed households with dependents, households on public assistance, households earning\u2009<\u2009$30,000 per year, adults with less than a high school education, and unemployed individuals . The cenRace was utilized to quantify the extent of racial segregation within the census tract and was calculated using the established formula  in the census tract.TRace ranges from \u22121 to 1; a value of 1 signifies that 100% of the population of the census tract is concentrated in the most racially privileged group, whereas a value of \u22121 signifies that 100% of the population of the census tract is concentrated in the least racially privileged group. The census tracts were matched to their corresponding ICERace value and categorized into quartiles, with the first quartile (lowest proportion of non-Hispanic White persons) representing those least racially privileged.For this analysis, the most racially privileged category was defined as non-Hispanic White persons and the least racially privileged category was defined as non-Hispanic Black persons. ICE2.6via self-report and then categorized as non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Other Race, and Hispanic. Non-Hispanic Other Race included non-Hispanic persons who identified their race as American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, Asian, multiple races, or other race; these were collapsed into a single category due to small sample size.Maternal race and ethnicity were ascertained 2.7Geographic region was assigned according to United States Census regions  categori2.8Covariates for inclusion in statistical modeling were selected based on their association with SES and gestational age at birth in the literature , 56, 58 Maternal age in years (continuous), child sex , and parity  were based on medical record abstraction or maternal report. Prenatal marital status was based on maternal report and was categorized as married or living with a partner; widowed, separated, or divorced; or single, never married, and partnered not living together.via self-report or medical record abstraction with documentation of high blood pressure or anti-hypertensive medication use during pregnancy.Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was defined using measured or self-reported height and weight between 12\u2009months prior to conception through the first trimester and was categorized as underweight, healthy weight, overweight or obese according to accepted definitions . GestatiPrenatal substance use was ascertained through self-report or medical record abstraction for substance use during pregnancy. Binary variables (yes/no) for tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use during pregnancy were created. Nicotine exposure was defined as cigarette smoking, use of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Devices/ENDS , and other forms of tobacco . Alcohol use included the consumption of beer, wine, mixed drinks, spirits, shot liquor, or any other type of alcohol.2.9Race according to maternal race and ethnicity categories and United States Census regions  for continuous variables and the number of observations, missingness, and the percentage of total observations for categorical variables . Additio regions , 3. To e regions . We emplFor both linear and multinomial logistic regression modeling, we evaluated each SES measure of interest  using an unadjusted model (without adjustment for covariates), a co-adjusted model (adjusting the estimate for each SES exposure for the other SES exposures), and an adjusted model .Additionally, we conducted two types of sensitivity analyzes. In the first sensitivity analyzes, we explored the effect of further adjusting linear mixed effect models for maternal health conditions and behaviors previously associated with SES and gestational age at birth, including pre-pregnancy BMI and pregnancy-related conditions  and prenatal substance use , which could potentially confound or be on the causal pathway for any observed SES-gestational age at birth associations. In a second set of sensitivity analyzes, we performed \u2018leave one out\u2019 analysis in which we examined the point estimate for each SES measure of interest on completed gestational weeks in linear mixed effect modeling after excluding one cohort at a time.a priori hypotheses that there would be substantial variation by maternal race and ethnicity and United States Census region, adjusted linear models were stratified by maternal race/ethnicity categories  and by United States Census region  to examine differences by strata.We compared measures of association for unadjusted, co-adjusted, and further adjusted models to explore whether individual- and neighborhood-level measures of SES attenuate or potentiate observed associations by maternal health conditions and health behaviors. Based on Race; urbanicity; and Census region, with cohort membership as a classification variable. All statistical models were performed using non-imputed and imputed data. No substantial differences in estimated measures of association were observed when considering models based on non-imputed values  and multiple imputation values; thus, we chose to present models based on imputed data since parameter estimates were more stable. Estimates of association  by chained equations using the fully conditional specification with a discriminant function . Imputatociation \u20137 combinmice package . The  package  was usedgression , and the package  was used33.1Race values were lower  among mothers with lower educational levels  relative to those with higher educational levels (bachelor\u2019s or master\u2019s degree). Substantial proportions of the study population resided in the Northeast (41.2%) and West (28.0%) United States regions, with smaller proportions from the Midwest (15.9%) and South (14.9%). Overall, 18.4% of participants were Hispanic of any race; 54.5% were non-Hispanic White; 17.3% were non-Hispanic Black; and 9.9% were non-Hispanic Other Race. Participants\u2019 mean age at birth was 30.5\u2009years (SD 5.6) and approximately 35% had not given birth prior to the index delivery. Just over 40% of participants had a healthy BMI (18.5 to less than 25.0\u2009kg/m2), with considerable variability by level of education .The primary sample consisted of 10,304 ECHO participants from 34 ECHO cohorts who delivered a liveborn infant from 2000 through 2019 with available participants\u2019 residential address during the prenatal period . The disRace varied by maternal race and ethnicity  and after including age, marital/cohabitation status, parity, and child sex. In the unadjusted model, a significantly lower gestational age at birth was observed among those with higher levels of neighborhood deprivation (third and fourth quartiles) relative to the first quartile (lowest deprivation), with attenuation of the effect with co-adjustment for the other SES exposure variables  and virtually no change in the effect estimate with further adjustment for age, marital/cohabitation status, parity, and child sex. When considering the principal exposure of ICERace quartile, in the unadjusted model, a significantly lower gestational age at birth was found among those residing in census tracts in the first quartile  relative to the fourth quartile ; with co-adjustment and in the adjusted model, no significant associations were observed between ICERace and gestational age at birth.Gestational age at birth was significantly lower among those with up to a high school diploma or less  and some college  relative to those with a master\u2019s degree or higher across all models , with minimal change in the effect estimate after adjusting for the other principal exposure variables  were associated with gestational age at birth outcomes  for the secondary sample in unadjusted, co-adjusted, and adjusted models . These r3.3.1In the unadjusted model utilizing the secondary study population, having a high school diploma or less vs. a master\u2019s degree or above was associated with a significantly increased odds of preterm birth  and early term birth  and a decreased odds of late or post-term birth . Similarly, in the unadjusted model, having some college was associated with a significantly increased odds of preterm birth  and a significantly decreased odds of late- or post-term birth . With co-adjustment for other principal exposure variables, effect estimates from the unadjusted model were somewhat attenuated. In the models that were additionally adjusted for maternal age, parity, marital/cohabitation status, and child sex, having a high school degree or less vs. a master\u2019s degree or above remained associated with a significantly increased odds of preterm birth  and early term birth . Similarly, in the overall adjusted model, having some college was significantly associated with an increased odds of preterm birth . In the overall adjusted model, having some college vs. a master\u2019s degree or above was also significantly associated with a decreased odds of late or post-term birth .3.3.2For the secondary sample, an increased level of neighborhood deprivation (as indicated by the fourth NDI quartile) was associated with a significantly increased odds of preterm and early term birth in the unadjusted models. This association only remained significant after adjustment for the early term births . In addition, participants with increasing levels of neighborhood deprivation had a significantly increased odds of late or post term birth  in the adjusted model.3.3.3Race quartiles  vs. the fourth quartile  and preterm birth ; however, these findings became non-significant after adjustment for covariates. The unadjusted model showed a significantly increased odds of early term birth among those in the first, second, and third ICERace quartiles, with some attenuation of the effect estimate in the co-adjusted and adjusted models, resulting in some non-significant results. In the unadjusted, co-adjusted, and adjusted models, there was consistently a significantly decreased odds of late or post-term birth among those residing in the first, second, and third ICERace quartiles compared to the fourth quartile .For the secondary sample, the unadjusted model showed a significant association between residence in a census tract in the first and second ICE3.4Race and gestational age at birth after stratification by maternal race/ethnicity.In our primary study population, the association between SES exposure variables and gestational age at birth differed when stratified by maternal race/ethnic category . We obse3.5Race and gestational age at birth after stratification by United States Census Region.Associations between maternal education and gestational age at birth varied by United States Census region . We obse3.6Race with gestational age at birth also did not differ after further adjustment.Estimates that incorporated adjustments for additional covariates related to maternal health conditions and substance use behaviors had a minimal impact on the results regarding the relationship between maternal education and neighborhood deprivation and gestational age at birth . SpecifiRace  may be more salient or may reflect that there were relatively few minority participants in the highest education category. Understanding the association between individual- and neighborhood-level factors with gestational age is critical for the identification and targeting of effective solutions to improve maternal and child health and health equity.Race quartile reflecting a lower proportion of non-Hispanic White individuals in the census tract) had an decreased odds of post term birth.In our analysis of the combined effects of individual- and neighborhood-level measures of SES, neighborhood-level measures of SES were not associated with pregnancy duration overall. However, individuals living in more deprived neighborhoods  had an increased odds of post term birth, and individuals living in higher racial privilege neighborhoods  on gestational age at birth; with the inclusion of these variables in the model, a lower ICERace quartile  associated with a decreased odds of preterm birth and attenuated the association with the increased odds of early-term birth. These findings suggest a complex relationship among pre-pregnancy BMI, pregnancy-related conditions, and racial segregation that warrants further investigation. For example, are neighborhoods with a lower proportion of non-Hispanic White individuals more communal or supportive in some way that influences gestational age at birth?Notably, in statistical models that additionally adjusted for maternal health conditions, including pre-pregnancy BMI and pregnancy-related conditions  and substance use behaviors, little change occurred in the effect estimates for maternal education level and NDI quartile on gestational age at birth. This observation may suggest that these individual- and neighborhood-level measures of SES exert their influence partly through pathways that are not directly related to maternal health status and/or behaviors, which may include pathways mediated by psychosocial factors, social support and stress, environmental exposures, and access to healthy food and recreation , 64, 65.The relationship between a higher level of maternal education and a lower preterm birth risk has been previously documented in the United States , 51. AltPrevious studies employing neighborhood-level measures of deprivation largely support an association between greater deprivation and preterm birth. In one study, NDI was found to associate with preterm birth in four United States between 1995 and 2001 . LikewisRace-Income) on health outcomes found five studies examining the outcome of preterm birth; these studies support a significant association between higher racialized economic segregation and preterm birth  being associated with an increased odds of preterm birth primarily among non-Hispanic Black individuals . A systerm birth . A meta-rm birth . Anotherrm birth . The autA growing body of research has assessed area-based measures of SES in conjunction with environmental exposures to investigate preterm birth from an environmental justice perspective. Such studies have found that exposures to air pollution and water pollution increase the risk for preterm birth, particularly among neighborhoods of low SES . Future 5This study addresses an important gap in the literature, namely the limited data on racial/ethnic and geographic variation in individual- and neighborhood-level measures of SES and gestational age at birth across the United States A strength of the ECHO-wide cohort is its heterogeneity with respect to race/ethnicity, geographic variation covering multiple states and regions, and SES. Another strength of the ECHO cohort data is the availability of maternal prenatal residential addresses, which allowed for geocoding and assignment of neighborhood-level measures of SES at the census tract. Publicly available birth record data does not allow for discernment of geography to the census tract level. Within the published literature, aside from our previously published disseminated meta-analysis , no otheAn additional strength of the ECHO cohort data is the availability and wealth of data on maternal health conditions and pregnancy complications that are linked with gestational age at birth outcomes. This rich data available across the ECHO cohorts offer a unique opportunity to expand on the analyzes of geographic variation in gestational age outcomes based on natality files. Conversely, the heterogeneity of the ECHO cohorts presents limitations. There was considerable variability in the measurement methods of the different variables , thus leading to the potential misclassification of outcomes  and exposures.An important limitation of this study and many other studies is that we were unable to examine the duration of exposure to neighborhood deprivation and racial segregation, which would require the construction of longitudinal residential address data over time. Neighborhoods where a mother has lived over the life course, encompassing childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, may have significant effects on health later in life. Living in a poorer neighborhood as a youth may expose a mother to chronic stress that later increases the risk for preterm birth . A studyA further limitation of the present study is the lack of investigation into the effect of interpersonal racial discrimination on gestational age at birth outcomes in the United States A substantial body of research suggests that racial discrimination is an important stressor, especially for Black Americans, and that physiological responses to chronic stress related to interpersonal and systemic racial discrimination contribute to an excess risk of preterm birth . A syste6The findings from this analysis indicate that both maternal education and neighborhood deprivation, representing individual- and neighborhood-level measures of SES, associate with preterm birth in the United States The findings suggest that interventions aimed at reducing preterm birth should include the promotion of higher educational attainment among women of reproductive age and multi-level community initiatives that foster community development. Additionally, the findings reinforce that for some racial and ethnic groups and geographic regions, factors other than higher educational attainment, such as racism, may be more salient exposures such that higher educational attainment and neighborhood privilege are not protective. Thus, interventions are needed that focus on achieving equitable access to the social determinants of health. In particular, there is a need for innovative social and economic policies and programs that support equal benefits from social resources for racial and ethnic minority individuals, including educational attainment. Such policies should focus on optimizing access to resources and assets and reducing societal and structural barriers that hinder racial and ethnic minority populations, including residential segregation and fewer and lower-quality educational opportunities . The CenSelect de-identified data from the ECHO Program are available through NICHD\u2019s Data and Specimen Hub (DASH) . Information on study data not available on DASH, such as some Indigenous datasets, can be found on the ECHO study DASH webpage . Further enquires can be directed to the corresponding author\u2019s.The studies involving humans were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The ECHO study protocol was approved by the local and/or central ECHO Institutional Review Board. Written informed consent was provided by the participants\u2019 legal guardians/next of kin .AD, MB, LD, and MM contributed to conception and design of the study. MB and MM organized the database, performed the statistical analysis, and prepared tables and figures of results. AD and MM wrote the initial drafts of the manuscript. All authors contributed data for analysis and contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version of the manuscript.ECHO Components\u2014Coordinating Center: Benjamin DK, Smith PB, and Newby KL, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina; Data Analysis Center: Jacobson LP*, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Catellier D and Parker CB*, Research Triangle Institute, Durham, North Carolina; Person-Reported Outcomes Core: Gershon R and Cella D, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.ECHO Awardees and Cohorts\u2014Alshawabkeh AN, Northeastern University, Boston, MA; Aschner J, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Dabelea D. University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO; Koinis Mitchell D, Deoni S, D\u2019Sa V, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence RI; Duarte CS, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY; Dunlop AL, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Elliott AJ, Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD; Ferrara A, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland, CA; Breton C, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Hipwell A, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Karagas M, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH; Karr C, University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Seattle, WA; Leve L, Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR; Ganiban J, George Washington University, Washington, DC; Weiss ST, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA; McEvoy C, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Lyall K, AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Philadelphia, PA; Oken E, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA; O\u2019Shea M, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Kerver JM, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Herbstman J, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Schantz S, University of Illinois, Beckman Institute, Urbana, IL; Stanford J, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Wright RJ, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Huddleston K, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA; Sathyanarayana S, Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Seattle, WA; Gern J, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI; Merhar S, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Ren C, Indiana University, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN; Reynolds A, University of Buffalo, Jacobson School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY; Keller R, University of California, San Francisco; Pryhuber G, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Duncan A, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX; Moore P, Vanderbilt Children\u2019s Hospital, Nashville, TN; Lampland A, Children\u2019s Hospital and Clinic Minneapolis, MN; Wadhawan R, Florida Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL; Wagner C, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Keller R, University of Arkansas for Medical Science; Hudak M, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL; Mayock D, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Washburn L, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC; Canino G, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR; Croen L, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland, CA; Detroit, MI and Zoratti E, Henry Ford Health System; Seroogy C and Bendixsen C, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI; Johnson C, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI; Bastain T, Farzan S, and Habre R, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Mason A, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence RI, Lester B; Carter B, Children\u2019s Mercy, Kansas City, MO; Pastyrnak S, Helen DeVos Children\u2019s Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI; Neal C, Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children, Providence, RI; Smith L, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles CA; Helderman J, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC; O\u2019Connor G, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA; Zeiger R, Kaiser Permanente, Southern California, San Diego, CA; Bacharier L, Washington University of St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Volk H, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; O\u2019Connor T, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY; Simhan H, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Magee Women\u2019s Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA; Vaidya R, Baystate Children\u2019s Hospital, Springfield, MA; Obeid R, Beaumont Health Medical Center, Royal Oak, MI; Rollins C, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA; Bear K, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC; Pastyrnak S, Helen DeVos Children\u2019s Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI; Lenski, M, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, MI; Msall M, University of Chicago, Chicago IL; Frazier J, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; Washburn, L, Wake Forest Baptist Health , Winston Salem, NC; Montgomery A, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Barone, C, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI; McKane, P, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI; Paneth N, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Elliott, M, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Woodruff T, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Porucznik C, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Silver R, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Trasande L, New York School of Medicine, New York, NY; Bosquet-Enlow M, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston MA; Bush N, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA; Nguyen R, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Rochester, NY and Barrett E, University of Rochester Medical Center; Miller R, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY."}
{"text": "Scientific Reportshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-34359-6, published online 06 May 2023.Correction to: The original version of this Article contained an error in the title of the paper, where the term \u201cco-application\u201d was incorrectly given as \u201cco-inoculation\u201d.In addition, the Article contained an error in the Acknowledgments section.\u201cThe authors thank Yasouj University, Iran, for providing the necessary material and facilities to perform this work and the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, for supporting this work by Grant Code (Project Code: 22UQU4310387DSR12). The research fellowship granted by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Bonn, Germany, to AG is also gratefully acknowledged.\u201dNow reads:\u201cThe authors thank Yasouj University, Iran, for providing the necessary material and facilities to perform this work and the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, for supporting this work by Grant Code (Project Code: 22UQU4310387DSR002). The research fellowship granted by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Bonn, Germany, to AG, is also gratefully acknowledged.\u201dThe original Article has been corrected."}
{"text": "Protein matters and proteins matter in nutrition and health\u2014why?Protein is one of the three macronutrients for the human body, providing amino acids and building blocks for cell, tissue, and organ maintenance and turnover. Proteins are the \u201cmolecular robots\u201d in living systems implied in controlling, tuning, and executing molecular functions, from gene expression to metabolism.Nutrition and proteomics form a natural merger of health science with bioanalytical technology. Nutrition has the strongest life-long impact on human health, and the science has evolved from elucidating macro- and micronutrient requirements in populations to optimizing diets and delivering functional foods and ingredients for personalized nutrition, all to maintain health, prevent (chronic) disease, and enhance performance and wellbeing.Mass spectrometry-based proteomics and peptidomics are the leading platforms for the comprehensive analysis of proteins and peptides to assess food composition, quality, authenticity, and safety, and to identify biomarkers for nutritional predisposition and intervention. For this Special Issue, studies are collected on cutting-edge science about proteomics and peptidomics technology, including bioinformatics, and their deployment for (a) the analysis of food composition, quality, authenticity, and safety; (b) the identification and characterization of directional food\u2013health relationships; and (c) the discovery and characterization of bioactives with specific health benefits, thereby leveraging food proteins beyond their purely nutritional value.Triticum aestivum. Ana G. Abril and M\u00f3nica Carrera et al. from the University of Santiago de Compostela, and the Spanish National Research Council, Vigo, Spain, present a \u201cproteomic characterization of food-derived anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory peptides\u201d. Mengzhen Hao, Huilian Che, and colleagues from the China Agriculture University, Beijing, identified \u201callergens in Pitaya seeds using proteomics and immunoinformatics\u201d. Finally, Federica Farabegoli, Ignacio Ortea, and Celina Costas et al. from various research institutions across Spain explored \u201canti-inflammatory effects of inulin in a murine macrophage cell model by transcriptomics and proteomics\u201d.Following this scope and logic, I herewith shortly introduce the contributions and the teams behind the work: Sarah Brajkovic, Claus Schwechheimer, Bernhard Kuster, and collaborators at the Technical University, Munich, and the Leibniz University, Leipzig, Germany, describe the technology and methods needed for \u201clarge-scale proteomics in crop plants\u201d\u2014the proteomes that feed the world. Jacqueline Monteiro from the University S\u00e3o Paolo, Brazil, and Jim Kaput et al. from Vydiant Inc., Madison, WI, USA, identified and analyzed \u201ctopic clusters in a nutri-, food-, and diet-proteomic corpus using machine reading\u201d. I report on the \u201cprediction, discovery, and characterization of plant- and food-derived health-beneficial bioactive peptides\u201d. Salvatore Foti et al. from the University Catania, Italy, introduce \u201ca manually curated database of the metabolic proteins of Nutrients editorial team for having made this Special Issue possible and bringing it to life.I hope you enjoy reading these articles, thereby receiving an update on a fascinating field of life science. I would like to thank all contributors, among who are many long-term colleagues and friends, and the"}
{"text": "Camellia sinensis) is now grown commercially in more than 60 countries, where it has made great contributions to local economies [The origins of tea, a traditional beverage in China, can be traced back to the Shennong period, about 2737 years before the birth of Christ . NowadayTea\u2019s long history and widespread popularity can be attributed to its unique and gratifying flavor, along with numerous health benefits such as its anti-oxidant, anti-obesity, and anti-microbial properties . An in-dThere are six categories of traditional tea in China, popularly known as green tea, yellow tea, white tea, oolong tea, black tea, and dark tea. Due to each one having its own specific manufacturing process, in which the degree of fermentation is a decisive factor, they are very different from one another in terms of their sensory appeal and physicochemical properties. For example, green tea, an unfermented tea variety, usually appears green in color both in terms of its leaves and the final infusion, as well as smelling refreshing and having an umami-dominated flavor. Meanwhile, black tea, with its reddish appearance and caramelized flavor, is made by applying full fermentation. Apart from the traditional teas mentioned above, since 2015 a range of \u201cnew tea drinks\u201d have been setting off a burst of enthusiasm among young people around China, even becoming an emerging industry in their own right [A plethora of studies have been conducted to explore associations between tea\u2019s sensory qualities, particularly its flavor, with the chemicals that emerge during tea processing. We have so far detected about 600 volatile components in tea leaves and tea drinks, each of them with different scents, like grassy, woody, floral, etc. . The flaThe healthcare functions of tea come from its rich bioactive ingredients, especially flavonoids. The exploration of tea\u2019s functional components has always attracted a great deal of research interest. The therapeutic potentials of quite a few of tea\u2019s components have been confirmed repeatedly, and the mechanisms involved, such as EGCG, have also been deeply studied. At the same time, however, the limits of these potentials have also been realized; like the low stability and bioavailability of these components, which limit their utilizability. Moreover, figuring out how to extract, separate, and concentrate those bioactive components in an environmentally friendly, low-cost, and high-performance manner is also worthy of focus.We launched this Special Issue of Foods, entitled \u201cAdvances in Tea Chemistry\u201d, with the aim of publishing high-quality research on tea chemistry from a wide range of aspects, including but not limited to the sensory/flavor qualities of tea, tea processing and storage, the extraction, bioactivity, and utilization of functional components from tea, as well as new tea-based beverages or foods. This series will be useful for expanding our understanding of the associations between tea chemistry, flavor, and bioactivity."}
{"text": "Correction: Trials 24, 407 (2023)https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-023-07394-xFollowing publication of the original article , we haveOriginally published Funding section:Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. Financial support for the study is provided by PENTAX Medical Europe, Julius-VosselerStra\u00dfe 104, 22527 Hamburg, Germany. Specifcally, an expense allowance of 75 \u20ac will be paid for each patient recruited. In addition, the costs for applying for the ethical vote will be covered by Pentax. No further funding will be provided. The funder has had and will have no infuence on the study design, data collection, data management, data analysis, interpretation of the data, writing of the report, and the decision to submit the report for publication . Specifically, an expense allowance of 75 \u20ac will be paid for each patient recruited. In addition, the costs for applying for the ethical vote will be covered by Helios Kliniken GmbH, Germany. No further funding will be provided. The funder has, had, and will have no infuence on the study design, data collection, data management, data analysis, interpretation of the data, writing of the report, and the decision to submit the report for publication  from 31 December 2022.Additional file 3. Contract funder/coordinating study centre (translated in English) from 31 December 2022."}
{"text": "Epidemiology, risk factors and outcomes of prolonged mechanical ventilation with different cut-points in a PICU By Chongcharoenyanon T, Samransamruajkit R and Sophonphan J. (2023) Front. Pediatr. 11:1167595. doi: 10.3389/fped.2023.1167595A Corrigendum on Error in Author ListIn the published article, there was an error in the author list, and authors Jiratchaya Sophonphan and Rujipat Samransamruajkit are in the incorrect order. As a result the order of affiliations have also changed. The corrected author list and affiliations appears below.1, Rujipat Samransamruajkit2, Jiratchaya Sophonphan3Tatchanapong Chongcharoenyanon1Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 2Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 3The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration (HIV-NAT), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, ThailandThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.Error in CorrespondenceIn the published article, there was an error in the correspondence, and author Tatchanapong Chongcharoenyanon was stated as the corresponding author. The correct corresponding author appears below.rujipatrs@gmail.comRujipat Samransamruajkit, The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "New cytotoxic agents and regimens, as well as immunotherapeutics, have recently been introduced for treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC).To identify the patient-related and clinical and treatment-related factors associated with higher total health care expenditures in newly diagnosed patients with CRC who are receiving systemic therapy (biologic or chemotherapy) from a commercially insured population.A longitudinal, retrospective analysis was employed to estimate costs and determinants of CRC treatment in a U.S. claims database for health care services used by commercial patients aged 18 to 64 years, who were diagnosed with CRC between January 1, 2005, and June 30, 2009. Generalized linear regression modeling was used to estimate the influence of demographic, clinical, and treatment factors on medical expenditures.Among the 5,160 patients newly diagnosed with CRC, 99.6% of patients had chemotherapy; 32.6% had biologics; and 85.6% had other pharmaceuticals (excluding the chemotherapy and biologics of interest). The average annualized per patient cost of CRC treatment was $97,400 and consisted of chemotherapy , biologics , other pharmaceuticals , inpatient treatment , and outpatient treatment . From first line only, first and second lines only, and third+ lines, the cost per patient was $70,500, $100,100, and $152,900, respectively. After adjusting for health care inflation, the average treatment cost of CRC patients increased by 73% from 2005 to 2009. Adjusted analyses showed that the higher medical cost for CRC patients was associated with use of new regimens, metastasis, comorbidities, surgery, radiation, insurance plan, age, sex, and region.The health care cost of CRC treatment is increasing significantly over time, which is most likely caused by the use of new regimens, higher chances of surgery and radiation, and occurrence of various comorbidities and metastatic diseases due to increasing survival time."}
{"text": "Psychosis is a frequent complication in patients diagnosed with Parkinson\u2019s Disease (PD). Characterized mainly by visual hallucinations and paranoid delusions, it occurs most frequently, but not exclusively, as an adverse effect of antiparkinson medications. Nevertheless, cognitive impairment and dementia, as a frequent feature of PD, needs to be considered for differential diagnosis.Our main objective is to report a case of PD Psychosis, its diagnosis and management and complement it with a non-systematic review of literature.Patient file consultation and an additional research, based on the key words \u201cPsychosis\u201d and \u201cParkinson\u2019s Disease\u201d, using Pubmed as database.A 53-year-old female, diagnosed with Juvenile Parkinson\u2019s Disease since age 45 and, as expected, polimedicated with antiparkinson medication. Without any relevant psychiatric background, she was admitted to the emergency department for disorganized behaviour, with 2 weeks of evolution. There, it was also possible to determine the presence of auditive hallucinations and persecutory delusions, associated with marked anguish.After exclusion of any underlying cause for this symptomatology, inpatient treatment was proposed and accepted by the patient. In collaboration with the Neurology Department, a gradual reduction and optimization of antiparkinson drugs was conducted, associated with introduction of low doses of antipsychotic drugs, in this case Olanzapine. With this medication adjustments, clinical improvement was accomplished, with eventual fading and cessation of psychotic symptoms. Additionally, an irregularly intake of antiparkinson drugs was considered the most probably cause of this clinical decompensation.As present in literature, due to the chronicity and complexity of PD, stopping all antiparkinson drugs is not an option, even when psychotic symptoms, that could be a consequence of these drugs, are present. Therefore, a rigorous evaluation and management are mandatory, including the exclusion of other underlying causes and a careful therapeutic adjustment, with gradual reduction of antiparkinson drugs, addressing an eventual temporal relationship between the beginning of a specific drug and the onset of symptoms, and verification of therapeutic compliance, including an involuntary overdose. In cases of refractory symptoms, and after a risk-benefit assessment, pharmacologic treatment directed at these symptoms, low doses of anti-psychotics, may be necessary.None Declared"}
{"text": "An affiliation for the second author was incorrectly omitted. In addition to institution number 1, Mingying Song is also affiliated to the following institution: Department of Physics, QMUL, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK."}
{"text": "Alvania spp. in the first site, and of Alvania and Schwartziella at Cape Verde. In spite of the large number of rissoids at Madeira archipelago, a large number of species are shared with Canaries, Selvagens, and the Azores, thus only about 8% are endemic to the Madeira archipelago. Most of the 542-rissoid species that live in the Atlantic and in the Mediterranean are shallow species (323), 110 are considered as deep species, and 23 species are reported in both shallow and deep waters. There is a predominance of nonplanktotrophs in islands, seamounts, and at high and medium latitudes. This pattern is particularly evident in the genera Crisilla, Manzonia, Onoba, Porosalvania, Schwartziella, and Setia. Planktotrophic species are more abundant in the eastern Atlantic and in the Mediterranean Sea. The results of the analysis of the probable directions of faunal flows support the patterns found by both the Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity and the geographical distribution. Four main source areas for rissoids emerge: Mediterranean, Caribbean, Canaries/Madeira archipelagos, and the Cape Verde archipelago. We must stress the high percentage of endemics that occurs in the isolated islands of Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha, Cape Verde archipelago and also the Azores, thus reinforcing the legislative protective actions that the local governments have implemented in these islands during the recent years.The geographical distribution of the Rissoidae in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea was compiled and is up-to-date until July 2011. All species were classified according to their mode of larval development (planktotrophic and nonplanktotrophic), and bathymetrical zonation . 542 species of Rissoidae are presently reported to the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, belonging to 33 genera. The Mediterranean Sea is the most diverse site, followed by Canary Islands, Caribbean, Portugal, and Cape Verde. The Mediterranean and Cape Verde Islands are the sites with higher numbers of endemic species, with predominance of  Rapoport's latitudinal rule relates geographical distribution with latitude , 2. ThisAlthough studies relating biological diversity with latitude usually use higher taxonomical categories, recent papers restricted to checklists of marine molluscs have been used to address this issue \u201312. The The Rissoidae are a family of small-sized, marine to brackish-water gastropod molluscs. This very diverse family was taxonomically reviewed by Wenz , Coan 1, NordsiePublished information about the Atlantic and Mediterranean Rissoidae is vast and is scattered among a wide variety of journals but, with a few exceptions, these studies are typically geographically localized. Many species descriptions are usually based on shell morphology and on only a few specimens, most of them dead shells. At present, there is a lack of a background scenario of the geographical distribution for this family in the Atlantic and in the Mediterranean. No phylogeny has been established for this family.To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to summarize present information about the geographic distributional pattern of this family in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, with the purpose of identifying the biotic similarities between areas.  The geographical distribution of the Rissoidae in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea was compiled through an exhaustive search of the primary literature and is up to date until July 2011. The following sites and references were considered:- ARC: Arctic: above 75\u00b0\u2009N: War\u00e9n , 25, Han- GRE: Greenland, western shores of Baffin Island, Baffin Bay, Davis Strait, and Labrador Sea: Bouchet and War\u00e9n , Hansson- ICE: Iceland: War\u00e9n , 29,- SCA: Scandinavia: Norway Sea, Skagerrak and Kattegat, Baltic Sea and Faroe Islands: Fretter and Graham , War\u00e9n , 29, Han- BRI: British Isles: Smith , Fretter- POR: western Atlantic Iberian fa\u00e7ade  and southern shores of Algarve, Portugal): Nobre , 34, Nob- MED: Mediterranean: Nordsieck , Aartsen- AZO: Azores: Watson , Dautzen- LUS: Lusitanian group of seamounts : Gorringe, Josephine, Amp\u00e8re, Seine: \u00c1vila and Malaquias , Beck et- MET: Meteor group of seamounts (located about 600\u2009km south of the Azores): Great Meteor, Irving, Atlantis, Hy\u00e8res, Plato, Tyro, Cruiser: Gofas , - MAD: Madeira, Porto Santo and Desertas Islands, Nobre , van Aar- SEL: Selvagens Islands: Verduin , Amati ,- CAN: Canary Islands: van Aartsen , Moolenb- CAP: Cape Verde archipelago: Rol\u00e1n , Moolenb- STH: Saint Helena Island: Smith , MALACOL- TRS: Trist\u00e3o da Cunha Island: Worsfold et al. , MALACOL- WAF: West African shores\u2014Atlantic Morocco, from Straits of Gibraltar south, Western Sahara, and Mauritania, Cape Verde : Verduin , Gofas a- ANG: Angola: Rol\u00e1n and Ryall , Rol\u00e1n a- NSC: New Scotia biogeographical province\u2014Atlantic shores of USA, between Newfoundland (50\u00b0\u2009N) and Cape Cod (42\u00b0\u2009N): MALACOLOG,- sensu Engle and Summers [VIR: Virginian biogeographical province  Summers \u2014Atlantic- CRL: Carolinian biogeographical province\u2013Atlantic shores of USA, between Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (35\u00b0\u2009N) and Cape Canaveral (28\u00b030\u2032\u2009N): Rex et al. , MALACOL- TRO: Tropical biogeographical province \u2014Atlantic shores of USA, south of Cape Canaveral (28\u00b030\u2032\u2009N), including western and eastern shores of Florida, Gulf of Mexico , Bahamas, Caribbean Sea, south to Cabo Frio (Brazil) (23\u00b0S): Dall , Baker e- sensu Palacio [BRA: Biogeographical province of Brazil \u2014from Ca- sensu Palacio [SSA: southeast of South America\u2014biogeographical province of Malvinas  Atlanti Palacio , Ponder  Palacio ,- ANT: Antarctic\u2014from 60\u00b0S south, including South Orkney Islands (Signy Island), South Shetland islands, Antarctic Peninsula and Weddell Sea: Ponder . We have also consulted other bibliographical sources, with a wider systematical or geographical subject, such as Babio and Thiriot-Qui\u00e9vreux , AartsenThe bathymetrical zonation considers shallow species  and deep species . The choice of the threshold at 50\u2009m depth is related with the following reasons: (i) algal species to which Rissoidae are very often associated are rare below 50\u2009m depth; (ii) direct sampling by scuba-diving is more frequent in waters less than 50\u2009m depth; (iii) in waters deeper than 50\u2009m depth, usually the samplings are obtained via indirect methodologies .The complete database was last updated in October 2011 and is available from the authors upon request. \u03bcm) and with several whorls , are associated with a planktotrophic mode of larval development. In most of the planktotrophic species, it is possible to discern between protoconch I and protoconch II. This is especially evident in species that possess a \u201csinusigera\u201d larva, as is the case of Alvania cancellata [\u03bcm, typically more than 300\u2009\u03bcm [All species were classified according to their mode of larval development and bathymetrical zonation. Rissoids lay ovigerous capsules in the substrate that originate larvae with different modes of larval development. The extension of the larval phase reflects on the capabilities of dispersal and this has important ecological and historical biogeographical implications, related with the geographical distribution of the species. Two types of larval development were considered: planktotrophic (with a free-swimming feeding stage) and nonplanktotrophic  , 153. Asncellata . Paucispn 300\u2009\u03bcm , and witn 300\u2009\u03bcm , 155\u2013157Rosen and Smith  developeAlvania dorbignyi [Rissoina bertholleti, Rissoina spirata , and Voorwindia tiberiana [Four species considered as Lessepsian and thus reported to the Mediterranean were removed from the initial database: orbignyi , Rissoiniberiana . Unique iberiana . No cosmiberiana , 164. Triberiana  includiniberiana ), measurXA and XB) for each pair of areas (A and B) [The analysis of the historical relationships between the selected areas was complemented by using the following formulas (A and B) :A is the total number of rissoid species present in area A, and B is the total number of rissoid species present in area B. When a faunal flow happened in historical times, from a source area to the target area, we expect the target area to show a subset of the species present in the source area. So, different values of the two indices (XA and XB) are expectable, and the source area must have the smaller value [er value .Manzonia, Rissoina, Zebina, Stosicia, Pusillina, and Alvania), while others are geographically restricted. According to Ponder [Attenuata, Lamellirissoina, Lironoba, Lucidestea, Merelina, Parashiela, Striatestea, and Voorwindia are restricted to the Indo-Pacific. However, Leal [Lironoba from Brazil . Some genera solely occur in the Indian Ocean, for example, Fenella (Madagascar and Red Sea), while the genera Tomlinella is restricted to Reunion Island and Mauritius and the recently described Porosalvania is restricted to the Meteor group of seamounts [ Rissoidae family comprises 47 valid genera, some with a worldwide distribution , a widespread planktotrophic deep species; Lironoba sp., a nonplanktotrophic species restricted to the Atol das Rocas [Galeodinopsis tiberiana   , a shalstrigata , a speciiberiana , a shallThe Mediterranean Sea is the most diverse site, with 160 species of Rissoidae, followed by Canary Islands (89 species), Caribbean (77), Portugal (74), and Cape Verde (67). The lowest diversity sites are the Carolinian Province (18 species), Greenland (16), Arctic (13), Angola (11), New Scotia Biogeographical Province (10), Antarctic (8), Virginian Biogeographical Province, Tristan da Cunha Island, and Brazil , Rissoa (26), Setia (18), and Pusillina (11) are species-abundant in the Mediterranean and along the Portuguese shores. Boreocingula and Frigidoalvania (as the name indicates) are restricted to higher latitudes . Boreocingula also occurs in the British Isles, and Frigidoalvania is reported to the Atlantic shores of North America (NSC and VIR). Onoba is a genus with high number of species at Iceland and Greenland , but the most diverse sites are in the South Atlantic: 22 species at southeast of South America and 6 species at Tristan da Cunha Island and Antarctic . Crisilla and Manzonia are particularly species-diverse in the Macaronesian archipelagos, especially at Canary Islands, Selvagens and Madeira, Porto Santo, and Desertas Islands. Manzonia is a specious genus also at the Lusitanian group of seamounts. Schwartziella spp. is very abundant at Cape Verde archipelago (26 species) as well as in the Carolinian and Tropical Provinces, and at Saint Helena Islands . Porosalvania is a newly described endemic genus to the Meteor group of seamounts where it radiated into a number of species . However, fossil species of Stosicia are known from the Lower Miocene of the Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean [c Region , with juaberrans , and Stoubricki    in the first site, and of Schwartziella (26) and Alvania (20) at Cape Verde. Caribbean also has a high number of endemisms (57 species), especially of the genera Alvania (19) and Rissoina (13). British Isles, Angola, New Scotia, and Virginian Provinces do not have endemic species, and Brazil, Greenland, and Scandinavia only possess a single endemic species , with predominance of  species . However species .In spite of the large number of rissoids at Selvagens (38 species), a large number of species are shared with Canaries (30) and Madeira (27) , thus on Most of the 542-rissoid species that live in the Atlantic and in the Mediterranean are shallow species (329). One hundred and forty-six are considered as deep species, living in waters with more than 50\u2009m depth, and 23 species are reported to both shallow and deep waters. It was not possible to establish the bathymetrical zonation of 44 rissoid species.Benthonella, Benthonellania, Frigidoalvania, Gofasia, Microstelma, and Pseudosetia typically are deep species, whereas Botryphallus, Crisilla, Manzonia, Peringiella, Pusillina, Rissoa, Rissoina, Rudolphosetia, Schwartziella, Setia, and Zebina are mostly constituted by shallow species. Some of these genera  are exclusively littoral. In the eastern-Atlantic shores and at latitudes higher than 55\u00b0\u2009N , Alvania genus is mostly made of deep species; in all the other sites, usually this genus is predominantly dominated by shallow species   ;shallow planktotrophic rissoid species are much more diverse along the European Atlantic shores, the west-African shores, the Mediterranean, and the Caribbean than in the Atlantic islands, with the exception of Canaries ;Scandinavia, British Isles, Portugal, Angola, and the Carolinian Province are the only sites with higher numbers of shallow planktotrophic species relative to the number of shallow non-planktotrophs , 115 shallow species and 41 deep species of rissoids were analysed with the PAE methodology, using PAUP*.L = 180, Ci = 0.6389, Ri = 0.7005) with three main groups. The first one strongly clusters Portugal, the Mediterranean, British Isles, and Scandinavia, with bootstrap values higher than 91%. A second group subdivides in two: the first subgroup, the Macaronesian archipelagos of Madeira, Canary Islands, Selvagens, and the Azores clusters; the second subgroup has West-African coast, Angola, and Cape Verde Islands. In a third group, western Atlantic sites are clustered: Caribbean and Carolinian Province cluster to Brazil at 65% bootstrap value. Saint Helena Island weakly clusters to the previous sites . New Scotia and Virginian Provinces cluster in an independent group (66%), as well as Southern South America and Antarctic (95%)  .L = 82, Ci = 0.5000, Ri = 0.5816) that results from the PAUP* analysis of the deep rissoids is given in  The consensus tree  . This is By contrast, the low number of rissoids on the Virginian Province (only 7 species) is probably related with the predominance of sandy bottoms on the littoral of this biogeographical Province, and with the multiple lagunar and estuarine systems, which are inhospitable to the benthic algae where many species of these micromolluscs live . Van Rei By definition, \u201ca species can be endemic to an area for two different reasons: (a) because it has originated in that place and never dispersed, or (b) because it now survives in only a part of its former wider range\u201d . We do nAlvania, Crisilla, Onoba, Pusillina, Rissoa, and Setia at the Mediterranean; Benthonellania and Rissoina at the Caribbean; Manzonia and Crisilla at the Madeira, Selvagens, and Canaries archipelagos; Crisilla and Schwartziella at the Cape Verde archipelago; Onoba at Iceland; and Cingula at the geographically isolated Saint Helena Island. In some areas, a few genera went through a speciation process that led to a high number of both species and endemics, for example,  Mironov  proposedAX andB X indices) point to a faunal breakdown zone between Cape Verde archipelago and the nearest areas, with very weak relationships with the Canary Islands (7%) and West-African shores (14%), and a little bit higher similarities with Angola (27%). We must stress the high percentage of endemics that occur in the isolated islands of Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha, and at Cape Verde archipelago (more than 85% of endemics), and also at the Azores (44.7%) thus reinforcing the legislative protective actions that the local governments have implemented in these islands during the recent years. The Cape Verde islands probably received the first rissoids from West-African shores, from where it distances nowadays just about 500\u2009km but must have undergone a long period of isolation, which explains such a high number of endemics. Also, our results  are known since the Early Miocene (Eggenburgian) of the Central Paratethys [Rissoa, Manzonia, and Alvania) are similar to their extant Mediterranean and NE Atlantic congeners, and, interestingly, all of these species possess a planktotrophic mode of larval development [ The first fossil record of the Rissoidae family is from the lower Jurassic of the Tethys Sea , 208 andratethys . The proelopment . The ancestral of the Rissoidae presumably had a planktotrophic mode of development . JablonsAlvania africana/A. beani, Alvania marioi/A. cancellata, Alvania gofasi/A. zetlandica, and Crisilla transitoria/C. semistriata.In the absence of a phylogenetic analyses for this family, one can only speculate that during geological times, the ancestral(s) (either planktotrophic or nonplanktotrophic) dispersed, reached an oceanic island by natural means  [As it is not possible to invert the loss of the planktotrophic phase, in a relatively short interval, the planktotrophic ancestral may originate one or several species, by adaptive radiation, each species occupying a different niche. This promotes the increase of the number of nonplanktotrophic species, usually with a restricted range of dispersion . Several examples are known from oceanic islands that elucidate the above-mentioned mechanisms: at Madeira, Selvagens, and Canary Islands, the rissoid genera examples . Similarspecies) , 226. Currently, we are unable to choose between the following hypotheses:colonization by an ancestral (either planktotrophic or nonplanktotrophic), followed by speciation with adaptive radiation;several independent colonizations, spaced in timed, by an ancestral that originates a different species, without adaptive radiation;both hypotheses above described.sensu strictum\u201d: Azores, Madeira, Selvages, and Canaries), all computed pairs of areas show low relationships , especially during the sea level low stands associated with the Pleistocene glacial periods , 198, ousensu strictum\u201d Macaronesian archipelagos (Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, and Canaries archipelagos, Another interesting feature is the isolation of the Cape Verde archipelago, which is very weakly related with the \u201c"}
{"text": "Correction to: British Journal of Cancer (2011) 104, 1822\u20131827; doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.154When originally published earlier this year in Volume 104, the authorship of this paper was incorrect. O Kirichek who is based, along with several of the other authors at Department of Medical Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK, was omitted from the author list.The full author listing is now shown, above. The authors would like to apologise for this mistake."}
{"text": "We want to share a happy development with you. On March 15, 2005, we set up the Mensanamonographs E-group. Within a span of two months, it had already crossed the half-century mark. It now has a seventy plus membership from all over India, and a number of oversees members too. Some prominent mental health specialists, medical professionals, researchers, educationists, and socially conscious members of society are its members. It's a no-obligations group, which even you can join where we can discuss issues concerning medicine, psychiatry, philosophy, religion, science, man and society. The only condition is \u2018an honest effort to appreciate the others point of view and to indulge in a healthy give and take of ideas\u2019.This is its home page:Mensanamonographs is an open forum to discuss psychiatric/ biomedical/ psychological/ philosophical consequences of social disorders/ issues and current events based on evidence and research studies. It is meant to provide a wide platform for serious discussion for psychiatrists, other medical scientists and clinicians, social scientists, philosophers, psychologists, sociologists, and other thinkers interested in exploring social issues with methodological rigour.Mensanamonographs is mainly interested in discussing issues concerning Psychiatry, Philosophy, Medicine, Science, Religion, Man and Society.It does not espouse any particular ideology or school of thought but invites discussion between scholars and the lay intelligent socially conscious members of all societies and cultures to discuss every possible issue under the sun but based on evidence and a healthy give and take of ideas. It encourages enquiry, openness of mind, and the ability to express and imbibe thought.Freedom of thought and expression with social commitment and the openness to discuss a wide array of subjects that concern man and society today regardless of ideological/ institutional/ political/ civilizational affiliations is its motive.All interested in honest open discussion on a wide variety of topics are welcome.If you think you enjoy serious discussion over issues and have some interesting views to share, why don't you join our mensanamonographs group where we attempt to discuss issues concerning medicine, mental health, philosophy, religion, science, man and society?We do not think it is necessary for us to agree on everything.Or on anything for that matter.The only condition is an honest effort to appreciate the others point of view and to indulge in a healthy give and take of ideas.The messages are not so many as to be overwhelming, and the group membership is moderated.http://mensanamonographs.tripod.comRelated Link: mensanamonographs-subscribe@yahoogroups.comSubscribe: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mensanamonographs/It has discussed a wide range of issues including Mental Health, Creativity, Delusions, Immunization, Thinkers in Mental Health, God, Religion, Terrorism, Bioethics, Ghazals, Einstein, Education, Buddhism, Pharmaceuticals, Suicide, Psychiatry and its Critics, Western and Indian Cultures, Patents, Implants etc. You can browse details at We would strongly recommend you visit it. And if you enjoy debates and discussion, and want to keep yourself intellectually stimulated, join it.www.msmonographs.org \u2022 http://mensanamonographs.tripod.com.We also have a website, which is worth a visit. All Monographs are available, free access on line, full text, at: We would surely welcome any feedback you may offer, by post or email:Correspondence:Dr. Ajai R. SinghEditor, MSM,Mens Sana Research Foundation14, Shiva Kripa, Trimurty Road, Mulund, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. 400080.mensanamonographs@yahoo.co.ukEmail: Meanwhile, all the best.Editors, MSM"}
{"text": "Jocelyn Anne Rankin, PhD, (figure) chief of the Information Center at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), died on September 19, 2010, at age 63 in her Florida home. Similar to the health professionals in the organization M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res, Jocelyn was a humanitarian and a librarian sans fronti\u00e8res. Although some make a difference by what they do, others, like Jocelyn, also make a difference by how they do it. She was a true leader and a mentor to many librarians  throughout the nation. These colleagues will remain profoundly grateful for her contributions to the world of information science, and will, just as deeply, cherish memories of how she made her professional mark\u2014quietly, respectfully, and selflessly, yet with clear vision, determination, and passion. Born in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, Dr Rankin achieved an education without borders as well: high school in Germany, a diploma in liberal arts from the American College in Paris, a BA cum laude in English from Hollins College in Virginia, an MLn in librarianship from Emory University in Atlanta, and a PhD in educational leadership from Georgia State University in Atlanta. Dr Rankin's career began at the Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, and continued at Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, and at Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia. She designed and led the Georgia Interactive Network for Medical Information, the oldest statewide network of its kind in the nation. At CDC, she led in the creation of a state-of-the-art information center; guided implementation of an integrated, electronic information delivery system; helped create the US Department of Health and Human Services Library Consortium; and most recently, helped build the foundation for CDC\u2019s Science Clips, a weekly digest of selected news pertinent to the public health community. Dr Rankin\u2019s contribution as book review editor for Emerging Infectious Diseases was also highly valued.She leaves behind many who feel privileged to have known her. We offer our condolences to her husband, William Rankin; daughters, Stephanie Smith and Kimberley Macdonald; son, William Rankin III; brother, Howell Cobb; and 2 grandchildren."}
{"text": "Crocus sativus L. (a member of Iridaceae family) has a distinct color, flavor and smell. It is widely used as a spice, and as a coloring and flavoring agent in the preparation of foods and cosmetics. According to chemical analysis, more than 150 chemicals are present in saffron stigmas among which, the three main chemical compounds including crocins , picrocrocin , and safranal  are responsible for saffron exclusive color, taste, and odor, respectively , cardiovascular system , central nervous system , eye disease , gastrointestinal system , genitourinary system , infection disease , respiratory system , skin disease , and miscellaneous  . Saffron"}
{"text": "What Medicine Means To Me is a first in many ways for MSM. This is the first Theme Monograph. It is also the first Monograph which has contributions from the Asian, Australian, American and African continents.Donelson Dulany, Professor of Psychology Emeritus at the University of Illinois and Editor, American Journal of Psychology, writes on, \u2032What Psychology Means To Me\u2019 (p36 ).Sunil K. Pandya, who writes on \u2018Where is Medical Practice In India Heading?\u2019 (p50) and also on \u2018Turning Points In My Medical Career\u2019 (p154 ), is a Neurosurgeon and from the Dept of Neurosurgery, Jaslok Hospital And Research Center, Mumbai, India. He is also Editor Emeritus, Indian Journal Of Medical Ethics, and on the International Advisory Board of MSM.Shaukat Ali Jawaid, who writes on \u2018What Medicine And Medical Journal Editing Mean To Me\u2019 (p62 ), is Chief Editor, Pulse International, and Managing Editor, Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.Adamson S. Muula, who writes on \u2018Medicine and Money: Friends Or Foe?\u2019 (p78 ) is from the Department of Community Health, University of Malawi, College of Medicine, Malawi and Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States.Vance W. Berger, from the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA, and J. Rosser Matthews, from the Virginia Commonwealth University, write on, \u2018What Does Biostatistics Mean to Us\u2019 (p89).Morten Hesse, who writes on \u2018What Does Addiction Mean to Me\u2019 is from Aarhus University, Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research, K\u00f8bmagergade 26E, DK-1150 Copenhagen (p104).S.C. Panda, who writes on \u2018Medicine: Science or Art?\u2019 is Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, V.S.S. Medical College, Burla, Orissa, and Editor, Journal of Community Medicine (p127).Roy Sugarman, Acting Director of Psychology at Royal Rehabilitation Centre in Sydney, and Conjoint Senior Lecturer in Psychiatry at the University of New South Wales, writes on, \u2018What Psychology Means to Me\u2019 (p139).J. K. Trivedi, Professor, Department of Psychiatry, and Dishanter Goel, Junior Resident, both from the King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India, write on, \u2018What Psychiatry Means To Us\u2019 (p166). JKT has also been Past Editor, Indian Journal of Psychiatry, Past President, Indian Psychiatric Society, and is a Member of the International Advisory Board of MSM.S. Malhotra and N. Shafiq, from the Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, write on, \u2018What Clinical Pharmacology Means to Us\u2019 (p184).Ajai R. Singh, Editor and Shakuntala A. Singh, Deputy Editor, MSM, write Editorials on \u2018To Cure Sometimes, To Comfort Always, To Hurt The Least, To Harm Never\u2019 (p8), \u2018Psychiatrists And Clinical Psychologists\u2019 (p10), and \u2018What Is A Good Editorial?\u2019 (p14), besides writing for the Looking Mirror, \u2018A look at CMAJ: A Misty Image Indeed\u2019 (p21). Ajai R. Singh also writes Musings (p18), and in MSM Poems (p208).Avinash De Sousa, Consulting Psychiatrist, Mumbai, writes an Obituary for his mother in, \u2018Dr. Mrs. Dhanalakshmi De Sousa.1938\u20132005.A Tribute\u2019 (p211).K.P. Dave, retired Head, Dept. of Psychiatry, L.T.M.G. Medical College and Hospital, Sion, Mumbai, India, also writes an obituary on \u2018Dr. Mrs. Dhanalakshmi De Sousa (p213).The writings present a rich and varied fare for the serious reader."}
{"text": "The affiliations for all authors are incorrect. The first three authors  are affiliated only with institution number 1, Milano-Bicocca University, Dept. of Geological Sciences and Geotechnologies, Milano, Italy, and not with institution number 2, and the last two authors  are only affiliated with institution number 2, Senckenberg am Meer, Marine Research Department, S\u00fcdstrand, Wilhelmshaven, Germany, and not with institution number 1."}
{"text": "The first three authors, James R. Petrie, Thomas Vanhercke, and Pushkar Shrestha, should be noted as contributing equally to this work."}
{"text": "Interest and participation in EcoHealth and One Health approaches have grown considerably over the past decade. Clearly, the two approaches have many similarities and strive for similar outcomes, and collaboration between them holds great potential value. Convergence of the two approaches could avoid repetition, strengthening both communities yet still highlighting the unique attributes of each approach. In 2011 Margot Parkes, then President of the International Association for Ecology and Health , called for critical reflection on directions for ecohealth as a transdisciplinary field positioned among converging efforts Parkes . Buildinwww.ecohealth.net). Others have documented the evolution of the field of ecohealth , but not its focus. Ecohealth could further enhance these efforts by drawing on the One Health expertise and experiences in zoonotic disease research, and disease economics, surveillance and management.While One Health is growing in disciplinary diversity, veterinarians and public health practitioners currently form the majority of the field, and it tends to focus on communicable disease, food safety, nutrition and antimicrobial resistance, issues squarely at the nexus of human and animal health. There are gains to be made in synergizing with the already-diverse membership in Ecohealth. The threat of a global influenza pandemic gave great impetus to the One Health movement, and was able to influence the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) to formally work together under the banner of One Health. Similar collaborations were established in many countries, influencing national policies, investments and research funding. Ecohealth affiliates could learn from the strategies and networks used by One Health advocates to widen their influence on large-scale policy processes.EcoHealth, and with communities of practice in Ecohealth around the world, individuals who identify with the One Health movement gain new platforms for interaction and outreach.One Health has chosen not to have an organisational structure, a single journal for research or policy dissemination, or undertake regular conferencing arrangements. By partnering with existing structures such as the IAEH and its journal, Ecohealth and One Health share many values and approaches, and converge most obviously in the areas of zoonoses, disease emergence, and pandemic threats. Each has strengths to offer the other and by working together, greater impact may be achieved in global health and sustainability. Each also embraces themes and approaches not currently suited to the other. These differences should not prevent a closer interaction; rather, both communities stand to gain from shared information, resources and collaborative action. For example, Ecohealth, with its foundations in environmental issues, could contribute to the enhanced development of ecosystem approaches in One Health. Similarly, One Health could bolster the animal health research in EcoHealth as well as strengthen its economic evaluations and policy influence.Some organizations are already employing the strengths of both approaches. For example, the Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire uses One Health approaches for diseases at the human-animal interface or food borne disease, and Ecohealth approaches for research on climate change, water and vector borne diseases.EcoHealth.Multiple benefits may be gained by bringing together One Health and Ecohealth, yet many people working in one or the other field are unaware of the potential for collaboration. Opportunities abound for reversing this: for example, through joint conferences, shared training, and publication in journals read by both communities of researchers, such as Jakob Zinsstag (convener), Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, SwitzerlandMartyn Jeggo (convener), Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, AustraliaEsther Schelling, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, SwitzerlandBassirou Bonfoh, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en C\u00f4te d\u2019IvoireDavid Waltner-Toews, University of Guelph, Ontario, CanadaStefano Lelii, Institute of Public Health, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, GermanyBob Williams, Wellington, New ZealandMahamat Bechir, Centre de Support en Sant\u00e9 Internationale, ChadFelix Li, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canadian Embassy, ChinaDominique Charron, International Development Research Center, Ottawa, CanadaRobinson Mdegela, Sokoine University of Agriculture, TanzaniaMeredith Barrett, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health and Society Scholars, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, CA, USARichard Kock, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United KingdomIbrahima Sy, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, SwitzerlandAlain Vandersmissen, European Union - European External Action Service, Brussels, BelgiumPeter Black, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Barton, ACT, AustraliaPeter Daszak, EcoHealth Alliance, New York, USA"}
{"text": "Background. Specific dietary components have been associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in Europe and the United States. However, the relationship between dietary components and GERD in Chinese still remains unclear. Methods. A total of 268 patients who were newly diagnosed as reflux esophagitis (RE) in Outpatient Endoscopy Center of Tongji Hospital were recruited. In addition, 269 sex- and age-matched subjects were also recruited as controls. The body measurements were determined, and the dietary intake during the previous year was evaluated using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between nutrients and RE. Results. After adjustment for WC, WHR, total energy intake, and demographics, there were a positive dose-response relationship between RE and calcium, meat, oils, and salt and a negative dose-response relationship between RE and protein, carbohydrate, calories from protein (%), vitamin C, grains and potatoes, fruits, and eggs. Conclusion. High intake of meat, oils, salt, and calcium is associated with an increased risk for RE while high intake of protein, carbohydrate, calories from protein (%), vitamin C, grains and potatoes, fruits, and eggs correlates with a reduced risk for RE. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic disease usually caused by the reflux of acidic gastric and duodenal contents into the distal esophagus. The major symptoms of GERD include heartburn, acid regurgitation, and non-cardiac chest pain. GERD is a common digestive disease with the direct medical costs estimated around $9.3 billion annually , and witMost of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), previously described in European, Australian, and American studies, are present in Chinese patients with GERD, but at a lower scale. A low-fat diet probably contributes to a more favorable gastric distribution . AnotherIn general, the effects of diet on GERD are not well understood, and the currently available data in Western countries do not support a strong relationship between GERD and dietary fat, fiber, alcohol, and other nutrients. Although there are conflicting data regarding the role of dietary nutrients in GERD, there is no direct evidence that some nutrients promote or protect against GERD. Due to the difference in dietary nutrients between Chinese and Westerns, and few studies reporting the association between dietary nutrients and GERD in China, we employed food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to evaluate the relationship between dietary components and RE in a Chinese population in the present study aiming to clarify whether the diet habits affect the prevalence of RE.A total of 537 Han Chinese were recruited from the Endoscopy Center of Tongji Hospital between May 2010 and May 2011 in Shanghai. Because the diet habits vary in different peoples and Han Chinese account for 91.51% of population in China, the Han Chinese were recruited in order to maximally ensure the accuracy of data. Among these subjects, the age of 268 patients who were newly diagnosed as RE based on the Los Angles (LA) classification  ranged fThe whole protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tongji Hospital. All subjects gave written informed consent before study. All subjects were trained to complete a detailed FFQ. Before survey, all subjects were required to complete a Reflux Diagnostic Questionnaire (RDQ), including \u201cany symptoms including heartburn, acid regurgitation, and noncardiac chest pain,\u201d and \u201coften changing dietary habits and avoiding certain foods.\u201d Controls with RDQ score of >12 were also excluded although the normal findings were present in the endoscopic examination. In order to avoid the influence of symptoms on the dietary intake, these subjects were asked to record the dietary intake before the onset of reflux symptoms. FFQ based on the Chinese Dietary Pagoda  was adap2) was calculated as a ratio of weight (kg) to the square of height (m2). WC and HC were measured to the nearest 0.1\u2009cm and the mean of three measurements was obtained. Waist-hip ratio (WHR) was calculated as a ratio of WC (cm) to HC (cm).The height, weight, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) were measured under fasting conditions followed by endoscopy. Height was measured to the nearest 0.5\u2009cm using a stadiometer, and weight to the nearest 0.25\u2009kg in light clothing and without shoes using standard digital scales. BMI  were calculated on the basis of interquartile range for each nutrient and thus show risk comparing the 75th centile of intake for each nutrient with the 25th centile. A value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 14.0 for Windows . All data were expressed as mean \u00b1 standard deviation (SD). P < 0.05). RE patients had a higher WC and WHR than controls (P < 0.05) and there were no differences in the height, weight, BMI, and HC (P > 0.05) between them. Data on nutrient and food intake obtained from the FFQ are shown in P < 0.05). The calories from protein (%), calcium, \u03b2-carotene, vitamin C, and vegetables were markedly lower in the RE group than in the control group (P < 0.05).The daily intake of total energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, total SFA, dietary fiber, selenium, milk and dairy products, beans, and nuts was significantly higher in the RE group than in the control group (P > 0.05).There were no significant differences in the intake of calories from fats and carbohydrates (%), cholesterol, zinc, ferrum, vitamin E, grains and potatoes, fruits, meat, fish and shrimps, eggs, alcohol, oils, and salt , there was a positive dose-response relationship between RE and calcium , meat , oils , and salt , and there was an inverse dose-response relationship between RE and protein , carbohydrate , calories from protein (%) , vitamin C , grains and potatoes , fruits , and eggs .\u03b2-carotene, vegetables, fish and shrimps, milk and dairy products, soy, and nuts. The relationship between RE and different nutrients and food is shown in After adjustment for WC, WHR, total energy intake, and demographics , there was no correlation of RE with fat, total SFA, alcohol, cholesterol, calories from fat (%), calories from carbohydrate (%), dietary fiber, vitamin E, selenium, ferrum, zinc, This is the first study reporting an association between the risk for RE and dietary nutrients as well as food in a Chinese population. In this study, results showed that the RE was mild (Grade A and B) which was similar to previously reported , and RE Some studies have demonstrated that an increased prevalence of reflux symptoms in alcohol users, and alcohol is an independent risk factor for GERD-related symptoms, with alcohol consumption exacerbating GERD by increasing acid secretion through gastric stimulation, reducing LESP, increasing spontaneous LES relaxations, and impairing esophageal motility and gastric emptying , 40\u201342. Some previous studies found that an increase in salt consumption was associated with GERD , 45, whiSome experts proposed that high intake of vitamin C could exert a protective effect against GERD , 36. OurCalcium is an important nutrient related to many diseases. However, to date, no studies have confirmed the relationship between calcium and GERD. To our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal the relationship between calcium intake and RE after adjustment for confounding variables. Nevertheless, the mechanism of such relationship is unknown. We speculated that calcium may stimulate the gastric acid secretion , 50, whiThe incidence of GERD is on the rise in China due to high intake of meat, oils, salt, and calcium, while high intake of protein, carbohydrate, calories from protein (%), vitamin C, grains and potatoes, fruits, and eggs correlates with a reduced risk for GERD, which is different from the findings in the study of El-Serag et al. The conflicting data may be attributed to differences in not only the race, geographic specificities, diet habit, and culture between Chinese and the Western, but the definition of GERD because studies based on GERD symptoms may be overinclusive, and our study based on GERD complications such as esophagitis is restrictive. Further studies are needed to clarify this association. Our study has some limitations: first, in the present study, incomplete data on vitamin and calcium supplements were not included for analysis, which may affect the determination of vitamin and calcium intakes; second, the folate, lutein, and other micronutrients were not employed for analysis and discussion since they are not included in Chinese Food Composition Tables; third, FFQ is not a particularly accurate dietary assessment tool, and there is potential for measurement error. However, FFQ is one of the most well validated and commonly used food frequency questionnaires; forth, the recall bias and residual confounding might also influence the results.Our results indicate that high intake of calcium, meat, oils, and salt is associated with an increased risk for RE while high intake of protein, carbohydrate, calories from protein (%), vitamin C, grains and potatoes, fruits, and eggs correlates with a reduced risk for RE in Han Chinese. Further studies are required to explore the relationships among diet, obesity, and RE comprehensively."}
{"text": "Born Michelangelo Merisi, Caravaggio was later renamed after his hometown in northern Italy, a practice not unusual in his day. His father, an architect and majordomo to the Marquis of Caravaggio, died of the plague when the artist was still young, leaving him under the protection of the art-loving marquis. Like many children of his day, he learned early how to grind pigments for painting, and soon he was apprenticed to a good studio in Milan. At 21, he moved to Rome, anxious, if not fully qualified, to compete in the capital\u2019s bustling art world. This move to Rome began the tumultuous life journey of a man who changed the art of his day, had many followers (known as Caravaggists), and influenced future masters, from Rembrandt to Vel\u00e1zquez  has disrupted the fruit\u2019s normal physiology, devitalizing the skin, allowing invasion of pathogens, and promoting decomposition.In our world, as in Caravaggio\u2019s, where light and darkness, beauty and horror, pleasure and danger are constantly at play, survival depends on keeping the elements of nature in balance, constantly tracking their course, monitoring their moves, and checking their excesses. Left untended and uncontrolled, nature\u2019s elements will thrive to unfair advantage, mutate to our detriment, and travel to our doorstep. In formerly out-of-the-way places like Mongolia, where control efforts have not always kept pace, old scourges  maintain their insidious hold, a blemish on world health and a threat to balance and control."}
{"text": "The impact of donors, such as national government , private sector, and individual financial (philanthropic) contributions, on domestic health policies of developing nations has been the subject of scholarly discourse. Little is known, however, about the impact of global financial initiatives, such as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, on policies and health governance of countries receiving funding from such initiatives.This study employs a qualitative methodological design based on a single case study: Brazil. Analysis at national, inter-governmental and community levels is based on in-depth interviews with the Global Fund and the Brazilian Ministry of Health and civil societal activists. Primary research is complemented with information from printed media, reports, journal articles, and books, which were used to deepen our analysis while providing supporting evidence.Our analysis suggests that in Brazil, Global Fund financing has helped to positively transform health governance at three tiers of analysis: the national-level, inter-governmental-level, and community-level. At the national-level, Global Fund financing has helped to increased political attention and commitment to relatively neglected diseases, such as tuberculosis, while harmonizing intra-bureaucratic relationships; at the inter-governmental-level, Global Fund financing has motivated the National Tuberculosis Programme to strengthen its ties with state and municipal health departments, and non-governmental organisations (NGOs); while at the community-level, the Global Fund\u2019s financing of civil societal institutions has encouraged the emergence of new civic movements, participation, and the creation of new municipal participatory institutions designed to monitor the disbursement of funds for Global Fund grants.Global Fund financing can help deepen health governance at multiple levels. Future work will need to explore how the financing of civil society by the Global Fund and other donors influence policy agenda-setting and institutional innovations for increased civic participation in health governance and accountability to citizens. In recent years, a rise in the international financing of health programmes in developing nations have spurred scholars and policy-makers working on global health policy to undertake studies to better understand the effects of these initiatives -12. In pAn area that has also attracted interest but where empirical evidence is all but absent relates to the extent to which these external investments have enhanced local institutional capacity ,11,20. Ai.e., within and between agencies), inter-governmental , governmental-civil societal, and community-level processes and responses to disease: more specifically, government leadership, policy commitment, and agency cooperation , inter-governmental cooperation between national, state, and municipal health agencies . This was aided by the fact that the Adjunct Coordinator, Fabio Moherdaui, as well as the director of the NTP, Draurio Barreira, had previously worked in the National AIDS Programme and had extensive networks , experience, and a strong commitment to creating a collaborative partnership with the National AIDS Program .Coinciding with negotiations with the Global Fund to finalise contracts to receive funding, in 2005 the NTP created a special division, the F\u00f3rum Estadual das ONGs na luta contra a Tuberculose no Rio de Janeiro (Forum of State NGOs against Tuberculosis in Rio de Janeiro); S\u00e3o Paulo followed suit with the creation of its own F\u00f3rum that same year, as well as the Rede para o Controle Social da TB no Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo  in 2005. These F\u00f3rums were comprised of community-based organizations, the church, businesses, sex worker organizations, feminist groups, as well as AIDS NGOs . This technical support also helps to increase PR accountability to the NTP . The NTP also regularly interacts with municipal health secretaries in Rio and other cities to ensure that it has adequate technical support . Because the NTP is accountable, through the CCM, to the Global Fund for the FAP and FIOTEC's performance, the programme has further incentives to work closely with these institutions and the municipalities in order to ensure policy success .Comit\u00eas Metropolitanos (Metropolitan Committees), which are independent entities, not financed by the Global Fund. Modeled after the 1988 constitutionally-mandated municipal health councils, these Comit\u00eas are public participatory institutions. AIDS NGOs, F\u00f3rum members, municipal health officials, people affected by TB, the church, and staff from the MOH\u2019s Global Fund supported programme periodically meet to closely monitor the provision of Global Fund financing, review all aspects of Global Fund programmes, grant performance, impact, discussions for creating new funding proposals and potential PRs, as well as networking . In order to ensure that the PR's work effectively, in 2006 members of civil society in Rio and S\u00e3o Paulo, in conjunction with municipal health secretariats and the NTP, created tworking ,65; D. BComit\u00eas have also emerged in eight other cities, namely Belo Horizonte, Fortaleza, Manaus, Porto Alegre, Recife, Salvador, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, and S\u00e3o Paulo. Because of the high incidence of the TB-HIV co-infection, S\u00e3o Paulo has created two Comit\u00eas, which are well known for exhibiting a very strong commitment to civic participation .Though initially created in Rio, Comit\u00eas have provided even further opportunity for the NTP to work closely with civil society and local health departments . The director of the NTP as well as MOH officials working on the Global Fund grant frequently attend Comit\u00eas meetings [ibid]; this demonstrates strong government support as well as oversight in the grant implementation process . Global Fund support has also provided new opportunities to deepen civic participation by directly involving TB victims and their supporters on the CCM. An analysis of recent budgetary allocations , it did not instigate national government interest and commitment to responding to TB. Rather, Global Fund financing complemented and further strengthened pre-existing efforts to address TB at the national government level .However, it is important to note that the Global Fund was limited in its direct contribution to the creation of multiple levels of health governance in Brazil. While the Global Fund did directly contribute to the creation of community-based accountability institutions  as well as the PRs  and Comit\u00eas implementing Global Fund policy. In addition, members of the Comit\u00eas in several cities were interviewed because of their experience working with the NTP and municipal health officials. Finally, those individuals not working in the TB sector were chosen for their knowledge of the TB sector, the NTP\u2019s interaction with the Global Fund, and personal impressions of the Global Fund\u2019s impact on health governance in Brazil. None of those interviewed for this study were chosen for their a-prior policy views and beliefs, thus allowing us to avoid the usage of biased interview data.With regards to NTP officials, the following individuals were interviewed: the director of the NTP, Draurio Barreira, October 20, 2009 and June 10, 2011 (30 minute phone interview); Patricia Werlang, NTP official, August 1, 2011 (email survey); a senior official within the NTP working on the Global Fund grant, November 5, 2009 (30 minute phone interview); and Fabio Moherdaui, NTP, June 16, 2006. With regards to municipal health officials, Vera Gallesi, coordinator of the S\u00e3o Paulo state TB program, October 13, 2009 (by phone); Margaret Dalcolmo, Reference Center for Tuberculosis, Rio de Janeiro, October 20, 2006; Germano Gerhardt, President, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Ataulpho de Paiva, Rio de Janeiro, July 19, 2006; Bettina Dorovni, director of the division of AIDS, TB, and Colera, municipal department of health, Rio de Janeiro, July 7, 2006 (by phone).Members of civil society and activists included: Afranio Kritski, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, July 20, 2006; Carlos Basilia, director, F\u00f3rum Estadual das ONGs na Luta contra a Tuberculose no Rio de Janeiro, November 15, 2009 and October 17, 2006 (phone interview); Ezio T. Santos-Filho, Vice President, PellaVida NGO, Rio de Janeiro, June 30, 2006; members of the Global Fund Comit\u00eas Metropolitanos included: Nadja Faraone, S\u00e3o Paulo, June 4, 2010 (by phone); Joyce Matsudo, Manaus, Amazonia, August 17, 2010 (email survey); La\u00edze Brilhante, Rec\u00edfe, July 6, 2010 (email survey); Ana Cristina Alegria de Almeida, Costa da Mata Atlantica, S\u00e3o Paulo, July 1, 2010 (email survey).Those non-TB individuals that were interviewed included AIDS NGO leaders, activists, national AIDS officials and university professors: Veriano Terto, Executive Director of ABIA, Rio de Janeiro, May 22, 2012 (30 minute phone interview); Ezio T. Santos-Filho, former Vice President of PellaVida AIDS NGO, Rio de Janeiro, currently PhD Candidate, Medical School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, May 23, 2012 (30 minute phone interview); Ruy Borgos Filho, Director, National AIDS Program, Brasilia, May 23, 2012 (30 minute phone interview); and Mauro Sanchez, Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, July 2, 2011 (30 minute phone interview).The individuals interviewed for this study were chosen from officials working in the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, the Brazilian National TB Programme (NTP), municipal tuberculosis officials, members of civil society participating in the The authors have no competing interests to declare.EG and RA are the primary authors of this study, having devised the theoretical and empirical analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript"}
{"text": "Stress is a major concern in medicine and the social and health sciences nowadays. In fact, not only are stress-associated ailments and diseases rapidly growing, that is, virtually everywhere in the modern world, but also the cost of treatment and \u201ccollateral damage,\u201d for example, in occupational health or the economy as a whole, seems to increase exponentially\u2014for example, see , 2. ThisSince primary care and health promotion can be seen as the first line of defense in medicine and, yet, as setting-oriented \u201cplaces\u201d where resistance resources, health protection, resiliency, and salutogenesis are facilitated in more complex situations and modalities, it should and will incorporate self-care-oriented means, techniques, and strategies to lower stress at all levels and improve self- or stress management skills of the population as a whole\u2014and of each single individual under treatment. Research in this area is evolving and it focuses on the many aspects that contribute to a healthy and more stress-resilient life-style, hence, looking not only at tangible disease outcomes but also at quality of life, happiness, flourishing, subjective well-being, optimism, and so on\u2014for example, see .With this special issue, we invited investigators to contribute original research as well as review articles that could stimulate the continuing efforts to understand the molecular, (patho)physiological, neurobiological, and, particularly, clinical factors that underlie stress and stress management programs or related interventions. Furthermore, we were interested in articles that focused on any mind-body medical, CAM, cognitive behavioral, or mindfulness-based technique that is believed or said to alleviate stress and the negative outcomes of its burden, that is, examining these interventions in clinical or out-patient and setting-oriented areas, including work-place, occupational and communal health, and, especially of interest, primary care.As expected, we received a broad array of papers and were able, following rigorous review procedures, to accept a couple of them that still cover the whole picture we had originally thought of. Papers on the effectiveness of a happiness training (positive psychology intervention) or on progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) during lunch breaks in the field of occupational health are now included, as are studies on the applicability and effectiveness of mind-body interventions and more complex programs, including mindfulness-based approaches or self-compassion training, in depression, in anxiety, or in general distress. Various settings are depicted, including the military or school and education. Finally, a focus lies on salutogenesis and resource-orientation in general practice.We hope this special issue meets the expectations of its readers, as it positively exceeded ours as editors. We are happy to herewith launch this special issue and open the discussion on the aspects raised.Tobias EschTobias EschGregory L. FricchioneGregory L. FricchioneStefanie JoosStefanie JoosMichael TeutMichael Teut"}
{"text": "Civil unrest is a powerful form of collective human dynamics, which has led to major transitions of societies in modern history. The study of collective human dynamics, including collective aggression, has been the focus of much discussion in the context of modeling and identification of universal patterns of behavior. In contrast, the possibility that civil unrest activities, across countries and over long time periods, are governed by universal mechanisms has not been explored. Here, records of civil unrest of 170 countries during the period 1919\u20132008 are analyzed. It is demonstrated that the distributions of the number of unrest events per year are robustly reproduced by a nonlinear, spatially extended dynamical model, which reflects the spread of civil disorder between geographic regions connected through social and communication networks. The results also expose the similarity between global social instability and the dynamics of natural hazards and epidemics. Civil unrest contagion occurs when social, economic, and political stress accumulate slowly, and is released spontaneously in the form of social unrest on short time scales to nearest and long-range neighboring regions that are susceptible to social, economic, and political stress A pertinent question from large-scale social dynamics and policymaking standpoints is what causes the extent and outbreaks of civil unrest spreading. Social unrest has been attributed to a variety of social, political, economic, and environmental causes including racial and ethnic tensions The model , and a characteristic urban cluster as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau (see the section Parameter Estimation for details). The outburst ions see .The unrest contagion model is sufficiently flexible to accommodate a wide range of possible unrest event count distributions. \u201cBroad-scale\u201d distributions that show a power\u2013law regime with a sharp cutoff in the tail are obtained when the infectiousness rate The unrest contagion patterns of each of the world\u2019s geographic regions  are uniqThe reported results have several practical implications. First, the parameters of the model can be estimated from unrest data that includes small and medium sized events, and then be used to quantify the risk of large-sized events. Second, monitoring the parameters of the model and trends in their values over time through comprehensive ongoing unrest data, may serve as an early warning signal for increased vulnerability to social instability.This research utilizes a long-term dataset, which traces out several indicators of domestic conflict in 170 countries and covers the years from 1919 to 2008. These data are part of the comprehensive Cross National Time Series Dataset The countries and geographical regions included in this study are based on the United Nations geographical region classification Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius.Mozambique, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe.Middle Africa: Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe.Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland.Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cote d\u2019Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo.Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.China, Democratic People\u2019s Republic of Korea, Japan, Mongolia, Republic of Korea.Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Viet Nam.Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen.Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Ukraine.Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Malta, Montenegro, Portugal, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, Switzerland.Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic.Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago.Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama.Argentina, Bolivia , Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of).Canada, United States of America.The output of the social unrest contagion simulation model is a set of unrest event counts. The goodness of fit of this set relative to the empirically observed unrest count distribution was determined by measuring the distance between the observed and simulated distributions. Here, the tail-weighted Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov (wKS) statistic is used In this section the methods used to calibrate the social unrest contagion model shown in The social unrest contagion model is defined on a square grid of The spontaneous outburst The model was fitted to civil unrest data for each individual geographical region of the world using the tail-weighted Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov (wKS) statistic as described in the section Assessing the Goodness of Fit of the Model. The model has two free parameters: the probability Social unrest diffusion is often transmitted by some sort of a communication network In this section, the effect of mass media distribution networks on the patterns of unrest activity is examined. Long-term population data, number of radio receivers, television receivers, and all telephones (including cellular) of all countries analyzed, covering the years from 1919 to 2008, are obtained As discussed in the section Telecommunication Technologies and Social Unrest, civil unrest may spread through media networks or through social networks where protesters contact their recruits in other cities, encouraging them to join a protest. In the section Model, this unrest spreading process was modeled by overlaying a small-world network on top of a two-dimensional grid. In this model, two kinds of links are considered: short-range links between sites that are directly adjacent to each other; and long-range links selected uniformly among all sites. While the short-range links capture the geographical nature of civil unrest spreading, a plausible alternative to the uniform distribution of long-range links would be to consider a more heterogeneous distribution. Here we are motivated by major advances that have been made in understanding the structure and dynamics of real-world social, biological, and technological complex networks Here, the role of fat-tailed distributions of long-range links in civil unrest spreading is analyzed. To this end, the small-world construction of the section Model is modified by replacing the uniform distribution of long-range links with a procedure in which the grid is augmented by a set of links randomly chosen from a power-law distribution. In particular, directed scale-free networks with different exponents were generated using the static model presented in We have tested the effect of various network topologies on civil unrest spreading. The computer simulations include: two-dimensional grids with a uniform distribution of long-range links as described in the section Model, and two-dimensional grids with a power law distribution of long-range links. For comparison, the scale-free networks were generated with roughly the same number of directed links as the uniform overlay networks (see"}
{"text": "Author Maria X. Sosa is missing from the author byline. Dr. Sosa should be listed as the fifth author and affiliated with institution number 1, Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetics Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America. Sosa should be noted as having made the following contributions to the article: Performed the experiments. The Citation should read: Sampath S, Bhat S, Gupta S, O\u2019Connor A, Sosa MX, et al. (2013) Defining the Contribution of CNTNAP2 to Autism Susceptibility. PLoS ONE 8(10): e77906. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077906.In addition, the first author, Srirangan Sampath, was incorrectly indicated as being the Corresponding Author of the article. The correct Corresponding Author is the last author, Aravinda Chakravarti. The last author's email address is already correct as indicated for the first author.In addition, the last author was incorrectly indicated as having changed affiliation to the institution now indicated as their Current Address, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America. This institution is the Current Address of the first author, not the last author."}
{"text": "AbstractJournal of the Bombay Natural History Society (JBNHS). The temporal scale of the dataset represents bird observations recorded between 1909 and 2007. The dataset has been developed by employing MS Excel. The key elements in the database are scientific name, taxonomic classification, temporal and geospatial details including geo-coordinate precision, data collector, basis of record and primary source of the data record. The temporal and geospatial quality of more than 50% of the data records has been enhanced retrospectively. Where possible, data records are annotated with geospatial coordinate precision to the nearest minute. This dataset is being constantly updated with the addition of new data records, and quality enhancement of documented occurrences. The dataset can be used in species distribution and niche modeling studies. It is planned to expand the scope of the dataset to collate bird species occurrences across the Indian peninsula.The northeast region of India is one of the world\u2019s most significant biodiversity hotspots. One of the richest bird areas in India, it is an important route for migratory birds and home to many endemic bird species. This paper describes a literature-based dataset of species occurrences of birds of northeast India. The occurrence records documented in the dataset are distributed across eleven states of India, viz.: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. The geospatial scope of the dataset represents 24 to 29 degree North latitude and 78 to 94 degree East longitude, and it comprises over 2400 occurrence records. These records have been collated from scholarly literature published between1915 and 2008, especially from the  The highest number of data records are from the family Muscicapidae (560 records), followed by Anatidae (180 records) and Accipitridae (136 records). The families with the least number of records are Hemiprocnidae, Podargidae, Indicatoridae with one data record each.Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: AvesOrder: Podicipediformes, Pelecaniformes, Ciconiiformes, Anseriformes, Falconiformes, Galliformes, Gruiformes, Charadriiformes, Columbiformes, Psittaciformes, Cuculiformes, Strigiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Apodiformes, Trogoniformes, Coraciiformes, Piciformes, PasseriformesFamily: Podicipedidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Ardeidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae, Anatidae, Accipitridae, Pandionidae, Falconidae, Phasianidae, Turnicidae, Gruidae, Rallidae, Otididae, Jacanidae, Rostratulidae, Charadriidae, Scolopacidae, Recurvirostridae, Glareolidae, Laridae, Rhynchopidae, Columbidae, Psittacidae, Cuculidae, Tytonidae, Strigidae, Podargidae, Caprimulgidae, Apodidae, Hemiprocnidae, Trogonidae, Alcedinidae, Meropidae, Coraciidae, Upupidae, Bucerotidae, Capitonidae, Indicatoridae, Picidae, Eurylaimidae, Pittidae, Alaudidae, Hirundinidae, Motacillidae, Campephagidae, Pycnonotidae, Irenidae, Laniidae, Troglodytidae, Prunellidae, Muscicapidae, Aegithalidae, Paridae, Sittidae, Certhiidae, Dicaeidae, Nectariniidae, Zosteropidae, Emberizidae, Fringillidae, Estrildidae, Passeridae, Sturnidae, Oriolidae, Dicruridae, Artamidae, Corvidae.General spatial coverage: This dataset collates species occurrences from northeast India and neighboring regions. The occurrence records collated in the dataset are Literature-based species occurrence data of birds of North-East India 3 distributed acrossPageBreak eleven provinces of India, viz.: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. This region falls within the Himalayan mountain ranges, and spans an area of 234567 sq. km. The region borders with Bangladesh to the south, Bhutan to the west, Myanmar to the east and with China to the north. Minimum and maximum elevations are 2000 meters and 8000 meters above sea level respectively.Coordinates: 24\u00b030'0\"N - 28\u00b015'0\"N Latitude; 78\u00b022'58.8\"E - 93\u00b047'60\"E Longitude.1909\u20132007.Title: This dataset is an outcome of the collaborative work carried out by three projects, viz.:, (a) Environmental Information System (ENVIS) Centre on Avian Ecology, Bombay Natural History Society, sponsored by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India; (b) Important Bird Areas Programme and Indian Bird Conservation Network (IBA-IBCN), sponsored by the Royal Society for Protection of Birds, United Kingdom; and (c) Impact of Climate Change on the Conservation of Birds, a project supported by the MacArthur Foundation.Personnel: Sujit Narwade , Mohit Kalra (Processor), Divya Varier (Custodian Steward/Metadata Provider), Rajkumar Jagdish (Processor), Sagar Satpute \u00a0(Custodian Steward), Noor Khan (Custodian Steward), Gautam Talukdar (Publisher), V.B. Mathur (Publisher), Karthik Vasudevan (Publisher), Dinesh Singh Pundir (Publisher), Vishwas Chavan (Metadata Provider/Editor), Rajesh Sood (Metadata Provider/Programmer).Funding: Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, (Funding), the Royal Society for Protection of Birds, United Kingdom (Funding), MacArthur Foundation (Funding), Bombay Natural History Society (Host institution), and Wildlife Institute of India (publishing support).Study area descriptions/descriptor: Northeast India is one of the most significant biodiversity hotspots of the world and among the richest bird zones in India. It is considered as the \u2018biological gateway\u2019 for much of India\u2019s fauna, as the Gondwana land first touched this region, during the Tertiary period. The north-eastern region is at the confluence of the Indo-Malayan, Indo-Chinese and Indian biogeographical realms. As a result, it is unique in providing a profusion of habitats that harbor diverse biota with a high degree of endemism  Centre at the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) is a focal point for collection, collation PageBreakand dissemination of data on avian ecology in India. The objective of this dataset is to collate avian observations documented in various research publications such as journals, magazines, newsletters, project reports, theses, books and other gray literature. However, the current version of the dataset collates occurrence records reported in research articles published in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society (JBNHS). The motivation for this approach is because of the dispersed availability of the occurrence records in published literature. Because these data records are documented in several literature sources, it is difficult to access them together, inspite of being in the public domain. Thus, for a potential user it is not possible to access and use them when he/she needs them the most. Another consideration is the quality of these data records, as they are published in peer reviewed literature and their quality is expected to be \u2018fit for use\u2019. The data records were entered in a MS-Excel worksheet. The offline version of the dataset maintained by the Bombay Natural History Society is developed employing MS-Access. The key elements about which information is collated in the current version of the dataset includes: scientific name, common name, taxonomic classification, occurrence location, geo-coordinates, precision of geo-coordinates, date of observation, data collector, and primary source of the data record.The data records were entered in the MS-Excel worksheet. The offline version of the dataset maintained by the Bombay Natural History Society is developed employing the MS-Access. The key elements about which information is collated in the current version of the dataset includes, scientific name, common name, taxonomic classification, occurrence location, geo-coordinates, precision of geo-coordinates, date of observation, data collector, and primary source of the data record.Object name: Darwin Core Archive literature-based species occurrence data of birds of northeast IndiaCharacter encoding: UTF-8Format name: Darwin Core Archive formatFormat version: 1.0Distribution: http://ibif.gov.in:8080/ipt/archive.do?r=BNHS-NEWPublication date of data: 2011-06-30Language: EnglishLicenses of use: by-nc-saMetadata language: EnglishDate of metadata creation: 2011-06-30Hierarchy level: DatasetPageBreakWe are most thankful to the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India; the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), United Kingdom; and the MacArthur Foundation for financial support. We would like to express our deepest gratitude to Dr. Asad R. Rahmani, Director, BNHS and Principal Investigators of the aforementioned projects."}
{"text": "Clinical research indicates that negative calcium balance is associated with low bone mass, rapid bone loss, and high fracture rates. However, some studies revealed that not only calcium is involved in bone strengthening as risk factor of fracture osteoporosis. Thus, in this report, the difference of metallic and nonmetallic elements in osteoporosis and normal bones was studied by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS). The influence of these elements on bone metabolic processes is also discussed. Inclusion criteria of bone samples consist of postmenopausal woman, trabecular bone fracture, normal and osteoporosis BMD value, and no history of previous disease. The results showed that the concentration of B, Al, S, V, Co, Mo, Te, Ba, La, Ni, As, and Ca/P ratio is higher in osteoporosis than normal. These atomic minerals have negative role to imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation activity. Conversely, concentrations of Na, Mg, P, K, Ca, Cr, Pd, Ag, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Pb, and Se are lower in osteoporosis than in normal bones. Among these atoms, known to have important roles in bone structure, we found involvement of atomic mineral and calcium which are considerable to contribute to osteoporotic phenomena. Decreasing of skeletal strength and increasing of fragility and fracture risk was a marker of osteoporosis. This condition is caused by abnormalities of bone density and bone microstructure , 2. A feOrganic and inorganic components are responsible for toughness and rigidity of bone, respectively. Both of these substances also show the mechanical strength of the bone. Trabecular bone is more sensitive to hormones or other biological factors that are involved in modulating bone metabolism . Atomic iliac crest autopsy sample by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and conclude that Zn, Rb, Se, Fe, Al, Cu, Pb are in mg/g level, and Ca is in g/mg level [Each atomic mineral was able to substitute another atomic mineral due its similarity in the atomic radius. Ren et al. showed that Zn substitution on hydroxyl apatite crystal was found to inhibit crystal growth due to its smaller atomic radius as compared with Ca . This fimg level . Brodziamg level . Zaichicmg level . Alfv\u00e9n mg level . HoweverSo far, no detail information is dealing with the bone quality of Indonesian people. We just believe that its quality is not solely determined by calcium, but no explanation as an answer of the hypothesis of why in Indonesian population the fracture rate of osteoporosis are low does not in accordance with the fact of low Calcium intake. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to investigate the characteristics of atomic mineral in Indonesian osteoporosis and normal bone by HR-ICP-MS. About 27 elements were successfully analyzed, which include B, Al, S, V, Co, Mo, Te, Ba, La, Ni, As, Na, Mg, P, K, Ca, Cr, Pd, Ag, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Pb, and Se. The present study provides more detail information of atomic mineral compositions as well as better understanding for the association of atomic mineral  with osteoporosis.3 and 1\u2009mL of H2O2 were added. The temperature program of a microwave irradiation was ramped to 220\u00b0C within 15\u2009min and kept at this temperature for 10\u2009min. After cooling the vessels, proper amounts of the internal standard solution contained Rh and Re were added. Then, all solutions in the vessels were transferred into polypropylene bottles and diluted with 0.1\u2009M HNO3  up to 50\u2009mL. Minimal samples for normal and osteoporosis groups based on Epi Info version 6 were 32 samples for both groups. Statistical analysis was performed using t student-test, and P\u2009\u2009value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.The study was mainly conducted in the Department of Orthopaedics, Ulin General Hospital of Banjarmasin and the Department of Orthopaedics, Syaiful Anwar Hospital of Malang from September 2010 to January 2011. Inclusion criteria consist of postmenopausal woman, trabecular bone fracture, normal and osteoporosis BMD value, age less than 50 years, and no history of previous disease. Bone was obtained in surgery room and then analysed for its atomic mineral compositions using HR-ICP-MS  at the Division of Nanomaterial Sciences, EcoTopia Science Institute, Nagoya University, Japan. The mineral measured consists of 27 elements, such as B, Al, S, V, Co, Mo, Te, Ba, La, Ni, As, Na, Mg, P, K, Ca, Cr, Pd, Ag, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Pb, and Se. Prior to ICP-MS measurement, dry weight of bone samples were digested with a microwave-assisted acid digestion system . Approximately 100\u2009mg of the sample in a PTFE digestion vessel was weighted, into which 4\u2009mL of HNOFifteen osteoporosis BMD and twenty three normal BMD values were involved in this study. HR-ICP MS analytical results showed different concentration of atomic minerals in osteoporosis and normal postmenopausal women. The concentration of B, Al, S, V, Co, Mo, Te, Ba, La, Ni, As, and Ca/P ratio in osteoporosis bones was found higher than that of normal bone as shown in Geometrics pattern of bone atomic minerals for substitution or incorporation is based on the properties of atoms in the periodic tables of Mendeleev. Substitution is the replacement of an atom with other atoms due to the similarity of atomic radius and atomic charge. Incorporation is joining an atom to a molecule and/or a composite that can alter the integrity of a molecule. Molecular cavity can also play considerable role in substitution or incorporation of atoms. All of these phenomenons significantly affect the properties and structure of bone crystal.P < 0.05) in osteoporosis bone than in normal bone. Concentration of Pd, Rb, and, Se is higher significantly (P < 0.05) in normal bone than osteoporosis bone.The concentration of B, Al, S, V, Co, Mo, Te, Ba, La, Ni, As, and Ca/P ratio in osteoporosis is higher than in normal bone. These atomic minerals have negative role in imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation activity. Conversely, the concentration of Na, Mg, P, K, Ca, Cr, Pd, Ag, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Pb, and Se in osteoporosis is lower than in normal. Beside that, concentration of B and As is higher significantly (P < 0.05) and indicates decrease in a bone mineral density. Since boron is substitution mineral for phosphorus, the concentration level of phosphorus in osteoporosis bone would be lower than in normal bone as observed in this study. Simulation using crystal maker software shows that the substitution of phosphorus by boron resulted in decreasing atomic density for both osteoporosis and normal hydroxyapatite bones as shown in As it is well known, plant is a rich source of boron, but meat and fish are poor sources of boron . Effect \u0160\u010dan\u010dar et al. reported that concentration of aluminum in bone from autopsy subject was 3\u201310\u2009mg/kg . Effect Vanadium, nickel, cobalt, and arsenic are toxic metals for osteoblast in vitro. High concentration of these metals induces osteoblast apoptosis \u201322. In tThe highest concentrations of Barium in the body are found in the bone, and it is primarily deposited in areas of active bone growth . The uptIron has a role in bone formation as an enzymatic cofactor for the synthesis of collagen. Calcium could inhibit the iron formation. Beside that, iron is also toxic for bone cell, which can induce osteoporosis by disturbing bone mineralization , 25. \u0160\u010da\u0160\u010dan\u010dar et al. also found that concentration of copper in bone from autopsy subject was 100\u2013200\u2009mg/kg . Copper Magnesium was not a main component in hydoxyapatite crystal but was able to join with this crystal. Magnesium is substitution mineral for calcium in composite hydroxyapatite crystal . MagnesiManganese was prominent atomic for mucopolysaccharide metabolism that affects the organic matrix formation. Manganese was able to substitute calcium due to similar oxidation state. In osteoporosis patient, manganese was found in low level , 24. ProZinc has been demonstrated to be an essential element for normal growth of skeleton and bone metabolism. The concentration of zinc in bone is higher than in the other tissues . Zinc is\u0160\u010dan\u010dar et al. found that concentration of strontium in bone from autopsy subject was 13\u201360\u2009mg/kg . AccordiLead in organic or inorganic forms is absorbed through the lungs and gastrointestinal absorption. Organic leads also absorbed through a skin. Inhalation exposure was more common in occupational setting, whereas in the general population through the ingestion route , 41. Up Selenium was a mineral found in soil and organism. Selenium was incorporated into protein as selenocysteine. Selenoprotein was important for bone metabolism. The population with selenium deficiency was found higher in osteoporosis incidence . In thisPalladium, silver, and lantanadium are atomic minerals for unknown function that need further investigation.In summary, among these atoms, known to have important roles in bone structure, we found involvement of atomic mineral and calcium which are considerable to contribute to osteoporotic phenomena. These mineral atomics would determine bone mass density. To our knowledge, this study is the first time to provide such evidence. Consideration of involvement of mineral atomic beside calcium in osteoporosis is warranted to prevent osteoporosis."}
{"text": "Campylobacter, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Enterococcus, non-Typhi Salmonella, Salmonella Typhi, and Shigella.National Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS)\u2013enteric bacteria is a collaboration by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the Center for Veterinary Medicine (FDA-CVM), and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services (USDA-ARS). NARMS was established in 1996 and monitors antimicrobial drug resistance in The 2004 meeting was held March 4\u20135 in Decatur, Georgia, and hosted by the Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC. The meeting highlighted data from scientific studies and surveillance for antimicrobial drug resistance in the United States and abroad with enteric bacteria isolated from humans, animals, and retail foods. Approximately 180 participants from 14 countries, representing 71 organizations, attended the meeting. The organizations included international and national public health agencies, state and local health departments, public health laboratories, industry consumer groups, and academic institutions from Australia, Canada, Cameroon, China, Denmark, Europe, Italy, Japan, Philippines, Poland, Thailand, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Vietnam.The meeting began with a World Health Organization expert's summarization of a recent workshop on nonhuman antimicrobial drug use and antimicrobial drug resistance. Scientific assessment and risk management of antimicrobial drug use in agriculture and human and veterinary medicine were examined. A plenary session on the human health consequences of antimicrobial drug resistance consisted of two presentations from the United States and two presentations from Denmark.Salmonella infection, as compared to susceptible ones, were presented. The results of another CDC study that found higher frequencies of bloodstream infection and hospitalization with resistant Salmonella infections, as compared to susceptible ones, were presented. A presentation from the Statens Serum Institut in Denmark highlighted the association between flouroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter infections, as compared to susceptible ones, and a higher frequency of invasive illness, hospitalization, and death. A second presentation demonstrated increased death rates in resistant S. Typhimurium infections, as compared to susceptible ones. Other speakers highlighted emerging resistance to clinically important antimicrobial drugs, environmental studies on antimicrobial drug resistance, antimicrobial drug resistance in commensal bacteria, partner perspectives on antimicrobial drug resistance, international perspectives on antimicrobial drug resistance, and NARMS educational activities. A presentation of the \"GET SMART: Know When Antibiotics Work on the Farm\" campaign highlighted educational efforts to promote the appropriate use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine. The campaign currently includes an interactive Web-based program on aspects of microbiology, pharmacology, infectious disease, and public health for veterinary students and veterinarians who participate in continuing education programs. The conference also included brief summaries of three recent outbreaks of multidrug- resistant S. Typhimurium DT104 R-type, which has become a common strain of Salmonella isolated from humans and was resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulphonamides, and tetracyclines. More information about NARMS and antimicrobial resistance can be found at www.cdc.gov/NARMS.The results of a study conducted by CDC that found higher rates of hospitalization and death in resistant"}
{"text": "There are three NOS-isoforms, NOS1-3, which have been originally termed neuronal, inducible and endothelial NOS, respectively  Wang, . Recentl2S have still not been sufficiently determined. The measurement of endogenous gas concentrations is limited by the accuracy and specificity of currently available methods (Olson, 2S (Kimura, Despite the knowledge of the substrates and specific enzymes which are involved in gasotransmitter production, the precise endogenous concentrations of NO, CO, and Hs Olson, , the reas Olson, , and sim Kimura, .Although precise endogenous concentrations of gasotransmitters remain to be determined, numerous studies investigated the physiological effects of those gaseous signaling molecules in almost every organ system [as summarized in excellent review articles such as Olson , Wu and 2S. Excellent review and research articles highlight the importance of gasotransmitter/ion channel interactions for vegetative physiology (Althaus, This research topic summarizes currently available data on the regulation of ion channels and transporters by NO, CO, and HAlthaus, , neurophAlthaus, , and expAlthaus, . FurtherAlthaus,  give per"}
{"text": "Human population has increased from 3,031,092,442 in 1960 to 6,879,100,100 as on date. The highest populated country of the world is China (19.5%) followed by India (17.3%). Population genetic frequencies are ethnically based on the religion, country, region and community that are studied. Some of the major ethnic groups as per the region of the world are American Indians, Australoid Aboriginals, Caucasoid, Hispanics, Orientals, Blacks, Pacific Islanders, Iranians, Negroids, Persians, Russians, Jews etc., depending on the continents such as Africa, America, Asia, Australia. Many religious linguistic groups in each part of the world have evolved during earth\u2019s time course as rightly pointed out in 1973[India, with 1,189,700,000 people, having 3824 castes and 461 tribes and many unique languages families, is one of the megadiversity countries and the largest democracy in the world. It is the second continent to have been occupied by man since the past 60,000 years. Many early migrations settled in various parts of the world especially Central Asia, Eurasia, Middle East, Pakistan and India when huge expansions of human occurred. As a result, almost all forms of religious and social events like marriage and family styles have been experimented. The basic pattern of the society and value system seems to have been laid down well before the origin and spread of Dravidian and other languages in India. While India was an ancient land of immigration spread of very many streams of people, Africa was a land of origin, expansion and divergence of the same gene pool for the past 0.2 million years.A caste or tribe is a breeding unit and a breeding isolate: as time passes they drift away from one another. A tribe in most of the instances are primitive in their mode of subsistence, economy and living conditions, mostly living in isolation in hilly terrains sight of the modern developments. Castes on the contrary live in plains and are capable of articulation and egging their income in more modern interdependent societies, villages and township. Most of these castes and tribes in India are inbred and endogamous, though the degree varies from one region to other. Each caste/tribe is made of many clans, mostly patriliny, though matriliny is the ancient form of lifestyle and is practised even today in many tribes of India. Each caste/tribe is a social unit and a social security system defined by their own characteristics, territory, space, job and interdependency. Different castes living in the same region, sharing the environment and epidemiology as on date are sympatrically isolated in terms of their gene pool. This has great significance in terms of epidemiology and infectious disease transmission and susceptibility. It is known that not all the infected develop the disease.People having two different genetic make up may not be equally susceptible to a given disease, though the nature\u2013nurture interaction plays a dominant role in the incidence and prevalence of various diseases. Theoretically, high polymorphism of HLA gene can occur due to mutation rate, selection, genetic hitchhiking or a combination of all the three. Indigenous populations or caste/tribal groups show a very restricted diversity of alleles at a particular HLA locus consistent within a population. Studies on HLA allelic diversity of among 838 population groups from Asia 272), Western Europe 147), South and Central America (107), North America 79), Pacific 59), sub-Saharan Africa (55), Eastern Europe 56), Middle East (34), North Africa (21) and Australia (8) of the world have revealed that some common alleles such as HLA A*02 (20\u201328%), B*40 (5\u201320%), and DRB1*15 (10\u201318%) are seen in Asian countries such as Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, East Timor, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Maldives, Middle East, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Srilanka, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, UAE, Uzbekistan, Vietnam and Yemen.[7, South 9, sub-Sa, Middle 2, Wester, Pacific"}
{"text": "Preventing Chronic Disease: Public Health Research, Practice, and Policy (PCD). In our introductory editorial, we defined our primary audience as researchers in chronic disease prevention and intervention and health practitioners responsible for reducing the effects of chronic conditions and improving population health  on the US\u2013Mexico border in Arizona. Today, most PCD articles include Spanish translations.We also wanted PCD evolved? A perusal of journal content between December 2011 and July 2012 finds articles on not only subjects of ongoing public health interest such as social determinants, nutrition, breast health, diabetes, and surveillance but also topics such as health financing, veterans\u2019 health, and health informatics. International health is represented by reports from Mexico, Australia, Canada, Jordan, Ethiopia, and Grenada.In that 10-year blink, how has PCD is now published continually, provides new media opportunities , and offers continuing medical education credits. The number, breadth, and quality of the articles have increased. The journal supports an annual student paper competition and provides podcasts of selected authors discussing their work. In addition, the journal has added a fourth goal to the original 3: encouraging multisectoral partnerships that engage communities (munities .PCD to date: gestation, birth, infancy, childhood, and adolescence. The journal is well positioned to move on to young adulthood and maturity. Happily, a journal need not experience senescence or death, and we can look for increasing quality, influence, and readership in the future.Ten years are a lifetime. The classic life-cycle metaphor can be used to describe the growth and development of Ten years ago, my first editorial spoke of chronic diseases in my parents\u2019 generation. Today, all of that generation of my family is gone, and among my own generation others have been lost to chronic diseases. Let us hope our work will enhance the health of our children \u2014 they, too, have a lifetime, and we will be gone in a blink."}
{"text": "Asthma affects more than 22 million persons in the United States, including more than 6 million children. In the past 2 decades, the gap between science and clinical practice has been narrowed by better understanding of asthma pathophysiology and improvements in therapeutic approaches, which have been well described in national and international management guidelines.,2 Noneth\u03b2-agonists for symptom control. The second is risk, defined as the propensity for exacerbations, treatment-related side effects, and progressive loss of lung function over a period of time. Although impairment can be quantified effectively and is well addressed by current treatment approaches, the same cannot be said for risk. However, risk will have a more profound effect on patients' disease over time.Current guidelines call for treatment decisions to be based on assessments of disease severity.,2 These There are differences among the major asthma guidelines, and whether the differences can be (or need to be) reconciled is not yet clear. If so, the next question is whether guidelines should be universal and standardized internationally.These questions were the focus of interesting, and sometimes controversial, dialogue at the inaugural Asthma Summit held in Baltimore, MD, in February, 2009. International key opinion leaders, physicians, and scientists convened to discuss state-of-the-art issues in asthma genetics, pharmacotherapeutics, and clinical management. Entitled, Beyond the Guidelines, the Summit explored how to \"operationalize\" the concepts of asthma control, dosing flexibility, and heterogeneity of disease to help clinicians improve patient care.Chaired by William Busse, MD, a distinguished faculty of international prestige, including Jean Bousquet, MD; Chris Brightling, MD; William Calhoun, MD; G. Walter Canonica, MD; Gene Colice, MD; Frederick Hargreave, MD; Erwin Gelfand, MD; and Stephen Lazarus, MD, presented the most current clinical aspects of their research. The research presentations were followed by interactive panels, workshops, and debates with the goal of applying the findings to everyday patient issues. The program was developed by a steering committee that included Bradley Chipps, MD; Peter Dicpinigaitis, MD; Michael Kaliner, MD; Allan Luskin, MD; Sheldon Spector, MD; and William Storms, MD.It is evident that many patients with asthma want to reduce their medications, but whether treatment can be flexible has been a matter of debate. In addition, new treatment approaches, such as those that address early life events, multiphase aspects of inflammation, or allergic factors, have not been explored fully. Consideration of these questions and further improvement of asthma management will require a view of asthma not as a single disease, but as one with many ramifications and end points. Furthermore, although guidelines provide direction on how to treat patients with asthma, it is likely that treatments will have to become more patient specific. These are some of the issues discussed by faculty and attendees at the Asthma Summit, which are captured in the following articles and discussion.These Proceedings are sponsored by LifeSciences Press, LLC, and supported by an unrestricted educational grant from Sepracor, Inc.All content has been derived from the Asthma Summit 2009, which was sponsored by SRxA Institute for Professional Education and Medical Education Resources and funded by unrestricted educational grants from Sepracor, Inc.; Abbot Laboratories; Graceway Pharmaceuticals; Strategic BioSciences; and the TREAT Foundation."}
{"text": "Tim Gilberger should be included in the list of participants in the malERA Young Investigators/Basic science meeting 8-9 October 2009, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. He is affiliated with the Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany."}
{"text": "Although the importance of controlling postprandial glycaemia (PPG) was recognised in the position statement, they expressed the view that the GI could be \u2018misleading\u2019 and \u2018would not add value\u2019 to the existing standards for nutrition labels. Unfortunately, several statements indicate a lack of understanding of the evidence base for current information on food labels and of the GI concept in particular.On behalf of Health Canada, Aziz . Ideally, plasma glucose levels at the 2\u00a0h time point after a meal should be <\u00a07\u00b78\u00a0mmol/l since values above this level are considered to indicate the presence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), which may be indicative of pre-diabetes, a condition which is more prevalent than diabetes itself. Both type 2 diabetes mellitus and IGT are increasing at an alarming rate, largely due to obesity and sedentary lifestyles. Mitigating the risk of adverse outcomes associated with elevated PPG is an important target for population health.The clinical relevance of PPG is now recognised by health institutions worldwide,3. Iet al. concluded that the GI was not useful because: (1) it has poor accuracy and precision for labelling purposes, (2) it does not vary in response to the amount of food consumed and (3) it is not congruent with national nutritional policies and guidelines.For food labelling purposes, the challenge is to find the best tool for evaluating a product's impact on PPG within the context of other health recommendations. Although the GI has a long history of use in research and clinical practice, Aziz  as a method to assess the glycaemic impact of available carbohydrates. The GI value of one food is calculated from 640 data points . The margin of error of <\u00a015\u00a0% (i.e. the standard error of the mean expressed as a percentage of the mean) is considered reliable in the context of the considerable day-to-day variation in glucose tolerance in healthy individuals (\u00a0\u00b1\u00a030\u201350\u00a0%). By testing a reference food, the GI method takes into account \u2018between-person variation\u2019.To address the first issue, the GI methodology is recognised and described by the International Standards Organization (26\u00a0642:2010) and by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations4 as aConcerning the accuracy and precision of any nutritional attribute, one cannot let perfect be the enemy of good. For example, both whole-grain and fibre claims are permitted on food labels, despite the fact that the definition and measurement of each varies among nations and is neither perfect nor precise. A whole-grain product may contain only 50\u00a0% whole grains according to the Food and Drug Administration, and there is marked disagreement of what fibre is and how it should be measured. Moreover, total carbohydrates on food labels are often described as \u2018carbohydrate by difference\u2019, which is calculated by subtracting the sum of the water, protein, fat, dietary fibre, ash and alcohol contents from 100. This method compounds the errors associated with all assays and often differs markedly from the direct measurement of the available carbohydrate. In addition, there is a permitted margin of error of <\u00a020\u00a0% for any component listed in the nutrition panel, which is considerably higher than the margin of error considered reliable for the GI of a food (\u00a0<\u00a015\u00a0%). In this context, the GI is being held to a much higher standard than other nutritional attributes.et al. was that the GI does not vary in response to the amount of food consumed. Informed consumers would anticipate that the greater the amount of the available carbohydrate consumed, the greater the increase in blood glucose. The key value of the GI therefore is that it allows comparisons between foods on a gram-for-gram carbohydrate basis, which is important for consumer choice. The glycaemic load (GL) per serving (the product of the available carbohydrate content\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0GI) varies in response to the amount consumed, and could be included in the nutrient panel together with the GI.The second issue identified by Aziz . However, this concern relates to any dietary claim, including \u2018low fat\u2019 and \u2018high fibre\u2019. Of note, Health Canada's concern is inconsistent with their earlier statement that \u2018low-GI diets have attributes of generally recognized healthy eating patterns\u2019. However, to address their concern that the composition of a low-GI food may not always be congruent with nutritional guidelines, our suggestion would be to consider a GI claim in conjunction with a healthy food profile. Programmes such as the GI symbol in Australia require the fulfilment of strict nutritional criteria that are consistent with dietary guidelines in order for a food to be eligible to use the certified GI logo.With respect to the third issue, Health Canada claims that the GI is not congruent with national nutritional policies and guidelines, implying that the GI would be used in isolation, irrespective of other important attributes such as saturated fat, fibre and whole grain content. We agree that the GI should not override sound dietary advice1. Howet al. that \u2018consumers are familiar with the concept, even though their understanding of it might not be accurate\u2019. In our view, this largely reflects the lack of communication about the GI to the general public and health professionals. The assumption that the GI concept may be too difficult for the lay person is not supported by the Australian experience, where surveys indicate that one in four Australians look for healthy low-GI foods when shopping, simply substituting healthy low-GI varieties for regular high-GI variants within a food group/category. Moreover, low-GI dietary advice in randomised clinical trials is associated with high completion rates (low attrition), suggesting that simple low-GI communications can be effective. As in the case of quality of fat , health agency advice preceded information now commonly listed in the nutritional panel.We agree with Aziz et al. proposed that nutritional recommendations should take a food-based approach. We agree, yet Health Canada's recommendation to increase intakes of whole foods in the form of vegetables, fruits, grains and pulses does not address the main carbohydrate sources of most populations, i.e. breads, breakfast cereals, rice and ready-to-eat cereal products. Pasta, a staple carbohydrate food of the heart-healthy Mediterranean diet, is a refined yet low-GI carbohydrate food. Most basmati and parboiled rice are white yet have a low GI. There is also a need to distinguish high-GI from low-GI whole grains. Indeed, advice to \u2018choose more intact, unprocessed or minimally processed whole-grain products instead of their highly processed counterparts\u2019 is aimed at lowering overall dietary GI or GL. It is a common myth that all whole-grain products have low-GI values when in fact many are highly processed and correspondingly easy to digest. In clinical trials, low-GI diets have produced superior outcomes compared with the high-fibre\u2013high-GI diets. We suggest that GI labels may in fact stimulate the food industry to produce genuinely healthier whole-grain products that retain the low GI of the original grain.Finally, in their conclusions, Aziz  and cardiovascular disease in large prospective cohort studies of diverse populations. Similarly, randomised controlled trials have shown the benefits of low-GI diets for weight management, serum lipids, insulin sensitivity and inflammatory markers. Most importantly, the selection of low-GI foods has resulted in the successful improvements of glycaemic control, dyslipidaemia and inflammation in people with type 2 diabetes. In this regard, these lines of evidence have been used to support the inclusion of low-GI and low-GL dietary patterns in the evidence-based nutrition recommendations of the Canadian Diabetes Association, American Diabetes Association, Diabetes UK, Diabetes Australia, International Diabetes Federation and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. If GI values were not precise, one would not expect to see distinct differences in PPG in response to low- or high-GI meals observed at different time points throughout the day. These beneficial outcomes would not be possible if the GI concept were unduly undermined by large variability or differences among people of different ethnicity.Finally, if GI values are misleading and unreliable as Health Canada claims, then it is truly remarkable that a lower dietary GI/GL has been independently associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes13 andTaken together, Health Canada's evaluation misinterprets and misrepresents current scientific evidence, in part by taking the GI outside the context of a healthy diet. In view of the proven health benefits of low-GI diets \u2018as currently defined and measured\u2019, every effort should be made to assist consumers in choosing carbohydrate foods that will not exacerbate PPG.International Carbohydrate Quality Consortium (ICQC)David J. A. Jenkins (ICQC chair), Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.Walter C. Willett (ICQC chair), Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.Arne Astrup, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.Livia S. A. Augustin, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.Sara Baer-Sinnott, Oldways, Boston, MA, USA.Alan W. Barclay, Australian Diabetes Council, Glycemic Index Foundation, Sydney, Australia.Inger Bj\u00f6rck, Antidiabetic Food Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.Jennie C. Brand-Miller, Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.Furio Brighenti, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.Anette E. Buyken, Department of Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.Antonio Ceriello, Institut d'Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.Cyril W. C. Kendall, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.Carlo La Vecchia, Department of Epidemiology, Mario Negri Institute, and Professor of Epidemiology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.Geoffrey Livesey, Independent Nutrition Logic, Wymondham, UK.Simin Liu, Department of Epidemiology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.Andrea Poli, Nutrition Foundation of Italy, Milan, Italy.Gabriele Riccardi, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.Salwa W. Rizkalla, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), ICAN Institute of Cardiometabolism & Nutrition, University Pierre et Marie Curie \u2013 Paris 6, Centre of Research in Human Nutrition, Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital, Paris, France.John L. Sievenpiper, Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.Antonia Trichopoulou, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Food & Nutrition, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Athens Medical School, Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece.Thomas M. S. Wolever, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}
{"text": "There was an error in the Author Contributions. CFJA, PM, ND, CSW, DJR and MJD wrote the paper."}
{"text": "The Funding statement was incorrect. The correct version is:This work was supported by grants from the Crafoord Foundation, VELUX stiftung, Clas Groschinskys Foundation, Kronprinsessan Margaretas Arbetsn\u00e4mnd f\u00f6r synskadade (KMA), Karin Sandqvist Foundation, Maggie Stephens Foundation, Magnus Bergvall Foundation, Per Westling Foundation, and the Nanometer Consortium at Lund University. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript."}
{"text": "A commentary onThe danger theory: 20 years laterby Pradeu, T., and Cooper, E. L. (2012). Front. Immunol. 3:287. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00287The \u201cdanger theory\u201d of Polly Matzinger posed in 1994 (Matzinger, Recently, the danger theory was emphasized in this journal by Pradeu and Cooper who assessed the topic in view of recently published experimental data (Pradeu and Cooper, The injury hypothesis\u2014which equals the danger theory\u2014is based on stringent observations from a clinical trial in kidney transplant patients that was conducted during the late 1980s/early1990s, that is, even more than 20 years ago. Basically, the clinical data obtained from this trial showed that mitigation of postischemic allograft reperfusion injury by intraoperative injection of a single dose of the oxygen free radical scavenger \u201csuperoxide dismutase\u201d results in a statistically significant reduction in incidence of both acute and chronic rejection events (Land et al., Walter Land, ex-head of experimental surgery at the Medical School, Munich, Germany was one of the first surgeons to understand the danger model. In a way, he discovered it before I published it\u201d (Matzinger, In fact, as recently pointed out by Matzinger (Matzinger, innate immunity. Interestingly enough, that happened before the groups of the Nobel Laureates Jules Hoffmann (Lemaitre et al., In the same article published by us in 1994 (Land et al., Innate Alloimmunity (Land, DAMPs in the sense of damage-associated molecular patterns a year later (Land, During subsequent years, the injury hypothesis was extended and modified several times Land, ,b, 2005.ty Land,  followeder Land, . Of noteer Land, , 2005.In more recently published review articles, we have updated the concept of allograft injury-induced innate alloimmunity Land, ,b,c. In Finally, the whole concept of the injury hypothesis, in light of the international literature on innate immunity currently available, has been thoroughly and comprehensively discussed in a monograph that was published as two parts in 2011 Land, ,b.Frontiers in Immunology with this information about the history of both, the danger theory and the injury hypothesis as related to organ transplantation; a note that may serve as a useful addendum to the excellent article of Pradeu and Cooper.We thought it would be worthwhile to provide the reader of"}
{"text": "We, as organizers and participants of the 2011 Growing Older with a Disability (GOWD) Conference, a part of the Festival of International Conferences on Caregiving, Disability, Aging and Technology (FICCDAT), held in Toronto, Canada June 5\u20138, 2011 forward this declaration and invite governmental, non-governmental, professional, and consumer stakeholders to join us in supporting and implementing this plan of action.The 2011 World Report on disability, produced jointly by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank, estimates that there are over one billion people with disabilities in the world today, of whom nearly 200 million experience significant difficulties. At the same time, in almost every country, the proportion of people aged over 60 years is growing faster than any other age group, forecast to reach 1.5 billion by 2050, according to the Global Health and Aging Report, also released in 2011 by WHO in partnership with US National Institute on Aging. This means that in the years ahead disability will be an even greater concern to developed and developing nations due to aging populations, higher risk of disability in older people, as well as the global increase in chronic health conditions, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer and mental health disorders. Taken together, the dual phenomena of global aging and increased longevity for individuals with disabilities represent significant advances in public health and education.However, along with these positive trends come new challenges for the 21st century. These include: strains on pension and social security systems; preparing health providers and societies to meet the needs of populations aging with and aging into disability; preventing and managing age and disability associated secondary conditions and chronic diseases; designing sustainable policies to support healthy aging and community-living as well as long-term and palliative care; and developing disability and age-friendly services and settings.Bridging the fields of aging and disability research, policy, and practice is critical for meeting these challenges. All of us aspire to healthy aging, regardless of the presence of age-related impairments or disabling conditions. The experience of growing older with a disability and growing older into a disability may differ\u2014in part because of the different dynamics of ageism and ableism and the differences in economic and social conditions that result\u2014but these life course trajectories present similar challenges and opportunities. In this document we seek common ground, in terms of the modern conception of active aging and of disability, defined as difficulty in functioning at the body, person or societal levels experienced by an individual with a health condition in interaction with the person\u2019s physical, social and attitudinal environment. Moreover, we firmly believe that, despite the distinctions between aging and disability created by professionals, academics, advocacy NGOs, public policies and government agencies, the time has come to emphasize similarities in experiences and needed supports, services and policies rather than focusing on differences. Distinctions between early and late onset of disability are to a large extent a reflection of policy issues\u2014with various utilities across nations\u2014but they do provide a picture of the parameters of practice and research that can inform bridging and consequences of this distinction.This declaration builds upon the Barcelona Declaration on Bridging Knowledge in Long-Term Care and Support, March 5\u20137, 2009, the Graz Declaration on Disability and Ageing, 9th June, 2006, the Linz Declaration as well as United Nation\u2019s Conventions  and international directives that recognize the human rights and the biopsychosocial approach to disability. Bridging encompasses a range of concepts, tasks, technologies and practices aimed at improving knowledge sharing and collaboration across stakeholders, organizations and fields in care and support for persons with disabilities, their families, and the aging population. Bridging tasks include activities of dissemination, coordination, assessment, empowerment, service delivery, management, financing and policy. The overall purpose of bridging is to improve efficiency, equity of care, inclusion and support at all levels, from the person to the society. It is also an issue of recognition of the complexity of the human condition from birth to death, the capabilities of all people, and the need for a conceptual vision that takes into consideration planning for a society where participation of all citizens is the ultimate goal.National and international bridging of aging and disability knowledge, policy and practice must be actively promoted. Aging with and aging into disability are global population trends. Cross-national and international collaborations can support effective and efficient knowledge development and transfer, implementation of best practices, and facilitate information exchange among and empowerment of persons with disabilities and their families.Bridging is composed of several activities which must occur simultaneously, at multiple levels of knowledge development, policy and practice, and include disability and aging stakeholder groups. The scope of required bridging activities is broad, including the analysis of public policies, interdisciplinary research, the development of professional best practices, and coalition building across advocacy groups and among individual stakeholders. Older adults and people with disabilities and their families must be meaningfully included in bridging activities in recognition of their rights to self-determination and social inclusion.Building effective bridges across aging and disability knowledge, policy and practice requires interdisciplinary collaboration and engagement with national and international decision-makers. Development of effective models of bridging and successful bridging practices requires engagement of professional and citizen stakeholders bringing together relevant knowledge and experience. Decision leaders must engage knowledge brokers to pursue program and policy changes that support bridging activities.Connecting the field of aging and disability will require development of a clear model of bridging. Research at all levels will support the science of bridging as it develops. However, research must give immediate and persistent attention to the pace of bridging to assure that it aligns with the needs of the person aging with disability in order for them to negotiate and make life choices, navigate support and service systems, and engage in opportunities for full inclusion and participation in society.Bridging requires developing a common terminology and knowledge base. Tasks include activities of dissemination, coordination, assessment, empowerment, service delivery, management, financing and policy. Technologies include various Information Technologies, assessment instruments and guidelines. Bridging practices should be catalogued and incorporated to open-access repositories for use by aging and disability networks.Improved access to healthcare services; improved diagnosis and treatment of secondary conditions and diseases; care coordination; health literacy; health promotion and wellness; prevention of age-related chronic conditions; prevention of abuse and neglect; reduction in pre-mature mortality and training of health professionals in aging and disability.Accessible societies, including age and disability friendly communities, removal of barriers of any kind: architectural, cultural, legislative. Impact and implications of aging and disability on civic and community engagement, and the role of technology and universal design in fostering inclusion, participation and knowledge management.Support for families and caregivers, training and education of direct support professionals; self-determination, access, availability, and affordability of supports and services; ethical issue related to non-discrimination, such as in palliative care, end of life issues.Employment, retirement security, asset development; accommodation and accessibility in the work setting; value of non-paid social and community contributions.Research on bridging aging and disability and on ways to transfer this knowledge locally, nationally, and internationally to policy development.An international agenda for bridging aging and disability be formally developed through the involvement of researchers, practice professionals, policy-makers, older adults, persons with disabilities and their families.Public and private funders provide financial support for research and scholarship that advances the science of bridging aging and disability knowledge, practice and policies.Health and social policy-makers incorporate bridging and knowledge transfer as key strategies in policy planning for building a society where all citizens can fully participate including persons with disabilities of all ages.The authors, all of whom were participants at the Growing Older with a Disability conference at FICCDAT 2011, endorse this Declaration and invite feedback.Response can be sent to the attention of Toronto Declaration@marchofdimes.ca\u2018TD Endorsement\u2019 in the subject line.Individuals and organizations which have endorsed this declaration are listed below. Others are invited to add their endorsement by sending an email with your full contact information to TorontoDeclaration@marchofdimes.ca, adding Most importantly, we call upon governments, practitioners, policy-makers and academics to work together with consumers and their families to ensure attention and implementation of the preceding recommendations.Co-Chairs of Growing Older with a Disability (GOWD) conference, Festival of International Conferences on Caregiving, Disability, Aging and Technology (FICCDAT), 2011Margaret Campbell, PhD, Jennifer Mendez, PhD, Sandy KeshenJerome E. Bickenbach, PhDDepartment of Health Sciences and Health Policy, University of Lucerne and Schweizer Paraplegiker-Forschung, Nottwil, SwitzerlandChristine Bigby, PhDDepartment of Social Work and Social Policy, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, AustraliaLuis Salvador-Carulla, MD PhDFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, AustraliaTamar Heller, PhDRehabilitation Research and Training Center on Aging with Developmental Disabilities, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USAMatilde Leonardi, PhDHead Neurology, Public Health, Disability Unit Foundation IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, ItalyBarbara LeRoy, PhDDevelopmental Disabilities Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USAJennifer Mendez, PhDSchool of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USAMichelle Putnam, PhDSchool of Social Work, Simmons College, Boston, USAAndria Spindel, MSWMarch of Dimes Canada, Toronto, CanadaEuropean Association of Service Providers for Persons with Disabilities (EASPD).The Graz Declaration on Disability and Ageing. Graz, Austria, June 9, 2006. http://www.easpd.eu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=eDUBIDI0HSU%3D&tabid=3531.Salvador-Carulla, L., Balot, J., Weber, G., Zelderloo, L., Parent, A.S., McDaid, D., Solans, J., Knapp, M., Mestheneos, L., Wolfmayr, F. Participants at the Conference. (2010).The Barcelona Declaration on bridging knowledge in long-term care and support. Barcelona (Spain), March 7, 2009. International Journal of Integrated Care, April 12.http://www.ijic.org/index.php/ijic/article/viewArticle/521/1035European Association of Service Providers for Persons with Disabilities (EASPD).The Linz Declaration: Independent living for ageing persons with disabilities. Linz, Austria, January, 2012.http://www.poraka.org.mk/en/2012/EASPD%20Linz%20Declaration%202011.pdf.World Health Organization.World Report on Disability. Geneva, Switzerland, 2011. (Joint Publication of The World Bank.) http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789240685215_eng.pdf.United Nations.Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, USA. December 13, 2006http://www.un.org/disabilities/convention/conventionfull.shtml.United Nations.Political Declaration and Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing.Madrid, Spain, 2002.http://social.un.org/index/Portals/0/ageing/documents/Fulltext-E.pdf.http://www.ficcdat.ca/main.cfm?cid=1793.To download a copy of the Toronto Declaration, learn about presentation dates, and to endorse this declaration, please visit the FICCDAT website at www.ficcdat.ca (click on Growing Older) or click here"}
{"text": "The affiliation for the third and fourth authors is incorrect. Daouda A. K. Traore and Lan Gong are affiliated not with institution number 2, but with institution number 1, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia."}
{"text": "The authors would like to make the following corrections.Cartagena's University Hospital del Caribe  instead of Cartagena's University, second column, 29th line, it should be Bogota, instead of Cartagena.In page 2, paragraph 2, Materials and Methods, first column, 34th line, it should be"}
{"text": "There were errors in two affiliations and in the Funding statement of the article.Affiliations 3 and 6 should read, respectively:3 German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany,6 Institute for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany,The Funding statement should read: This work was funded by grants from AIRC , Fondazione Monzino and Fondazione Ferrari to PPDF, and by grants from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research  and the European Union (EUMODIC LSHG-2006\u2013037188). SC is supported by the Italian Foundation for Cancer Research (FIRC). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript."}
{"text": "There was an error in the affiliation for Maria Antonietta Ajmone-Cat. The correct affiliation is: Section of Experimental Neurology, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Rome, Italy"}
{"text": "The affiliation of last author is incorrect. Kumarasamy Thangaraj is not affiliated with institution number 1, but with institution number 3, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India."}
{"text": "The affiliation for the twentieth author was incorrect. Mary Carrington is not affiliated with #10 but with #12 Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America. The author\u2019s affiliation to #18 is unaffected."}
{"text": "After publication of this work , we noteThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.HH, JK, RS, MH, AA, MB, WE, TC, AG, AK and MR conceived of the study and participated in its design and coordination. JK and HH made substantial contributions to conception and design of the manuscript as well as data acquisition. MH, MB, TC, AG have been involved in drafting the manuscript. RS and MR were involved in revising the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript."}
{"text": "An affiliation for the sixth author is incorrect, and an affiliation for the sixth author is missing. Stefania Boccia is affiliated with the following institutions: Section of Hygiene, Institute of Public Health, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy."}
{"text": "Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins[Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases (JVATiTD) with ISSN 1678\u20139199. The journal finally became online-only[Science Citation Index Expanded\u2122[The nd Toxins, ISSN 01nd Toxins of UNESPnd Toxins. In 2003ine-only and was xpanded\u2122 and ScopJVATiTD has been experiencing significant growth since 2006, in which year 52 articles were published with a rejection rate of 11.86%. The rejection rate has subsequently increased year after year, reaching 41.33% in 2012. The average elapsed time between submission and acceptance from 2007 to 2012 was 135, 139, 133, 88, 86 and 78\u2009days; the respective elapsed time between acceptance and publication was: 196, 143, 170, 132, 95 and 84\u2009days; the overall time between submission and publication was: 331, 282, 303, 220, 181 and 162\u2009days.Thus, the elapsed time between submission and acceptance is shorter than the one between acceptance and publication. This analysis leads to the conclusion that the speed and visibility of publication have risen significantly in the last five years, given that the current average time between submission and publication is similar to that of journals with higher global impact, that is, only 162\u2009days.As a consequence of these achievements, there has been a substantial increase in the submission of articles, especially after indexing of the journal in the Journal Citation Reports\u00ae (JCR). JVATiTDScience Citation Index ExpandedTM[Finally, a partnership with BioMed Central \u2013 The OpxpandedTM, e-DepotxpandedTM, CrossRexpandedTM, QuertlexpandedTM, SCIRUSxpandedTM and WebcxpandedTM.This partnership with BioMed Central will, beyond the shadow of a doubt, increase our impact factor and, consequently, improve our journal classification worldwide.The author declares no conflicts of interest."}
{"text": "Precipitation in Sahel was low during warm climate regimes. Spectra coherence of changes in precipitation in Sahel with ENSO was significant at p\u2009<\u20090.0001. ENSO and PDO are determinants of the seasonal, interannual, and interdecadal changes in occurrence of meningococcal meningitis. Public health management of epidemics of meningococcal meningitis should include forecast models of changes in ENSO to predict periods of low precipitation, which initiate occurrence.Meningococcal meningitis is a major public health problem that kills thousands annually in Africa, Europe, North, and South America. Occurrence is, however, highest during the dry seasons in Sahel Africa. Interannual changes in precipitation correlate with interannual changes in El Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), while interdecadal changes in precipitation correlate with Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The objective of the study was to determine if there is spectral coherence of seasonal, interannual, and interdecadal changes in occurrence of meningococcal meningitis in Sahel, Central, and East Africa with interannual and interdecadal changes of PDO and ENSO. Time series were fitted to occurrence of meningococcal meningitis in Sahel, Central, and East Africa, to indices of precipitation anomalies in the Sahel, and to indices of ENSO and PDO anomalies. Morlet wavelet was used to transform the time series to frequency-time domain. Wavelet spectra and coherence analyses were performed. Occurrence of meningococcal meningitis showed seasonal, interannual, and interdecadal changes. The magnitude of occurrence was higher during warm climate regime, and strong El Ni\u00f1os. Spectra coherence of interannual and interdecadal changes of ENSO and PDO with occurrence of meningococcal meningitis in Sahel, Central, and East Africa were significant at  Neisseria meningitidis, which is non-spore-forming, non-motile, gram-negative cocci. While headache, fever, nausea, and vomiting occur in meningococcal meningitis as in other febrile illnesses, shock, petechiae and purpuric skin rashes are its major characteristics , determine changes in precipitation in the Sahel , severalCountries in the Sahel are Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Mauritania, Mali, Benin, Burkina Fasso, Nigeria, Cameroon, Niger, Tchad, Sudan, and Eritrea; countries in Central Africa are Burundi, Central African Republic, Rwanda, Angola, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sao Tome and Principe, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon; while countries in East Africa are Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, Somalia, Comoros, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Seychelles, Mozambique, Madagascar, and Mauritius.http://ggweather.com/enso/oni.htm. Ranks of El Ni\u00f1o from 1871 to 1949 from http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/enso/mei.ext/rank.ext.html, and from 1950 to 2014 from http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/enso/mei/table.html. Pacific Decadal Oscillation Index was downloaded from the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean Arctic Oscillation websiteMultivariate El Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation Index (MEI) data, which were computed from sea-level pressure, zonal and meridional components of the surface wind, sea surface temperature, surface air temperature, and total cloudiness fraction of the sky of the South Pacific Ocean  from 195Sahel precipitation data from 1900 to 2013 were obtained from the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean . The preMonthly data of occurrence of meningococcal meningitis cases in the Sahel, from 2006 to 2014, were obtained from World Health Organisation Weekly Meningococcal Meningitis Surveillance BulletinsTime series were fitted to indices of ENSO, PDO, and Sahel precipitation, and to occurrence of meningitis. Autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation tests, and lag plots were applied to exclude white noise and to inspect for seasonality. Stationarity was assessed using the unit root test. To determine month of peak occurrence of meningitis annually, the monthly data from 2006 to 2014 were rescaled to 0\u20131 values for each year, and plotted.\u03c90 is dimensionless frequency, and \u03b7 is dimensionless time, was used to transform the time series. The continuous wavelet transform of time series \u03b4t was defined as the convolution of nx with the scaled and normalized wavelet (vZ (p) was the confidence level associated with probability p, and Wavelet methods which have been applied to epidemiological , 18, hum wavelet , 18. The wavelet , 18:D|Whase was , 18Rn2, but meningococcal meningitis did not Granger cause ENSO series (p\u2009>\u20090.05).Granger causality test showed that ENSO Granger caused meningococcal meningitis series (Pandemics or major epidemics of meningococcal meningitis occurred in 1905 in West Africa , in the Precipitation was above the mean from 1950 to 1970, during cool climate regime, but below the mean from 1972 to 1998 during warm climate regime (Figure p\u2009<\u20090.0001 (Figure p\u2009< 0.0001 (Figure Global spectra from 1945 to 2013 showed peaks at 1.0, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0, and 20\u2009years for precipitation changes in Sahel, but at 3.0, 6.0, 12.0, and 20.0\u2009years for ENSO (Figure This study shows periodic changes in occurrence of meningococcal meningitis and indices of ENSO and PDO. Periodic changes in occurrence of meningococcal meningitis have been observed in the USA , in UnitThe spectra of monthly time-series in Sahel, which show similar time-varying periodicities of 6 and 12\u2009months with the spectra of ENSO, indicate that both variables share rhythms at similar timescales Figure . Strong In the past century cool climate regimes occurred from 1890 to 1924 and from 1947 to 1976, while warm climate regime occurred from 1925 to 1946, and from 1977 to 1998 . Time seWavelet analysis, which transforms time series to time-frequency domain, has shown the time-varying nature of PDO . During Cycles of occurrence of meningococcal meningitis in Sahel, Central, and East Africa show that El Ni\u00f1os were accompanied by high peaks of occurrence, while La Ni\u00f1as were accompanied by low peaks of occurrence. Furthermore, phases of occurrence are right shifted relative to that of ENSO Figure . Thus, pPeriodicity of the ENSO, like the PDO, is time-varying. Periodicity of ENSO, which was 3\u20134\u2009years from 1872 to 1910, was 5\u20137\u2009years from 1911 to 1960, but 5\u2009years from 1970 to 1992 . The perHistorical data showed that pandemics or major epidemics of meningococcal meningitis occurred in 1905 in Nigeria , in 1918Meningococci are commensals of the nasopharynx, but minority of strains cause invasive infection . The risCyclicity of meningococcal meningitis epidemics was correlated with sunspots cycles in Bulgaria in 2000  and in tENSO activity has been correlated with the monsoons . Since 1Since virulence of organism, innate immunity, carriage, overcrowding, and other risk factors were not controlled for in this study, the peaks of occurrence in the time series cannot be attributed to climate alone. Immunization, for example, is expected to contribute to reduction of number of potential cases. Although there are many potential confounding factors, the WHO has documented that these confounding factors are unlikely to consistently covary with ENSO in long time-series . Thus, tWavelet methods have been used to correlate ENSO activity with periodic epidemics of malaria in West Africa , choleraThe author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "The author\u2019s initial, TM, is missing from the funding statement. The correct funding statement is given below.This study was supported by a grant-in-aid for scientific research from the Japan society for the promotion of science; YF, HN, TM, MM. This study was supported by MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 23390057, 26293054, 25860061 and 22590160. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript."}
{"text": "Datura, family Solanaceae, consists of nine  species, originating from the New and Old World [After the publication of this work , it was ld World \u201d, \u201corigi"}
{"text": "Afterwards, 0.66 and 0.33 \u03bcCi ml\u22121L-[3H]glutamate were added to a final 100 \u03bcM concentration of glutamate for incubation with hippocampal and cortical samples, respectively.\u201d This correction does not affect the scientific relevance of the results.In the subsection \u201cGlutamate Uptake Assay,\u201d the greek letter micro (symbol \u03bc) was accidentally deleted twice probably due to software incompatibility. The correct sentence should read: \u201cEZ was responsible for the design, acquisition, analysis, interpretation, drafting, and approval of the final version of the manuscript. VT, EK, MA, KZ, RA, and GH were responsible for acquisition, analysis, interpretation, and approval of the final version of the manuscript. AM, DS, and RM were responsible for interpretation, drafting, critical revision, and approval of the final version of the manuscript. LP was responsible for the design, interpretation, drafting, critical revision, and approval of the final version of the manuscript.This work was supported by the following Brazilian agencies and grants: National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq), CAPES, FAPERGS, Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience (IBNnet), FINEP, and National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT) \u2013 Excitotoxicity and Neuroprotection.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "The affiliation for the second author is incorrect. Lifah Sanudi is affiliated with REACH Trust, Lilongwe, Malawi, not with SINTEF Technology and Society, Oslo, Norway.The publisher apologizes for the error."}
{"text": "The microenvironment of malignant gliomas is described according to its definition in the literature. Beside tumor cells, a series of stromal cells  represents the cell component, whereas a complex network of molecular signaling represents the functional component. Its most evident expressions are perivascular and perinecrotic niches that are believed to be the site of tumor stem cells or progenitors in the tumor. Phenotypically, both niches are not easily recognizable; here, they are described together with a critical revision of their concept. As for perinecrotic niches, an alternative interpretation is given about their origin that regards the tumor stem cells as the residue of those that populated hyperproliferating areas in which necroses develop. This is based on the concept that the stem-like is a status and not a cell type, depending on the microenvironment that regulates a conversion of tumor non-stem cells and tumor stem cells through a cell reprogramming. It includes, therefore, many cell types, such as endothelial cells, microglia/macrophages, reactive astrocytes, fibroblasts, pericytes, immune cells, etc.,  and the etc.,  and defeetc., ,4.+ and CD133+ stem cells, which condition angiogenesis and tumor growth [Any regulation of tumor cells towards regression, such as necrosis, or progression, such as proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis, finds its main driver in the microenvironment that mainly expresses itself in the so-called niches ,4,5. As r growth , or as mr growth  or by sir growth . Positivr growth . C6 glior growth .PNN have been described to develop around circumscribed necroses where hypoxia and HIF-1/2  play a cvia nitric oxide and Notch activation [etc., [PVN are not merely repositories of stem cells , but thetivation ,6,15, whtivation . In PVN,tivation ,17,18,19tivation ,21,22,23n [etc., .in vitro neurosphere formation and xenographts [etc., as well as the intrinsic signaling such as Wnt/\u03b2-catenin, Bmi1, c-Myc, Oct4, OLIG2, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), and Notch.Hypoxia, a mechanism of primary importance in the biology and aggressive behavior of malignant gliomas , is fundographts . Hypoxiaographts . GSCs arographts ,8. In thi.e., by transformation of the normal neural stem cells (NSCs) and progenitors in relation with the so-called glioma initiating cells (GICs), the concept of which is just mentioned here. In line with the old belief that cancer cells are similar to embryonic stem cells [i.e., from primitive neuroepithelial cells or NSCs [In the discussion of the tumor microenvironment, it is mandatory to consider the supposed origin of GSCs, em cells , it has em cells ,32, i.e. or NSCs . GICs sh or NSCs ,35,36, e or NSCs .i.e., on genotypic and phenotypic differences acquired during proliferation, migration, also by epigenetic mechanisms [Other possibilities are the origin of GSCs from oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs) or NG2 cells ,39,40,41chanisms ,50 and, i.e., PVN and PNN. Theoretically and conceptually, the niches have been very well-defined [From the neuropathological point of view, the concept of microenvironment in gliomas materializes in its main expression sites, -defined ,4,5, but-defined  or by fl-defined . One of -defined ,52. In a-defined .i.e., that necrosis is due to the imbalance between the high proliferation rate of hyperproliferating areas of the tumor and the low one of endothelial cells [As for PNN, we showed that, at variance with the activation of GSCs by hypoxia through HIF-1/2 ,8, the tal cells . Cell deIn conclusion, microenvironment by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms regulates the equilibrium between tumor stem cells and tumor non-stem cells so that the occurrence of GSCs would not imply the existence of a special type of cells, but it would be the consequence of an interplay that takes place in the microenvironment . This wo"}
{"text": "Parkinson's disease (PD) is an example for a complex field of research, which is driven by the multifactorial etiology, the heterogeneity in phenotype and the variability in disease progression, as well as the presence of a long pre-diagnostic period, called prodromal PD, lasting up to decades  of the Joint Programme for Neurodegenerative Diseases (JPND), set out to develop an assessment battery that includes the most useful clinical, laboratory, and brain imaging assessments for  studies in PD.Based on the need for harmonized assessments of symptoms/markers in PD, the working group: We here describe the result of the process to find a way to harmonize assessments across studies and propose a modular set of biomarker assessments agreed upon by the group of experts who were included in the working group .As a first step, information about the design, markers, and assessments of 21 ongoing cohort studies in various phases of PD represented by members of the JPND working group were collected using a detailed questionnaire. These data served as a basis for the project. Detailed results have been reported previously in Lerche et al. . In a sebasic module , a minimum function and assessment module and several optional extension modules.Based on the analyses, the JPND BioLoC-PD working group suggests the following three-level modular assessment battery to be implemented in new and whenever possible ongoing longitudinal studies for PD Figure . The setbasic module is meant to be applied to all participants in longitudinal studies in PD. It may also be applied to existing registers and patients seen routinely in outpatient clinics irrespective of whether they are currently recruited for a longitudinal study. It may also be used for retrospective analyses or identification of potential eligible participants for future randomized controlled trials.The minimum module is suitable for all individuals participating in at risk, prodromal, and clinical longitudinal studies of PD. The functions of the minimum module are in a descending order (sorted by their use within the BioLoC-PD working group). Functions used in all  PD studies are at the beginning of each of the lists (in the minimum and extension modules). Modes of assessment of these symptoms are based on the frequency and applicability within studies . Each of the assessments suggested for the minimum module . In case of the imaging module the methods are in a descending order with the one on the top preferred by the BioLoC-PD consortium.The We propose, that each study should as a minimum requirement collect the data specified in the basic module. The basic module is valuable also for genetic or other non-clinical analyses. Once individuals are clinically examined, several motor and non-motor domains should be covered, as suggested in the minimum module which also comprises additional data about medical history. Finally, according to the main research aim of the study, different extension modules can be added.In general, we provide researchers with suggestions for specific assessment tools/scales to allow comparison across studies. For the cognition module, however, it is less important which assessments are used rather, it is important to take a minimum of two tests per domain for a sensitive and specific diagnosis of dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) level II  Not all scales/questionnaires are available and validated in all languages. (ii) Study designs vary with regard to outcome variables which influences the choice of assessments. (iii) Some assessments require more resources than others , which also influenced the selection and composition of the selected assessment battery. (iv) Advances in knowledge about assessments and biomarkers have led to revision or expansion of assessments after the respective study was initiated. (v) Preference for a specific assessment based on previous experience of the individual researchers involved.With our proposed modular set of biomarker assessments, we propose a concept by which we hope to overcome the problem of data comparison due to lack of harmonization and set the stage for broad data sharing, joint data analyses and acceleration of biomarker research.SL, SH, GA, PB, SB, YBS, HB, BRB, DBu, RD, DG, GH, MH, MK, RK, ILS, WM, MM, BM, WO, BR, UW, KW, DBe substantial contributed to the conception and design of the work; SL, SH, DBe drafted the work; GA, PB, SB, YBS, HB, BRB, DBu, RD, DG, GH, MH, MK, RK, ILS, WM, MM, BM, WO, BR, UW, KW revised the work critically for important intellectual content; SL, SH, GA, PB, SB, YBS, HB, BRB, DBu, RD, DG, GH, MH, MK, RK, ILS, WM, MM, BM, WO, BR, UW, KW, DBe gave their final approval to the version to be published; SL, SH, GA, PB, SB, YBS, HB, BRB, DBu, RD, DG, GH, MH, MK, RK, ILS, WM, MM, BM, WO, BR, UW, KW, DBe agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.The work was funded by the EU Joint Programme\u2014Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) program (BMBF No:01ED1410).The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "Each September since 2004, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has observed National Preparedness Month. During September, FEMA and various local, state, and federal agencies encourage U.S. residents to become better prepared for emergencies and disasters. Approximately 3,000 organizations, including the American Red Cross, Citizen Corps, and CDC , are schOn this 10th anniversary of National Preparedness Month, CDC also is recognizing the first decade of activity of its Emergency Operations Center . Staffedhttp://www.cdc.gov/phpr.All persons can take important steps to prepare themselves, their families, and loved ones for a possible disaster. CDC has various tools and checklists to help everyone \u201cbe ready\u201d at home, at places of work and worship, and within the larger community . Additio"}
{"text": "This article was republished on August 7, 2014, to replace incorrectly changed characters in the byline, Competing Interests statement, Author Contributions, and Acknowledgments in the online version only. The publisher apologizes for the errors."}
{"text": "The National Congress of Surgery, one of the annual events to which the surgeons in all the surgery units in Romania gather to share the experience and to learn from one another  took place this year, in Sinaia, the most beautiful mountain resort, during 21-24th of May 2014.  \u201cCasino Sinaia\u201d International Conference Center offered through the great hall (the Theater) and four other halls, a sumptuous background, elegant and, in the same time, a proper place for the event.  What should be mentioned is the fact that this Romanian traditional medical scientific event has taken place under the high patronage of His Excellency, Victor Ponta, Prime Minister of Romania.  The main Congress organizer was the Romanian Society of Surgery  in collaboration with the Academy of Medical Sciences, Romanian Association of Hepato-Biliopancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Romanian Association of Endoscopic Surgery and other Intervention Techniques, Romanian Society of Emergency Surgery and Traumathology, Romanian Society of Breast Surgery, Romanian Society of Thoracic Surgery, Romanian Society of Pediatric Surgery, Romanian Society of Medical Assistants in Romania, Romanian Students\u2019 Society of Surgery.  What should be highlighted from the beginning is the high number of participants, surgeons from Romania and from abroad (over 1500) and over 300 students from all the universities in Romania, who successfully represented the Romanian Students\u2019 Society of Surgery. Wednesday, the 21st of May 2014, was allocated to the eight pre-congress post university courses and, due to their importance and the special participation, we should shortly enumerate their content and the speakers, who are remarkable personalities in their field:  C1 \u2013 The surgical rectum anatomy; critical points in rectum surgery ;  C2 \u2013 Controversies in rectum surgery ; C3 \u2013 The minimally invasive rectum cancer surgery ; C4 \u2013 Causes of failure in the rectum cancer surgery ; C5 \u2013 The surgery of the breast cancer ; C6 \u2013 The multimodal treatment of breast cancer ; C7 \u2013 The reconstruction of the breast after mammectomy  \u2013Allergan Symposium; C8 \u2013 RSEST - MUSEC European Course; Ultrasound in trauma and emergency ; What should also be mentioned is MUSEC European competence course, organized by the Romanian Society of Emergency Surgery and Traumatology - RSEST  \u201cUltrasound in trauma and emergency\u201d, having prof. Mauro Zago, MD, from Bergamo responsible for the course and also the lecturers Andrea Cassamassima (Milano), Mateo Zarcani (Milano) and Mihai P\u0103duraru (Tomelosso), all from Italy, a course to which subscriptions have been made a lot of time before, due to the limited number of participants given by the type of the workshop.  This year\u2019s congress has guided itself on two main themes: \u201cThe complex treatment of rectum cancer\u201d and \u201cBreast cancer. Complex treatment. The reconstructive surgery of the breast\u201d.  The scientific program was not limited only to these two themes and (due to the inherent monotony which appears in the monothematic congresses), has contained and varied also video laparoscopic surgery, hepato-biliopancreatic surgery, endocrine eso-gastric surgery.  Fully, over 500 papers were presented in the 5 halls of the congress which benefited from the necessary modern infrastructure.  The festive opening of the Congress took place on Thursday evening, the 24th of May, in the presence of the Ministry of Health, His Excellency Nicolae B\u0103nicioiu , the mayor of Bucharest, prof. Sorin Oprescu, MD , prof. Florian Popa, MD , prof. Vasile Ast\u0103r\u0103stoaie, MD (president of the College of Physicians in Romania), prof. Mircea Beuran, MD (elected president of RSS), prof. Eugen Br\u0103tucu, MD . In their presentations, the members of the presidium have highlighted the difficulty of undertaking a medical and surgically correct and decent act for the patient, taking into account the crisis in the Romanian medical system, suggesting diverse solutions, among which, the one of Senator, prof. Florian Popa, MD, regarding the liberalization of the physician profession in Romania.  The way of development of the congress was based on novelty, according to a European model, less mini oral papers being selected, the other ones migrating to posters, the \u201cstate of the art\u201d presentations and round tables having priority, with interdynamic development of the discussion themes, having the expected success.  The rectum surgery was one of the main themes of the congress and raised a special interest. The following sessions led by prof. \u015etefan Georgescu, MD, prof. Traean Burco\u015f, MD, assoc. prof. C\u0103t\u0103lin Vasilescu, prof. Laz\u0103r Fulger, MD, prof. Adrian Magyar, MD, assoc. prof. Victor Str\u00e2mbu, MD, C\u0103t\u0103lin Cop\u0103escu, MD, prof. Silviu Constantinoiu, MD  should be mentioned. The round tables on the same subject were mediated by prof. C. Copotoiu, MD, prof. Tr. P\u0103tra\u015fcu, MD, prof. V. Scripcariu, MD, assoc. prof. Dan Straja, MD, prof. Mircea Beuran, MD, as well as the one regarding radiochemotherapy in rectum cancer , or colonic surgery  and have been the most interesting for the participants.  The rectum minimally invasive surgery  has raised a special interest, like the other themes did, such as the total resection of the mesorectum, the anatomo-pathological examination of the resection part, the complications of rectum surgery. The sessions allocated to the breast surgery have completed the themes approached in the pre-congress courses  highlighting the ones led by prof. Eugen T\u00e2rcoveanu MD, prof. \u015etefan Neagu, MD, prof. Ion A\u015fchie, MD, assoc. prof. Iulian Brezean, prof. Alex. Irimie, MD, prof. M.R. Diaconescu, MD, prof. Dan Ungureanu, MD, prof. Cristian Lupa\u015fcu, MD. Totally, there were 33 papers and \u201cstate of the art\u201d conferences which approached the theme of breast cancer conservative surgery , sentinel limph node in breast cancer , multidisciplinary treatment of breast cancer , breast oncoplastic surgery, breast cancer surgery with liver metastases, prognosis of breast cancer, Volkman acute carcinomatous mastitis. The round tables have perfectly completed the theme of breast gland pathology:  - The oncologic surgery of the breast ;- The actual, diagnostic and therapeutic standards in breast gland cancer (Fl. R\u0103dulescu); - The present coordinates in breast reconstruction after oncologic resections . Two sessions were allocated to hepato-biliopancreatic surgery, summing 26 papers, remarking the ones dedicated to liver tumors , pancreatic tumors , bilio bronchial fistulae (T. Ivanov), Klatskin tumors, liver resections , cephalic duodenopancreatectomy , pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors , liver transplant .  Pediatric surgery  discussed the disorders due to the migration of the testicle in children, hydatid cysts and the treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernias in children.  The minimally invasive surgery, present mostly in ARCE symposium, has remarked, as usually, through the robotic surgery presentations (assoc. prof. C\u0103t\u0103lin Vasilescu), \u201ebridge to surgery\u201d in colorectal cancer , minimally invasive surgery of the big hiatal hernias .  The thoracic surgery session, coordinated by prof. Ioan Cordo\u015f, MD, discussed the minimally invasive thoracoscopic approach, emergency thoracotomy, complex resections of the aerodigestive tract, thymectomy and laparoscopic splanhnicectomy.  On Saturday, the 24th of May  continued with a session dedicated to gastric surgery , the papers from the \u201cSf. Maria\u201d General and Esophageal Surgery Clinic being remarked , total gastrectomy versus subtotal gastrectomy , GIST (acad. N. Ghidiriu). The esophagus surgery session  discussed about high interest and technical problems: minimally invasive esophagectomy , therapeutic strategy in thoracic esophagus squamocellular , the treatment of malignant eso-bronchial fistula through a metallic stent expendably covered .  The endocrine surgery session  dealt with modern problems regarding parathyroidectomy, thyroidectomy and intraoperative monitorization of the recurrent nerve .  Last (but not least), the session \u201cSurgery of the abdominal wall\u201d  was very instructive.  This review of the congress papers would not be complete if we did not mention the session dedicated to the students\u2019 papers, who were present in a high amount , and who presented papers elaborated in the students\u2019 scientific circles in Romania and at the professors\u2019 guidance. The video film session closed the last day of the congress papers.  What should be noticed is the high amount of students and medical assistants taking part in the event, as well as the value of the 264 posters. In the generous setting of the Casino in Sinaia, the medical devices and drugs companies had a functional exposing location.  On the occasion of the congress, an editorial event also took place in one of the breaks between the sessions, in the presence of a numerous public, physicians and students:  - The launching of the monography \u201cAcute pancreatitis \u2013 clinical-paraclinical approach based on determinant factors\u201d , a paper that makes a connection between Atlanta 1992 criteria and Bologna 2012 criteria. The short speeches of the authors of the two prefaces, prof. Florian Popa, MD, prof. Eugen T\u00e2rcoveanu, MD, as well as the ones of two authors have highlighted the strong points of the paper, which is desired to be useful to all the physicians.  - In the same time, \u201cJournal of Surgical Science\u201d for the students and young physicians has been launched; it will appear in English at the initiative of Alexandra Bolocan, MD and \u015fi Dan Nicolae P\u0103duraru, MD, Honorary Editor \u2013 acad. Ioanel Sinescu, rector of \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University Press, Editor-in-Chief \u2013 prof. S. Constantinoiu, MD, Managing Editor prof. Florian Popa, MD, having an Editorial board made up of students and young physicians in Romania, as well as abroad. The magazine proposes to be the national sign of the students\u2019 scientific circles from all the university centers. Moreover, it should be mentioned that these papers appeared in the generous space of \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University Press in Bucharest, General Manager, assoc. prof. dr. Victor Lorin Purc\u0103rea.  Moreover, the \u201cSurgery Course for the 4-5th years of study\u201d was elaborated by the professors in the 10th Surgery-Laboratory Department, where the Head of Department is prof. Mircea Beuran, MD.  In the RSS General Gathering, important modifications have taken place in the structure of the editorial board of the great magazine of the Romanian surgery, \u201cChirurgia\u201d, the editor-in-chief becoming RSS executive president, validated in the congress, prof. Mircea Beuran, MD, and the editorial secretary being prof. Silviu Constantinoiu, MD, also elected president of RSS. Moreover, 7 vice-presidents of RSS have also been elected, the general secretary , the auditing committee and RSS Directory Committee.  We consider that from all points of view, the National Surgery Congress this year has been a real success, reiterating once more the force of the professional organization of the Romanian surgeons, the foreign guests arguing the value of the debates and the presentations, being impressed by the value of the Romanian surgery.  Prof. Silviu Constantinoiu, MD Director of the Excellency Center of Esophagus Surgery  Head of the General and Esophageal Surgery Clinic  \u201cSf. Maria\u201d Clinical Hospital  \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest"}
{"text": "Want was inadvertently missed in the original manuscript and we wish to add his name for contribution to ex vivo experiments while MT, DS, and MA assisted in extraction of oil. FA, MI analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript.MI, FA conceived and designed the experiments. MI, FA, GC performed the experiments. MW assisted in The affiliation/correspondence address of the Corresponding author had a minor error, which we hereby rectify. It was incorrectly written as:Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Taibah University, PO Box 344, Universities Road, Medina 30001, Saudi ArabiaThe correct version is:Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, PO Box 344, Universities Road, Medina 30001, Saudi ArabiaThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "Dear Editor,A 41-year-old man with history of recurrent airways infection since his childhood, withchronic coughing and voice hoarseness for seven years. The patient was referred toundergo laryngotracheobronchoscopy that revealed the presence of whitish nodular lesionson the anterolateral walls of the trachea and at the most proximal portion of the mainbronchi, whose material was sent for histopathological analysis  and 1B. ,2. Association with several factors hasbeen reported, as follows: chronic infections; chemical or medicamentous agents;degenerative tissue alterations; calcium and phosphorus metabolism disorders; andamyloidosis,4.Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica is a rare chronic benign disease, with maleprevalence , and predominantly manifesting between the fifth andseventh decades of life,2,5,6, and therefore, in most cases, thediagnosis is based on incidental findings at bronchoscopy performed to investigate otherdiagnoses or with therapeutic purposes, or even in series of necropsy. In cases of symptomatic disease, coughis the main finding, present in about 66% of cases.The disease is generally asymptomatic,8.Generally, laryngotracheobronchoscopy raises the diagnostic suspicion and the classicalfinding is the presence of whitish, smooth and hard nodules, typically on thecartilaginous walls of the tracheal rings and of the proximal portions of the primarybronchi on the basis of its findings, namely, thickening of the innersurface of the tracheal cartilage with irregular, sessile nodular lesions, eithercalcified or not, focal or diffuse, sparing the posterior (membranous) trachea andleading to luminal narrowing in the affected areas,5,6,8,9. CT is very sensitive to detect the typical calcification ofthe nodules, to define the extent and distribution of tracheobronchial stenosis, as wellas to characterize complications such as atelectasis, bronchiectasis, postobstructivepneumonia,10.The CT contributes to confirm the diagnosis,8.Histopathological analysis shows that nodules correspond to submucosal osteocartilaginousgrowths. There are variable combinations of fibrotic, cartilaginous, bone, hematopoietictissue and mineralized acellular protein matrix. The epithelium lining such nodules maybe normal, or present with inflammatory or meta-plastic appearance,5,8.Some authors consider that bronchoscopic and radiological findings are sufficient toestablish the diagnosis, particularly in cases where it is difficult to performbiopsy.The prognosis is good in most of cases and treatment only will be requested in case ofcomplications, principally tracheal and/or bronchial stenosis"}
{"text": "Background: In order to provide effective care to patients suffering from chronic pain secondary to neurological diseases, health professionals must appraise the role of the psychosocial factors in the genesis and maintenance of this condition whilst considering how emotions and cognitions influence the course of treatment. Furthermore, it is important not only to recognize the psychological reactions to pain that are common to the various conditions, but also to evaluate how these syndromes differ with regards to the psychological factors that may be involved. As an extensive evaluation of these factors is still lacking, the Italian Consensus Conference on Pain in Neurorehabilitation (ICCPN) aimed to collate the evidence available across these topics.Objectives: To determine the psychological factors which are associated with or predictive of pain secondary to neurological conditions and to assess the influence of these aspects on the outcome of neurorehabilitation.Methods: Two reviews were performed. In the first, a PUBMED search of the studies assessing the association between psychological factors and pain or the predictive value of these aspects with respect to chronic pain was conducted. The included papers were then rated with regards to their methodological quality and recommendations were made accordingly. In the second study, the same methodology was used to collect the available evidence on the predictive role of psychological factors on the therapeutic response to pain treatments in the setting of neurorehabilitation.Results: The first literature search identified 1170 results and the final database included 189 articles. Factors such as depression, anxiety, pain catastrophizing, coping strategies, and cognitive functions were found to be associated with pain across the various conditions. However, there are differences between chronic musculoskeletal pain, migraine, neuropathy, and conditions associated with complex disability with regards to the psychological aspects that are involved. The second PUBMED search yielded 252 studies, which were all evaluated. Anxiety, depression, pain catastrophizing, coping strategies, and pain beliefs were found to be associated to different degrees with the outcomes of multidisciplinary programs, surgery, physical therapies, and psychological interventions. Finally, sense of presence was found to be related to the effectiveness of virtual reality as a distraction tool.Conclusions: Several psychological factors are associated with pain secondary to neurological conditions and should be acknowledged and addressed in order to effectively treat this condition. These factors also predict the therapeutic response to the neurorehabilitative interventions. Within neurorehabilitation programs, knowledge of the psychological factors associated with pain is crucial for its treatment. In fact, the differential impact of various pathologies on the patient as well as the way in which subjective features can affect the course of the disease and the treatment effectiveness are recognized as important factors that should be assessed in order to successfully treat pain conditions  is a multidisciplinary board formed in October 2012, aimed at creating the updated guidelines for the treatment of pain in the field of neurorehabilitation , the names of various disorders that are treated by neurorehabilitation services, the names of psychological factors and the following terms: moderator, mediator, prognostic factor, impact, predictor, outcome. The search identified 159 articles. An update conducted in May 2015 was restricted to the period from 2013 to 2015 and yielded another 93 articles. All these studies were included and were evaluated with the procedure previously outlined.anxiety sensitivity (autonomic anxiety linked to the activation of the body) and anxious perception of pain , University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Vittorio Schweiger, Department of Surgery, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Giorgio Scivoletto, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Nicola Smania, Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Claudio Solaro, Neurology Unit, ASL3, Genoa, Italy; Vincenza Spallone, Department of Systems Medicine, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Isabella Springhetti, Functional Recovery and Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Fondazione S. Maugeri, Pavia, Italy; Stefano Tamburin, Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Cristina Tassorelli, C. Mondino National Institute of Neurology Foundation, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy, Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Michele Tinazzi, Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Rossella Togni, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Monica Torre, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Riccardo Torta, Department of Oncology and Neuroscience, University of Turin, City Hospital Health and Science of the City of Turin, Turin, Turin, Italy; Marco Traballesi, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Marco Tramontano, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Andrea Truini, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Valeria Tugnoli, Neurological Unit, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Andrea Turolla, Neurorehabilitation Department, Foundation IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy; Gabriella Vallies, Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Elisabetta Verzini, Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Mario Vottero, Neuro-Urology Department, City Hospital Health and Science of the City of Turin, Turin, Italy; Paolo Zerbinati, Neuro- orthopaedic Program, Hand Surgery Department, Santa Maria Hospital MultiMedica, Castellanza, Italy.All authors listed, have made substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "There are errors in the Funding section. The correct funding information is as follows:\"Funding was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 81471771, 81271686, 81000628, 31000379. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.\u201d"}
{"text": "This study was aimed to evaluate the relative contributions of spectral and temporal information to Korean phoneme recognition and to compare them with those to English phoneme recognition. Eleven normal-hearing Korean-speaking listeners participated in the study. Korean phonemes, including 18 consonants in a /Ca/ format and 17 vowels in a /hVd/ format, were processed through a noise vocoder. The spectral information was controlled by varying the number of channels  whereas the temporal information was controlled by varying the lowpass cutoff frequency of the envelope extractor (1 to 512 Hz in octave steps). A total of 80 vocoder conditions (8 numbers of channels \u00d7 10 lowpass cutoff frequencies) were presented to listeners for phoneme recognition. While vowel recognition depended on the spectral cues predominantly, a tradeoff between the spectral and temporal information was evident for consonant recognition. The overall consonant recognition was dramatically lower than that of English consonant recognition under similar vocoder conditions. The complexity of the Korean consonant repertoire, the three-way distinction of stops in particular, hinders recognition of vocoder-processed phonemes. In vocoder processing  or acousMany studies have examined the minimal requirement of spectral information or temporal information for English speech recognition. A general consensus today is that the number of spectral channels required for speech recognition depends on the speech materials. Simple sentences in quiet conditions require only 3 to 4 channels of spectral information for recognition whereas more complex materials (in noise conditions) require 30 or more channels for an equivalent level of performance , 3, 5\u20139.The studies of relative contributions of spectral and temporal cues in English speech recognition have been extended to lexical tone recognition of Mandarin Chinese , 8. The Other than English and Mandarin Chinese, no studies have been done in a different language to confirm or to examine the relative contributions of spectral and temporal information for speech recognition. Korean, spoken by approximately 80 million people, is a nontonal language that is used in the Korean peninsula and in the northeast region of China. In Korean, the consonant inventory includes 22 phonemes and the vowel inventory includes 8 monophthongal phonemes and 12 diphthongs . CompareGiven that there exist such apparent differences in the phonetic inventory between Korean and English and that no studies have been done to examine the spectral and temporal cues for phoneme recognition in Korean, it is important to compare the relative contributions of spectral and temporal information in phoneme recognition of Korean to those of English. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relative contributions of spectral and temporal information to Korean phoneme recognition. The findings, if consistent with those in English, will enable us to extrapolate results from English to other languages. On the other hand, if the findings from the present study indicate discrepancies in the relative contributions of temporal and spectral information between the two languages, it will caution such extrapolations of results from English to other languages and will provide guidance in designing clinical rehabilitation strategies more specifically to Korean.Eleven normal-hearing native-Korean-speaking listeners  ages 19 to 26 years old participated in this study. The pure-tone thresholds of each ear of the subjects were < 20 dB HL for octave frequencies between 250 and 8000 Hz. During screening with unprocessed speech materials, consonant and vowel recognition scores were > 90% correct for all subjects. The use of human subjects in the present study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Seoul National University Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants prior to the experiment.h, p*, \u02a7, \u02a7h, \u02a7*, t, th, t*, k, kh, k*, m, n, l, s, s*, h/. Note that Korean consonant /\u014b/ is not used in initial position and the other three approximants /w, j, \u0270/ are often used in diphthongs. Therefore, those four consonants were not used in the consonant stimulus set.Eighteen consonants presented in a /Ca/ context each produced by one male and one female talker were included in the consonant stimulus set: ba, pa, ppa, ja, cha, jja, da, ta, tta, ga, ka, kka, ma, na, la, sa, ssa, and ha. The corresponding International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbols for the consonants are /p, pSeventeen vowels presented in a /hVd/ context each produced by one male and female talker were included in the vowel stimulus set: had, hid, heod, haed, heud, hod, hud, hyeod, hyad, hwad, hyod, hwod, hwid, hyaed, huid, hwaed, and hyud. Note that the stop at the final position in /hVd/ structure is plain and unreleased. The corresponding IPA symbols for the vowels are /a, i, \u028c, \u025b, \u026f, o, u, j\u028c, ja, wa, jo, w\u028c, wi, j\u025b, \u026fi, w\u025b, ju/. Because /\u0265i/, /e/, and /je/ are phonetically similar to /wi/, /\u025b/, and /j\u025b/, respectively, these three vowels  were not included in the stimulus set. All speech tokens were recorded in a sound booth with a high-quality microphone . The sampling rate was 44,100 Hz and quantization was set at 16 bits. Individual tokens were isolated and stored in a wave format in a computer hard disk for further processing.f = 165.4 (100.06x \u2212 1), where f is frequency and x is the distance (mm) from the apex of the cochlea ).S1 TableEach Excel sheet contains data from one subject (N = 11). The first column represents talkers with 1 coded for the female and 2 coded for the male talker. Columns 2 and 3 are stimuli and responses with values from 1 to 18 representing ba, cha, da, ga, ha, ja, jja, ka, kka, ma, na, pa, ppa, ra, sa, ssa, ta, and tta, respectively. Column 4 presents the test conditions with number of channels and lowpass cutoff frequency labeled.(XLS)Click here for additional data file.S2 TableEach Excel sheet contains data from one subject (N = 11). The first column represents talkers with 1 coded for the female and 2 coded for the male talker. Column 2 and 3 are stimuli and responses with values from 1 to 17 representing had, hid, heod, haed, heud, hod, hud, hyeod, hyad, hwad, hyod, hwod, hwid, hyaed, huid, hwaed, and hyud, respectively.(XLS)Click here for additional data file."}
{"text": "EANA 2013 took place from the 22nd to the 25th July 2013 in the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of the University of Szczecin. It was the 13th workshop organized by EANA (European Astrobiology Network Association), an annual event which is hosted in one of the member countries and is recognized to be the most important happening in the astrobiological calendar in Europe.www.astrobiology.pl/eana) started its activity in 2001 with the aim of bringing together European researchers interested in astrobiology programmes and stimulating their collaboration across the borders of different scientific disciplines. Particular attention is directed to introducing young scientists to this interdisciplinary field of studies and to disseminating the results of astrobiological research to its relevant beneficiaries as well as to students and the general public. EANA is a network of 19 European nations active in astrobiology: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands and United Kingdom. Astrobiology groups in Brazil, China, Japan, Mexico and USA are associated members.EANA (web page: The inauguration of EANA was announced during the First European Workshop on Astrobiology co-organized together with European Space Agency (ESA) at the ESRIN (European Space Research Institute) in Frascati  in spring 2001. Since then the astrobiology community in Europe has steadily increased year after year and the regular succession of EANA\u2019s workshops has measured the pace of the research developments in astrobiology. The previous editions of the European Workshop on Astrobiology have been held in the following places:EANA 2001: May 21\u201323, 2001, Frascati, ItalyEANA 2002: September 16\u221219, 2002, Graz, AustriaEANA 2003: November 18\u201320, 2003, Madrid, SpainEANA 2004: November 22\u201325, 2004, Milton Keynes, United KingdomEANA 2005: October 10\u201312, 2005, Budapest, HungaryEANA 2006: October 16\u201318, 2006, Lyon, FranceEANA 2007: October 22\u201324, 2007, Turku, FinlandEANA 2008: September 1\u20133, 2008, Neuch\u00e2tel, SwitzerlandEANA 2009: October 12\u201314, 2009, Brussels, BelgiumEANA 2010: September 6\u20138, 2010, Pushchino, RussiaEANA 2011: July 11\u201314, 2011, K\u00f6ln, GermanyEANA 2012: October 15\u201317, 2012, Stockholm, SwedenThe next Workshop will take place in Edinburgh, United Kingdom, October 13\u201316, 2014.Poland is an EANA member since 2003. On the occasion of the 10th anniversary of Poland\u2019s presence in EANA, the annual EANA workshop was hosted in this country. The Polish astrobiology is represented by CASA* (Centre for Advanced Studies in Astrobiology and Related Topics), which since 2007 is formally organized as a consortium of five Founding Institutions: the Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center (CAMK) of the Polish Academy of Science (PAS) in Warsaw, the Space Research Center (CBK) of PAS in Warsaw, the Institute of Paleobiology of PAS in Warsaw, the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144 and the University of Szczecin. The Headquarters of CASA* is the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of the University of Szczecin. The main goals of the Centre are to stimulate, perform and coordinate interdisciplinary research in astrobiology in Poland; to develop advanced technologies and to promote their commercial exploitation; to promote the collaboration on astrobiological topics of Polish research teams with other countries in Europe; to train the next generation of astrobiology researchers and to increase the public awareness for science. EANA 2013 has been a very good opportunity to promote astrobiology in Poland.http://eana13.astrobiologia.pl/) was held in the building of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of the University of Szczecin near to the beautiful Kasprowicz Park and the historical City Hall. The list of main topics of the meeting is provided below:Astrochemistry, interstellar medium;Astrophysics, protoplanetary discs and planets;Planetary habitability and exploration;Macromolecules and models of prebiotic molecules;Origin and evolution of life, extremophiles;Rocks, fossils and meteorites;Space technology, medicine and industry;Miscellaneous subjects in astrobiology.The 13th EANA Workshop on Astrobiology . [image courtesy of Jerzy Giedrys]The Scientific Organising Committee was composed by the following scientists: Andr\u00e9 Brack, CNRS (France), Axel Brandenburg, NORDITA (Sweden), Charles Cockell, University of Edinburgh (UK), Pascale Ehrenfreund, SPI (USA), Franco Ferrari, CASA*, University of Szczecin (Poland), David Field, Aarhus University (Denmark), Beda Hofmann, Natural History Museum, Bern (Switzerland), Gerda Horneck, DLR Cologne (Germany), Natalia B. Gontareva, St.Petersburg State Polytechnical University (Russia), Zbigniew K\u0142os, SRC, PAS, Warsaw (Poland), J\u00f3zef Ka\u017amierczak, IP, PAS, Warsaw (Poland), Kirsi Lehto, University of Turku (Finland), Jacek Kre\u0142owski, NCU Toru\u0144 (Poland), Helmut Lammer, IWF (Austria), Nigel Mason, Open University (UK), Christian Muller, B.USOC (Belgium), Juan P\u00e9rez-Mercader, Origins of Life Initiative, Harvard University (USA), Petra Rettberg, DLR Cologne (Germany), Heike Rauer, TU Berlin and DLR Berlin (Germany), Gy\u00f6rgyi Ront\u00f3, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest (Hungary), Alessandra Rotundi, University of Naples \u201cParthenope\u201d , Fran\u00e7ois Raulin, University of Paris 12 and 7 (France), Helga Stan-Lotter, University of Salzburg (Austria), Ewa Szuszkiewicz CASA*, University of Szczecin (Poland), Jorge Vago, ESA (The Netherlands), Frances Westall, CNRS, Orl\u00e9ans (France).To EANA 2013 gathered 118 participants coming from 25 countries . During 10 scientific sessions as many as 49 talks have been delivered, including 12 keynote lectures. Every evening was dedicated to poster viewing. In total 50 posters were presented. Following the tradition, a student contest was organized for the best students\u2019 oral and poster contributions. This year the prize was given to Jan Fr\u00f6sler from the University of Duisburg-Essen in Germany. Furthermore, awards were made to the eight best posters. During EANA 2013 also a special prize of CASA* for the best talks of young scientists has been assigned to Ren\u00e9 Heller  and Rafa\u0142 Wieczorek . The scientific contributions to this conference have been collected in this Issue of \u201cOrigin of Life and Evolution of Biospheres\u201d. We are very grateful to Alan Schwartz for making this happen.Several interesting events have been associated with EANA 2013, namely the Public Lecture \u201cOur cosmic genealogy\u201d given by the outstanding Polish astrophysicist prof. Micha\u0142 R\u00f3\u017cyczka from CAMK, the presentation of BRITE-PL - the first Polish Science Satellite performed by the Project Manager Tomasz Zawistowski from CBK and the field trip to the The \u201cMorasko Meteorite\u201d Reserve. The conference dinner included some elements of the molecular cuisine.The Local Organizing Committee would like to thank for support EANA, ESA, the Polish Academy of Sciences, the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the Polish Astronomical Society, the Committee for Space Research, the Springer publisher, the University of Szczecin, the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of the University of Szczecin and CASA*. Partial support from the Marshal of the Westpomeranian Voivodeship is also gratefully acknowledged.Picture of the participants in EANA 2013 made in front of the conference venue, the building of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of the University of Szczecin. [image courtesy of Jerzy Giedrys]."}
{"text": "The article entitled \u201cAplastic Anemia Associated with Oral Terbinafine: A Case Report and Review of the Literature\u201d, written by Kantarc\u0131o\u011flu et al. and published in a recent issue of your journal, was quite interesting . Here weIn the assessment of 425 cases by van der Klauw et al., the most common causes of drug-related agranulocytosis or neutropenia were, in order, dipyrone, mianserin, sulfasalazine, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, penicillins, cimetidine, thiouracil groups, and phenylbutazone . W,2. W1,2]"}
{"text": "Reason for Corrigendum:The authors, Jeanne A. Rasoamananjara and Louise H. Ralimanana were inadvertently missed in the original manuscript and we wish to add their names for contribution to this work. All authors have agreed to this modification.The authors apologize for this oversight. This error does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way.The original article has been updated.ABZ, MH, CS, JM, VG, RWR, SNR, JCR, GR, ROA, RHR, SER, LHR, BR, PG, MCM, JAR, SRA and HD approved the content of Corrigendum.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "Torosaurus latus is an uncommon and contentious taxon of chasmosaurine ceratopsid known from several upper Maastrichtian units in western North America. We describe a partial parietal of To. latus from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Although the specimen\u2019s ontogenetic maturity means that it cannot inform the ongoing debate over whether To. latus is the old adult form of the contemporary Triceratops, the specimen is one of the best-preserved To. latus parietals and supplements previous descriptions. Torosaurus latus [Triceratops, which is known from dozens of skulls [Torosaurus latus is extremely rare.us latus  is a chaus latus . Comparef skulls , 4, ToroTorosaurus latus from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. The specimen consists of an incomplete parietal and was discovered in 2009 in Garfield County by David Lukens of the Eastern Missouri Society for Paleontology. It was collected from an overbank clay in the middle part of the upper third of the Hell Creek Formation [Here, we describe a new specimen, ESU 2009\u20136, of ormation . ESU 200Torosaurus latus is not a distinct taxon, but rather represents the old adult form of Triceratops [Triceratops, Torosaurus latus represents a rare morphology, and the description of an additional specimen will be highly beneficial. The specimen will be referred to as Torosaurus latus in this paper for ease of communication, with the caveat that To. latus remains a problematic entity.Recently, it has been proposed that ceratops , 6, 7; hceratops \u201310. The ANSP, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA; EM, Eastend Museum, Eastend, Saskatchewan, Canada; ESU, Emporia State University, Emporia, KS, USA; GP, Glenrock Paleontological Museum, Glenrock, WY, USA; MOR, Museum of the Rockies, Bozeman, MT, USA; MPM, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI, USA; SMM, Science Museum of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA; YPM, Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, CT, USA.Torosaurus latus  [Measurements of ESU 2009\u20136 are provided in the supplementary information . ESU 200Torosaurus latus  [The caudal parietal bar is rostrocaudally broad and gently convex along its caudolateral margin, indicating that the complete parietal would have had a rounded shape , similarTorosaurus latus is a derived member of the ceratopsid subclade Chasmosaurinae according to recent phylogenetic analyses that have treated it as a taxon distinct from Triceratops [Torosaurus, To. utahensis from the North Horn Formation of Utah [To. latus. Sampson et al. [Torosaurus including To. latus and To. utahensis, while Longrich [To. utahensis (as \u201cTriceratops utahensis\u201d) to form a clade with Triceratops horridus and Tr. prorsus. The taxonomy and phylogeny of these Maastrichtian chasmosaurines will continue to be refined as additional specimens and new closely related taxa Click here for additional data file."}
{"text": "Dr. Timothy Blanche is not included in the author byline. He should be listed as the ninth author and affiliated with the Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle, WA, 98103, United States of America. The contributions of this author are as follows: Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, conceived and designed the experiments."}
{"text": "L) of the lung can be divided into two components: the diffusing capacity of the alveolar membrane (Dm) and the pulmonary capillary volume (Vc). DL is traditionally measured using a single-breath method, involving inhalation of carbon monoxide, and a breath hold of 8\u201310 seconds . This method does not easily allow calculation of Dm and Vc. An alternative single-breath method , involving simultaneous inhalation of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide, and traditionally a shorter breath hold, allows calculation of Dm and Vc and the DL,NO/DL,CO ratio in a single respiratory maneuver. The clinical utility of Dm, Vc, and DL,NO/DL,CO in the pediatric age range is currently unknown but also restricted by lack of reference values.The diffusing capacity  statistical method.DL,CO,NO and 297 of DL,CO, respectively. Reference equations were established for the outcomes of DL,CO,NO and DL,CO, including the calculated values: Vc, Dm, and the DL,NO/DL,CO ratio.A total of 326 children were eligible for diffusing capacity measurements, resulting in 312 measurements of DThese reference values are based on the largest sample of children to date and may provide a basis for future studies of their clinical utility in differentiating between alterations in the pulmonary circulation and changes in the alveolar membrane in pediatric patients. L). DL for an inhaled gas reactive with hemoglobin is the flow of that gas from the alveoli to the blood for a unit difference in pressure. DL can be divided into two components: the diffusing capacity of the pulmonary membrane (Dm) and the chemical reaction of the gas binding to the blood. The latter is determined by the specific conductance of blood for a given gas, \u0398, and the capillary volume of the lung (Vc).The transfer factor of the lung for a gas, is often called the diffusing capacity of the lung (DL of carbon monoxide (CO) using a breath-hold of 10 seconds  is the most frequently used method with the current ATS/ERS methodological guidelines The single-breath method was first introduced in 1915 L,CO,10s, which required arterial samples and two respiratory maneuvers at two different oxygen tensions L,CO,NO) of determining Vc and Dm involving simultaneous inhalation of CO and nitric oxide (NO). Both CO and NO transfer are diffusion limited, but NO has approximately twice the physical diffusivity of CO, and the affinity to hemoglobin for NO (\u0398NO) is approximately 250 times greater \u0398NO was previously assumed infinitely great \u0398NO. The consequence of the use of a finite value for NO blood conductance is that DL,NO appears equally dependent on Dm and Vc as DL,CO is mainly dependent on Vc. In 1957, Roughton and Forster proposed a method of calculating Dm and Vc, using D\u0398gas), but no consensus currently exists about the true value of \u0398CO.The calculation of Dm and Vc involves the resistance of the red blood cell to gas transfer  L,NO/DL,CO ratio) L\u0398NO has been determined, new interpretations of the ratio will be necessary.With the previous assumption of an infinite value of L,CO,NO requires a single respiratory maneuver and allows simultaneous determination of DL,CO, DL,NO, as well as calculation of DL,NO/DL,CO, Dm, and Vc. In addition, DL,CO,NO generally involves a shorter breath-hold due to the fast disappearance of NO L,CO,NO,5s). Reference equations for these outcomes of DL,CO,NO,5s in children are scarce. A study involving 50 children over 8 years of age has been published L,CO,10sDetermination of Vc and Dm using DL,CO,NO,5s and DL,CO,10s are two distinctly separate methods, with multiple methodological differences.Despite similarities in the performed respiratory maneuver DL,CO,NO,5s including Dm, Vc, and the DL,NO/DL,CO ratio, in healthy children. Since no consensus guidelines exist for DL,CO,NO,5s and previous data is limited, contemporary measurement of the frequently used DL,CO,10s was performed to allow assessment of correlation between these two substantially different techniques and to assess whether they could be used interchangeably, although, knowing for a fact, that significant methodological differences exist. The resulting measurements of DL,CO,10s allowed establishment of reference equations and comparison with existing published reference equations for DL,CO,10s. Some of the results of this study have been previously reported in the form of an abstract The primary goal of this study was to calculate reference equations for the outcomes of DThe regional ethics committee of Copenhagen (\u201cDe Videnskabsetiske Komiteer i Region Hovedstaden\u201d) approved the project, and all subjects and/or their parents provided written, informed consent .In this cross-sectional, single-center study, healthy children and adolescents aged between 5 and 17 years were recruited from December 2011 to August 2012 from a private combined elementary and high school in Copenhagen, a public elementary school in rural Denmark, and among the healthy siblings of patients, and the children of staff at the Danish Pediatric Pulmonary Service. Prior to participation, the children (>15 years) or their parents were asked to fill out a health questionnaire covering gestational age, previous or current pulmonary disease, atopic illness, allergies, and any additional diseases the child had had, as well as current and previous medications.1/FVC below the age- and weight-specific lower limit according to recent data All participants were non-smokers, had two parents of European descent, and had no current pulmonary or cardiac disease, including any upper or lower respiratory infection 2 weeks prior to the measurements. Any use of bronchodilators, and in particular, use in the day previous to participation, was considered an exclusion criterion. Furthermore, we excluded participants with FEVHeight and weight were measured without shoes to the nearest 0.1 cm and 100 grams, respectively, using standard stadiometers  and scales. Age was calculated by difference between date of birth and participation date, and was recorded to decimal accuracy.L,COHemoglobin concentration was measured by a finger stick blood sample test  in all participants unless the child refused. Correction for hemoglobin concentration is not imperative in healthy children, as variations within the normal range do not significantly affect DL,CO,NO,5s, and DL,CO,10s were performed using the Jaeger Masterscreen PFT pro . Two identical sets of equipment were used at the three locations: one was used at the two participating schools and the other at the Danish Pediatric Pulmonary Service. Two experienced technicians performed all of the measurements. For most participants, spirometry and measurements of diffusing capacity were performed in a single sitting, but occasionally it required two sittings due to weariness with decreasing ability to perform technically acceptable measurements, especially with the younger children. If a participant was not able to make technically acceptable measurements in all three pulmonary function tests during the first sitting, they were invited back a second time. Spirometry always preceded the diffusing capacity measurements; DL,CO,NO,5s and DL,CO,10s were performed in a random order except in the youngest children, in whom DL,CO,NO,5s was measured first because it was the primary goal of this study.Spirometry, DParticipants breathed through a single-use mouthpiece with a built-in bacterial/viral filter  connected to the pneumotachograph.L,CO,NO,5s and DL,CO,10s are performed with a identical respiratory maneuver, with the exception of breath-hold time, but it is important to clarify that they are two distinctly separate methods, contained within one equipment setup, with differences in test gasses, gas analyzers and sampling techniques.Participants were instructed to breathe normally. Following two to three normal breaths, participants performed a deep expiration and then a complete and fast inspiration. Following a breath-hold, a complete and smooth expiration was performed. As stated in the introduction DL,CO,NO,5s, and DL,CO,10s.See Quality control was performed separately for the two methods. Having unacceptable measurements for one method did not exclude the participant from attempting to perform the other method. The average of two acceptable tests for each method was reported and included in data analysis.L,CO,NO,5s and DL,CO,10s. For children with a VC <1.5 L we reduced the discard volume to 500 ml We required at least 4 minutes between each measurement, to allow adequate elimination of the test gases. Discard and sample volume were each 600 ml in both DL,CO,NO,5s and DL,CO,10sBreath-holding time was calculated using the Jones and Mead method for both DL,CO,NO,5s and DL,CO,10s  was 130 ml, and the anatomical dead space  was calculated according to Cotes formula from 1993 as VD, an\u200a=\u200a2.2 ml/kg The instrument dead space for both DA) was calculated using the following formula:gas is the inspiratory fraction of inert gas  and FAgas is the alveolar fraction of inert gas. VIN is the inspiratory volume.Alveolar volume  were corrected for hemoglobin concentration when available. DL,NO and the diffusing capacity for NO per unit of VA  were not corrected for hemoglobin concentration All measurements were performed at sea level. DL,CO,NO5s and DL,CO,10s were performed according to current ATS/ERS guidelines IN/FVC) >80% as sufficient, in contrast to a ratio >85%. The vital capacity (VC) was not measured in our subjects, but FVC acquired during spirometry was assumed to be equivalent to the VC, as FVC has been shown to not differ significantly from VC in healthy subjects DL,CO,10s and DL,CO,NO,5s result in the measurement of DL,CO, VA, and KCO. In addition, DL,CO,NO,5s produces measurements of DL,NO, KNO, and allows calculation of Dm, Vc, and DL,NO/DL,CO(5s). To differentiate between the two methods, DL,CO,10s outcomes are denoted with \u201c10s\u201d and DL,CO,NO,5s outcomes with \u201c5s\u201d in this paper, e.g., VA,10s for VA measured using DL,CO,10s.Both DL,CO,10s method before start of the study and after completion of the study in both sets of equipment, and were found in accordance with ATS/ERS standards. A quality control report on both sets of equipment is provided in Supporting Information.  Biological quality control of measurements using both DL,CO,10s and DL,CO,NO,5s in addition to assessments of volumes demonstrated high levels of repeatability within subjects, between session and between equipment setups during the entire study period.Volume and gas calibration and biological quality control was performed daily prior to the measurements. Calibration syringes were tested for volume accuracy and were in accordance with ATS/ERS standards \u0398CO value at pH 7.4 was used 2 was set at 100 mmHg. Using the standard hemoglobin concentrations, 1/\u0398CO was found to be 1.71 for females and for males <15 years of age, and 1.86 for males >15 years of age.Roughton and Forsters' 1/NO/DmCO ratio (\u03b1) of 1.97 \u0398NO. Recently a finite value of \u0398NO has been accepted as more accurate, and was therefore used in this study. The finite value of \u0398NO leads to the following equations:A DmL,CO,NO,5s were considered to be DL,CO,5s, KCO,5s, VA,5s, DL,NO, KNO, and the calculated outcomes DL,NO/DL,CO,5s, and Vc, Dm for the finite value of \u0398NO. Primary outcomes for DL,CO,10s were DL,CO,10s, KCO,10s, and VA,10s. Reference equations were established using Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) with extended capabilities compared to the simpler, generalized linear models. The GAMLSS regression analysis allows the median or mean value (mu), the variability (sigma), and the skewness (nu) of the outcome variable to change with the explanatory variables. Possible distributions for the GAMLSS models were normal distribution (linear regression with mu and sigma), gamma distribution (mu and sigma), or the Box-Cox Cole and Green (BCCG) distribution . The latter is suitable for skewed data.The primary outcomes for Dmu, sigma, and nu were age, sex, height, and cube of height, as well as any two-way interaction between these variables for mu. Goodness of fit was assessed by \u2018worm plots\u2019 and Q statistics IN/FVC between 80% and 85%) were included after evaluating the influence and leverage of the resulting data points in ordinary linear regression analysis http://www.r-project.org) including the GAMLSS package.Stepwise model selection was carried out using the Generalized Akaike Information Criterion (GAIC). Possible explanatory variables in the selection of Figure S1 for the age distribution.See L,CO,10s was evaluated using a paired t-test (p\u200a=\u200a0.62) and a Bland-Altman plot (mean difference\u200a=\u200a0.06). See Conformity between the two sets of equipment for DReference equations, as well as the sigma for all outcomes, are presented in L,CO,5s,, KCO,5s, DLCO,10s, KCO,10s, and DL,NO/DL,CO,5s, reference equations were produced for both hemoglobin-corrected and non-corrected values. Vc and Dm were calculated based on the finite value of \u0398NO.For DExample of calculation:L,CO,5s is:L,CO,5s of:The reference equation for DL,NO/DL,CO,5s ratio as a function of height, we saw that the ratio increased with height for the youngest participants and reached a plateau around age 14 , DL,CO,10s, and VIN,10s. Including the mean of two measurements, not complying with ATS/ERS guidelines did not alter the reference equations .Young children were less likely to meet the guideline requiring less than 10% variation between two measurements of DIN/FVC between 80% and 85% should be excluded .Using the same procedure as described for the repeatability of measurements, we found little evidence that observations of VL,CO,5s and DL,CO,10s, as the resulting data points were not highly influential, and excluding them did not alter the Z-scores. Therefore, including them in the data analysis was acceptable.The influence of a given data point, such as an outlier, cannot be evaluated using residuals or Z-scores, as highly influential points will force the regression line close to it, resulting in a small residual and Z-score. We found little evidence that participants who deviated from ATS/ERS guidelines should be excluded from the estimation of reference equations for DL,CO,10s was significantly higher than DL,CO,5s (paired t-test p<0.0001) but as expected, DL,CO,10s and DL,CO,5s were strongly correlated . Similarly, using the Passing Bablok regression, we found a systematic difference, as well as a proportional difference  reflects both Dm and \u0398COL,CO primarily reflects Vc. With increasing height DL,NO will increase relatively more than DL,CO leading to the DL,NO/DL,CO,5s reaching a plateau around 140 cm.We have shown that both Vc and Dm increase with height and 9. AL,NO/DL,CO,5s in younger and smaller children may be due to a greater rate of capillary growth compared to lung surface growth or to a relatively thicker membrane in the young. As height increases with age, a compensatory relatively larger increase in Dm would result in an increasing ratio. Alveolarization has been shown to continue through out childhood and adolescence L,NO/DL,CO,5s ratio.The lower DL,CO,10s were slightly higher than existing, published reference values. One possible reason for this difference is that the present study population included children with both parents of European descent, whereas Koopman et al. included children with only one parent of European descent L in adults are small, but well established The reference values calculated in the present study for DOur results stress the importance of creating reference equations specific for a single population, or at least validating existing reference equations prior to implementing them in a laboratory setting.L,CO,10s was to secure a meaningful correlation to the much more scarcely described DL,CO,NO,5s technique, we secondarily wished to compare DL,CO measured by the two techniques. As expected we found a significant, systematic difference between DL,CO,5s and DL,CO,10s. The difference in DL,CO can be caused by a number of factors, as the two methods vary in a number of ways. See A and a resulting difference in DL,CO as DLCO\u200a=\u200aKCOA. Second, the sample method varies, with a physical gas sample being collected in the case of DL,CO,NO,5s, whereas a virtual sample was constructed from flow and gas concentration signals in the case of DL,CO,10s. Finally, we speculate if the difference in the kinetics of NO and CO in binding with hemoglobin may play a roll.Although the primary purpose of measuring DL,CO,10s focusing on varying breath-hold times, keeping all other factors constant, have shown that breath-hold time alone, influences KCO, leading to a decreased DL,CO with an increased breath-hold time L,CO.Older studies on DL,CO measured using DL,CO,NO,5s and DL,CO,10s cannot be used interchangeably for monitoring pulmonary disease. More research is required to determine how the mentioned factors combine to influence DL,CO. A given value of DL,CO can only be evaluated using reference equations produced with the same methodology and breath-hold time as recently confirmed In summary, the two methods vary in a number of ways and DL,CO,NO,5s and DL,CO,10s, resulting in a maximum of 12 tests in a single sitting. Repeating measurements of DL,CO,10s leads to an accumulation of CO in the blood, creating CO backpressure and decreasing DL,CO. However, recent work by Zavorsky showed that up to 12 tests can be performed in adults without significantly lowering the DL,CO. Furthermore, in regards to DL,CO,NO,5s, up to 22 repetitions does not lead to a decrease in DL,NOThe participants performed two or three tests, and rarely up to six repetitions of both DMeasuring lung function in this age group requires extra time and effort, but it is feasible. Most of the young children were able to perform the measurements according to ATS/ERS guidelines, but some had greater variability between measurements than normally accepted. This difference was partially due to the limited attention span of the children, who were not always able to perform repeated tests if the first two measurements did not comply with the ATS/ERS standard of a maximum 10% difference between measurements. We included measurements with greater variability, as they did not affect the estimated reference equations. Accepting greater variation in children makes sense if the alternative is to discard measurements completely.IN/VC \u226785% for adults. The recommendation is based on DLCO10s measured in a large group of adults, where 72%, 86%, and 92% of the participants were able to achieve a VIN/VC ratio of 90%, 85%, and 80%, respectively. Therefore, the recommended ratio, i.e., 85%, is a relatively arbitrary value and the guidelines state that VIN/VC <85% may still have clinical utility The ATS/ERS guidelines recommend an acceptance criterion of VAlthough most of our participants were able to inhale to more than 85% of FVC, some were not, despite multiple attempts and prompting and otherwise performing an adequate maneuver.IN/FVC >80% and reference equations only including VIN/FVC >85%.We found no differences between reference equations including measurements with VL,CO,NO,5s and DL,CO,10s would be relevant.In summary, we accepted measurements that did not meet ATS/ERS quality criteria because these measurements had no effect on the resulting equations. In the future, specific pediatric guidelines for both DL,CO,10s corresponded well to recently published equations, in particular those of Koopmans et al. The primary strength of this study is the large and acceptable age distribution of healthy children and adolescents from varying demographic backgrounds. Furthermore, this study was completed in two laboratory setups with identical equipment, as described in the online supplement. The same two technicians performed all measurements, resulting in a high level of repeatability and a systematic approach. In addition, we included children as young as 5 years of age, expanding our ability to adequately evaluate advanced pulmonary function in this age group. Finally, our calculated reference equations for DIn hindsight, it would have been beneficial to include a \u201cyoung adult\u201d group, 18\u201322 years old, in this study, as it would open up the possibility of bridging reference equations to include children, adolescents, young adults, and adults.L,CO. These include the steady state method, particularly suitable for infants or anaesthetized patients, or the rebreathing and intrabreath method, that both require cooperation, but can be performed in patients with lower lung volumes L,CO,NO.For the youngest children with a VC<1.5 liters, we reduced the discard volume to 500 ml. If the VC is even lower, as in the case of disease, this method may not be suitable. Multiple other techniques exist for DL,CO,5s, DL,NO, and the calculated outcomes DL,NO/DL,CO,5s, Vc, and Dm measured by DL,CO,NO,5s in healthy children and adults, of European descent. These equations are based on a large population with a broad age range, including children as young as 5 years of age. We expect that the present reference equations can be applied to similar populations throughout Europe, Australia and North America.This study is the first to create pediatric reference equations for the outcomes DL,NO/DL,CO,5s will lead to improved diagnostic evaluation and provide a monitoring tool for the treatment of children presenting with diffuse interstitial lung disease, whether it is a pure alveolocapillary membrane disturbance or pulmonary micro vascular disease. In particular, we believe that the DL,NO/DL,CO,5s ratio has great potential, as it is independent of the assumptions and models used to calculate Vc and Dm, that may be easily questionable. However, the clinical utility of Vc, Dm, and DL,NO/DL,CO,5s still needs to be evaluated in future studies. We acknowledge that multicenter studies are required for external validation of these results. We invite researchers to compare their results, in children with well known pathological features of the lung, with the results of this study. This will achieve increased understanding of the physiological meaning of the described measurements and their application in the early detection and monitoring of diseases.We hope that having reliable reference equations for Dm, Vc, and DFigure S1Age and gender distribution of participants.(TIFF)Click here for additional data file.Figure S2Quality control. Participants with more than 10% difference between two independent measurements of DL,CO,5s were evaluated, as this is in contrast to ATS/ERS guidelines.(TIFF)Click here for additional data file.Figure S3Quality control. Participants with more than 10% difference between two independent measurements of inspiratory volume  were evaluated, as this is in contrast to ATS/ERS guidelines.(TIFF)Click here for additional data file.Figure S4Quality control. Participants with more than 10% difference between two independent measurements of DL,CO,10s were evaluated, as this is in contrast to ATS/ERS guidelines.(TIFF)Click here for additional data file.Figure S5Quality control. Participants with more than 10% difference between two independent measurements of inspiratory volume VIN,10s were evaluated, as this is in contrast to ATS/ERS guidelines.(TIFF)Click here for additional data file.Figure S6Quality control. Measurements of VIN,5s/FVC between 80% and 85% were evaluated as ATS/ERS requires values >85%.(TIFF)Click here for additional data file.Figure S7Quality control. Measurements of VIN,10s/FVC between 80% and 85% were evaluated as ATS/ERS requires values >85%.(TIFF)Click here for additional data file.Appendix S1Age distribution.(DOCX)Click here for additional data file.Appendix S2Excel worksheet.(XLSX)Click here for additional data file."}
{"text": "Contributions\u201d series, dedicated to disseminating systematics research on the Noctuoidea, Geometroidea, and other macro-moth groups. Previous volumes were published in May 2009 , March 2010 , November 2011 , February 2013  and June 2014  , two species from the western United States , and two new genera . All updates and corrections to the Check List of North American Noctuoidea (In the current volume, eight authors contributed six manuscripts on North American taxa in the ctuoidea  since th"}
{"text": "Each day, on average, two construction workers die in the United States . In 2010CDC\u2019s National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has engaged the construction sector through a government/labor/management partnership, representing state and federal government agencies, professional organizations, trade associations, labor organizations, and private industry. The goal, in part, is to develop a national campaign aimed at construction contractors, onsite supervisors, and workers to address and reduce falls, fall-related injuries, and fall-related fatalities among construction workers. On Workers\u2019 Memorial Day, April 28, 2013, a national information and media campaign will be launched again through this partnership."}
{"text": "The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institutes of Health convened a Working Group on the Microbiome in Cardiovascular, Pulmonary and Hematologic Health and Diseases from June 25, 2014, to June 26, 2014. The Working Group\u2019s central goal was to define what major microbiome research areas warranted additional study in the context of heart, lung, and blood (HLB) diseases. The Working Group identified studies of the human virome a key priority. FindIn addition to the outcome of the Working Group described above, the NHLBI Strategic Visioning, an ongoing process dedicated to shape scientific priorities for the Institute and guide future funding strategies over the next decade, identified virome research as an area for further focus. To help address this need, NHLBI developed an initiative to support studies that evaluate how the human virome interacts with its host and the molecular and physiological mechanisms that govern those interactions. The funding opportunity announcement (FOA), RFA-HL-17-002, entitled, \u201cThe Role of the Human Virome in Heart, Lung, and Blood Health and Resilience (R61/R33),\u201d was published on October 5, 2016, with the receipt date of June 24, 2016, or for AIDS Applications: August 9, 2016, and will award grants in fiscal year 2017 . It is hAIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; FOA, funding opportunity announcement; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HGV, hepatitis G virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HLB, heart, lung, and blood; HMP, the NIH Human Microbiome Project; HSC, hematopoietic stem cell; HSCT, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; NHLBI, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; NIH, National Institutes of Health"}
{"text": "In the last few decades, health systems research (HSR) has garnered much attention with a rapid increase in the related literature. This study aims to review and evaluate the global progress in HSR and assess the current quantitative trends.Based on data from the Web of Science database, scientometric methods and knowledge visualization techniques were applied to evaluate global scientific production and develop trends of HSR from 1900 to 2012.HSR has increased rapidly over the past 20 years. Currently, there are 28,787 research articles published in 3,674 journals that are listed in 140 Web of Science subject categories. The research in this field has mainly focused on public, environmental and occupational health , health care sciences and services , and general and internal medicine . The top 10 journals had published 2,969 (10.31%) articles and received 5,229 local citations and 40,271 global citations. The top 20 authors together contributed 628 papers, which accounted for a 2.18% share in the cumulative worldwide publications. The most productive author was McKee, from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, with 48 articles. In addition, USA and American institutions ranked the first in health system research productivity, with high citation times, followed by the UK and Canada.HSR is an interdisciplinary area. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries showed they are the leading nations in HSR. Meanwhile, American and Canadian institutions and the World Health Organization play a dominant role in the production, collaboration, and citation of high quality articles. Moreover, health policy and analysis research, health systems and sub-systems research, healthcare and services research, health, epidemiology and economics of communicable and non-communicable diseases, primary care research, health economics and health costs, and pharmacy of hospital have been identified as the mainstream topics in HSR fields. These findings will provide evidence of the current status and trends in HSR all over the world, as well as clues to the impact of this popular topic; thus, helping scientific researchers and policy makers understand the panorama of HSR and predict the dynamic directions of research. With the approach of 2015, many countries intend to hasten their efforts towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and meanwhile they have already began discussing the post-MDGs health roadmap . Well-fuall organizations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore or maintain health\u201d [Health systems have existed in some form for over 100 years, when individuals and eventually governments became interested in organizing health systems to protect their population\u2019s health and treat their diseases . However health\u201d . This de health\u201d . The WHO health\u201d ,7. There health\u201d . It is t health\u201d . The \u201cso health\u201d . As such health\u201d ,8.The current surge in activities and researches around health systems is encouraging. Funding has increased in recent years ,11 with Role and Promise of Policy and Systems Research[Sound Choices: Enhancing Capacity for Evidence Informed Health Policy[Systems Thinking for Health Systems Strengthening[HPSR: A Methodology Reader[PLoS Medicine commissioned three articles on the state-of-the-art in HSR [Recent studies also have called for intensified investment, methods development, and capacity building in the assessment and research that accompanies health systems investment, ultimately strengthening the implementation processes. AHPSR have published the  Research, Sound Cth Policy, Systemsngthening, and mosgy Reader in ordert in HSR ,18,19. Tt in HSR . The most in HSR ,20.Overall, high level meetings and community level advocacy groups have highlighted the challenges that lie ahead: the post-MDGs global health agenda, burgeoning non-communicable diseases, achieving universal health coverage, and strengthening fragile health systems in low- and middle-income countries . TherefoThe main purpose of this study is to evaluate the global progress and quantitatively assess the current research trends on HSR. A comprehensive scientometric analysis and substantial discussion of research progress in HSR were provided so that specific attempts were employed in order to i) summarize significant publication patterns in HSR with basic statistics as well as advanced analysis, ii) evaluate research performance from multiple perspectives such as year of publication, subject category, journals, countries/regions, and institutes as well as authors ,23, and As a strictly selected abstract database, Web of Science (WoS), including Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Arts and Humanities Citation Index, has long been recognized as the most authoritative scientific and technical literature indexing tool providing data on the most important areas in science and technology research, especially about medicine. Furthermore, the WoS database includes the world\u2019s most important journals in relation to healthcare science, health policy, and systems research. The majority of high quality articles on healthcare science research are indexed by WoS. In addition, as a citation database, WoS provides enough search fields, such as keywords, country, organization, author, and references, which are all very important for literature analysis, especially for scientometric analysis ,25. TherFollowing the best international practices, \u2018evaluative scientometrics\u2019 was selected for this study. Scientometrics is a method by which the state of science and technology can be observed through the overall production of scientific literature at a given level of specialization. This tool provides an approach for situating a country in relation to the world, an institution in relation to a country, and individual scientists in relation to their peers. Scientometric indicators are equally suitable for macro-analysis  and micro-studies  . In thisThe term \u2018co-author\u2019 is used to denote the appearance of multiple writers simultaneously in one paper, and also reflects the collaboration of different institutes, regions, or countries ,34. The There were 35,819 total HSR-related papers in the Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Arts and Humanities Citation Index databases used for this study, distributed over 17 different document types . There wThe publication trends in annual papers in HSR from 1981 to 2012 are shown in Figure\u00a0Based on the classification of subject categories in the Journal Citation Report of WoS, the publication output data of HSR during the last century was distributed in 140 subject categories. The top 10 productive subject categories are shown in Table\u00a0HSR was mainly located in the fields of public, environmental and occupational health, health care sciences and services, and general internal medicine as shown in Table\u00a0Thomson Reuters\u2019 WoS covers research published in more than 12,000 scientific journals and conference proceedings, and is presently one of the most extensive sources of research and development outputs. HSR output was published in 3,674 journals, where the top 10 journals with more than 200 articles are displayed in Table\u00a0Social Science & Medicine, Health Policy, and Health Affairs. Health Affairs ranked first both in quantity and quality with the highest TLCS, TLCS/t, TGCS, TGCS/t, AGCS, impact factor, and H-index, followed by Social Science & Medicine. Moreover, Health Policy ranked third both in TLCS and TGCS, while Health Policy and Planning had a relative high TLCS/t and TGCS/t. In addition, Medical Care has a high AGCS and impact factor, which reflects the high quality of articles published in it. Since Social Science & Medicine, Health Policy, Health Affairs, and Medical Care published health systems-related papers in the early stages, they constitute the most important journals during the development process of HSR  of articles among the 11 most frequently cited articles, which also exhibited its predominance. In addition, among the top 11 cited papers, USA contributed to 7 and Switzerland 3 articles, respectively, and Brazil, a developing country and an \u2018emerging economy\u2019, held 1. The WHO published 3 articles and ranked first among all institutions, which reflects its dominant position in the HSR  from 1900 to 2012 are listed in Table\u00a0SR Table\u00a0.To locate the most popular research topics and their trends, the distribution of authors\u2019 keywords and keywords-plus was investigated. As for author keywords analysis, they offer information about research trends from the view of researchers, and they have proved to be important in monitoring the development of science . KeywordExamination of author keywords in this study period revealed that, altogether, 29,480 author keywords were used, among which 21,658 (73.47%) keywords appeared only once, and 3,188 (10.81%) keywords appeared twice. The high percentage of only once author\u2019s keywords probably indicated to the lack of continuity in research and a wide disparity in research focus. Another reason was that these keywords might not be standard or widely accepted by researchers. Author keywords appearing in articles that refer to HSR were calculated, and the top 60 author keywords were used and clustered with VOSviewer from 1900 to 2012  includes health policy and analysis research such as policy design and implementation -50, chalGroup 2 (green) includes epidemiology and economics of communicable diseases, such as HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria, and non-communicable diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, cancer, obesity, global diseases ,21,97, eGroup 3 (yellow) includes primary care research, training and education -100, quaGroup 4 (blue) includes health economics and health costs, health expenditure control ,113, heaAs supplies of author keywords, we also examined the co-occurrence relationships among the top 60 high frequency keywords-plus and the co-word networks were visualized using VOSviewer Figure\u00a0. With thSocial Science and Medicine, Health Policy, Health Affairs, and BMC Health Services Research. Hence, these journals are the core journals and play important roles during the knowledge dissemination and exchange in HSR.In this study, we have provided a supplemental evaluation of the status of HSR. Our analysis confirms that papers in HSR have increased rapidly during the last 20 years, and most notably in the last 8 years. In total, there were 28,787 research articles published in 3,674 journals listed in 140 SCI subject categories. Research in the fields of HSR have mainly focused on public, environmental and occupational health, health care sciences and services, and general and internal medicine. All output has been concentrated in several journals such as The HSR output is distributed unevenly by countries, institutes, and authors. OECD countries, especially the G7 countries, have published the majority of articles. In addition, USA, UK, and Canada stand in the core of international collaborative networks. Thus, they promote the creation, transmission, and sharing of knowledge in HSR fields. China, a developing country, also plays an important role in the country\u2019s collaborative network category. Furthermore, American and Canadian institutions, and the WHO have made great advances in paper research production, citation, and cooperation, along with the overall great strengths and good development prospects. Meanwhile, the most frequently cited articles come from the USA and Switzerland, during which American-authored papers had contributed the most to this field. Brazil, a developing country and as an emerging economy, also held one. The WHO published three articles and ranked first among all institutions, reflecting its dominant position in the HSR. McKee M, from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine published the most articles. However, most of the productive authors are from American institutes, such as University of Michigan. Finally, it could be concluded that the USA and its universities and academic institutions play a dominant role in the production, collaboration, citation, and high quality of articles.HSR is an interdisciplinary area and includes medicine, public-environmental and occupational health, health care sciences and services, pharmacology and pharmacy, economics, sociology, information science and technology, and psychology. Whilst health economics is a central discipline of HSR, the analyses most centrally fell within HSR, including work that focuses on financing. Its current hotspots center on health policy and analysis research, health systems and sub-systems research, healthcare and services research, epidemiology/economics of communicable and non-communicable global diseases, primary care research, health economics and health costs, pharmacy of hospital, and health . Meanwhile, the main topics found from the analysis of keywords-plus are in accordance with authors\u2019 keywords analysis results. Further, \u2018meta-analysis\u2019, \u2018randomized controlled-trial\u2019, \u2018disorders\u2019, \u2018schizophrenia\u2019, \u2018United States\u2019 \u2018physicians\u2019, and \u2018women\u2019, which were not in the top author keywords map, but also had significant roles in the keywords-plus map. Hence, these topics are also hot topics in HSR. Furthermore, from the perspective of citation, most researchers that have studied health systems have concentrated on the topics of health outcomes , responsiveness to health systems , leadership and governance , health financing and health expenditure , health services and quality of care , health performance assessment , health information systems , and health workforce. In addition, more and more attention has been paid to the developing countries, especially the \u2018emerging economies\u2019 (such as Brazil and China).These findings will provide evidence of the current status and trends in HSR all over the world, as well as clues to the impact of this popular topic, thus helping scientific researchers understand the panorama of HSR, and predict the dynamic directions of research. Therefore, based on these findings, policy makers could understand the status and positions of their countries or institutions, and the directions of HSR all over the world. Thus, they could spell out suggestions for HSR or reform directions. For example, they could develop post-MDG global health agendas, set health systems priorities areas, strengthen fragile blocks of health systems, and learn successful lessons from abroad to achieve universal health coverage. Meanwhile, the process of developing an HSR study begins with identifying the topic of focus \u2013 the issue or problem you want to investigate \u2013 and the related questions. Hence, with the help of these findings, researchers could select their research directions or topics, cooperative institutions and partners, and even choose academic achievements\u2019 platform exchange. In addition, because HSR is defined by the topics and the questions it addresses rather than the disciplinary perspective or the particular approach to data collection and analysis it adopts, the distribution of research subjects and hot topics will help people to understand the concepts of health systems.The results presented herein can provide evidence about the current status and future trends in HSR, as well as clues to the impact of this hot topic. However, they could not present the research foci of HSR simultaneously from multiple angles. For example, we could not clearly present the research features of journals, countries, institutions, or authors in one knowledge map. Further, we could not show the evolution pathway of HSR from different angles, such as the topic changes with time. Thus, future efforts are needed to describe the features of journals, countries, institutes, and authors, specifically the performance changes of processes in health systems areas.AGCS: average global citation score; AHPSR: Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research; HSR: Health Systems Research; MDGs: Millennium Development Goals; OECD: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development; TGCS: total global citation score; TLCS: total local citation score; WHO: World Health Organization\u2019s; WoS: Web of Science.The authors declare that they have no competing interests.LY initiated and designed the study, she also obtained the funding. QY, PHL and ZYL were involved in the data collection and analysis. QY participated in the study design, collected the data, and conducted the data analysis and the writing of the manuscript. PHL contributed to the design and analysis of the data and prepared the manuscript. ZYL contributed to the data analysis and revision of the manuscript. KC, FL, SQC, LYH and TAY edited the paper. All authors were involved in the interpretation of data and have read and given final approval of this paper.Annex S1.Click here for file"}
{"text": "Africa's population is growing at the fastest rate and it is estimated that by 2100, 38.5% of the 10.9 billion humans will be leaving in Africa. .The optimal health of a community is a result of a dynamic and fragile equilibrium among several elements such as: health determinants, human competencies, leadership, governance, health system, health delivery, policy and legislation . The cur"}
{"text": "We regret any inconvenience or confusion this error may have caused.In the article \u201cEffectiveness of Fresh to You, a Discount Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Market in Low-Income Neighborhoods, on Children\u2019s Fruit and Vegetable Consumption, Rhode Island, 2010\u20132011,\u201d we inadvertently listed an author affiliation for Sara Gorham incorrectly. Ms. Gorham is affiliated with the Institute for Community Health Promotion, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island. The changes were made to our website on October 16, 2015, and appear online at"}
{"text": "A brief summary of the early history of the study of Atlantic Ocean marine fish digeneans is followed by a discussion of the occurrence and distribution of these worms in the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent Eastern Pacific Ocean, using the Provinces of the \u2018Marine Ecoregions\u2019 delimited by Spalding et al. (Bioscience 57:573\u2013583,  Fasciola ventricosa Pallas 1774, now recognised as Hirudinella ventricosa  Baird, 1853, a large stomach parasite of large scombrid fishes originally reported from Ambon Island, Indonesia but now reported worldwide  Looss, 1901, originally reported from Danish waters  Nicoll, 1909, Macvicaria soleae  Gibson & Bray, 1982 and Podocotyle angulata Dujardin, 1845 off the Brittany coast, France. Other early workers in the north-eastern Atlantic include Thomas Spencer Cobbold  Stafford, 1904, presumably from a haddock apparently examined at Edinburgh, Scotland. Peter Olsson described many worms from the Scandinavian coasts  Odhner, 1905, Zoogonoides viviparus  Odhner, 1902, Zoogonus rubellus  Odhner, 1902 and Fellodistomum fellis  Nicoll, 1909. \u00c9douard van Beneden illustrated some worms from the Belgian coast  Odhner, 1911 and Otodistomum cestoides  Stafford, 1904.The study of the marine trematode fauna of the world can be said to have started in the Atlantic Ocean basin, although the earliest recognisable post-Linnaean name to be coined for a marine digenean is probably  Pallas, . Other e M\u00fcller,  consider M\u00fcller,  describe Cobbold  who descDistomum lasium, from off New Jersey, USA, which is now recognised as Zoogonus lasius  Stunkard, 1940. Edwin Linton started describing digeneans from various localities off the North American coast in the late 19th Century  Bartoli, Bray & Gibson, 1989, Opechona pyriforme  Bray & Gibson, 1990, Opecoeloides vitellosus  von Wicklen, 1946, Prosorhynchoides arcuatus  Love & Moser, 1983 and Lintonium vibex  Stunkard & Nigrelli, 1930.Little was done in the Western or Southern Atlantic during the 19th Century. Joseph Leidy  describeLecithaster confusus Odhner, 1905, Hemiurus levinseni Odhner, 1905, Aporocotyle simplex Odhner, 1900, Prosorhynchus aculeatus Odhner, 1905, Hemiurus communis Odhner, 1905, Proctophantastes abyssorum Odhner, 1911 and many more. Other north-eastern Atlantic workers of the early 20th Century are the British workers William Nicoll and Marie Lebour, whose contributions include the recognised species Fellodistomum agnotum Nicoll, 1909, Peracreadium idoneum  Gibson & Bray, 1982, Diphterostomum vividum  Bray & Gibson, 1986, Lepidapedon elongatum  Nicoll, 1910 and Steringotrema ovacutum  Yamaguti, 1953.Modern generic concepts began to be developed in the early 20th Century by Max L\u00fche and Arthur Looss in the Mediterranean and Teodor Odhner in the Atlantic. An important early work by the latter on Arctic worms Odhner, , was oneHomalometron pallidum Stafford, 1904, Neophasis pusilla Stafford, 1904, Stenakron vetustum Stafford, 1904 and Steganoderma formosum Stafford, 1904, is due to the restudy of Stafford\u2019s material by Max Miller  Overstreet, 1969, Genolopa elongata Manter, 1931, Genolopa minuta Manter, 1931, Proctotrema lintoni Manter, 1931 and Prodistomum menidiae  Bray & Gibson, 1990.No summary of the early work in the Atlantic Ocean would be complete without a mention of the contribution of Harold Manter. Starting in 1925  Odhner, 1911, Stephanostomum dentatum  Manter, 1940, Opechona pyriforme, Lintonium vibex, Lepocreadium areolatum  Stunkard, 1969, Tubulovesicula pinguis  Manter, 1947, Lasiotocus minutus  Thomas, 1959, Neopechona cablei Stunkard, 1980 and others  Dollfus, 1927, Zoogonoides viviparus, Stephanostomum caducum (Looss 1901) Manter, 1934, Monascus filiformis  Looss, 1907, Steringophorus furciger  Odhner, 1905, Derogenes varicus, Steringotrema pagelli, Fellodistomum fellis, Podocotyle reflexa  Odhner, 1905, Aporocotyle simplex, Lepidapedon elongatum, Lecithaster gibbosus  L\u00fche, 1901, Lecithochirium rufoviride  L\u00fche, 1901, Hemiurus luehei Odhner, 1905, Lecithocladium excisum  L\u00fche, 1901, Magnibursatus caudofilamentosa  Gibson & K\u00f8ie, 1991, Brachyphallus crenatus  Odhner, 1905 and Hemiurus communis Odhner, 1905  and his students, who have used the literature to write over 25,000 lines. The Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Ocean records from this database have been extracted and some further records have been added (by RAB and PED). The locality records have been coded according to Provinces of the \u2018Marine Ecoregions\u2019 delimited by Spalding et al.  see Tab, Fig. 1AConsidering the number of records accumulated, it might be considered that we know a good proportion of the fauna, but the effort in different parts of the Ocean has certainly not been even.The following data relating to the 17 regions of the Atlantic Ocean have been collated, along with the five Eastern Pacific regions: the number of species, genera and families in each region, the number of lines in the database per species, genus and family. These latter three parameters give an estimate of the effort in each region Table\u00a0. The numAs can be seen, the Tropical Northwest Atlantic (12) has the most described species, followed by the Mediterranean Sea (4). In terms of lines per taxon, the Northern European Seas Province (2) is the most studied region, but the Arctic (1), Mediterranean Sea (4) and possibly the Cold Temperate Northwest Atlantic (5) and the Tropical Northwest Atlantic (12), have very similar levels of effort. The effort in the southwestern Atlantic  is considerably less and no records were recovered from the North Brazilian Shelf Province (13). The best known fauna from this region is Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic (47). The south-eastern Atlantic  is the least studied continental coastal zone (with only two records recovered from the Benguela region \u221250). The two mid-Southern Atlantic Island provinces (15 and 49) have only one record each.The database has in total 9,880 records of 1,274 species in 430 genera and 45 families, of which 8,633 are from the Atlantic Ocean, with 1,125 species in 384 genera and 45 families. About 1,000 species are endemic to the Atlantic Ocean basin, but Lessepsian migrants and other identifications of Indo-West Pacific species confuse the picture.Lepidapedon Stafford, 1904 and other lepidapedids and fellodistomids  and 65 from the Mediterranean Sea (4) and the Warm Temperate Eastern Pacific (45). Considering the relatively few records of identified species in Region 45 (39% records are of unidentified worms), it seems clear that workers in this region, particularly in Chile and Peru, have suffered from a distinct taxonomic deficiency. On the other hand, Regions 12 and 4 are the most thoroughly studied regions and the number of records of unidentified parasites is relatively low (about 3% in both regions).The number of genera and species found in the families in the Atlantic Ocean are listed in Table\u00a0The most species-rich, and jointly the most widespread, family is the Opecoelidae Ozaki, 1925\u00a0Fig.\u00a0. The thiThe Atlantic is depauperate in some families that are relatively common in the Indo-West Pacific Region: the Gyliauchenidae Fukui, 1929, Enenteridae Yamaguti, 1958, Opistholebetidae Fukui, 1929 and Bivesiculidae Yamaguti, 1934\u00a0are notable examples. Other families are seemingly missing from the Atlantic entirely, including the Transversotrematidae Witenberg, 1944\u00a0and the Atractotrematidae Yamaguti, 1939.Himasthla tensa Linton, 1940 in the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. must also be considered an accidental infection  Odhner, 1902 and Derogenes varicus. Recent studies  Lunaschi, 2003. Lecithochirium genypteri is, however, circum-austral having been originally reported in New Zealand   Bray, Cribb & Barker, 1993   (Pais et al., The effect of man on the distribution of marine digeneans is exemplified by the effects of migration through the Suez Canal, so-called Lessepsian migration. We can be confident that this is changing the fauna, but to what extent it is not yet clear. For example, the herbivorous rabbit fish Our data suggest 1,125 species in 384 genera and 45 families are reported in marine fishes of the Atlantic Ocean basin; almost 1,000 of these species are endemic to the Atlantic Ocean. The geographical region which is most poorly known is the South Eastern Atlantic Ocean, with few reports and, apparently, no current research. The deep-sea of the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean is also virtually un-studied.The discovery of cryptic species in the Atlantic is in its early stages and will, without doubt, alter our understanding of the Atlantic digenean fauna as it has already in parts of the Indo-West Pacific (Miller et al.,"}
{"text": "There are errors in the Funding section and Acknowledgements section. The complete, correct Funding statement is as follows:No external funding was received for this study. Some resources (supplies and research assistance) were donated by T.S. Talley through California Sea Grant Project A/EA-AR-37, Ocean Discovery Institute, and D.M. Talley and N. Reyns through Environmental and Ocean Sciences at University of San Diego. The statements, findings, conclusions and recommendations are those of the researchers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the aforementioned organizations. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.The complete, correct Acknowledgements section is as follows:We are grateful to the University of California Natural Reserve System, Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Torrey Pines State Park, Ocean Discovery Institute, as well as Mark Page, Steve Schroeter, Andres Deza, and Justin Hoestery for site access and/or use of data. Thanks to the field sampling assistance of Rosa Calvario, Marlem Rivera, Carla Pisbe, Christine Whitcraft, Larisa Chavez, Liz Lopez, Nathalie Reyns\u2019 2009\u20132011 Marine Community Ecology classes at University of San Diego, and Paul Detwiler\u2019s 2013 Marine Science class at San Diego Mesa College. We also thank Erik Thuesen and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments that improved this manuscript."}
{"text": "One of the affiliations of Vladimir Flores was omitted in the original paper.The original paper affiliations were:Melina Rapacioli1, Ver\u00f3nica Palma2and Vladimir Flores1*1Interdisciplinary Group in Theoretical Biology, Department of Biostructural Sciences, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina2Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Santiago, ChileThe correct affiliations should be:Melina Rapacioli1, Ver\u00f3nica Palma2and Vladimir Flores1, 3*1Interdisciplinary Group in Theoretical Biology, Department of Biostructural Sciences, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina2Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile3Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurosciences \u201cProf. E. De Robertis\u201d (UBA-CONICET), School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaThe correction does not affect the scientific validity of the results.All authors listed, have made substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest"}
{"text": "In the course of the millennia, fire, a natural as well as a man-made entity, has been promoting human cultural and technological development. However, just like other powerful forces, fire has two sides: one that is positive or helpful and another that is negative or harmful. Obviously, as human beings survive and prosper better with fire than without it, it follows that possible burn injuries will stay with human beings.th Meeting of the International Society for Burn Injuries (ISBI) held in Edinburgh in 2012. That proposal outlines the ideal state of affairs, and indeed it is also our dream. On the contrary, all over the globe, patients with burn wounds are at present exposed to widely dissimilar conditions stemming from broadly different ethnic cultures, personal economic conditions, national health policies, and local medical traditions, which together end up determining profound dissimilarities in burn care. This inconsistent care is the reason for us launching an open-access journal, Burns & Trauma, as we wish to share on this platform several experiences, different data, various cases, and diverse ideas in a fast and easy way. Doctors, scientists, nurses, therapists, and social workers could improve the care of burn patients, promote the prevention of fire disasters, decrease postburn disabilities, and pursue a common dream: \u201cNo Burn Injury\u201d or at least \u201cOne World, One Standard\u201d.For a number of well-known reasons, burn injury remains a quite severe social and medical problem. \u201cOne World, One Standard\u201d was the proposal as the aim of the 16Burns & Trauma is an open access journal that aims to cover the latest and best achievements in all aspects of burn and trauma research. This new journal will provide a unique platform for the rapid publication of guidelines, original articles, review articles, case reports, letters, commentaries, and thematic issues on scientific research related to burn and trauma research. Themes include but are not limited to emergency medicine, wound healing, tissue engineering, intensive care, nutrition, bioengineering, shock, rehabilitation, immunology, infection, psychology, stem cells, organ damage, injury epidemiology, regeneration, and so on.Burns & Trauma: Antonino Gullo, Zhiyong Sheng, Zhengguo Wang, Xiaobing Fu, David Mackie, Basil A. Pruitt, Ronald G. Tompkins, Yongmin Yu, Ubaldo Armato, Xianchang Li, Xuetao Pei and the whole editorial team. Their suggestions, encouragement, and hard work will promote the growth of this forthcoming journal absolutely.I wish to acknowledge the people who have enthusiastically contributed to the launch of that Burns & Trauma will act as a successful vehicle for sharing our knowledge and thereby significantly contributing to the prevention and the management of burn injuries.I sincerely hope"}
{"text": "I felt the world narrowas I looked at her, a frail womantonight thin and grey,lent animus by memory anddesperation and loneliness.She gestured weakly as I came to herand said something, muffled,under the thick, coiled tubingwhich snaked to the maskbound about her face.I took the straps off,and at this early morning hourshe straightened her hair feebly,gazing in the darknessas the machine sputtered and blew.I rapidly ministered to it,pleading for silence.Freed now, she spoke;Dimly, there arose an elegance,rapidity and lucidity,an English accent and gentle wordsspilling out in her deprecating way.She beckoned; I sat,and held her hand.She told me of her time -she was a young woman,on a boat, falling away,journeying overseas, Australia,to a new home far removed.Of a man she had met there, and loved and buried.Of her work -she had thought it very important;Of the children she had borne -how she missed them.For me, for herself,she sketched the arc of her star.Sitting on a precipice, she spoke:What really mattered now, heremostly alone, in the dark,a small hospital roomand drawn curtains, fold-out fabric walls.At times I held that blowing maskagainst her face, to give her the breath,at times I asked a question -but mostly I listenedand held her hand.The machine huffed, disconnected,waiting, in the dark.She smiled as she spoke,sometimes mocking herself,sometimes wry, sometimes happy,on some things she couldn\u2019t speak -we both understood.She held a strength, I knew,found in those who dare reject hubris.My pager interrupted,it was the world interrupting, really,I silenced it -and sat with her and listeneduntil I could no more.Her last words,said with a smile: \u201cI know you\u2019re busy.Thank you for listeningto an old windbag like me.\u201dI told her it was my pleasure -I have always honored teachers.I strapped the mask back onand smiled at her, constrained,buried now, under mask and tubingwith life and machineconnected again, far from equal.She gazed up at me, still and silent.I gave her hand a squeeze,and left into the world of light,and movement,and things to be done.My world had expanded,but it was her last conversation."}
{"text": "Scientific Reports5: Article number: 13012; 10.1038/srep13012published online: 08172015; updated: 10292015In the original version of this Article, Klaus Leifer was incorrectly listed as being affiliated with \u2018Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden\u2019. The correct affiliation is listed below:Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Applied Materials, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.This error has now been corrected in both the HTML and PDF versions of the Article."}
{"text": "When he introduced the paradigmatic \u201clexical\u201d method of deriving personality trait terms from the dictionary, he therefore sought to exclude all trait terms with ostensive normative content. This approach had a profound effect upon the field, and researchers are still today working on how to optimally purge personality of normative content , thereby attaining \u201ccoherence\u201d of body, mind, and spirit, unconditional well-being, potential access to other minds, and \u201cdirect self-aware perception of what is real and true without misunderstanding as a result of preconceptions, prejudices, fears, desires, and conflicts\u201d (p. 325). Cloninger  and the Higgs field within which particles acquire mass, and he claims, furthermore, that the unpredictability  of quantum physical events is \u201canother way of talking about freedom\u201d (p. 73) and that \u201cthe thought of gifted people involves intuitive leaps or quantum jumps, not deductive algorithms\u201d  cooperativeness, or communion, which incorporates compassion, empathy, helpfulness, acceptance of others, and acting on moral principles rather than self-interest, and (3) self-transcendence, which incorporates a sense of unity underlying the universe and connecting the self with the world around it, intuitive apprehension of relationships that cannot be explained rationally or observed objectively, and experiences of flow, absorption, and self-forgetfulness. These aspects of character correspond, respectively, to the person's relation to the self, to others, and to the universe. As such, they undoubtedly refer to basic aspects of our intentional engagement with the world. But the model does not take different worldviews into account. Self-transcendence, in particular, appears conflated with spiritual self-transcendence\u2014that is, self-transcendence through spirituality. Self-transcendence, in a more general sense, can be understood as the pursuit of meaning and identity through participation in, and selfless contribution to, something larger than the self, whether this is a divine or spiritual reality, a community of persons or sentient beings, or an ideological ideal (Schwartz, Cloninger et al.  model dihow, different worldviews can be reconciled with ethical self-transcendence, selfless love, genuine happiness, tolerance, creativity, autonomy, and experiences of wonder, beauty, and awe. It is, I suggest, unlikely that there is one ultimate path of character development suitable for all persons. Cloninger's (More generally, I suggest that character can be understood in terms of the interaction between the three proposed dimensions and the person's worldview, and that researchers therefore need to investigate how different worldviews facilitate and inhibit the development of character. Because character is an intrinsically normative concept, what counts as character is partly an empirical question\u2014character is what turns out to produce desirable psychological, moral, and social consequences. We might ask, for example, if, and if so ninger's , p. 29 oninger's , 2013.The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "RoNeuro Institute, an academic excellence research and diagnosis center for the neurological diseases, came true, managing to treat over 3000 patients, most of them representing difficult cases in Romania and abroad. The existence of not only some remarkable professionals but also the latest technologies in the field, which were used for the first time in Romania, as for example the eye-tracking system, in the process of evaluating the cognitive performances, has made possible its fully deserved assertion in the elite medical world. In less than one year, the dream of the Foundation for the Study of Nanoneuroscience and Neuroregeneration, Society for the Study of Neuroprotection and Neuroplasticity (SSNN), together with the Romanian Society of Neurology (RSN) and \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Cluj-Napoca, under the aegis of the European Federation of NeuroRehabilitation Societies (EFNRS) and the World Federation for NeuroRehabilitation (WFNR), the scientific and exceptional educational medical event, RoNeuro Brain Days, which hosted the 5th edition of the European Teaching Course on NeuroRehabilitation, and which took place in the period 1-4 of June 2015, in Cluj-Napoca, the location being \u201cGheorghe Marinescu\u201d Amphitheatre in \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, has managed to bring together professionals in the field of medicine and world scientific researches, from countries such as Germany, USA, Austria, Italy, Ukraine and Romania.Organized by the Prof. Dafin F. Mure\u015fanu, MD, President of the Romanian Society of Neurology (RSN) and President of the Society for the Study of Neuroprotection and Neuroplasticity (SSNN), affirmed.\u201cWe would like to develop rehabilitation in Romania in a modern, interdisciplinary context, in which the neurologist, the specialist in physical medicine and recovery medicine, the psychologist, logopedist, kinesiotherapist, ergotherapist and medical assistant work together as a team and generate the optimum result for the patient. We would also try to bring a neurorehabilitation component in the field, in the near future, a curriculum being already developed at the European level. Neurorehabilitation represents an interdisciplinary growing field in Europe. Many national societies are born under our sight, but certainly, the leaders are still the national societies in Germany, Italy, Holland, Austria. Romania is active in this field with the help of the two neurorehabilitation societies\u201d, \u201cThere are some factors and the lifestyle is the most important. Hypertension, atrial fibrillation, dyslipidemia, diabetes, physical inactivity, obesity, smoking, exaggerated alcohol or central nervous system stimulant substances consumption, intellectual overstrain, stress, hormonal dysfunctions, brain trauma, are reasons which can generate an early brain aging\u201d, Prof. Dafin F. Mure\u015fanu, MD, declared. Premature brain aging and brain regeneration have been the main preoccupations of the elite of neurologists who took part in the event in Cluj. RoNeuro Brain Days, which drew the attention to the positive effects of the treatment with neurotrophic factors in patients with this type of brain injuries. According to these data, the treatment significantly improves the patients\u2019 quality of life. In this complex study, coordinated by Prof. Dafin F. Mure\u015fanu, 25 top neurosurgeons and neurologists have taken part, mostly from Romania, who have treated and monitored 7.769 patients on a period of 5 years, in 10 neurosurgery departments in Romania. The greatest retrospective traumatic brain study in the last decade has been presented in \u201cThis study has been a real challenge for neurology in general and especially for neurosurgery. The results have shown an obvious improvement of the health state of the patients who suffer from brain injuries, which are mostly produced due to road accidents, to which the new treatment had been applied in the first 48 hours from the accident\u201d, Prof. Fafin F. Mure\u015fanu, MD, commented.RoNeuro Brain Days, another event took place, The Congress of the European Society for Clinical Neuropharmacology (ESCNP), which is one of the elite societies of world medicine, whose president elected last year, is Prof. Dafin F. Mure\u015fanu, MD. In addition, Prof. Mure\u015fanu continues the projects of his predecessor, Prof. Johannes Thome, MD, from Germany, a scientific society whose purpose is the promotion of education and acquiring a high level of knowledge and understanding in the field of clinical neuropharmacology. The society supports the research activity in neuropharmacology, the development of scientific standards, counseling regarding the best methods and techniques to interpret the results but also maintaining the collaboration with the national and international societies, governmental organizations, professional associations, as well as other types of groups, societies, institutions, etc., which contribute in the development of the clinical neuropharmacology field. During During the event, the following works and papers were presented: Prof. Dafin F. Mure\u015fanu, MD, Romania - Advances in neurorehabilitation fundamentals - an update, Results from a large retrospective cohort trial in TBI, Pharmacological support in traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, The role of neurotrophic factors in brain protection and recovery after stroke; Prof. Albert Ludolph, MD, Germany - ALS genotypes and phenotypes; Prof. Heinrich Binder, MD, Vienna, Austria - The forgotten autonomous system in early rehabilitation, What\u2019s the meaning of early rehabilitation in neurodegenerative diseases?; Prof. Ovidiu B\u0103jenaru, MD, Romania - Neurorehabilitation strategy in patients with focal dystonia, Brain cholesterol: implications in the treatment of neurological diseases; Prof. Amos D. Korczyn, MD, Israel \u2013 Disease course modification in Parkinson\u2019s disease, Vascular Parkinsonism, Medically unexplained symptoms in neurology.Moreover, other works were also presented: Prof. Johannes Vester, MD, Germany \u2013 Is there a chance for clinical research in neurorehabilitation within the framework of evidenced-based medicine? Classic and new approaches; Prof. Gelu Onose, MD, Romania \u2013 Propaedeutics for rehabilitation in the central nervous system traumatology (postacute/ subchronic stages); Prof. Adriana Sarah Nica, MD, Romania \u2013 Nutritional care of neurological disabled patients; Prof. Mihaela Baciu\u0163, MD, Romania - The benefit of high-end neurological therapy in maxillofacial surgery; Prof. Tudor Lupescu, MD, Romania \u2013 Symptomatic treatment in diabetic neuropathy; Prof. Vitalie Lisnic, MD, Republica Moldova - Impairment of the central nervous system in demyelinating polyneuropathies: neurophysiological, clinical and neuroimaging aspects, Atypical forms of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, etc. What has already become a tradition is the care of the organizers for the variety and diversity of the actions auxiliary to the scientific ones, which have also been surprising on this event. And, it could not have been otherwise, since it was for example a moment, which was aptly chosen from the works of some illustrious classical music composers, such as Verdi, Rossini, Leoncavallo, Bizet, Offenbach, Lehar, from a bunch of immortal canzonets or traditional Russian or Jewish music, a moment which entirely belonged to the members of the National Opera in Cluj, who are young but very talented, impressing and completing the exceptional scientific congress. Executive EditorAssoc. Prof. Dr. Eng. Victor Lorin Purcarea"}
{"text": "Intelligent materials are claimed to overcome current drawbacks associated with the attainment of high standards of life, health, security and defense. Membrane-based sensors represent a category of smart systems capable of providing a large number of benefits to different markets of textiles, biomedicine, environment, chemistry, agriculture, architecture, transport and energy. Intelligent membranes can be characterized by superior sensitivity, broader dynamic range and highly sophisticated mechanisms of autorecovery. These prerogatives are regarded as the result of multi-compartment arrays, where complementary functions can be accommodated and well-integrated. Based on the mechanism of \u201csense to act\u201d, stimuli-responsive membranes adapt themselves to surrounding environments, producing desired effects such as smart regulation of transport, wetting, transcription, hydrodynamics, separation, and chemical or energy conversion. Hopefully, the design of new smart devices easier to manufacture and assemble can be realized through the integration of sensing membranes with wireless networks, looking at the ambitious challenge to establish long-distance communications. Thus, the transfer of signals to collecting systems could allow continuous and real-time monitoring of data, events and/or processes. Under the effect of one or more external stimuli\u2014ocedures .Based on the \u201csensing-to-action\u201d sequence, stimuli-responsive membranes can offer attractive solutions to numerous applications in the field of textiles, biomedicine, environment, agro-food, water treatment, agriculture, architecture, transport and energy ,3,4.Conceptually, the membrane is considered as a semi-permeable interface able to block the passage of some species while other substances are transported from one phase to another, under steady or unsteady conditions. The transport can be controlled through different mechanisms depending on the membrane feature-types, stream chemistry, and process engineering ,6,7,8. Unquestionably, in the last years the membrane science has gained a leadership in traditional areas such as separation, purification, chemical and energy conversion, by-products reduction, development of artificial organs, and so on .However, it is quite surprising how the way of perceiving the concept of membrane has been progressively changed, leading to an emerging and always more expanding area of research, wherein membrane and sensor technologies are vigorously examined in an attempt to mimic the behavior of natural systems, which are regarded as \u201cmulti-reservoirs of intricate and miniaturized smart functional architectures\u201d ,12,13,14In this frame, many efforts have been done so far in order to make the membranes adaptable, self-maintaining and self-healing like objects, animals and vegetables broadly distributed in nature. Thus, it is not difficult to imagine how transport, wetting, transcription, hydrodynamics, and chemical or energy conversion can be triggered through artificial membranes having a flat, tubular or spherical configuration ,17,18,19A major success is realized when the control of the matter occurs on nano and microscale ,21,22. I2 and O2, is surely an attractive challenge for application in packaging, where prolonged freshness, quality monitoring, safety and harmless shipping/storage represent important prerogatives.Undoubtedly, the creation of interactive and ultra-smart membranes will bring substantial changes in technology, economy, lifestyle and society. It is enough to imagine the advantages arising from the use of intelligent membranes in architecture, agriculture, textiles, pharmaceutical, food and beverage industries. The ability of membranes to stop the air permeability and change the water transmission rate, depending on the direction of heat flow and relative humidity, is expected to promote the development of smart and energy-saving constructions over seasonal time, but also to make textiles comfortable and adaptable to extreme activities and environmental conditions. The smart regulation of vapors and gases, including COBiotechnology is another area where intelligent membranes are in great demand for human health, defense and security. Stimuli-responsive membranes, working as reservoirs of target molecules for targeted therapies or against harmful agents, represent the focus of many current membrane-based studies as well as membranes working like chemical valves and of interest for selective bio-separations, ion-transport and molecular capture. Membranes capable of detecting, stopping and/or quickly destroying contaminants and dangerous chemical or biological compounds could come into play in military, aerospace, biomedicine, water treatment or environmentally hazardous compartments as well.Also, smart membranes perform a fascinating function when used for self-cleaning and self-healing purposes. Combining morphological features with sensing chemical elements, it is possible to save original properties and integrity of the membranes, taking advantage of preventing fouling phenomena, dirty/soil adhesion or damage in the structure and/or chemistry. Optimistically, the future is the miniaturization of adaptive materials and nanosensors in membranes with a major ambition to connect the latter to wireless networks in order to transfer/store signals and data, establishing long-distance communications. It is evident that the achievement of this target could fully revolutionize the lifestyle of everyone and especially that of sportsmen, astronauts, babies, soldiers and the sick. The integration of conductive wearing membranes in textiles appears to be, for example, a viable route towards the fabrication of comfortable electronic devices, enabling to detect in real-time vital functions such as breathing, cardiac frequency, sweat, temperature, blood, and posture .Future prospects involve highly motivated membrane technologists working on the creation of membranes such as complex arrays where new properties can be accommodated for, giving varied smart responses to direct inputs arising from the surrounding environment and, therefore, provide benefits without sacrificing performance. Then, the dream may come true \u2026."}
{"text": "There is no affiliation indicated for the first author, Wang Nguitragool.\u00a0Wang Nguitragool is affiliated with: Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. The publisher apologizes for this error, which was introduced during the typesetting process."}
{"text": "Frontiers in Psychology, 2015, Vol. 6, Art. 192), on page 6, Figure In the article \u201cBayesian reasoning with ifs and ands and ors,\u201d by Nicole Cruz, Jean Baratgin, Mike Oaksford, and David E. Over (The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "This study was conducted to assess the relation between allergic rhinitis (AR), acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and environment, comorbidity and ethnicity.A posted GA2LEN screening questionnaire was sent to all those in a random sample of Dutch population (n=16700) in three different areas.The prevalence of ARS is significantly related to AR, a doctor\u2019s diagnosis of CRS, urticaria, eczema, smoking, gender, ethnicity and age. The prevalence of CRS is significantly related to AR, a doctor\u2019s diagnosis of CRS, urticaria, adverse response to painkiller, smoking, ethnicity, asthma and age. The prevalence of AR is significantly related to a doctor\u2019s diagnosis of CRS, urticaria, eczema, adverse response to painkillers, smoking, occupation, ethnicity, asthma, age, CRS and ARSSome environmental factors, comorbidity and ethnicity are positively or negatively related to AR, ARS and CRS. Place of residence in the Netherlands is not related to the prevalence of these diseases."}
{"text": "Scientific Reports6: Article number: 1876410.1038/srep18764; published online: 01082016; updated: 08192016.In the original version of this Article, there was an error in Affiliation 1 which was incorrectly given as \u2018Department of Health Management, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China\u2019. The correct affiliation is listed below:\u2018Department of Health Management, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China\u2019.This error has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article."}
{"text": "In this period, I could not start this editorial without wishing all of you a Happy New Year.This is also the opportunity for me to warmly thank, for their confidence, our authors, readers, reviewers, members of the editorial board, sponsors, as well as members of MDPI AG in Basel, Beijing, and Wuhan.Pharmaceuticals at the end of January, I was told that the job would be challenging and exciting. It was true, but I got a great deal of support from the scientific and administrative teams of MDPI AG. That allowed us to accumulate excellent results during the past year. Visibility of Pharmaceuticals increased from 458,383 full-text views in 2014 to 608,080 in 2015, a jump of almost 30%. Three Special Issues have been successfully completed. They were dedicated to mitochondrial target-based drug discovery [When I was offered the position of Editor-in-Chief of In 2015, eight distinguished scientists joined the Editorial Board: Jean Pierre Bazureau , Tien L. Huang , Joachim Jose , Christopher W. K. Lam , Viktor P. Lozitsky , Louis M. Mansky , Suzanne Peyrottes , and Maria Emilia de Sousa . Annie Mayence  acts as a new associate editor.Pharmaceuticals has affirmed its status of international scientific journal by sponsoring a series of events among which:23. Jahrestagung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Radiochemie/Radiopharmazie, Erlangen, Germany;\u00e8mes Journ\u00e9es Franco-Belges de Pharmacochimie, Spa, Belgium;291st joint European Conference on Therapeutic Targets and Medicinal Chemistry, M\u00fcnster, Germany;23rd National Meeting on Medicinal Chemistry, Salerno, Italy;11\u00b0 Encontro Nacional de Quimica Organica/4\u00b0 Encontro de Quimica Terapeutica, Porto, Portugal;Ricai 2015: 35th Interdisciplinary Meeting of Anti-infective Chemotherapy, Paris, France.Pharmaceuticals was the proud organizer of the First International Electronic Conference of Medicinal Chemistry [The journal was also present at the 250th American Chemical Society National Meeting and Exhibition in Boston, MA, USA. In addition, last but not least, hemistry . Membershemistry .Pharmaceuticals. We are also proud to let you know that the journal will organize a competition awarding one travel grant [No time for napping; in 2016 we must confirm the promising results obtained during 2015. Increasing the visibility of our journal will remain one of our main goals. We are already working in that direction, and we are pleased to announce that the Second International Electronic Conference on Medicinal Chemistry  will takel grant . It will"}
{"text": "An old saying states that \u2018\u2019children are not little adults\u201d and this certainly holds true for celiac disease, as there are many peculiar aspects regarding its epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical presentations, associated diseases, and response to treatment in pediatric compared to adult populations, to such an extent that it merits a description of its own. In fact, contrary to the past when it was thought that celiac disease was a disorder predominantly affecting childhood and characterized by a malabsorption syndrome, nowadays it is well recognized that it affects also adult and elderly people with an impressive variability of clinical presentation. In general, the clinical guidelines for diagnosis recommend starting with specific serologic testing in all suspected subjects, including those suffering from extraintestinal related conditions, and performing upper endoscopy with appropriate biopsy sampling of duodenal mucosa in case of positivity. The latter may be omitted in young patients showing high titers of anti-transglutaminase antibodies. The subsequent management of a celiac patient differs substantially depending on the age at diagnosis and should be based on the important consideration that this is a lifelong condition. In fact, in a substantial number of cases, both in adults and children, the disease remains clinically silent and the only manifestation is the associated disease/s [i.e., endocrinologists, rheumatologists, orthopedists etc., who need to be aware of this association [The number of conditions possibly associated with CD is extensive enough to justify active screening for most of them, with an estimated prevalence of 30.1% in adulthood and 20.7% in childhood . The mosisease/s ,63 for wociation . Here bevice versa.Surely, diabetes mellitus type I is the most frequent autoimmune disease associated with CD , with a An increased prevalence of autoimmune thyroid diseases, namely Hashimoto\u2019s and Graves\u2019 diseases, has been described in adults and to a greater extent in children with CD, although the rate varies amongst studies ,80,81,82i.e., Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome [Other than type 1 diabetes and thyroid autoimmune diseases, further endocrine conditions, such as Addison\u2019s disease  and primsyndrome , systemisyndrome , and juvsyndrome , skin disyndrome , hepaticsyndrome , neurolosyndrome , cardiolsyndrome  and idiosyndrome , althougsyndrome . Similarsyndrome , has beesyndrome . Here beSjogren\u2019s syndrome is an autoimmune exocrinopathy characterized by dry eyes, dry mouth, and circulating antibodies against intracellular proteins. The association between Sjogren\u2019s syndrome and CD was first described in 1965 . Since tSelective IgA deficiency is one of the most frequent immunologic disorders associated with CD, with a reported frequency of 1:39 in populations of both adult and childhood CD , compareOther than gluten ataxia, a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as peripheral neuropathy, epilepsy, headaches, dementia, depression, autism, and schizophrenia has been reported in association with CD, both in childhood and adulthood, although the risk seems higher in adulthood . In partThe relationship between dermatomyositis and CD has been suggested, both in young adult and adults ,119, witPossible conditions associated with CD, mainly in childhood, include elevated serum aminotransferases, without any specific histological changes that promptly reverse after a course of GFD, now known as \u201cceliac hepatitis\u201d , as wellObviously, this problem affects only CD in adulthood, where the association of infertility in both women and men  is recogFollowing the established association with some genetic disorders, namely Down\u2019s, Turner, and Williams syndrome, CD screening is highly recommended for these conditions. The prevalence of CD in Down\u2019s syndrome patients, indeed, ranges from 4% to 18%, according to several studies performed in both the USA and Europe ,134,135,Pending a better understanding of its pathogenesis ,2, the tThe term complicated CD encompasses a spectrum of different conditions, namely refractory CD (RCD), ulcerative jejunoileitis (UJI), and enteropathy-type-associated T cell lymphoma (EATL), which represent a biological continuum and are estimated to affect only a few cases in the adult CD population ,3,163. TIn conclusion, despite previous evidence that adult CD carries a twofold increase in all-cause mortality, and 60-fold increase in non-Hodgkin lymphoma compared with the general population , a recenTaken together, these findings highlight how different CD in children appears compared to CD in adults. First, the disease seems more common in children than in adults ,178 prob"}
{"text": "July 2015 marks the 25th anniversary of the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), signed into law on July 26, 1990, by President George H.W. Bush. ADA prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in all areas of their everyday lives, such as work, school, transportation, communication, recreation, and access to state and local government services. When first enacted, ADA defined a disability as a \u201cphysical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities.\u201d.http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/.For more information on disability research and surveillance and state and national disability programs and resources, access the CDC\u2019s Disability and Health Branch, available at"}
{"text": "Objectives: Considering the increasing prevalence of depression in modern societies and the positive effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on depression, this study aims to investigate the omega-3 and omega-6 content of various foodstuffs, prescribed or prohibited by Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM).Materials and Methods: Firstly, reliable sources of Iranian Traditional Medicine were reviewed in order to identify the prescribed and prohibited foodstuffs for depressed patients. Afterwards, according to the online database of United States Department of Agriculture , the ratio of linoleic acid to alpha linolenic acid  was identified in each foodstuff. Finally, the ratios of omega-6 to omega-3 were compared between seven food groups of vegetables, fruits, dry goods, high protein products, dairies, breads, and spices.Results: Based on the resources of Iranian Traditional Medicine, the following foods are prescribed for depressed patients: basil, coriander, spinach, lettuce, squash, peppermint, dill, chicory, celery, beet, quince, cucumber, watermelon, grape, peach, pomegranate, banana, apple, currant, pistachio, dried fig, almond, egg, chicken, lamb, trout, milk, bread without bran, saffron, oregano, and coriander seeds. On the other hand, cabbage, eggplant, onion, garlic, broad beans, lentils, beef, whole wheat bread, and mustard are prohibited. It should be noted that omega-3 content in some prescribed foods is more than that of the prohibited ones.Conclusion: The present study showed that mint, basil, spinach, lettuce, squash, lamb, saffron, oregano, cucumber, pistachio, milk, and also wild trout can be considered as medicinal foods for depressed patients. Recently, a great deal of attention has been paid to the use of therapeutic methods for depression, based on Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)  as a CAM involves several non-pharmacological treatments, among which food therapy is the most notable. Although the effectiveness of different diets, such as the Mediterranean diet, in preventing depression . It should be noted that the values of linoleic acid and alpha linolenic acid are considered relative to the amount of omega-6 and omega-3, respectively. In the next step, the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 was determined for each of the foodstuffs in seven food groups, including vegetables, fruits, dry goods, high protein products, dairies, breads, and spices. Finally, in each of the aforementioned groups, the obtained ratios were compared with each other. At first, reliable ITM texts including Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyyah, Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb and Zakhireh Kharazmshahi were reviewed for prescribed and prohibited foods in depression. Given to the positive impacts of polyunsaturated fatty acids on depressed patients and for investigating omega-3 content of the foodstuffs, in the next step the amounts of omega-3 and also omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids for each of the foodstuffs were collected from the USDA database , in the vegetables group, the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 in mint, spinach, basil, lettuce, and squash is less in comparison with all the prohibited vegetables. However, this does not apply to coriander, dill, chicory, celery, and beet, which are prescribed in this group  was higher than those of lamb (3:1) and beef (2:1). Therefore, based on our findings, beef and lamb are preferable to trout, with regard to their omega-3 content. Since the approximate ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 in wild trout is 2:1, this contradiction could be related to selecting framed trout instead of wild trout in this study.Recent studies show the negative effect of non-bran grain consumption on depression (Jacka, 2010On the other hand, modern medicine databases have reported the antidepressant effect of garlic (Dhingra and Kumar, 2008In the present study, we studied only the USDA database for polyunsaturated fatty acids values, while reports by other resources were neglected. Because this database is one of the most valuable and well-known resources in this domain, the obtained results are most likely reliable.Other limitation of this study is that the effects of other nutrients have not been considered. Omega-3 is only one of the effective nutrients for depression management and there are many other nutrients that have positive effect on depression. Therefore, it is not possible to confirm the antidepressant effects of foodstuffs only by relying on their fatty acids content. As the final point, mint, basil, spinach, lettuce, squash, lamb, saffron, oregano, cucumber, pistachio, milk, and also wild trout can be considered as medicinal foods for depressed patients. On the other hand, cabbage, eggplant, onion, broad beans, lentils, beef, and mustard do not have such effect. By definition, medicinal foods not only provide the required nutrients, but also promote the health status of an individual (Esfahani et al., 2011As previously mentioned, polyunsaturated fatty acids are only part of the nutrients affecting depression and nutrients are only part of the effective ingredients in a foodstuff. Accordingly, research on the effects and amounts of other nutrients in the studied foodstuffs would be helpful in achieving more accurate results. Moreover, it would be advantageous to design observational or interventional studies based on the main findings of this study."}
{"text": "PLoS Biology, volume 2, issue 3:In Table of ContentsPage iiiThis photograph was used on the March 2004 Table of Contents, where Adam Lazarus, who generously supplied the image, should have been acknowledged. We apologize for this omission."}
{"text": "Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-022-22323-9, published online 17 October 2022Correction to: The original version of this Article contained an error in the Funding section.\u201cThis work is funded by Pusan National University Research Grant 2020. The funder had no role in study design, data collection, software development, data analysis, data interpretation, writing of the report, or decision to submit the paper.\u201dnow reads:\u201cThis work was supported by a 2-Year Research Grant of Pusan National University. The funder had no role in study design, data collection, software development, data analysis, data interpretation, writing of the report, or decision to submit the paper.\u201dThe original Article has been corrected."}
{"text": "The development of nanomaterials with different shapes and sizes and which are utilized as effective materials for energy and environmental applications constitutes a challenge for researchers ,2,3,4,5.This Special Issue also collected various research articles addressing catalysis, which is used in different applications; for example, Boyu Li, et al.  reported"}
{"text": "Movement is fundamental to life, shaping population dynamics, biodiversity patterns, and ecosystem structure. In 2008, the movement ecology framework :19052\u201319059, 2008) introduced an integrative theory of organismal movement\u2014linking internal state, motion capacity, and navigation capacity to external factors\u2014which has been recognized as a milestone in the field. Since then, the study of movement experienced a technological boom, which provided massive quantities of tracking data of both animal and human movement globally and at ever finer spatio-temporal resolutions. In this work, we provide a quantitative assessment of the state of research within the MEF, focusing on animal movement, including humans and invertebrates, and excluding movement of plants and microorganisms. Using a text mining approach, we digitally scanned the contents of  De motu animalium 384-322 BC) and mechanistic  perspectives  by Marshall et al. ) Methods section\u2014or any other section except for tables.The dictionary analyses showed high precision at identifying the papers associated with each MEF component, taxonomic group, tracking device, software, and type of statistical method . Only  analyzedThe topic analysis showed general consistency . The word intrusion approach is not an exhaustive assessment of topic interpretability, but it allows putting our results into perspective: some topics have a clear and easy interpretation and some others are really hard to interpret. In ecology, topic models have been recently used to identify themes in ecology  and asseEach stage of the text mining approach  assumed that there were no changes in the terms used in the literature to refer to the same concepts over the decade 2009\u20132018. While this assumption is likely to be false, it would be reasonable to expect that there have not been drastic changes in terminology within a single decade. We recommend that future studies also embrace text mining techniques, since the number of publications and the rate of publications are only expected to increase. For studies encompassing a longer time frame, it could be more useful to use the methods and criteria described here as a starting point\u2014rather than the exact keywords or model parameters\u2014and either train the algorithms over a decade and validate over others, or train a different algorithm for each time period. In any case, the validation process, which requires manual verification of a sample of papers, is key to support the findings; here, they returned high precision for identifying movement papers and high accuracy for each dictionary. \ufeffIn retrospect, we also encourage using version control when calibrating algorithms and keywords to keep track of the development process and get better performance in a more efficient way.In the article introducing the MEF , technolOur results showed a steady growth in the use of R. The same pattern in reported R usage was observed in the field of ecology globally . AccordiIn parallel, there has been substantial progress in the number and sophistication of quantitative methods for the study of movement , 60 and https://rociojoo.github.io/mov-eco-review/survey-about-movement-ecology.html). Respondents (32 out of 33) indicated that technology and methods to collect and analyze data were the features that revolutionized the field in the last decade\u2014this has been coined the \u2018biologging revolution\u2019 [www.IcarusInitiative.org, accelerometers, multisensor loggers) will also be driving the field in the following decade.The results obtained here were consistent with the perspectives of movement ecologists who answered a limited survey in the winter and spring of 2019 , we would have expected to find an increase in the study of the internal state, motion, and navigation, as well as in the percentage of studies addressing other components of the MEF in combination with external factors. Research on internal state showed a small growth over the years, which could be due to an increase in the number of studies investigating the links between energetic conditions and behavior within tracks , or the Addressing all of the components of the MEF requires interdisciplinary efforts involving researchers from ecology, biology, neuroscience, physics, statistics, and geographic information science, among others , 35. TheOverall, the topic analysis revealed both the fragmentation of the movement ecology community based on taxonomic groups, and the potential for synergies across taxonomic groups. In particular, we were able to quantitatively categorize topics clearly associated to specific taxa, notably in the aquatic realm . Humans (two topics about sports and activity patterns) and birds (one topic about migration) were also strongly associated to given topics, further reinforcing a pattern of study of large, easy to tag fauna that work as model species. On the other hand, the majority of topics did not show fidelity to any taxon, which suggests their potential for generalization\u2014and integration\u2014across taxa, for instance using shared methods or devices. Among these, two groups of topics can be identified, dealing with subject areas  and technological and methodological concerns , both of which lay the foundations for further interdisciplinary research and knowledge transfer.Integrated research also requires overcoming communication difficulties , 65, devThe progress made in terms of tools for data collection, processing, and analysis needs to be shared with the community to foster a better and more integral understanding of movement in all of its aspects. In this respect, the FAIR principles  , 72 offeBy congregating the community around the R environment, most movement researchers can communicate over the same programming language, share codes, and move towards transparency, collaboration, and reproducibility. In an era with large volumes of data and much dependency on software for the analyses, reproducibility in science also requires open code . On\ufeff theImprovements in technological devices to track animals and humans have generated high volumes of movement data from a range of species, providing greater information on their movement paths, physiology, and the environment they experience. However, there has been little change in the degree to which studies address different components of the MEF, while there are also distinct groups of research topics that are predominantly linked to the species studied , the methods used and their application. Developments in statistical methods and software tools have facilitated data processing and analysis. These aspects have been clear drivers of movement research in the 2009\u20132018 decade and will likely continue to drive the field, allowing to explore new research questions and improve our understanding of evolutionary, physiological, and life-history causes and consequences of movement. To make that possible, there should be strong commitments towards transparency, reproducibility, and interdisciplinary collaboration practices in the community.https://rociojoo.github.io/mov-eco-review/, serving as the manuscript\u2019s Supplementary Information page. It contains an Introduction (to the website) and the abstract (section 1), a description of Data collection and processing (section 2), Data analysis with a description of methods and layout of results (section 3), the description and results of the Survey about movement ecology (section 4), and details on the R session used for these analyses. The R codes are available in a GitHub repository https://github.com/rociojoo/mov-eco-review, and links to specific R codes are provided in the text of the website.Additional file 1\u2014Companion website: This is the companion website for the manuscript, Fig. 1: Time line of movement articles, with the number of articles published in the y-axis, and the years in the x-axis. There is an increasing trend in the number of articles going to almost 1200 papers in 2018. In this time line, we also highlighted events in the history of movement studies: The philosophical study of movement , the mechanistic study of movement , Quantitative analysis of movement , the introduction of movement as a framework , a Biotelemetry and biologging issue in JAE, and a movement ecology special feature in PNAS (both in 2008), the GPS in animal ecology theme issue in PTRSB (2010), the start of the Movement Ecology journal (2013), the movement ecology virtual issue in JAE (2015), and the collective movement ecology issue in PTRSB (2018).Fig. 2: Graphical representation of the algorithm to identify movement papers. First, define KEYWORDS for Web of Science and search. Get results on N papers. Then do quality control, consisting of selecting a random sample n (n = 100) from N, reading the abstracts, determining if they are from movement studies and computing a precision metric. If precision is greater than 0.8 and N is greater than 5000, we stop. Else, we edit keywords and do it all over again.Fig. 3: Proportion of papers in each year studying each of the five most commonly studied taxonomic groups. The years are in the x-axis, the proportion of papers in each year in the y-axis, and dots of different colors (one per class) correspond to the value of proportion for each year. In all years from 2009 to 2018, mammals (orange) were the most studied group, followed by fish (sky blue) , birds (green), humans (blue), and insects (dark orange). Only from 2012 there were more studies concerning humans than those of insects.Fig. 4: Number of species studied in each year for the five classes with most studied species . More species have been studied in the last years in general.Fig. 5: Proportion of papers in each year using the five most commonly used tracking devices. The years are in the x-axis, the proportion of papers in each year in the y-axis, and dots of different colors (one per device) correspond to the value of proportion for each year. GPS (orange) showed an increasing trend and was the most used device in movement papers in all years. Radio telemetry (sky blue), showed a decreasing trend, and started in 2009 with the same proportion of studies as GPS, and ended in 2018 in third place, below accelerometer (green). In contrast, accelerometer was in fifth position in 2009 and increased its popularity over the years. Acoustic telemetry (yellow) and satellite technology (blue) were tied in fourth place in 2018.Fig. 6: Proportion of papers in each year using the five most commonly used software. The years are in the x-axis, the proportion of papers in each year in the y-axis, and dots of different colors (one per software) correspond to the value of proportion for each year. R (orange) showed an increasing trend, starting at the last position of the five in 2009, and ending in first place in 2018 (with 0.7 of studies using it). The other four software showed decreasing trends over the years. ArcGIS (sky blue), SPSS (yellow), Matlab (green), and SAS (blue), ended up in second, third, fourth, and fifth positions, respectively, in 2018.Fig. 7: Proportion of papers in each year mentioning each type of statistical method. The years are in the x-axis, the proportion of papers in each year in the y-axis, and dots of different colors (one per type of method) correspond to the value of proportion for each year. Generic methods (orange) were the most popular throughout 2009-2018, while movement (sky blue), spatial (green), time series (yellow), social (blue), and spatiotemporal (dark orange), remained in second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth position, respectively, throughout the decade.Fig. 8: Proportion of papers in each year focusing on each component of the MEF. The years are in the x-axis, the proportion of papers in each year in the y-axis, and dots of different colors (one per component) correspond to the value of proportion for each year. In all years from 2009 to 2018, external factors (orange) were the most studied component, followed by internal state (sky blue), motion (green), and navigation (blue).Fig. 9: Bar plots of the proportion of papers studying each taxonomical group for each component of the MEF. The number of papers where taxonomical groups were identified by our algorithm for each component are indicated in the figure: 3475 for external factors, 2141 for internal state, 1106 for motion, and 368 for navigation. In all components, mammals were the most studied. For external factors, fish and birds were the second and third most studied groups, respectively. For internal state, they were birds and fish, in that order. For motion, fish and humans. And for navigation, fish and insects, followed closely by birds.Fig. 10: Topic analysis. A: Word clouds of each topic based on beta values. The area occupied by each word in each wordcloud is proportional to beta. In topic 1, the largest words are individual, behavior, movement, dispersal, population. In topic 2, model, data, movement, time, estimate, method. In topic 3, habitat, movement, landscape, selection. In topic 4, animal, data, behavior, study. In topic 5, range, home, movement, site, size, population, individual, kilometer. In topic 6, movement, fish, habitat, tag, shark. In topic 7, forage, prey, behavior, dive, seal. In topic 8, speed, behavior, animal, movement, swim, body. In topic 9, fish, behavior, tag, river, acoustic. In topic 10, behavior, human, signal, sensor, activity, motion. In topic 11, activity, behavior, time, temperature, day. In topic 12, bird, migration, flight, migratory, wind. In topic 13, player, distance, play, speed, train. In topic 14, female, male, sex, activity, behavior, sex, age. In topic 15, turtle, whale, nest, behavior, breed, adult. B: Bar plots of proportion of papers studying each taxonomical group for each topic. Regarding dispersal (n = 345 papers), the most studied groups were mammals, human and amphibians. For movement models (n = 200), they were mainly mammals and humans. In habitat selection (n = 535), most studies pertained mammals. In detection and data (n = 134), also a majority of mammals. In home ranges (n = 233), it was mostly birds, followed by mammals. In aquatic systems (n = 384), an overwhelming majority of fish. In foraging in marine megafauna (n = 323), it was mostly birds, followed by mammals. In biomechanics (n = 268), insects, fish and mammals were the most studied groups. In acoustic telemetry (n = 290), fish were the most studied, followed by mammals. In experimental designs (n = 227), humans and mammals were the most studied groups. In activity budgets (n = 191), mammals were the most studied, followed by fish. In migration (n = 146), birds were the most studied group. In sports (n = 122), almost all studied involved humans. In human activity patterns (n = 106), it was humans, followed by mammals. In breeding ecology (n = 159), it was mostly reptiles, followed by mammals, birds, and fish."}
{"text": "In \u201cPredictors of Health Information\u2013Seeking Behavior: Systematic Literature Review and Network Analysis\u201d :e21680) the authors noted three errors.1. In the originally published article, Reference 11 was incorrectly published as follows:Cole C. Looking for information: a survey of research on information seeking, needs, and behavior (4th edition). Donald O. Case and Lisa M. Given. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2016. 528 pp. $82.95 (hardcover). (ISBN: 9781785609688). J Asso Inf Sci Technol 2016 Dec 21;68(9):2284-2286. [doi: 10.1002/asi.23778]The correct reference is a book and has been updated as follows:Case DO, Given LM. Looking for information: a survey of research on information seeking, needs, and behavior (4th edition). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing; 2016.2. The in-text citation for reference 11 incorrectly mentioned the year as 2002 in the following sentence:Other known models from the information science perspective include the Comprehensive Model of Information Seeking, which looks at information carrier characteristics, antecedents, and information-seeking actions [10] and the book by Case in 2002 about the research on information-seeking needs and behaviors [11].The correct year for the current edition of the book is 2016 and the sentence has been updated as follows:Other known models from the information science perspective include the Comprehensive Model of Information Seeking, which looks at information carrier characteristics, antecedents, and information-seeking actions [10] and the book by Case in 2016 about the research on information-seeking needs and behaviors [11].3. In affiliations 1 and 2 of the originally published article, the city was incorrectly mentioned as 'The University of Sydney'. This has been corrected to 'Sydney,' and the correct list of affiliations is as follows:1*, BPharm, MPhil, GCertEdStud (Higher Ed); Parisa Aslani1*, BPharm, MSc, PhD, GCertEdStud (Higher Ed); Edward Joseph Luca2, BA, MBA; Carl Richard Schneider1*, BN, BPharm, PhD, PGCert (Higher Ed)Ardalan Mirzaei1School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia2The University of Sydney Library, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia*these authors contributed equallyThe correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on June 3, 2022, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories."}
{"text": "Thanks for your observations and for giving us a chance to reply to the letter you received about our paper entitled: \u201cThe relationship between body mass index and preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis\u201d. In the following, the authors have tried to answer the issues raised as much as possible:The quality assessment was done by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, 27 articles with a quality score of Many statistical tests, such as Begg and Mazumdar (1994), can be used to check publication bias. In this article, we report the p-value and a plot in the results section, which seems to be sufficient , Figure 5). Egger et al. proposed a test for the asymmetry of the funnel plot. The power of this method to detect bias will be low with small numbers of studies. Begg and Mazumdar proposed testing the interdependence of variance and effect size using Kendall's method. This bias indicator makes fewer assumptions than that of Egger et al. .Pubmed and Scopus databases for English and SID for Persian articles had good coverage for our search, no search results for additional articles were found on Web of Sciences. Using the Web of Sciences is not obligatory in search of all meta-analysis studies. In our investigation, there were neither any articles in the Web of Sciences nor in PubMed and Scopus databases.Subgroup analysis were done according to mild and severe preeclampsia . To pool the results of articles, there were alternative, fixed effect models, (when heterogeneity is not significant) and random effect models (when heterogeneity is significant) (5).Effect size was defined by the researcher as mean BMI with a 95% confidence interval (CI), when we use CI there is the sample size in its formula (mean Effect size can be defined as mean difference, or SMD, WMD, OR, RR, if we use SMD it would lead to an increase in missing values, SMD is computed when mean, SD, and sample size are available in both cases and control groups, but when we define mean BMI as effect size, it is not necessary we have mean, SD, and sample size in both groups.Consequently, the results of this article, according to pooled results of 16 high-quality articles, are valid to cite.1 M.D., Mohammad Rafiei2 Ph.D., Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani3 Ph.D., Kourosh Sayehmiri4 Ph.D., Majid Dousti4 Ph.D.Morteza Motedayen1Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.2Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.3Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.4Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran."}
{"text": "Algae have been consumed for millennia in several parts of the world as food, food supplements, and additives, due to their unique organoleptic properties and nutritional and health benefits. Algae are sustainable sources of proteins, minerals, and fiber, with well-balanced essential amino acids, pigments, and fatty acids, among other relevant metabolites for human nutrition. This review covers the historical consumption of algae in Europe, developments in the current European market, challenges when introducing new species to the market, bottlenecks in production technology, consumer acceptance, and legislation. The current algae species that are consumed and commercialized in Europe were investigated, according to their status under the European Union (EU) Novel Food legislation, along with the market perspectives in terms of the current research and development initiatives, while evaluating the interest and potential in the European market. The regular consumption of more than 150 algae species was identified, of which only 20% are approved under the EU Novel Food legislation, which demonstrates that the current legislation is not broad enough and requires an urgent update. Finally, the potential of the European algae market growth was indicated by the analysis of the trends in research, technological advances, and market initiatives to promote algae commercialization and consumption. However, concerns regarding the environmental impact of the current food production systems, together with health and animal welfare issues, have driven the need to develop healthier and more sustainable food sources .Algae\u2014microalgae (including cyanobacteria) and seaweed \u2014have been used as food since medieval times, with a consolidated market in Asia and a growing market in Europe, being driven by a rising awareness in consumers regarding sustainable and healthy foods ,3,4,5. ISpirulina, 36% seaweed, and 10% microalgae. The remaining 8% produce both Spirulina and microalgae [In 2009, the European Algae Biomass Association (EABA) was founded to promote the algae industry by establishing synergies between academia, industry, and decision-makers in the field . After tcroalgae ,12,13.Algae can be consumed as food or as ingredients in prepared foods, in a fresh, fermented, dried, or frozen format, either whole or milled into differently sized flakes, granules, or powders ,15. Alga\u03c9-3 PUFA, such as docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids, are also earning market relevance, replacing the traditional intake of these compounds via fish consumption [\u03b2-carotene, lycopene, and astaxanthin are mainly used as dietary supplements, food fortifiers, and beverage natural colorants, as the new generation of consumers chooses natural over synthetic products  [Moreover, algae are a sustainable source of natural high-value bioactive compounds, with the potential to manufacture new products for human nutrition. Lipids, in the form of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), \u03c9-3 and \u03c9-6 PUFA, and phytosterols are major compounds in algae that can be applied in several contexts, due to their beneficial properties for the cardiovascular system, anti-cholesterol activity, and others ,36,37,38sumption . Proteinsumption ,45,46,47sumption ,52,53,54sumption ,58,59,60oncerns) ,63,64,65Each category of algae-based products is regulated by separate legislation. For food and food supplements, novel food regulation (EU 2017/2470) is covered in the Novel Food Catalog, a list of authorized novel foods that are safe for human consumption .This review paper addresses the applications of algae  as a food in Europe, with an overview of the consumption habits, market, and legislation. Approved and consumed algae species are listed and the challenges of incorporating them into the European market are evaluated, together with the analysis of research and development initiatives.Algae have been included historically in the human diet worldwide. According to archaeological findings in Monte Verde (Chile), people were collecting seaweeds for food and medicine 14,000 years ago . SeaweedPalmaria palmata  was traditionally eaten raw, toasted with hot irons, cooked in a thick oatmeal broth, served boiled, tossed in butter, or fried as crisped seaweed \u201cbacon\u201d for sandwiches; later, it was used for chewing tobacco, as well as ingested for deworming and to cure \u201cwomen\u2019s longing\u201d [Porphyra sp. (Atlantic Nori or Purple Laver), baked into different dishes, such as the popular Welsh laverbread (\u201cbara lawr\u201d) from Wales, or fried as an ingredient in omelets or pies , in the Azores Islands  [Ulva lactuca (sea lettuce) and Chondracanthus teedei  were traditionally eaten fresh by fishermen and beachgoers, with a squeeze of lemon and salt, in coastal regions such as Catania (Sicily) [In Europe, seaweeds are likely to have been harvested for human consumption for centuries, although they are a vastly underexploited resource when compared with consumption in Asia ,72. Archlonging\u201d ,90,91,92longing\u201d ,86,87,91ortugal) ,85,93,94(Sicily) ,96,97. T(Sicily) .Ascophyllum nodosum, known as Rockweed, in Norway; Laminaria digitata, or Oarweed, in France and Ireland; Laminaria hyperborea, or Tangle, in Britain, Ireland, and Norway); harvested Irish Moss in coastal areas  and black carrageenan or \u201cDanish Agar\u201d  for carrageenan and furcellaran extraction [Porphyra sp.), Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida), Kombu (Laminaria sp.), Agar, Arame (Eisenia bicyclis) and Hijiki (Hizikia fusiforme), which are still largely imported from Asia to this day [Chondrus sp. and Mastocarpus sp.), in mainland Portugal, Spain, and France , the Azorean Islands (Pterocladiella capillacea) and Italy (Gracilariopsis longissima (or Gracilaria verrucosa) [Gelidium corneum and Pterocladiella capillacea peaked in 1980, with Portugal leading as the world\u2019s fifth-largest agar producer and European macroalgae contributing to 34% of the world\u2019s alginate supply [In Western countries, seaweeds have been mainly associated with industrial applications focused on the extraction of phycocolloids for the food industry ,98. In ttraction ,86,88,99this day ,101,102.this day ,101. By this day ,60. The rrucosa) ,109,110.rrucosa) ,112. Fure supply ,110,113.Nostoc species are traditional foods in China , Mongolia, and South America  [Arthrospira  was historically harvested by the Aztecs living near Lake Texcoco, as recorded in the 14th century as an ingredient for a dry cake called \u201cTecuitlatl\u201d [For microalgae, the oldest documented use as food was 1500 years ago in China ,114. Nosushuru\u201d) ,116,117.uitlatl\u201d . In Afriuitlatl\u201d ,119,120.uitlatl\u201d . The comuitlatl\u201d . Recentluitlatl\u201d ,123,124.Microalgae have only recently been consumed in Europe. From the historical perspective, it is important to highlight that although microalgae were under active research for many decades, especially for the human diet, the product of this research has failed to materialize commercially in the EU space, at least until the publication of Regulation (EC) No. 258/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 1997, concerning novel foods and novel food ingredients ,22,125. The historical role of microalgae ,149,150 The European algae industry, with the production of around 500 t algae dry weight per year, remains a niche market, mainly directed to food and food-related applications and concentrated on the production of large quantities of biomass using a limited number of species ,12. Many\u22121 year\u22121, which may be compared to the consumption of salad in Europe (3 kg per capita\u22121 year\u22121) [Despite the promising figures, the high cost of production, the complexity of European regulations concerning cultivation licenses, and the synchronization of guidelines for organic certification between countries limit the algae market in Europe ,161,162. year\u22121) ,164. Int year\u22121) . European algae producers face heavy competition from Asian producers, mainly due to higher production costs and product prices, which may be discouraging for the producers. However, Asian producers are frequently criticized for the environmental impact caused by their aquaculture systems in eutrophic waters. As this is viewed negatively by an ever more eco-conscious market, European production might excel in the global market of retailers and consumers who demand higher-quality, sustainable algae-based products .The estimated value of the European algae products market is expected to grow by around 43% between 2016 and 2023 , forecasIn Europe, microalgae are commonly produced in photobioreactors in closed and controlled conditions. Germany, France, and Spain host the largest number of producers; however, it is in Portugal that we can find the oldest and the largest microalgae production companies in the EU, Necton and Allmicroalgae, respectively.Chlorella sp. being the most popular. Nevertheless, a wide range of algae has the potential to also be considered for this purpose [\u03b2-carotene, astaxanthin, fucoxanthin, or lutein can be obtained from microalgae, such as Dunaliella salina, Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella vulgaris, Microchloropsis gaditana , Auxenochlorella protothecoides, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Tisochrysis lutea and Spirulina sp. [P. tricornutum, Chlorella sorokiniana or Nannochloropsis oceanica [H. pluvialis, and retinol or \u03b2-carotene obtained from D. salina [One of the key microalgae applications is in the nutraceutical market, in terms of dietary supplementation, where they are seen as valuable natural sources of macro- and micronutrients of great commercial potential ,173. In lina sp. ,178. Furoceanica . In seve. salina ,184,185.Chlorella and Spirulina [Nannochloropsis gaditana and Nannochloropsis oculata, while others, such as Chlorella sorokiniana and Auxenochlorella protothecoides, were being sold without any authorization until recently, when they were approved [Euglena gracilis, Spirulina, and Chlorella, among others, mostly for use in traditional food products such as pasta, ready-to-eat bars, dairy and fermented products, candies, and p\u00e2t\u00e9s [Microalgae can be found either as an ingredient in food products or as a whole-cell powder that can be used freely in cooking recipes, smoothies, drinks, or simple snacks ,188,189.pirulina . In a 20pirulina . It is aapproved ,192,193.nd p\u00e2t\u00e9s ,188,189.The European seaweed industry is still in its early development and has been almost exclusively based on wild stock harvesting, unlike the extensive farming that takes place in Asia . HoweverAscophyllum nodosum, Alaria esculenta, Laminaria hyperborea, L. digitata, Saccharina latissima and Undaria pinnatifida [The value of European seaweed is roughly estimated as EUR 500\u2013600 million per annum , but it is highly dependent on species, whether wild-harvested or farmed, and the targeted market. Leading markets for seaweed are as plant biostimulants for agriculture and the phycocolloid industry, which is focused on the extraction of single products, such as alginic acid, laminaran, and colorants. Europe is the top food and pharma-grade alginate producer worldwide, with a minor share of global carrageenan and agar production ,99,163. natifida ,197.A. esculenta, S. latissima, Porphyra sp., P. palmata, and Ulva sp. [The European seaweed market is developing at a fast pace, with an annual growth rate of 7\u201310% and a wholesale value of around EUR 24 million, focusing only on Ulva sp. ,199,200;Ulva sp. . The proUlva sp. ,22,202. Ulva sp. . Pyropia sp. . Europe has a nominal supply of Atlantic Nori, producing only 1% of what is consumed. On the other hand, 90% of the P. palmata consumed in Europe is regionally wild-harvested in France. In this case, Europe is becoming more proactively competitive, relying on imports to satisfy 10% of the European consumer demand [In 2016, the EU imports of seaweed products were almost twice the size of its exports , making the EU the world\u2019s second-largest importer in terms of volume, valued at EUR 506 million . Marketsr demand .Another use of seaweed in food production is its application in packaging biomaterials, such as for edible pouches or pods to replace drinking bottles .Despite the historical consumption of algae as a food and their associated nutritional and health benefits, there are still bottlenecks blocking its progress from the current niche markets to larger ones. The main reasons are production constraints, high costs, environmental concerns, health and safety, legality, and consumers\u2019 perception of the product .The growth of algae can be affected not only by abiotic factors  but also by biological factors  and operational factors  ,209,210.In order to move to a larger-scale operation, an increase in qualified human resources, mechanization, and automation in the operations  is required. The scaling-up of photobioreactors from the laboratory to an industrial scale, for example, is pricey not only due to the high material costs but also because of high operational costs, especially if the algae are being cultivated in a different climate from their original habitat. The temperature and light control in this case significantly increases the energy costs of the operation .The appearance of biological contaminants during algae cultivation is also a constraint that can compromise cultures and lead to enormous economic losses. Like most other farming activities, algae cultivation suffers from contamination by parasites, epiphytes, epizootics, competitors, grazers, and predators ,217,218.In the case of microalgae, another constraint arises: due to their microscopic size, the sensitivity of the cell walls for most species, and their low culture concentrations , the downstream process is costly and difficult . There aP. palmata) and Atlantic Nori (Porphyra sp.). Successful production and domestication are, in many ways, dependent on the manipulation of different life stages and on monitoring the factors that trigger reproductive events, such as sporulation, which may result in large biomass losses [Additional challenges in seaweed production emerge, for instance, the complexity of their life cycles and domestication constraints for some of the most highly demanded species, such as Dulse  [Algae\u2019s potential for human nutrition is strongly related to their biochemical composition and bioactive properties, which are known to vary widely among the different classes and even among strains. Some highlights include isolated polysaccharides, , proteins (phycobiliproteins), polyphenols , carotenoids  and ic acid) . Over thic acid) ,222. OveToxicological factors also need to be considered, as algae can produce or accumulate several contaminants that impact the consumer\u2019s health. In early studies, human experiments with microalgae were scarce, and they were limited to certain countries, like Japan, the US, and Russia . It was Chlorella sp., sold as a food supplement, was found to be contaminated with anatoxin [Aphanizomenon sp., which naturally occurs in the Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, USA, can also produce these toxins [Desmarestia sp. (Coarse Acid Kelp) is a genus that concentrates sulfuric acid in cell vacuoles and should be avoided since its consumption causes gastrointestinal problems [Coolia monotis, which produces cooliatoxin (a neurotoxin) and was detected in drifting seaweed in New Zealand [Natural toxins, such as cyanotoxins, are produced by cyanobacteria and are a common chemical contaminant in large-scale cultures . Cyanotoanatoxin , a compoanatoxin . The cyae toxins ; despitee toxins ,229. Altproblems . Another Zealand ,232.Chlorella sp., and some cyanobacteria were reported to produce a compound responsible for dermatitis and inflammations of the human respiratory system, but this is when the microalgae were in their natural form and not after being processed as a food [Algae-related food allergies are uncommon and are poorly documented, with only one clinic case documented, which was associated with Nori . Microals a food .Allergens in algae are usually associated with the environment in which they grow. Seaweeds are typically cultivated and are harvested in the open ocean or estuary environments, which are inhabited by crustaceans such as gammarids (amphipods), shrimp, and crabs (Decapoda). Commercial edible crustaceans are frequently involved in immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergies . In a stAlthough heavy metals are not usually found in algae at values surpassing the legal limits, frequent and excessive algae consumption could pose risks that are associated with the bioaccumulation of these compounds. Heavy metal accumulation depends largely on species, as well as on environmental conditions like light, temperature, pH, salinity, or nitrogen levels ,238. ThiHizikia fusiforme, may have high levels of total and inorganic arsenic [Fucus vesiculosus, F. serratus, F. spiralis, F. evanescens, S. latissima, U. lactuca, and Cladophora sp.), there were low-level concerns regarding the presence of mercury, cadmium, and lead [In microalgae, the toxic heavy metals, arsenic, nickel, and lead, were found at very different concentrations among 10 commercial products, although at levels below the safety limits, according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) . In seaw arsenic ,243. In and lead . In anotand lead . Health and lead ,245. Iodine is another common concern as it can occur in seaweed at high concentrations. Although it is essential to humans and its deficiency is a major public health challenge, excessive intake can have harmful effects, for instance, thyroid dysfunctions, goiter, and hyperthyroidism ,246,247.Mitigation strategies can be employed to minimize the risk of contamination from algae products. Water quality control is one way to avoid these problems, by minimizing the components that are adsorbed in algae . Hence, The specificity and complexity of algae contaminants are sometimes not taken into account by the current food legislation. For instance, the quantification of arsenic could be differentiated as organic and inorganic, as health risks are much lower when consuming the organic form . If thesThe processing and manipulation of the algae, such as their handling and packaging, can also be a hotspot for cross-contamination with viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, organic molecules, such as prions, natural toxins, and persistent organic pollutants . The proLaminaria sp. [Biomass manipulation after harvesting could prevent the degradation of the product while ensuring a low level of contaminants. A conventional example of this manipulation is washing and boiling seaweed, as this can reduce its arsenic and iodine contents, achieving decreases of around 22% in inorganic arsenic and an almost complete reduction of iodine in aria sp. ,253,254.In the case of microalgae, boiling can have both beneficial and harmful effects. For example, boiling decreases the concentration of microcystin by 97% after 5 min , but incChlorella sp. was defined as having a strong vegetable-like flavor and aroma that would taste like powdered green tea; in the case of some dried seaweeds, they have an intense green color that could be considered limiting or off-putting when mixed in foods [Scenedesmus-based food, where the color was not well-received by testers. In France, tests on the nutritional value and customer acceptability of Spirulina-based foods concluded that algae were not very enjoyable to eat, due to their strong taste, smell, and even color [Another important factor to be highlighted regarding the introduction of algae to the market is their organoleptic characteristics, in terms of their color, odor, texture, and flavor . In termin foods ,133,136.en color . French en color .umami\u201d makes algae stand out gastronomically [kombu) [umami\u201d, for instance, a green-tea aroma and flavor in kelp species [The unique flavor of \u201comically ,267,269. [kombu) ,267. In  species .The processing methods, as well as the storage conditions, could influence the flavor . NeverthFinally, and in a transversal way, a general lack of awareness and accessibility regarding algae is evidenced ,271,272.On the other hand, environmental concerns are quite different among countries; for instance, while Spanish consumers consider microalgae as being environmentally friendly, the French have contrastingly double perceptions, and the Belgians do not see this as an incentive to motivate consumption ,275,277.Over the last two decades, changes in the consumers\u2019 mindset have been happening; now, the end consumers are more informed and receptive to sustainable behaviors. This aligns with both the new and improved support policies for research projects and programs, leading to the continuous expressive growth of algae applications in the European market ,272,279.Italian consumers have a high level of willingness to eat seaweed, according to studies, given the familiarity with seaweed gastronomy in both national and Asian traditional dishes . In NordSome specific legislation and food standards entities regulate how algae can be used as food for human consumption worldwide. Usually, algae and algae-based products are regulated individually, as in the EU. The categories applied to algae are in foods including food supplements and food additives, feed and feed additives, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, packaging materials, fertilizers, biostimulants, and biofuels.In the USA, the safety of food items, including algae products, is under the regulation of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which grants the status of being generally recognized as safe (GRAS) to any substance that is considered to be safe for human consumption ,282. GRASimilar approaches in the regulations of novel foods are also found in Australia and New Zealand, where the Food Standards in Australia and New Zealand (FSANZ) are the entity responsible for regulating the use of new ingredients. According to FSANZ, the novel food and novel food ingredients are considered all non-traditional food and/or its derivatives requiring an assessment of the public health under the Novel Foods in the Food Standards Code. A novel food cannot be sold as food or used as a food ingredient unless expressly permitted by the Code in Standard 1.5.1 ,287.Laminaria, Gracilaria, Porphyra, Undaria, and Eucheuma have been accepted as a traditional food instead of a novel food by the Chinese for many years. Moreover, algae products could also be approved as \u201cFood for Special Medical Purposes\u201d, with a 5-year validation certificate being issued by the Center for Food Evaluation in the State Administration for the Market Regulation of China. When compared with the EU, both have established a similar system to regulate novel foods, within some common perspectives. The growth of novel food regulation in China is justified by the development of the food industries and the long-lasting food culture ,289,290.Algae, as food products in the EU, are subject to the General Food Law Regulation (EU) No. 178/2002 which is implemented in all member countries. Furthermore, the entry of novel algae species into the EU market is regulated by the Novel Food Regulation (EU), No. 2015/2283. The application procedure for authorizing the placing on the market within the EU of novel food and for updating the Union List may be found in the Official Journal of the EU (L327/1).Consumption history affects the regulatory status, meaning that the entry of novel algae species that have not been used as food in the EU before 15 May 1997 need prior authorization, to ensure their safety for human consumption. Additionally, a notification system is available to offer an easier route to the EU market for some species that have not been used in Europe but that are considered traditional foods in developing countries. This \u201ctraditional food\u201d status is given if a history of safe food use for at least 25 years can be proven. This new Regulation facilitates the introduction of new and innovative foods to the EU market, provided that specifications, such as labeling and usage conditions, are respected, thus guaranteeing food safety for European consumers.The rules enforced on algae products are regulated by Directive 2002/46/EC, which aims to protect consumers against the potential health risks associated with toxicity or misinformation. The SANCO/2006/E4/018 report assessed the use of substances, other than vitamins and minerals, with a nutritional or physiological effect in food supplements, which includes amino acids, enzymes, pre- and probiotics, essential fatty acids, botanicals , botanical extracts, and other bioactive substances. In addition, the EU delivered several reports (SEC (2008) 2976 and SEC (2008) 2977) stating that specific rules being made applicable to substances other than vitamins and minerals for use in FS are not justified. Food additives, such as preservatives, colorants, or sweeteners, which are normally used during food preparation are regulated by (EC) 1333/2008 and (EU) 231/2012 legislations. The safety of these products and the authorization assessment are carried out by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) and the EFSA. The concept of functional food, derived from Japan and the USA, goes beyond the nutritional and health benefits of traditional nutritional effects and differs from food supplements and nutraceuticals. Although this market is gaining extensive popularity in the last few years, the EU still lacks a regulatory framework for functional food, hindering economic competitiveness in this sector.Legislation inadequacies remain regarding the use of algae as a raw material for food. Therefore, the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) developed a technical committee for algae and algae products, including cyanobacteria and Thraustochytrids (CEN/TC 454) in 2017, which focuses on standardizing the specification, classification, terminology, algae processing, and determination methods for algae biomass, extracts or purified compounds. It is noteworthy that as these guidelines are updated, the legislation is changed accordingly.Because of limited European regulation, some EU countries are implementing their specific regulations regarding the use of algae as a food source. Non-approved algae species are being commercialized for food purposes in several European countries. For example, in 1990, France was the first European country to establish a specific regulation concerning the use of seaweed for human consumption as a non-traditional food substance, authorizing the consumption of algae for food other than what is considered to be a novel food, according to the EU ,156. TheEvidence for the consumption of more than 150 edible species of algae was identified in Europe, of which 14% are considered microalgae and cyanobacteria and 86% are considered seaweed . InteresResearch and development to mature the production process (from cultivation to packaging) have been encouraged to introduce new algae species to the market .\u22121, which are planned to decrease to EUR 0.5 kg\u22121 in the best-case scenario within the next decade [Microalgae biotechnology R&D dates back to the 19th century; since then, technologies have evolved, leading to the continuous improvement of production systems . Today, t decade . i.To increase the risk-benefit seaweed analyses, with added knowledge on the speciation of iodine/chemical form, and bioavailability;ii.To standardize and define the chemical compound classes, activities, traceability, methods, and species identification;iii.To further investigate the domestication of new species, the effects of preservation methods and treatments on biomass, and to define the best storage procedures and best practices for the evaluation of product shelf-life; andiv.To implement sensory evaluation panels .Seaweed wild harvesting is a well-established industry, and the cultivation process has been promoted . SpecifiScientists successfully brought a green fingerprint to algae as an alternative, sustainable feedstock for food and other applications , which led to an increase in the funding rate for algae-related projects within the European Union over the last few decades a.The eco-friendly image of algae industries is currently moving this sector toward larger markets, bringing with it the creation of new, skilled jobs, study programs, and economic value. Most EU projects use the green fingerprint and sustainability aspects of algae products or processes to promote a more sustainable way of living. The driving arguments for food-related algae projects and products are usually related to green consumerism. Indeed, algae technologies pose advantages compared to traditional approaches for a given application. For example, algae can be a source of food in areas where no arable lands or potable water is available and, thus, do not necessarily compete with agriculture. In addition, unsustainable fish- and soy-based lipids or proteins in food and feeds are replaceable by algae products, reducing overfishing and deforestation. This approach reduces the eutrophication and contamination of the environment and allows the recirculation of limited and valuable resources  . Despite this green image, algae industries generally receive low recognition among society and decision-makers. During the Seventh Framework Program (FP7), 2007\u20132013, only ~0.5% of the EUR 44 billion of total funding was spent on algae-related projects, which was the highest percentage so far. Notably, approximately ten times more money was invested in agriculture research. Nonetheless, algae biotechnology is earning its position in the research world in Europe.n = 23) were coordinated by Spanish companies and institutions, accounting for 19% of the projects, followed by those in France (n = 19), the United Kingdom (n = 13), Germany (n = 11), and Portugal . By choosing species that are able to produce NPs, the downstream process of algae cultivation\u2014especially microalgae\u2014becomes easier and cheaper. This happens because metallic NPs have the capability to clump together, allowing a faster, cleaner, and easier separation of the algae from the culture media (2). Biological sensors made from nanoparticles are also being developed to identify the presence of hostile microorganisms. The incorporation of this technology into the cultivation of algae\u2014especially microalgae\u2014would enable a possible way of controlling the contamination of algal cultures, since this could become an accurate and fast technique by which to signal the presence of contaminants and even kill them, due to their bioactive properties .Metallic NPs have also been reported to have anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties, especially silver and gold NP, AgNP, and AuNP, respectively . By inclWith the increase in the research for food products, an increase in the market for algae products is expected to make space for new products and brands. Algae-based products for the foods, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals markets can benefit compared to existing products, if the manufacturing companies advertise their positive properties, including the richness of their essential nutrients or the product\u2019s green fingerprint. A \u201cgreen\u201d product will drive consumers to spend more money, even if it is of lower quality or performance than a regular product ; interesThe design of algae foods is essential for market integration because algae are usually not part of Western cuisine and may have a distasteful or fishy taste and smell. Novel algae food designs are supported by EU projects. Commonly, these projects aim to position small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the algae health food market and usually include strategies for promoting and establishing algae products in these markets. Indeed, the evolving green consumerism market serves as a stepping-stone for many companies toward the full market integration of algae foods, which is key for the movement from the development bench to the market and away from the dependency on public funding. Once established, algae products will probably spread quickly among communities via peer-to-peer influence and social norms.With legislation amendment and investment in the research and development of production systems and algae products, the algae market has the potential to grow in Europe . The ideThis review has highlighted the historical consumption of microalgae and seaweed species diversity, and their applications as foodstuffs, food supplements, and food additives in Europe. Concerns regarding establishing algae products in the market, such as production constraints , health impacts , and consumers\u2019 perceptions (acceptance and knowledge) have been addressed, as well as the legislation process followed to submit algae to the EU Novel Food Catalog. The current legislation is not broad enough for the algae sector, with specific regulations within each country and several species being produced, consumed, and commercialized beyond the approved catalog. Therefore, an update of the authorized species list is urgently required. It is evident that the algae market has strong motivations and huge potential, due to algae\u2019s nutritional and health benefits, the likelihood of sustainable production, and especially, the need to address the rise in food demand by the growing population. The development of new projects and products has been encouraged, especially regarding microalgae cultivation technology, as seaweed products are becoming more established in the global market."}
{"text": "Asian/Pacific Island Nursing Journal (APINJ). Created to fill the gap between nursing science and behavioral/social sciences, APINJ offers a forum for empirical, theoretical, and methodological issues related to Asian American and Pacific Islander ethnic and cultural values and beliefs as well as the biological and physiological phenomena that can affect nursing care. APINJ serves as a voice for nursing and other health care providers for research, education, and practice. APINJ is included in PubMed, PubMed Central, the Directory of Open Access Journals, and Scopus. As an open access journal, APINJ follows a continuous publication model, and articles are published as soon as they have been peer-reviewed and copyedited.As the editor-in-chief, I am happy to announce the launch of a new member of JMIR Publications\u2019 open access family of journals, the Nursing in Asia and the Pacific Islands comprises a rapidly growing group of professionals, and the region represents the fastest growing minority group in the United States. According to the 2020 United States census , there aAs the official journal of the Asian American / Pacific Islander Nurses Association, APINJ supports researchers, educators, and practitioners in addressing these critical information deficits by providing a quality, peer-reviewed, international forum for the exchange of knowledge in relation to Asian and Pacific Islander health and nursing care. APINJ features research papers; empirical, theoretical, and clinical articles; editorials; abstracts of recent dissertations; and conference summaries that relate to Asian American and Pacific Islander health and nursing written by those in the nursing and social sciences disciplines, such as clinical and developmental psychology, sociology, anthropology, social work, public health, education, genetics, pharmacology, infectious disease, oncology, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary function and disease, dermatology, wound healing, immunology, anesthesiology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, hematology, neonatology, nephrology, pathology, physiology, nutrition, pain management, sleep disturbances, dental health, and mental health.Building on the JMIR foundation, the scope of APINJ includes, but is not limited to, methods, interventions, instrumentation, and educational techniques; theoretical foundations that increase the understanding of underlying mechanisms for changes in health and illness; biopsychosocial, spiritual, and ecological impacts on practice, education, and research; and policy issues as a result of rigorous research outcomes.Journal of Medical Internet Research.APINJ offers authors a rapid and thorough peer-review, professional copyediting, and professional production of PDF, XHTML, and XML proofs. This journal adheres to the same quality standards as our flagship journal, the"}
{"text": "Preterm delivery  complicates 5\u201313% of deliveries worldwide ,3,4,5. PIn most countries, PTD rates are increasing, and an annual estimation of 15 million babies, which equates to 11.1% of live births, are born prematurely worldwide .Spontaneous preterm parturition is a result of the pathological activation of one or more of the processes leading to delivery. The etiology of spontaneous preterm labor, which accounts for 70\u201383% of PTDs, is mostly unknown ,10, and Prevention strategies have been suggested and practiced to lower the risk of PTD; however, their effectiveness is questioned, especially among women considered to be at low risk for PTD ,14,15. TRisk factors for PTD are obstetrical, socio-economical, behavioral, environmental, and genetic, and include young or old maternal age, infertility treatments, and smoking ,17. For One of the early detectable PTD risk factors is cervical shortening or insufficiency , defined as an inability of the cervix to remain closed during pregnancy . HoweverSince PTD events are likely to re-occur in the same mother and within the family , factorsFetal development occurs throughout the entire pregnancy until full term; therefore, when PTD occurs, the newborn is not physiologically and metabolically mature, leading to immediate and long-term complications ,3,4,5. TLowering the rate of this major, relatively prevalent pregnancy complication has been declared by the WHO as \u201can urgent priority for reaching Millennium Development Goal 4, calling for the reduction of child deaths\u201d . AlthougWe would like to give special thanks to the colleagues who took part in this project for their valuable contributions."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in the affiliation. Instead of \u201cSchool of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo Tech University, Ningbo, China\u201d, it should be \u201cSchool of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, China\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Anticholinergic syndrome (AS) is a complication that can appear due to different drugs with antimuscarinic effects, such as antihistamines, alkaloids, antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressives or anesthetics, and it is characterized by urinary retention, dry mouth and skin, mydriasis, low-grade fever, and confusion or coma.To describe a clinical case of AS admitted to our hospital.We present a case report of a patient with schizophrenia who presented an anticholinergic syndrome. We also searched for previous studies of AS using a pubmed query.A 53-year-old male was admitted for a psychotic decompensation to another hospital in Barcelona. The usual treatment at home was amisulpride 1200mg/d, olanzapine 30mg/d and lormetazepam, and haloperidol 6mg/d and clotiapine 40mg/d were added to treat the decompensation. Then, the patient started to present mydriasis, mucocutaneous dryness, low-grade fever, slight hypertension and tachycardia, repeated retentions of urine, confusion, unintelligible speech and agitation, so he was referred to our hospital. Once he was admitted, haloperidol was withdrawn and support measures  were applied. After a few days, most of the mentioned alterations were stabilized, but the psychotic symptoms, such as thought and behavioural disorganization, persisted and required electroconvulsive therapy, with subsequent improvement.AS is a relatively frequent side effect of psychiatric medication, which diagnosis is clinical, so, we must be capable to identify it and initiate early treatment to prevent possible complications. The first step, as reflected in the case described, is to stop the causative drugs, and apply support measures. Additionally, physostigmine can be used, as it is an effective antidote.No significant relationships."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 1. Instead of \u201cDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China,\u201d it should be \u201cShantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.\u201dIn the published article, there was also an error in affiliation 2. Instead of \u201cGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Division of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China,\u201d it should be \u201cDivision of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.\u201dIn the published article, there was also an error in affiliation 3. Instead of \u201cDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Geriatrics Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China,\u201d it should be \u201cDivision of Geriatrics Intensive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "Over the past decade, the number of organ transplants performed worldwide has significantly increased for patients with advanced organ failure ,2,3,4,5.In this Special Issue, \u201cProgress and Recent Advances in Solid Organ Transplantation\u201d, researchers from different disciplines with different expertise and resources highlighted the novelty of their recent investigations in the field of organ transplantation, including issues related to donors, allografts, and patient survival ,18,19,20Immunosuppression management is essential for patient and graft survival in transplant recipients ,23,24, aBetter understanding of subgroups of transplant recipients, such as older transplant recipients and Black transplant recipients, can help the transplant community to identify individualized strategies to improve outcomes among these vulnerable populations ,14,28. IIn summary, the findings published in this Special Issue provide novelty and additional knowledge and may help the transplant community to ultimately improve the management and outcomes of patients with solid organ transplantation."}
{"text": "In this study, experiments were done according to the current standard methods, EPA from hemodialysis instruments. Finally, using SPSS18 software and descriptive statistics, the relationship between results at the removal of toxic, microbial, and chemical pollutants in different months and hospitals was investigated. this study showed that the average concentration of chemical characteristics during the warm season at Razi, Imam, and Golestan educational hospitals for pH, Turbidity, PO4, Cl, Mg, So4, Ca, NO2, and EC were ; ; ; ; ; , ; , and , respectively during 2018. Also, during 2019, results showed that the average levels of amounts for pH, Turbidity, PO4, Cl, Mg, So4, Ca, NO2, and EC in Razi, Imam, and Golestan educational hospitals were , , , , , , , , and , respectively. According to the results, hemodialysis instruments in Razi and Imam have a 90% efficiency in removing heterotrophic bacteria counts (HPC). Based on these findings, educational hospital hemodialysis equipment effluent in Ahvaz, Iran was mitted to Iran environmental standards for use in hemodialysis machines. The result showed that the removal percentage level of microbial and chemical pollutants by the hemodialysis process is comparatively suitable. It should be mentioned that in the proper operation and reconstruction, hemodialysis systems can have an increased rate of removal of microbial and chemical pollutants.Dialysis water is vital because of various harmful contaminants for patients. The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of hemodialysis instruments in the removal of microbial and chemical pollutant in educational hospitals affiliated to Ahvaz Jundishapur University of medical sciences, Iran during 2018\u20132019. This cross-sectional descriptive research studied the microbial and chemical water quality of hemodialysis instruments in Razi, Sina, and Golestan hospitals in Ahwaz, Iran. 72 samples of microbial parameters and 24 samples of chemical parameters were collected from water used in hemodialysis instruments, including microbial characteristics  and chemical characteristics (pH, turbidity, PO Levels of microbial and chemical pollutants in water used in hemodialysis machines have become a global problem today for patents . EnterinWater quality is important for preparation of dialysis solution due to its direct relationship with blood of patients with renal failure . HospitaThe used dialysis liquid is considered as the largest volume of water used in medicine . Water uBased on several reported studies, the main chemical agents' effects on process dialysis in hemodialysis machines include trace elements ; ionic compounds ; chemical additives to water  and physiology elements  \u201318. The The use of normal tap water always carries the possibility of transferring potentially toxic substances from the dialysis fluid to the patient's blood, therefore the quality of the water used to prepare the dialysis solution is very important. Because of the logical connection between water quality and the health of patients Dialysis, physicochemical and microbial quality compliance water used to prepare dialysis fluid with standards international seem necessary .Pathogenic microorganisms, disinfectants, pharmaceuticals, toxic, radioactive elements, chemicals, and microbial pollutants in water resources can all have a significant impact on human and animal health , 24. TheThe distribution network, state hospital sanitation, number of beds for dialysis, cultural situation, climatic conditions are the main agents affecting the quality and quantity of medical center water used in hemodialysis instruments , 19. EvaSurface waters are the primary source of water in Iran's southwestern region and the Khuzestan Plain . Due to the abundant resources of surface water and fertile soil, this region is one of the most strategic agricultural poles of Iran, which has a large share in the production of agricultural products . In AhvaThe high potential of Ahvaz for development  and the need to equip and construct new medical centers and hospitals, increases the importance of this research. As a result, the primary goal of this study was to determine the efficacy of hemodialysis instruments in removing toxic, microbial, and chemical pollutants in the educational hospital Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in southwest Iran from 2018 to 2019.4, Na, Ca, Mg, and HPC values were determined according to the standard methods . It borders Iraq on the west and the Persian Gulf on the south  38). Ah. Ah38).  methods \u201345.4, Cl, Mg, So4, Ca, NO2, and EC) in educational hospital affiliated to Ahvaz Jundishapur University of medical sciences (located in south-western Iran) during 2018\u20132019 by using hemodialysis devices system which includes 2 years including 2018\u20132019.In this study, we used to assess the potential haemodialysis devices on removing the microbial characteristics  and chemical characteristics , residual chlorine, sodium (flame photo meter), magnesium, calcium (titration), and sulfate (spectrophotometry method) on the efficiency of removal  in sterile glass containers with a sanding head to volume 250 mL from the water inlet to hemodialysis machines. Samples of input hemodialysis devices were collected from Razi, Imam, and Golestan hospitals' dialysis departments and transferred to a laboratory for further analysis. Temperature and pH parameters were measured  removal \u201348. ElecThe levels of microbial and chemical pollutants in hemodialysis instruments were collected from the three hospitals in Ahvaz city  during 2018\u20132019. The coded data was entered into the SPSS software. Data analyses were performed, using SPSS-18. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the mean standard deviation of the mean (SD).4, Cl, Mg, So4, Ca, NO2, and EC characteristics of the hospital hemodialysis machines , , , , , , , , and , respectively. 4, Cl, Mg, So4, Ca, NO2, and EC were , , , , , , , , and , respectively.4, Cl, Mg, So4, Ca, NO2, and EC were , , , , , , , , and , respectively , , , , , , , , and , respectively during 2018 , , , , , , , , and , respectively , , , , , , , , and , respectively during cold season , , , , , , , , and , respectively during the warm season in Razi, Imam, and Golestan hospitals during 2018 , , , , , , , , and , respectively  and dialysate with particular toxicity in hemodialysis patients are raw water and municipal water, municipal water, dialysis facility, municipal water, raw water, and dialysis facility, respectively \u201354.According to different studies, the principal toxicities of chemical contaminants including copper, sulfate, chloramine, aluminum, fluoride, and nitrate are anemia , anemia , cardiovascular disease, and anemia, respectively \u201355.3, SO4, and Na shown by them . The result of their study showed that the residual chlorine and PH of water were less than the standard amount . In a siSome differences in the efficiency of hemodialysis instruments in the removal of microbial and chemical pollutants can be attributed to the quality of water supplied to water sources (surface and groundwater), the quality of water transmission and distribution network in different regions, geographical and climatic conditions in different regions of Iran or other countries, and the use of modern and up-to-date hemodialysis instruments.Different result of studies in the field of performance hemodialysis Instruments in dialysis ward at hospital and compared with our findings showed in An increasing amount of chemical and microbial pollutants can contaminate the burden of organic, microbial, chemical, and toxic pollution in the environment of the Karun river and underground sources that are fed from the Karun basin. It should be noted that the reduction of surface and groundwater quality in the region can have a direct effect on water quality in the provision of hemodialysis instruments and kidney patients referred to the dialysis wards of hospitals in Ahvaz.Any discharge of effluents and pollutants into the water supply sources of citizens and patients can greatly increase the level of dangerous and toxic pollutants that threaten the health of patients.This study investigated the performance of efficiency for hemodialysis instrument treatment in the removal of a level of microbial and chemical pollutants. Based on the results of the analysis, microbial and chemical pollutant removal during the study, had a significant direct effect on the river purification with hemodialysis instrument efficiency. Toxic, microbial, and chemical pollutants in the hemodialysis process can be very threatening to the patents. According to the results of this study, the mean value of microbial pollutants  was lower than the AAMI standard value. Also, the average level of chemical pollutants  was higher than the AAMI standard value. The results of this study showed that pollutants discharged into the Ahvaz Karun river are the main cause of chemical and microbial pollutants in water in this region. The results of this study showed that the health of dialysis patients, the general health of the community, and the environment are directly affected by the essential elements of bioavailability of water. Appropriate microbial and chemical water quality used in dialysis machines can be referred to the use of appropriate devices, periodic monitoring and supervision of medical engineering and environmental health experts, proper management of these devices, and the importance of managers to provide optimal services to kidney patients in the dialysis ward. The most important trends that health policymakers and experts should pay attention are updating dialysis machines with new technology, using new membrane filters with higher efficiency and using primary sources of higher quality water among. Further studies are required to assess the efficiency of hemodialysis instruments in the removal of the level of another pollutant that threatens the patents' health.The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/HAS, ATJ, GS, ZS, AT, FK, and MJM were principal investigators of the study, drafted the manuscript, and performed the statistical analysis. HAS, ATJ, GS, and MJM were advisors of the study. All authors contributed to the design and data analysis, assisted in the preparation of the final version of the manuscript, read, and approved the final version of the manuscript.This work was funded by the grant: (ETRC-9907) from Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. This study was originally approved by the Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences with code IR.AJUMS.REC.1399.512.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "Current data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 reinfections are rare. Uncertainties remain, however, on the duration of the natural immunity, its protection against Omicron variant, and on the impact of vaccination to reduce reinfection rates. In this retrospective cohort analysis of the entire population of an Italian region, we followed 1,293,941 subjects from the beginning of the pandemic to the current scenario of Omicron predominance (up to mid-February 2022). After an average of 277 days, we recorded 729 reinfections among 119,266 previously infected subjects , eight COVID-19-related hospitalizations , and two deaths. Importantly, the incidence of reinfection did not vary substantially over time: after 18\u201322 months from the primary infection, the reinfection rate was still 6.7\u2030, suggesting that protection conferred by natural immunity may last beyond 12 months. The risk of reinfection was significantly higher among females, unvaccinated subjects, and during the Omicron wave. After the first documented case in August 2020 in Hong Kong , a numbeWe included all residents in the Abruzzo Region, Italy with \u22651 positive nasopharyngeal swab detected through RT-PCR by the regional-accredited laboratories, from the start of the pandemic  up to January 4, 2022. On February 18, 2022 , we extracted all data of the official vaccination , COVID-19 (\u201cSurveillance COVID-19 Platform\u201d), demographic , hospital , and co-pay exemption  datasets of the National Healthcare System, merging individual information through encrypted fiscal code  was used for all analyses.The proportion of reinfections was computed in the total sample, and by demographic and clinical characteristics, time after primary infection , and predominant circulating variant . Cox proportional hazard analysis was then used to compute the relative hazards of reinfection, after adjusting for age, gender, vaccine status , severe COVID-19 after the first infection, and comorbidities, all included From the start of the pandemic, a total of 251,047 infections were detected among the 1,293,941 residents in the Abruzzo Region. After the exclusions of the subjects with a follow-up <45 days, or lacking negative intermediate swabs, a total of 119,266 subjects with primary infection were included in the analysis. The average time after the primary infection was 277 days ; 3,001 subjects had a follow-up longer than 18 months .Overall, the incidence of reinfection was 6.1\u2030 (n = 729). Eight subjects were hospitalized due to COVID-19 , and two died .n = 613; 11.4 per day) than during the 317 days of the pre-Omicron period . In contrast, the incidence of reinfection did not vary substantially by baseline comorbidities and over time: after 18 or more months from the primary infection (up to 22 months), the reinfection rate was still 6.7\u2030. The multivariable analysis  confirmed univariate results . The Ethics Committee waived the requirement of written informed consent for participation.MF, GS, CAM, and LM: concept and design. GS, GDM, RC, and LM: acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data. MF, CAM, and LM: drafting of the manuscript. GS, GDM, AC, and LM: critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. MF and LM: statistical analysis. GS, GDM, RC, and AC: administrative, technical, or material support. AC and LM: supervision. LM: had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "Background: Equity, equality, diversity, and inclusion are terms covered in the academic literature focusing on sports, kinesiology, physical education, and physical activity, including in conjunction with marginalized groups. Universities in many countries use various EDI policy frameworks and work under the EDI headers \u201cequality, diversity and inclusion\u201d, \u201cequity, diversity and inclusion\u201d, \u201cdiversity, equity and inclusion\u201d, and similar phrases  to rectify problems students, non-academic staff, and academic staff from marginalized groups, such as women, Indigenous peoples, visible/racialized minorities, disabled people, and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer or Questioning, and Two-Spirit (LGBTQ2S+) experience. Which EDI data, if any, are generated influences EDI efforts in universities  of all programs. Method: Our study used a scoping review approach and employed SCOPUS and the 70 databases of EBSCO-Host, which includes SportDiscus, as sources aimed to analyze the extent (and how) the academic literature focusing on sports, kinesiology, physical education, and physical activity engages with EDI. Results: We found only 18 relevant sources and a low to no coverage of marginalized groups linked to EDI, namely racialized minorities (12), women (6), LGBTQ2S+ (5), disabled people (2), and Indigenous peoples (0). Conclusions: Our findings suggest a gap in the academic inquiry and huge opportunities. Many different EDI-related phrases, such as \u201cequity, diversity and inclusion\u201d, \u201cdiversity, equity and inclusion\u201d, and others ,20,21,22Many different EDI-related phrases have been generated in recent years, such as equity, diversity, and inclusion ; equalitWork performed under these EDI frameworks and EDI phrases are envisioned to lead to systemic positive change for students, academic staff, and non-academic staff in universities as a workplace, in general, but also in the research and education reality . Althoug\u201cDimensions: equity, diversity and inclusion Canada invites you to take part in a post-secondary transformation to increase equity, diversity and inclusion (EDI) and help drive deeper cultural change within the research ecosystem\u201d . \u201cThe DiHowever, many problems have been identified, in relation to EDI implementations .Studies focusing on sports engage with equity and equality, in the context of the EDI groups of gender ,40,41,42Studies focusing on kinesiology engage with equity and equality, in the context of the EDI groups of gender ,84,85,86Studies focusing on physical education engage with equity and equality, in the context of the EDI groups of gender ,100, racStudies focusing on physical activity discuss equity and equality, in the context of the EDI groups of gender , race 1,124,125,UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities flags access to recreation, leisure, and sport in their daily life, including schools [The  schools , as a pr schools ,141,142. schools , differe schools , and ben schools . Nationa schools  (p. 291) schools . These p schools , and it  schools . Many pr schools . Problem schools  (p. 71), schools . Accordi schools  (p. 91). schools , non-dis schools , diversi schools , more ha schools  (p. 225) schools  (p. 225)Disabled activists and academics coined the term ableism in the United States and Britain during the 1960s and 1970s to flag the cultural reality of ability-based expectations, judgments, norms, and conflicts. Many worked, and work is ongoing on the disabling and enabling use of ability expectations and ableism ,175,176,Ableism is also used to call out ability-based discriminations against disabled people within the kinesiology, sport, physical education, and physical education literature ,193,194,As to physical education, instructional ableism and microaggressions is flagged as a problem , and it Regarding sports, it is argued that ableism impacts social practice within sports, and ableism in sports has to be addressed ,195. It Many studies cover individual EDI terms that make up the various EDI phrases in the context of sports, kinesiology, physical education, and physical activity. However, to our knowledge, no study has, so far, analyzed whether the academic literature also engages with the existing EDI phrases and frameworks. That is important to know because EDI phrases and frameworks are linked to specific policy endeavors in the workplace, such as universities. How these policies are implemented impacts the research and education activities of and day-to-day operations in the fields of sports, kinesiology, physical education, and physical activity. Our study aims to fill the gap and investigate to what extent (and how) the academic literature focusing on sports, kinesiology, physical education, and physical activity engages with existing EDI phrases and frameworks. Given that specific marginalized groups are the focus of the activities performed under the EDI phrases and frameworks, our study also investigated which marginalized groups are mentioned.Scoping studies are useful in identifying the research that exists on a subject ,199. OurOur study employed a modified version of a scoping review outlined by Arksey and O\u2019Malley , as perfWe searched, on 22\u201326 May 2021 , the 70 databases accessible through EBSCO-Host, which includes CINAHL, SportDiscus, and Scopus (which incorporates the full Medline database collection) for English language data with no time restrictions, accessing journals that cover relevant content to our research questions. We searched for scholarly peer-reviewed journal articles in EBSCO-Host, and we searched for reviews, peer-reviewed articles, conference papers, and editorials in Scopus. We performed the following search strategies .To answer the research questions, we first obtained hit counts for our search term combinations , employiAs to trustworthiness measures ,208,209,The search strategies generated 26 abstracts, of which 18 were deemed to have relevant content. The full texts of the 18 relevant abstracts were downloaded and thematically analyzed . (a)The first one being academic/educational setting, but not university, which was classified as anything that is related to academics  setting; for example, research conferences that are open to all fields of studies and careers, K to 12 education, and other academic organizations.(b)Non-academic settings, which primarily looked at sport facilities and organizations, recreational facilities and organizations, and general physical activity.(c)University setting, consisting of discussions around different university institutions and, specifically, different areas of the faculty of kinesiology.We present the themes in the downloaded full text articles in three sections:We separated the findings further by the following four areas: physical education, sport, physical activity, and kinesiology.Furthermore, we separate the findings into the four common themes we found: (a) EDI recommendation/EDI needs, (b) EDI curriculum and teacher/educator/mentor role in EDI, (c) EDI literacy/EDI narrative, and, lastly, (d) EDI study results.Finally, we separated the results according to which EDI group they looked at. If a source did not specifically discuss equity deserving groups, it was labelled as \u201cno group\u201d.In each of the results sections, we first provide the frequency counts for the presence of themes we found. We only list where there was at least one hit for the theme. The themes that had 0 results are not listed in the tables.-0 results on physical education, in terms of EDI study results;-0 results on sport, in terms of EDI curriculum and educators and mentor\u2019s role in EDI;-0 results on physical activity, in terms of EDI recommendations/EDI needs;-0 results on physical activity, in terms of EDI curriculum and educators and mentor\u2019s role in EDI;-0 results on physical activity, in terms of EDI literacy/EDI narrative;-0 results on physical activity, in terms of EDI study result;-0 results on kinesiology, in terms of ALL the EDI-related themes.Within the academic/educational setting theme, the following themes returned no results and, as such, are neither listed in There were twelve findings, in a total of five sources, that discussed EDI recommendations/EDI needs, in the context of physical education in an academic setting. Out of the twelve findings, one of them discussed persons with disabilities, three of them discussed ethnic groups, and eight of them did not cover any specific EDI group.The Recreational Sports Journal, and found that EDI was not discussed in a meaningful way during the time period of their study; it is very important to address this void and publish more papers that cover EDI topics [The EDI recommendation related to persons with disability(s) in physical education settings was that regular contact with non-disabled children in physical education classes aids in the inclusion of those with disabilities in society . The EDII topics . It was I topics .There were nine findings, in a total of three sources, that discussed EDI curricula and the teachers/educator/mentor role in EDI, in the context of physical education in an academic setting. Out of the nine findings, one of them discussed ethnic groups and the other eight covered no specific EDI group. In terms of ethnic groups, it was discussed that taking the initiative to build EDI curricula brings the opportunity to include more culturally responsive and cultural enrichment pedagogy . The folJournal of Sport Rehabilitation for their commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion [There were three findings, out of a total of one source, that discussed EDI recommendation/EDI needs, in the context of sports in an academic setting. Out of those three findings, none of them covered a specific EDI group. The source was a statement that was put out by the nclusion . In the nclusion . They stnclusion . They funclusion .The following source discusses reflections that occurred at EDI conferences . This soRecreational Sports Journal [Recreational Sports Journal articles that were analyzed, 18% addressed at least one equity diversity and/or inclusion issues [There were seven findings, out of a total of two sources, that discussed EDI study results, in the context of sports in an academic setting. One of the sources covered all EDI groups, whereas the other source did not cover any EDI groups. The first source was a content analysis of equity, diversity, and inclusion in the  Journal , perform Journal . In this Journal . It is i Journal . This con issues . Furthern issues . The secn issues . In thisn issues . It was n issues .-0 results on physical education, in terms of all the EDI-related themes;-0 results on sports, in terms of EDI curriculum and educator/mentor\u2019s role in EDI;-0 results on sports, in terms of EDI literacy/EDI narrative;-0 results on physical activity, in terms of EDI curriculum and educators/mentor\u2019s role in EDI;-0 results on physical activity, in terms of EDI literacy/EDI narrative;-0 results on physical activity, in terms of EDI study results;-0 results on kinesiology, in terms of ALL the EDI-related themes.Within the non-academic setting theme, the following returned no results and, as such, are neither listed in There was one finding, through one source, that discussed EDI recommendations/EDI needs in the context of physical activity in a non-academic setting. This EDI recommendation/EDI need did not cover any specific EDI group. It was discussed that there is an \u201curgent need\u201d to address EDI within intramural and recreational sports . This reThere were five findings, in a total of four sources, that discussed EDI recommendations/EDI needs in the context of sport in a non-academic setting. Out of those five findings, one discussed women and ethnic groups, one discussed ethnic groups, and two discussed no EDI groups. The EDI recommendation and need to promote racial EDI within black women\u2019s football in Brazil were highlighted . This reThere were eight findings, out of a total of three sources, that presented EDI study results in the context of support in a non-academic setting. Out of the eight findings, four discussed LGBTQIA+ topics, two discussed women, one discussed ethnic groups, and one discussed both women and ethnic groups. One EDI study result discussing LGBTQIA+ was that athletes have a fear of disclosing their sexuality or sexual orientation, in fear of discrimination from the sports industry . Because-0 results on physical education, in terms of ALL the EDI-related themes;-0 results on sports, in terms of EDI curriculum and educator/mentor\u2019s role in EDI;-0 results on sports, in terms of EDI literacy/EDI narrative;-0 results on sports, in terms of EDI study result;-0 results on physical activity, in terms of ALL the EDI-related themes;-0 results on kinesiology, in terms of EDI curriculum and Educators/mentors role;-0 results on kinesiology, in terms of EDI/EDI narrative.Within the university setting theme, the following returned no results and, as such, are neither listed in There were four findings, in a total of two sources, that discussed EDI recommendation/EDI needs in the context of sport in a university setting. Out of those four findings, none of them discussed a specific EDI group. One of the findings presented the recommendation that, for the future of college recreational sports programs, those programs have a responsibility to address the needs of the changing demographic interests, as well as the diverse students on campus . This soThe recommendation in this one source addressed that the kinesiology program design can use student narratives and experiences to make the shift from neutral documents and pedagogy to ones that expose and work towards dismantling Eurocentricity within the field of study .The objective of this study was to ascertain to what extent (and how) the academic literature focusing on sports, kinesiology, physical education, and physical activity engages with the various EDI phrases and frameworks, as well as which of the marginalized groups covered under EDI are mentioned in the literature covered.We found only 18 relevant hits with all our search strategies, whereby the EDI frameworks were not at all found. Only \u2018sport*\u2019 generated any hits related to EDI phrases; the other three fields did not. The majority of our findings were based on the presence of all the individual EDI terms, but not as phrases; within these sources, the term \u201csport*\u201d was the most linked to EDI, with much less physical activity or physical education and even less kinesiology. On top, we found a very low to no coverage of marginalized groups normally linked to EDI, namely racialized minorities (12), women (6), LGBTQ2S+ (5), disabled people (2), and Indigenous peoples (0), within the already low coverage of EDI.Altogether, our findings suggest a huge gap in the academic inquiry and huge opportunities for research on EDI within sports, physical education, physical activity, and kinesiology by themselves, but also in collaborations with many other fields and groups, such as disability studies and other identity group studies, social justice studies, education, media studies, global south focused studies, sustainability studies, socially disadvantaged groups, practitioners, and policy makers. Given that ableism is employed in the academic literature covering sports, physical education, physical activity, and kinesiology, we especially see opportunities for sports, physical education, physical activity, and kinesiology academic efforts to use the ableism lens to enrich the EDI discourses. For the remainder of the section, we discuss the problems of our findings, using as lenses: (a) the academic literature related to physical education, sport, physical activity, and kinesiology, individually covering the terms equity, equality, inclusion, and diversity; (b) the premise of the EDI frameworks and phrases, in general, as well as in the context of disabled people; and (c) ableism experienced by disabled people, but also beyond.Efforts performed under the EDI frameworks and EDI policy terms are envisioned to lead to systemic positive change for students, academic staff, and non-academic staff in universities, as a workplace, in general, but also in the research and education reality in universities ,34,35,36Given this sweeping mandate for positive systemic and cultural changes EDI actions are to engender, much more should have been found in our searches that link sports, physical education, physical activity, and kinesiology to EDI policy frameworks and phrases with particular emphasis on the EDI targeted groups. However, our findings are not surprising, as the EDI frameworks and phrases are rarely visible in other contexts either, such as disabled people, in general . HoweverIn sports, physical education, physical activity, and kinesiology, the individual terms of equity, equality, diversity, and inclusion are discussed, in the context of the EDI groups of gender, race, LGBTQ2S+ ,125,126,Ableism is a term coined by disabled activists and academics to flag the cultural reality of ability-based expectations, judgments, norms, and conflicts ,175,176.The cultural reality of ableism is intersectional ,180,181.The search was limited to two academic databases and English language literature. As such, the findings are not to be generalized to the whole academic literature, non-academic literature, or non-English literature. These findings, however, allow conclusions to be made, within the parameters of the searches.The low hits we obtained in our scoping review suggests a gap in academic inquiry around EDI and sports, physical education, physical activity, and kinesiology. Many research projects could evaluate the existing EDI frameworks and EDI phrases, through the lens of sports, physical education, physical activity, and kinesiology. One could answer the following research questions: What do the EDI phrases mean for sports, physical education, physical activity, and kinesiology? Which phrases are the most suitable for sports, physical education, physical activity, and kinesiology? Do words have to be added to the phrases? Why has the academic literature in sports, physical education, physical activity, and kinesiology not engaged with the phrases and frameworks yet? What are the societal consequences of sports, physical education, physical activity, and kinesiology not generating academic data and engaging with the EDI frameworks and phrases? Answers to these questions can be obtained conceptually for sports, physical education, physical activity, and kinesiology, with surveys and interviews covering EDI-deserving groups on the level of students, academic staff, and non-academic staff. This research can engage with workplace climate, education, and research realities. For example, in a 2019 Statistics Canada survey, it is stated that 35% of disabled university professors, instructors, teachers, or researchers \u201cexperienced unfair treatment or discrimination in the past 12 months\u201d, and 47% saw themselves \u201csubjected to at least one type of harassment in the past 12 months\u201d . Within"}
{"text": "Dear Editor,Dracocephalum kotschyi and Trachyspermum ammi\u2019 by Zarei-Yazdeli et al. (T. ammi seed extract (TASE) inhibited some pathogenic microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The paper stated that seed extract from this plant can be considered as a phytochemical preservative in the food industry in the future. However, whilst there are some studies about TASE, it seems to me that the studies relating to the extraction process, biological effects and chemical components of this material are still insufficient.I read with interest the manuscript titled \u2018Evaluation of antibacterial synergism of methanolic extract of i et al. , in whicT. ammi is commonly known as ajwain or ajowan. All parts of this plant can be used in medicine, especially the seeds, which contains carbohydrates, fibre, tannins, glycosides, protein, fat, saponins, flavones and minerals while the essential oil (EO) of the seeds possesses a large amount of precious components, including \u03b3-terpinene, p-cymene and thymol. This material has many medical applications, such as antifungal, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antinociceptive, cytotoxic, hypolipidemic, antihypertensive, antispasmodic, broncho-dilating actions, antilithiasis, diuretic, abortifacient, antitussive, nematicidal, anthelmintic and antifilarial  ratios are different in all studies, ranging from 1/10 to 3/10 (g/mL)   , 3, 6, w species , althoug species , 9. ThisThere are no official standards and published reports on the specific chemical compounds (non-volatile compounds) that exist in TASE. In my opinion, non-volatile compounds such as phenolic acids, saponins, alkaloids or flavonoids are also extremely important for the bioactivity of the extract. We can completely determine these compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); however, this method is quite complex and costly and needs many different standard substances to screen and identify the chemical components. Therefore, in my opinion, finding new or precious compounds in TASE by HPLC is very interesting and necessary, as this will help us to clarify the roles of the bioactive compounds.In general, the bioactivity of TASE strongly depends on the extraction conditions and chemical components. I believe that we still have the space to study some issues related to this material and that the scientific results obtained will be very valuable as they will enhance our knowledge, which can be widely applied in the pharmaceutical and medical fields."}
{"text": "Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has transformed the care of patients with relapsed/refractory large B cell lymphoma and is associated with unique toxicities, in particular cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity/immune effector cell\u2010associated encephalopathy syndrome (ICANS) , 2, 3. TA 28\u2010year old woman with refractory primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma was referred for standard of care (SOC) CAR T cell therapy after receiving R\u2010CHOP  chemotherapy, radiation, and GDP  salvage chemotherapy. Due to tumor burden with extensive abdominal involvement, she received bridging therapy with pembrolizumab, dexamethasone, and radiation to the right kidney  for presumed transverse myelitis but returned on D+33 with worsening ascending numbness, bilateral leg weakness, and urinary retention Figure\u00a0. On examOver the next 4 months, the patient regained some motor strength in the lower limbs  and reported improvement in sensory symptoms . Follow\u2010up imaging of the spine on D+208 showed significant improvement in cord signal change from T1 \u2010 T6 with resolution of enhancement  disruption which may facilitate the influx of cytokines, recruitment of monocytes, and activation of macrophages, but elevated levels of the excitatory N\u2010methyl\u2010D\u2010aspartate receptor agonists glutamate and quinolinic acid have also been described , 9, 17.Risk factors associated with the development of neurotoxicity include patient\u2010related factors such as younger age, higher tumor burden, and a history of early and/or high\u2010grade CRS, as well as product\u2010related characteristics such as CAR design and choice of lymphodepletion regimen , 5, 6. OOne limitation of this case report is that in the SOC setting CAR T cells are not routinely quantified or phenotyped, and, therefore, we could not determine if there were any CAR T cell characteristics that differed in this case, and neither was it possible to determine the presence of CAR T cells in the CSF. The patients who developed leukoencephalopathy in the case report from ZUMA\u20101, for example, were found to have a massive expansion of peripheral CAR T cells and prominent features of BBB disruption .Interestingly, it is also unclear whether any of the treatments pursued  changed the disease course or whether time alone leads to disease improvement in such cases. Rituximab was not administered as CD19 CAR T cell therapy strongly depletes B cells, and additional B cell depletion was considered unlikely to be of benefit.As a relatively new technology, rare and unexpected side effects may occur in patients receiving CAR T cell therapy. Reporting and collection of such cases will help to increase awareness of rare presentations and advance the expertise in managing these challenging cases.SS, SM, JAS, KR, NF, DW: No disclosures. RF: Research funding from Novartis and Kite. MLD: Research funding from Celgene, Novartis, Kite, and Atara; other financial support from Novartis, Precision Biosciences, Celyad, Bellicum, and GlaxoSmithKline; stock options from Precision Biosciences, Adaptive Biotechnologies, and Anixa Biosciences. FLL: Scientific advisory role with Kite, a Gilead Company, Novartis, Celgene/Bristol\u2010Myers Squibb, GammaDelta Therapeutics, Wugen, Amgen, Calibr, and Allogene; consultant with grant options for Cellular Biomedicine Group, Inc.; research support from Kite, a Gilead Company. MDJ: Consultancy/advisory role for Kite/Gilead, Novartis, Takeda, and BMS. JGK: Consultant or advisory role for Abbvie, BMS, Gilead, Karyopharm, Merck, Roche, Seattle Genetics; honoraria from Amgen, Antengene, Astra Zeneca, BMS, Gilead, Incyte, Janssen, Karyopharm, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Seattle Genetics, TG Therapeutics; research funding from Canadian Cancer Society, Leukemia and Lymphoma Society Canada, Princess Margaret Cancer Foundation, Janssen, Roche, Astra Zeneca; other remuneration from Karyopharm (DSMB).KR and RF performed cytokine and data analyses and reviewed the manuscript; JAS, MLD, NF, and FLL critically reviewed and edited the manuscript; SS, MDJ, DW, and JGK analyzed data and wrote and edited the manuscript."}
{"text": "Data science, information theory, probability theory, statistical learning, statistical signal processing, and other related disciplines greatly benefit from non-negative measures of dissimilarity between pairs of probability measures. These are known as divergence measures, and exploring their mathematical foundations and diverse applications is of significant interest , and itvergence ,13. The i-Silvey , Csisz\u00e1ri-Silvey ,16,17, ai-Silvey , is a usf-divergences. The latter implies, in particular, that the Jensen\u2013Shannon divergence satisfies data-processing inequalities. The first paper in this Special Issue [Relative entropy is a well-known asymmetric and unbounded divergence measure , whereasal Issue , authoreal Issue  further Many of Shannon\u2019s information measures appear naturally in the context of horse gambling, when the gambler\u2019s utility function is the expected log-wealth. The second paper , coauthof-divergences. The third paper [f-divergences. Applications that are studied in [The relative entropy  and the rd paper , by Nishudied in  include The interesting interplay between inequalities and information theory has a rich history, with notable examples that include the relationship between the Brunn\u2013Minkowski inequality and the entropy power inequality, transportation-cost inequalities and their tight connections to information theory, logarithmic Sobolev inequalities and the entropy method, inequalities for matrices obtained from the nonnegativity of relative entropy, connections between information inequalities and finite groups, combinatorics, and other fields of mathematics . These properties lead to f-divergence inequalities, and to information-theoretic applications  strongly convex divergence dominates the square of the total variation, which extends the classical bound provided by the chi-squared divergence. Its analysis also yields improvements of Bayes risk f-divergence inequalities, consequently achieving a sharpening of Pinsker\u2019s inequality.Basic properties of an e, e.g., ,35,36,37e, e.g., ,40,41,42e, e.g., , authoref-divergences, which contains most of the classical inferential tools, and which is indexed by a single scalar parameter. This class belongs to the family of f-divergences, and is usually referred to as the power divergence class, which has been considered by Cressie and Read [Divergences between probability measures are often used in statistics and data science in order to perform inference under models of various types. The corresponding methods extend the likelihood paradigm, and suggest inference in settings of minimum distance or minimum divergence, while allowing some tradeoff between efficiency and robustness. The sixth paper , authoreand Read ,45. The and Read  states tThe seventh paper by Verd\u00fa  is a reslarly to  (the seclarly to , it is wlarly to . In the larly to , the thistudy in . Furtherstudy in  closes tstraints ,49, by mf-divergence measures are considered. The optimal design of the linear transformation of the data onto a lower-dimensional subspace is characterized for zero-mean Gaussian models, and numerical algorithms are employed to find the design for general Gaussian models with non-zero means.In statistical inference, the information-theoretic performance limits can often be expressed in terms of a statistical divergence measure between the underlying statistical models (see, e.g.,  and refeIt is our hope that the reader will find interest in the eight original contributions of this Special Issue, and that these works will stimulate further research in the study of the mathematical foundations and applications of divergence measures."}
{"text": "N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) are a class of chemical carcinogens found in various environmental sources such as food, drinking water, cigarette smoke, the work environment, and the indoor air population. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the links between nitrate, nitrite, and NOCs in food and water and the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, including esophageal cancer (EC), gastric cancer (GC), colorectal cancer (CRC), and pancreatic cancer (PC). A systematic search of the literature in Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Embase was performed for studies on the association between NOCs in drinking water and food sources and GI cancers. Forest plots of relative risk (RR) were constructed for all the cancer sites and the intake sources. The random-effects model was used to assess the heterogeneity between studies. Forty articles were included after removing duplicate and irrelevant articles. The meta-analysis indicated that the intake of high dose vs. low dose of these compounds was significantly associated with the overall GI cancer risk and nitrite , and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) . We found that dietary nitrite intake increased GC , and EC . Additionally, dietary NDMA intake increased the risk of CRC . This meta-analysis provides some evidence that the intake of dietary and water nitrate, nitrite, and NOCs may be associated with GI cancers. In particular, dietary nitrite is linked to GC and EC risks and dietary NDMA intake is associated with CRC. In 2020, cancer accounted for nearly 10 million deaths and nearly one in six deaths worldwide. Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, with an estimation of approximately 5 million new cases and 3.5 million deaths worldwide, accounted for half of the cancer burden in 2020 [H pylori infection, high body mass index, low physical activity, and dietary factors [In addition to non-modifiable risk factors such as the demographic characteristics, family history, and genetic predisposition, some preventable risk factors are well established for GI cancer, including tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption,  factors ,4,5,6.The N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) are a broad class of chemical carcinogens that exist in various environmental sources such as food, drinking water, cigarette smoke, the work environment, and the indoor air population, although intrinsic sources are also available for crucial needs of our bodies ,10,11,12Several experimental and epidemiological studies have shown that nitrate, nitrite and NDMA can affect human health , includiThe online database searches were performed in January 2022. Searches were undertaken for English-language peer-reviewed publications on the association of nitrate, nitrite, and NOCs and the risk of GI cancers between 1990 to the present. The databases included Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Embase. The search strategy was designed using MeSH terms like \u201cGastrointestinal Cancers\u201d, \u201cDigestive System Cancers\u201d, \u201cOrganic Chemicals\u201d, \u201cNitroso Compounds\u201d, \u201cNitrate\u201d, \u201cNitrite\u201d,\u201dNDMA\u201d, and \u201cEpidemiologic Studies\u201d. Based on our searches on the databases, a total of 12,750 articles were retrieved, including 4539 articles for GC, 2204 for EC, 6673 for CRC, and 2243 for PC. A total of 40 studies were included after the title, abstract, full-text evaluations, and quality assessment ,60,61,62The study screening and quality assessment were conducted by three researchers , and in the event of any discrepancies, a referee (EM) intervened. The data extraction file contained the demographic characteristics of the article such as the author\u2019s name, the year of publication, the title, the type of study, the country, as well as the design characteristics, including the sample size, the sampling method, the source of the population, the type of controls, the type of cancer, the source of nitrate, nitrite, and the NOCs , and the method of data collection . Finally, the effect size measures, including the relative risks (RRs) for the cohort studies and the odds ratios (ORs) for the case-control studies and their 95% CI were abstracted.Quality assessment of the included articles (case-control or cohort studies) was accomplished using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) . For cas2 statistic  [2 > 60%), was estimated using a random-effects model [p-value of heterogeneity was assessed using a sub meta-analysis. Moreover, publication bias was examined by creating a funnel plot and a regression asymmetry test [The relationships between nitrite, nitrate, or NMDA intake and the risk of GI cancers were examined based on the effect size measurements and the corresponding 95% CIs of each study. Because of the rare disease assumption, the ORs are assumed to approximate the RRs . Heteroggeneity) . The poots model . All anatry test ,69.A total of 40 independent studies were included in the meta-analysis, including 27 case-control studies ,57,60,61The meta-analysis was repeated for each cancer site based on the nitrate, nitrite, NDMA and the source intake.2 = 80.2%, P-heterogeneity = 0.025), the food intake of nitrate , and the food intake of nitrite  . There were no statistically significant excess risks from the food sources of nitrate, NDMA, or the water sources of nitrate intake. We observed significant heterogeneity for studies of the food sources of NDMA (I= 0.004) . There w= 0.004) .2 = 92.2%, P-heterogeneity = 0.000). Additionally, there were significant heterogeneities for studies of the food intake of NDMA , the food intake of nitrate , and the water intake of nitrate   (I= 0.000) . We foun= 0.000) .2 = 73.4%, P-heterogeneity = 0.002), the food nitrite intake , and the water intake of nitrate  . No statistically significant heterogeneity across studies was observed for CRC in relation to NDMA intake, but heterogeneity was statistically significant for studies of the food nitrate intake (I= 0.000) . Stratif= 0.000) .2 = 80.7%, P-heterogeneity = 0.000), and nitrite   . No sign= 0.000) .We found limited high-quality research on nitrate, nitrite, NOCs, and cancer risk, most likely due to the difficulty of quantifying these compounds from different sources worldwide. Despite this limitation, the literature suggests that dietary and water sources may be risk factors for GI cancers, in particular, nitrate intake from water sources and diet for CRC, nitrite intake from diet for GC, and NDMA intake for CRC and EC ,56,59,70Nitrate and nitrite as precursors of the NOCs  are suspected of playing a key role in cancer carcinogenesis through the induction of DNA-damaging metabolites, like aldehydes and alkyldiazonium ions, which could cause cancerous lesions in cells ,16,58,70H pylori infection in the GC studies [There was heterogeneity in the study designs and the methodologies, which may explain the differences in the results of the published studies. The high heterogeneity observed in our meta-analyses may be due to the variety of confounders used in the models as well as the differences between the study settings, the population characteristics, the compound ranges, and the estimation methods. Except for age and gender, other confounders were less consistently controlled for, particularly dietary factors and specific risk factors, such as  studies .The number of reviews for EC was limited. A meta-analysis study by Lie et al.  in 2016 H.pylori infection may increase the NOCs product level and increase the risk of GC [In 2016, Lie and others found an inverse association between dietary nitrate consumption and GC, and a borderline association between dietary nitrite consumption and GC . In 2015sk of GC .Previous studies on association between the NOCs and CRC are inconsistent. In 2016, one systematic review reported that dietary nitrite/nitrate intake was not significantly linked with CRC , howeverNone of the previous reviews reported a significant relationship between dietary or water intake of nitrate, nitrite, and NDMA and the risk of PC ,19. Our The geographical distribution of the studies plays an important role in achieving reliable results. A majority of the studies included in our review were conducted in Europe (30%) and North America (48%), and we found no reliable studies from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). As a result, our findings cannot be generalized to LMICs, where the amounts of nitrate, nitrite, and NOCs may vary based on the dietary patterns, the cooking methods, the water sources, the effect of seasonal rainfall on water compounds, and the fertilizer compounds . Also, mIn conclusion, our meta-analysis shows modest evidence on the association between dietary and water nitrate, nitrite, and NOCs intake and certain types of GI cancer risk. The dietary intake of nitrite is associated with GS and EC and the dietary NDMA intake is associated with CRC. In future studies, the influence of different compound types on cancer should be explored by considering the source intake, and gender differences, particularly in less studied geographical regions."}
{"text": "At present, \u201cBelt and Road\u201d (\u201cB&R\u201d) member states (accounting for about 61.78% of the world\u2019s population) face different types of cancer threats to varying degrees. We analyzed the incidence and mortality and risk factors of cancer in the member countries of the \u201cB&R\u201d to explore the basis of health and medical cooperation between countries and provide a foundation for formulating cancer prevention and control policies for building a healthy \"B&R.\"Data were derived from the Global Cancer Observatory and Cancer Country Profiles in 2020. Incidence and mortality were age-standardized rates (ASRs). Population attributable fractions (PAFs) was applied to measure risk factors of cancers in the \u201cB&R\u201d countries. The mortality\u00adto\u00adincidence ratio (MIR) was calculated by dividing the mortality rate by the incidence rate.A total of 26 cancers were included in the study. Lung, breast, colorectal, stomach, liver, prostate, cervical, esophageal, thyroid, and uterine cancers were the most common and highest in age-standardized mortality in the \u201cB&R\u201d countries. For men, Hungary had the highest cancer age-standardized incidence and mortality , followed by Latvia . In females, the highest incidence rates were estimated in Greece , and the highest mortality rate was Brunei . All countries were in the middle or high HDI range, with about half (46.88%) of countries achieving high HDI, mostly in Central and Eastern Europe (13 countries) and West Asia (10 countries). The United Arab Emirates had the highest MIR in male and female (1.59 vs 2.19). Tobacco products, infectious factors, and ultraviolet rays were the three main cancer risk factors in the \u201cB&R\u201d countries.The overall burden of cancer in the countries along the \u201cB&R\u201d remains substantial, while the corresponding cancer prevention and control policies need to be improved. Strengthening health cooperation among member countries will contribute to a joint response to the risks and challenges posed by cancer.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09657-3. More than 2,000 years ago, people on the Eurasian continent explored many trade and cultural exchange routes that connected the major civilizations of Asia, Europe, and Africa, and later generations collectively referred to these routes as the \"Silk Road\" . During In recent years, with the development of society and the economy, the disease burden in low\u2013human development index (HDI) and medium-HDI countries has shifted from being dominated by communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNDS) to being dominated by non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and injuries . With thhttps://www.who.int/countries) [We used data from the Global Cancer Observatory (gco.iarc.fr)  and Cancuntries)  in 2020.untries) .\"B&R\" initiative refers to the cooperative organization of politics, economics, culture, and other related fields, and includes 66 member countries. Apart from Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Israel, and Singapore, the remaining 60 countries are all developing countries: (1) East Asia: China, Mongolia; (2) The association of southeast Asian nations (ASEAN): Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Brunei, and the Philippines; (3) West Asia: Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Greece, Cyprus, and Egypt's Sinai Peninsula; (4) South Asia: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Nepal, and Bhutan; (5) Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan; (6) The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS): Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and the Republic of Moldova; (7) Central and Eastern Europe (CEE): Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, and Macedonia. The division of the \u201cB&R\u201d countries is based on the World Bank's division of global regions and international political and economic organizations. There is a lack of cancer-related data in Palestine and Yemen in this database. Therefore, we collected and analyzed cancer data in the other 64 member states.In this study, we used incidence, mortality, and age-standardized rates (ASRs) to analyze and compare cancer incidence and death in \"B&R\" countries. Incidence, generated by population-based cancer registries (PBCRs), is the number of new cases occurring in a specified period and geographic region, and conveyed either as an absolute number of cases per annum or as a rate per 100,000 people per year. Mortality, similarly, is used to measure the number of deaths per unit of time  in a population of a given size. It is usually expressed in units per 100,000 people per year. ASRs per 100,000 people-years are corrected by the direct method and the world standard population to allow for differences in the age structure of a population. The methods used to estimate the global incidence and mortality in 2020  can be found in other literature , 9. We cWe conducted a descriptive analysis and comparison of the incidence and deaths due to cancers in the \u201cB&R\u201d countries, as well as a visual presentation. Microsoft Excel 2019 was used for data visualization.A total of 26 cancers were included in the study. Breast, lung, colorectum, prostate, stomach, liver, cervix uteri, esophagus, thyroid, and bladder cancer ranked amongst the top 10 new cancer in 2020, and lung, colorectum, liver, stomach, breast, oesophagus, pancreas, prostate, cervix uteri, and leukaemia cancer ranked among the top 10 cancer in terms of deaths, with a total of 12,176,526 new cases and 7,054,094 deaths worldwide, respectively Table .Table 1NTable Among the top 10 cancers in East Asian countries, the total incidence and mortality of cancer in Mongolia were ASR, 158.0 per 100,000 and ASR, 128.8 per 100,000, respectively, and both were larger in females than in males. Liver cancer had the highest cancer incidence and mortality. The total cancer incidence and mortality in China were 146.3 per 100,000 and 84.4 per 100,000, respectively, and lung cancer and breast cancer had the highest cancer incidence and mortality, respectively  and Vietnam had the highest cancer mortality . The countries with the highest overall cancer incidence and mortality among males were Singapore and Laos , while for females, the country was Brunei, with an overall cancer incidence and mortality of ASR, 137.4 per 100,000 and ASR, 52.9 per 100,000, respectively. Cancers of the colorectum, lung, prostate, and liver in men, and cancers of the breast, lung, colorectum, and cervix uteri in female, continue to be the most common fatal cancers  and Turkey , with lung, prostate, bladder, and colorectal cancer being the main causes. Israel, Greece, and Cyprus had the highest cancer incidence rates of the breast, thyroid, corpus uteri, and colorectum in females. The top three countries with the highest cancer mortality were Cyprus, Egypt, and Iraq, where principal deaths of cancer were cancers of the breast, lung, colorectum, ovary, and cervix uteri; leukemia, brain, and central nervous system were all in the top five cancer death types in Iraq. See supplementary Fig. SLarge distribution differences existed in the incidence and mortality of cancers in South Asian member countries, with the total number of newly diagnosed cancer cases in Bhutan being much higher than that in other countries . Bangladesh had some of the highest cancer incidence rates in males , such as lung, prostate, and colorectal cancers. There was a high incidence of breast cancer, colorectal cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and esophageal cancers in females in Afghanistan  and the Maldives . On the contrary, deaths were more evenly distributed across countries, with the most deaths being from lung cancer and digestive system cancer in males and breast cancer and lung cancer in females. See supplementary Fig. SLung, prostate, colorectal, and stomach cancers in males in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan had a high incidence among the Central Asian countries, while a small difference in the incidence and mortality of cancers was observed in females; cancers of the breast, cervix uteri, colorectum, corpus uteri, and stomach were the main ones , ranking the first among the types of cancer worldwide . The risIn addition, cervical cancer carries the highest burden in less developed countries and regions in the \u201cB&R\u201d countries , and neaInfectious agents are the key cause of cancer, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. It was estimated that in 2018, about one-eighth of the 18 million new cancer cases in the world were caused by infection . HepatitUltraviolet radiation directly or indirectly induces DNA damage, leads to mutations, triggers inflammation and immunosuppression, and finally leads to tumor growth. Photocarcinogenesis is a complex, multi-step pathway, which is triggered by the formation of dipyrimidine photoproducts and leads to the formation of mutations . Sunburn and inflammation caused by persistent DNA lesions (including dipyrimidine photoproducts and oxidative DNA lesions) play a role in promoting the process of photocarcinogenesis . The dipIn the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, awareness of global public health has become clearer, and policy has played a crucial role in promoting global public health. By studying and comparing the incidence, mortality and risk factors of cancer in the \u201cB&R\u201d countries, this study identified different cancer challenges faced by different countries, proposed cancer prevention and control measures applicable to each country, and provided suggestions for health cooperation programs in \u201cB&R\u201d countries. However, the data sources involved in this study are extensive, and the data quality will be uneven. Readers are suggested to quote and extrapolate after reading the analysis methods and data sources of this study in detail.In summary, the challenges posed by cancer are consistent in the \u201cB&R\u201d member countries. Lung cancer, breast cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, thyroid cancer, and uterine cancer were found to be the biggest cancer burdens in the \u201cB&R\u201d countries, and tobacco products, infectious factors, and ultraviolet rays were the main risk factors. Moreover, the corresponding cancer prevention and control policies need to be improved. Therefore, in the context of the health \"One Belt One Road\" initiative, the collaboration between multiple stakeholders and the sharing of resources will play a positive role in jointly coping with the risks and challenges brought by cancer and promoting the positive development of the health and medical undertaking of all member states and the world at large.All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.Additional File 1. Supplementary file 1 Comparison of estimated 2020 ASR (world) among East Asia countries, all ages.Additional File 2. Supplementary file 2\u00a0Comparison of estimated 2020 ASR (world) among ASEAN countries, all ages.Additional File 3. Supplementary file 3 Comparison of estimated 2020 ASR (world) among West Asia countries, all ages.Additional File 4. Supplementary file 4 Comparison of estimated 2020 ASR (world) among South Asia countries, all ages.Additional File 5. Supplementary file 5 Comparison of estimated 2020 ASR (world) among Central Asia countries, all ages.Additional File 6. Supplementary file 6 Comparison of estimated 2020 ASR (world) among CIS countries, all ages.Additional File 7. Supplementary file 7\u00a0Comparison of estimated 2020 ASR (world) among Central and eastern Europe countries, all ages."}
{"text": "Introduction: Neuromuscular diseases comprise a heterogeneous group of genetic syndromes that lead to progressive muscle weakness, resulting in functional limitation. There is a gap in the literature regarding the communication of the diagnosis of such diseases, compromising the autonomy of patients and families, besides causing stress on the assistant physician. Objectives: Developing a guide to reduce communication barriers in the diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases. Methodology: Systematic review, after searching the descriptors (\u201cMuscular Diseases\u201d OR \u201cNeuromuscular Diseases\u201d) AND (\u201cTruth Disclosure\u201d OR \u201cBad news communication\u201d OR \u201cBreaking bad News\u201d) in the Pubmed, Bireme, and Scopus websites, and these results were analyzed through narrative textual synthesis. Results: 16 articles were submitted to the final analysis, giving rise to seven steps to support the communication process. These are Empathy, Message, Prognosis, Reception, Time, Individualization, and Autonomy. Discussion and conclusion: The empathic transmission of the message and the prognosis must accommodate the feelings of the interlocutors with different information needs. In this way, communication planning optimizes the time and individualizes each context, respecting the autonomy of those involved. EMPATIA reflects the bioethical and interdisciplinary analysis of the literature and comes to fill the gap related to the communication of bad news in neuromuscular diseases. Neuromuscular diseases comprise a heterogeneous group of genetic syndromes, with variable phenotypes and genotypes that affect the peripheral nervous system. These are rare diseases, which, in general, present progressive functional limitation secondary to muscle weakness, and may lead to the inability to sit, walk, perform manual activities, speak, swallow, and breathe, besides systemic complications secondary to possible damage to the heart muscle, bronchoaspiration, and respiratory infection, for example, besides musculoskeletal deformities, and death ,2,3.The care of patients with disabilities must be based on the ethical principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice, from the moment of communicating the diagnosis to end-of-life decision-making ,5. ThereImproving communication skills strengthens the physician\u2013patient/family bond, motivation and adherence to treatment, the feeling of security and hope, in addition to favoring shared decision-making, avoiding inappropriate expectations ,13,14,15Given the above, the existence of a guide to assist in the communication of the diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases is essential to reduce stress and communication barriers between students, physicians in training, and experts, favoring the ethics of individual/family-centered care.A systematic review was performed by searching for articles on the Pubmed, Bireme, and Scopus websites until May 2022. The descriptors used in Pubmed were ((Muscular Disorders) OR (Neuromuscular Disease)) AND ((Bad news communication) OR (Truth Disclosure) OR (Breaking bad news)), in Bireme and Scopus were (\u201cMuscular Diseases\u201d OR \u201cNeuromuscular Diseases\u201d) AND (\u201cTruth Disclosure\u201d OR \u201cBad news communication\u201d OR \u201cBreaking bad News\u201d). There was no restriction regarding the year of publication, and the filters used were studies in humans and English. The flowchart displaying the article selection is shown in Initially, a pre-selection of articles was conducted by the first author, followed by a final selection after analysis and discussion with the other authors, considering the interdisciplinarity inherent to the theme. After the stages of initial selection and final approval, the analysis of the articles began, independently reviewed, avoiding any ambiguity. Articles were not excluded based on the quality of the research presented, because of the small number of studies selected, and there was no superiority or need to exclude the experiences described.The articles were carefully analyzed and individually interpreted through the following questions: 1. What factors have positively impacted the communication of the diagnosis of a neuromuscular disease? 2. Which communication barriers were described during the communication of this diagnosis? Except for some cases of basic numerical analysis of percentages, the data used for our research questions were qualitatively analyzed, after a synthesis of correlated results, and grouped through narrative textual synthesis, constituting a communication guide . ResultsThis guide was prepared after a neurologist with expertise in neuromuscular diseases, a specialist in medical law and bioethics, and a researcher specialized in palliative care and bioethics analyzed the results. Suggestions and critical remarks were sent by email to the first author, who conducted the final review and evaluation.The following communication protocols for breaking bad news were used as a basis: SPIKES, the Six-Step Protocol for Delivering Bad News , EFNS guSixteen articles were included for the final analysis after the selection of the systematic review. Five (31.2%) of them describe the perspective of people diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), two (12.5%) report the experiences of family caregivers of people diagnosed with ALS, two (12.5%) of family caregivers of people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), one (6.25%) of family caregivers of people with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), three (18.75%) are mixed studies involving affected people and their caregivers , two (12.5%) involve neurologists, and one (6.25%) resident physicians. One article obtained during the search in the references approaches the perspective of communication of the diagnosis between family members and people with genetic diseases, linked to the X chromosome, which, despite not directly addressing neuromuscular diseases, was selected for the final analysis because of the similarity related to rarity, genetic origin, functional impairment, absence of curative treatment, and need for continued rehabilitation . The artThe selected studies describe experiences from the United States of America, Canada, Europe, Australia, and Brazil . SamplesThe analysis of the results gave rise to the EMPATIA Communication Guide, subdivided into seven steps to support the transmission of the diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases, they are Empathy, Message, Prognosis, Acknowledgment, Time, Individualization, and Autonomy .Empathy is the essence of this communication guide. Despite being considered a basic skill , severalThere must be medical preparation before the consultation so that breaking bad news does not result in a communication barrier ,25,29 duProfessionals must keep in mind that empathically communicating the truth does not harm the quality of life of their patients, and may also improve their vitality ,33, reduThe diagnosis must be informed in person, whenever possible ,16,17,20Attention must be given to the feeling of privacy regarding the physical environment, the number of professionals and students during the breaking of bad news, and the opportunity for patients to get dressed, if they have been recently examined ,16,20,31As tables or desks may be perceived as a communication obstacle, professionals must sit close to the patients, preferably side by side and at the same level, and look at them with care, indicating interest and allowing active listening ,16,20. TThe diagnosis must not be omitted. The \u201cconspiracy of silence\u201d or \u201cpious lie\u201d is a way of \u201csparing\u201d the patient; or the distortion of information by, for example, using generalized terms such as \u201cdiseases of the nervous system\u201d and \u201cdamage of motor nerves\u201d instead of the actual name of the disease ,16,29,35The message must be communicated clearly and up to date, with accessible vocabulary, an appropriate tone of voice, uses of examples, metaphors, but also simple drawings or images. Sentimentality, ambiguity, understatement, medical jargon, and impersonal expressions must be avoided ,26,27,28Physicians must also listen to the patients and make sure that the message transmitted was understood and, if there are any doubts, show patience, interest, and availability for further clarification ,25,28,30Written referrals to rehabilitation services and other medical specialties, such as geneticists for genetic counseling, pulmonologists, orthopedists, among others, are recommended. Interdisciplinarity is essential for having a positive impact on the communication process, therapeutic planning, and the establishment of clinical and rehabilitation goals, improving functional independence, preventing complications, in addition to functioning as a support network, avoiding inappropriate conduct, financial expenses, and waste of time ,29,30,31Delivering a summary or providing materials related to the subject addressed in the consultation  is essential; professionals must also provide information on support groups, associations, labor rights, assistance benefits for people with disabilities, and reliable research sources ,27,29,30Physicians must maintain proper communication at each stage of evolution. Every conversation has to involve individualized support in the short, medium, and long term ; therefoBreaking news for patients in childhood age:The needs of the doctor/child/legal guardian trinomial must be individualized, with guidance to parents and family members who must have their doubts clarified to feel prepared to talk about the diagnosis in the different stages of maturity of their children ,22,23,31\u201cKeeping the child away from information\u201d should be avoided as, for example, a \u201cfamily secret\u201d, since this attitude generates tension in the family environment, in addition to upset, frustrated, and anxious children and adolescents, with a continuous feeling of mistrust. The principle of truth, besides being an ethical stance, positively impacts the communication of the diagnosis . DiscussPhysicians must listen to children, encourage them to ask questions, and share their feelings . Open, hIn this context, attention is needed towards \u201cthose forgotten to be informed\u201d, such as siblings of patients who, anguished, isolated, and silent, endure a family history of genetic and neurodegenerative disease , carryinAnother relevant recommendation is for professionals not to anticipate prognosis or determine a lifespan. Prognostic information should be individualized and realistic, understanding information needs and clarity ,9,16,30,Honesty about progression and acknowledging the severity of the disease, maintaining \u201crealistic hope\u201d through communication about neuroprotective  and disePhysicians must teach, guide, and clarify doubts continuously at each stage of evolution, so that patients feel prepared in case of complications and safe to make therapeutic and palliative decisions, reducing the feeling of fear and anxiety ,25,28,36Being sensitive to spiritual needs demonstrating compassion are also essential traits for health professionals. Even in the face of a bad prognosis, these behaviors may be sources of comfort, peace, hope, and belonging. When the medical team does not feel able to talk about spirituality or has divergent thoughts from the patient, spiritual counseling may help to reflect on faith, beliefs, and values ,40. StudAnother essential indispensable step is acknowledging fear, insecurity, pain, anger, denial, anxiety, outburst, revolt, sadness, or silence . After cProfessionals must take care of their emotional health and acknowledge it. Their emotional reaction is an important communication barrier ,25,28; tPlanning the step by step of this communication guide to adjust the time and reduce situations that show that the time is limited, such as interruptions and staring at the clock, is essential ,29. The Physicians must also individualize the process, adapting this guide to the context related to the emotional, social, cultural, intellectual, financial, and religious issues of those involved and the information needs, centered on the patient and their family caregivers ,25,28. EJudgment must be avoided and be replaced by guidance and support throughout the course of the disease ,22. Not Adapting the service environment is also recommended, organizing tables and chairs, accessibility, noise reduction, and privacy, in addition to the training and guidance of a care team that involves all the staff, from the doorman to professionals who perform general services and secretaries, to facilitate accessibility and have empathic postures and conducts that value equity. The involvement of other health professionals in the integrated and continuous treatment is essential, besides the administration of the appointment schedule according to Step 2.8, and 2.9.The desired consequence of the EMPATIA guide is respect for the autonomy of those involved. Efficient communication favors consent and conscious and voluntary decision-making by patients or their legal guardians . ProfessThis systematic review has demonstrated that empathic communication of the diagnosis and prognosis of a neuromuscular disease requires availability and management of time for individualized technical clarification according to the particularities of the patients and their caregivers. After the necessary information is given, there must be acknowledgment and guidance on which paths to follow in order to respect the autonomy of those involved.In this way, the EMPATIA guide reflects the bioethical analysis of the literature related to breaking bad news about neuromuscular diseases, based on internationally supported protocols and a transparent and objective systematic review, discussed in an interdisciplinary manner. This guide fills the gap related to the communication of the diagnosis and the need for technical training of neurologists ,26,27,29The authors intend to analyze the impact of EMPATIA on several aspects, such as the communication of the diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases, the physician\u2013patient relationship, the stress related to the doctor during this moment ,12,26,27The limitations of this guide comprise the lack of research related to the communication process of the diagnosis for most neuromuscular diseases and the absence of this type of investigation in several continents, which may require cross-cultural adaptations or specific adjustments regarding some neuromuscular diseases."}
{"text": "Artocarpus lakoocha is a synonym for Artocarpus lacucha and is a plant that can be found in Indonesia. This medicinal plant has been used to treat many diseases. (1) Objective: This article discusses the scientific investigations carried out on A. lacucha, namely the plant\u2019s chemical content, pharmacological activity, and active compounds. (2) Methods: The design of this study was based on an article that was a review of previous research. A search for relevant publications over the past ten years (2012\u20132022) using data from Pubmed, Proquest, Ebsco, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar resulted in the discovery of 369 articles. (3) Results: Fifty relevant articles investigate A. lacucha\u2019s substances and their applications in the health field. The presence of secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds has been reported, which is evidence that A. lacucha possesses antidiarrheal, immunostimulant, anticholesterol, and hepatoprotective agents. (4) Conclusions: Mobe (A. lacucha) is a plant native to North Sumatra, Indonesia. This plant is efficacious as an antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antinociceptive, schistosomicidal, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, cytotoxic, antiglycation, and anticholesterol, and can also be used for anti-aging and wound healing. In addition to its various benefits, it turns out that this plant also has many active compounds that are useful to the health sector, especially the pharmaceutical field.Studies have shown that approximately two-thirds of the plant species in the world have some medicinal value.  In Indonesia, where there are many different ethnic groups, plants are used as medicines in increasingly different ways . The numAntidotes made from plants have been used for thousands of years. Our ancestors used them and passed them down from generation to generation until they finally made it into the pharmaceutical world and were recognized by science . Many peA. lacucha is a species of Artocarpus from the Moraceae family , antibacterial, antimalarial, antituberculosis, antiplasmodial, antiatherosclerotic, antifungal, antidiarrheal, antidiabetic, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer and also contain active compounds such as artocarpin, oxyresveratrol, phenols, and flavonoids . Ad. AdA. laA. lacucha plants contain several active compounds, which have been discussed in this article. One of them is oxyresveratrol, which has anti-aging activity associated with its high phenol content, free radical scavenging activity, and antiglycation activity [activity ). Oxyresactivity ,78,79.A. lacucha fruit has antibacterial, antihelmintic, and cholesterol-lowering properties  agent in Alzheimer\u2019s disease [Based on the results of the literature study, it can be stated that the operties . People nd drugs ,13. The nd drugs . They alnd drugs . Other i disease ,83,84."}
{"text": "In the published article, the author names were incorrectly written as Na Z, Kevin F, Yoshiki M, Corentin S, Malgorzata K, Robert N and Vitalie F. The correct author names are Zhou N, Forton K, Motoji Y, Schoubeau C, Klass M, Naeije R and Faoro V.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "Antibodies are key reagents in diagnostics, therapeutics, and experimental biology, capable of detecting numerous targets. The immunization of animals  with antigens mixed with an adjuvant and the induction of antibodies is a well-established process. This procedure for the generation of monoclonal antibodies was originally described by K\u00f6hler and Milstein, and is well-known and has been thoroughly tested ,2,3,4,5.The choice of suitable peptides is crucial for the generation of a good peptide antibody. The peptides used are typically 10\u201320 amino acids long and can be designed to represent many different targets, e.g., post-translational modifications, terminal ends, areas of high conservation, turns, loops, \u03b1-helices, etc. ,5. BasedIn addition to peptide antibodies obtained by the immunization of animals, they can be produced using mammalian expression systems, which facilitate native antibody folding and post-translational modifications . This ap2LC2) linked via disulfide bonds, although some antibodies are occasionally prone to dimerization, or even oligomerization, as recently described by Mieczkowski et al. [Antibodies are typically expressed in a basic format with two HCs and two LCs  antibodies should be characterized in terms of reactivity, specificity, and cross-reactivity, e.g., by titration assays and competition studies, where the relevant target is used as an inhibitor ,3,5. MorPeptide antibodies are used for research and diagnostics in many different immunoassays, e.g., immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, and sandwich assays ,11,15,24The seven articles featured in this Special Issue, addressing the design, production, characterization, and use of (peptide) antibodies, are of considerable interest to scientists investigating approaches related to this topic."}
{"text": "Rheumatism covers a wide range of diseases with complex clinical manifestations and places a tremendous burden on humans. For many years, our understanding of rheumatism was seriously hindered by technology constraints. However, the increasing application and rapid advancement of sequencing technology in the past decades have enabled us to study rheumatism with greater accuracy and in more depth. Sequencing technology has made huge contributions to the field and is now an indispensable component and powerful tool in the study of rheumatism.Articles on sequencing and rheumatism, published from 1 January 2000 to 25 April 2022, were retrieved from the Web of Science\u2122  database. Bibliometrix, the open-source tool, was used for the analysis of publication years, countries, authors, sources, citations, keywords, and co-words.The 1,374 articles retrieved came from 62 countries and 350 institutions, with a general increase in article numbers during the last 22 years. The leading countries in terms of publication numbers and active cooperation with other countries were the USA and China. The most prolific authors and most popular documents were identified to establish the historiography of the field. Popular and emerging research topics were assessed by keywords and co-occurrence analysis. Immunological and pathological process in rheumatism, classification, risks and susceptibility, and biomarkers for diagnosis were among the hottest themes for research.Sequencing technology has been widely applied in the study of rheumatism and propells research in the area of discovering novel biomarkers, related gene patterns and physiopathology. We suggest that further efforts be made to advance the study of genetic patterns related to rheumatic susceptibility, pathogenesis, classification and disease activity, and novel biomarkers. AlthougRheumatism encompasses a wide range of diseases . AccordiSequencing technology, that is, the technology that detects the sequence pattern of biomacromolecules in the central dogma of molecular biology. covers DNA sequencing to RNA sequencing to protein sequencing and provides us with insights into the relationship between genotypes and phenotypes . It laidThe progress made in sequencing technologies has been echoed in the recently improved understanding of rheumatism. The advancement and widened application of sequencing technology and bioinformatics has helped us to take a deeper look into rheumatic diseases on their molecular and cellular levels, and has become an indispensable research tool for its great contributions to the classification, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of rheumatic diseases. GWASs could be used to explore associations between genetic variants and phenotypes . The incBibliometrics takes the global document characteristics and literature landscape as its research object and utilizes methods that include statistics and mathematics to explore the quantitative relationships, changing laws, and distribution patterns of document information, thereafter the characteristics, structures, and laws of technology and science are analyzed. , which c22.1The Web of Science\u2122 , the most trusted global database, and the strongest search engine, was used for publication retrieval on 25 April 2022. The retrieval strategy was as follows: (((TS=rheumatology) OR (TS=rheumatic disease) OR (TS=rheumatism)) AND ((TI=transcriptomic) OR (TI=proteome) OR (TI=proteomics) OR (TI=metabolomics) OR (TI=bioinformatics) OR (TI=metagenomics) OR (TI=metatranscriptomics) OR (TI=omics) OR (TI=microarray) OR (TI=sequence) OR (TI=RNA-seq) OR (TI=sequencing) OR (TI=ATAC-seq) OR (TI=single cell sequencing) OR (TI=single cell sequence) OR (TI=single cell RNA sequencing) OR (TI=single cell RNA sequence) OR (TI=expression profile) OR (TI=bioinformatic*) OR (TI=high throughput))). We retrieved a total of 1,374 articles published from 1 January 2000 to 25 April 2022 in the Web of Science Core Collection. Reviews and monographs were excluded as publication types, and articles, meeting abstracts, proceedings papers, editorial material, letters, and corrections were retained (2.2www.r-project.org) for quantitative research in scientometrics. Bibliometrix can support the workflow for bibliometric analysis and can be easily upgraded and integrated with other R packages  , an open-source tool developed by Massimo Aria and Corrado Cuccurullo using statistical computing and R language  . Other tanalysis . VOSviewanalysis , was als33.1Since the year 2000, publications in rheumatism sequencing have shown an overall tendency of growth. From 2000 to 2004, few articles were published in this area. In 2005, the number of publications increased in line with the development of proteomics and maturation of microarrays. After 2009, with the emergence of single-cell sequencing, publication numbers rapidly increased, with more effort dedicated to the field using this technology. The data retrieval date (April 25) may account for the steep decline in 2022 Figure\u00a013.2A total of 1,374 articles were retrieved, from 62 countries, led by the USA and China, which accounted for 334 publications and 300 publications, respectively, creating a huge production gap between these two countries and the rest of the world. Ranked by accumulated publication frequency, the USA came first, with 1,592 publications, and China second, with 982 publications , Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital (n\u00a0=\u00a041), the Karolinska Institute (n\u00a0=\u00a034), Leiden University (n\u00a0=\u00a034), and the University of California, San Diego (n\u00a0=\u00a034), four of which are in the USA. Shanxi Medical University, the affiliation of the most prolific author, Li, and the University of Minnesota, the affiliation of the third most prolific author, Baechler, also made the top 20. These results are in line with the accumulated production figures for countries noted above, indicating that the USA is in the vanguard of the field.The source of authors\u2019 inspiration, and the incubator for their discoveries, is their institution. Thus, it is of great importance to identify the prolific institutions. 3.3Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, and Arthritis & Rheumatism were the top three, all with publications numbers surpassing 140, accounting for the majority of the relevant articles , Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (H\u00a0=\u00a017), and Arthritis & Rheumatology (H\u00a0=\u00a016), making them valuable sources for research related to rheumatism and sequencing  are words or phrases that are calculated by special algorithms that do not appear in the title of the article but appear in the titles of the article\u2019s references. Article keywords, in contrast, are supplied by the article authors themselves. The KeyWords Plus analysis  had achieved the important milestone of completion of a working draft sequence, ushered in the post-genomics era, which placed more stress on the study of functional genomics, specifically the dynamic genome, and its products such as RNA, proteins, and metabolites . In lineIn this bibliometric analysis, we examined 1,374 articles published from 2000 to 2022 (April 25) on sequencing technology and rheumatism.The number of annual publications, to a certain extent, can reflect the level of researchers\u2019 interest in the field. The number of articles on rheumatism and sequencing started to increase significantly after 2000 and has continued to exhibit an overall increase, despite a few ups and downs. In the year 2005, the number of publications saw its first peak, with most publications focusing on proteomics and gene expression profiling. The same theme lasted for years, until the technique of single-cell RNA sequencingbecame mature and was widely deployed, as a result of which it became the most popular research topic in rheumatism and sequencing. Sequencing in rheumatism regained its popularity in 2009, and the number of articles published increased to nearly 100 per year. In 2017, the publication number received another boost, and in 2021 reaching a record high of 152 publications.Among the 62 countries that dedicated efforts to this field, the USA ranked first, in terms of both the total number of documents and total number of MCPs, and was the home to a large proportion of most relevant affiliations, such as Stanford University, the University of California, San Francisco, and so on. China came in second in total publication numbers, but had the highest number of SCPs. Countries also worked together to conquer obstacles, with the USA having the strongest cooperative bonds with China, European countries, and Korea. Switzerland had the highest MCP ratio, indicating that most of its publications resulted from collaboration with other countries. In terms of the most relevant authors, Li from Shanxi Medical University and Liu from the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine were at the top, with 16 and 15 related articles published in total, respectively, and they are still very active today. Baechler of the University of Minnesota and Gregerson of the Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research reached their peak publishing activity in 2005, and their output has since gradually declined. Several connections can be found between the most relevant authors and affiliations. For instance, Shanxi Medical University, which ranked 12th on the most relevant affiliations, is the institution where Li, the most prolific author, works. This indicates that the most relevant authors also played prominent roles in the establishment of great teams and research environments in this field.Arthritis & Rheumatology, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, and Arthritis and Rheumatism were the three most relevant sources, among which the first two presented an increase in 2013. Although PLOS ONE had only an impact factor of 3.752 in 2022, it published 36 relevant articles and had an h-index of 19, so its influence on the subject should not be ignored.Streptococcus pyogenes\u201d  and transcription factor 7 (TCF7), novel SLE susceptibility genes, were uncovered by GWASs and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis  and diseases, to estimate the possible risks or susceptibility. For instance, using large-scale GWASs, researchers identified the significant genetic variants connected with rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility . Nicotinanalysis . All wor4.2.2Cluster 2 was colored in red, and consisted of the terms \u201cexpression\u201d, \u201cidentification\u201d, \u201cgene\u201d, \u201cprotein\u201d, \u201ccartilage\u201d, and \u201carticular-cartilage\u201d, concentrating on the molecular basis of rheumatism. More and more relevant molecules, whether genes or proteins, have been found, using sequencing technologies such as microarray, to play a pivotal role in rheumatic disorders. Take SLE as an example: the etiology of SLE is multifactorial, involving genes, epigenetic factors, and autoantibodies . Utilizi4.2.3COL6A3) and actin gamma 1 (ACTG1)] as key components of OA , identified the focal adhesions pathway and two marker genes [i.e., collagen type VI alpha 3 chain  and refined our classification standards for SLE . Ambigui4.2.5SAA4), gelsolin (GSN), and vitamin D-binding protein (VDPR) as RA biomarkers, which has value for not only the diagnosis but also the prevention and treatment of rheumatic diseases  classification criteria  for RA\u2019sdiseases . He ZR ediseases . Similardiseases . The disAlthough keywords were separated into five clusters, cross-links between clusters still existed. Exploring the genetic expression pattern could also contribute to an understanding of an individual\u2019s susceptibility to rheumatic diseases, as well as their disease classification status. Discovering novel biomarkers could also lead to the further explication of the pathological or physiological progress involved in rheumatism. Thus, it is of great importance to bear in mind the close relationship between these key themes. In addition, of the various diseases that rheumatism covers, it is apparent that RA, SLE, and OA are the hottest spots for research, with solid foundations and great clinical significance. All in all, sequencing technology was introduced to rheumatism studies to find solutions for unsolved problems, but it is now altering and even leading groundbreaking studies in rheumatism.Nevertheless, limitations in our study still exist. Our study included only articles published from 2000 to 2022, which might have led to the oversight of both early important studies and the latest updates.5In this bibliometric study, we reviewed the progress made in the last 22 years in sequencing and rheumatology, and identified the hotspots and frontiers for future investigation. Evidently, sequencing technology has invigorated the study of rheumatism. From the standpoint of pathogenesis, genomic sequencing has equipped us with knowledge of the pathogens involved, and identified possible genetic backgrounds and molecules involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatism. From the standpoint of clinical value, genomic sequencing has identified possible markers for diagnosis, supplemented evidence for defining stages and classifications, and spotted potential targets for therapy. Among those contributions, employing sequencing technology to study the pathogenesis and classifications of rheumatism would be a wonderful direction for future studies to take. Discovering novel biomarkers for diagnosis and uncovering genetic patterns related to disease susceptibility are also promising orientations. We hope that, with this bibliometric study, we can provide a reference for researchers to better grasp the trends and key points of the study of rheumatism.The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Conception/design: RH, JT, SW, YLiu, MZ, MJ, HQ, WQ, YLu, YiY, BL, YuY, PY, JH, WZ, JL, MG, YZ, XG, SX, XL, and ZH. Collection and/or assembly of data: RH, JT, SW, YLiu, MZ, MJ, HQ, WQ, YLu, YY, BL, YY, PY, JH, WZ, JL, MG, YZ, XG, SX, XL, and ZH. Data analysis and interpretation: RH, JT, SW, YLiu, MZ, MJ, HQ, WQ, YLu, YiY, BL, YuY, PY, JH, WZ, JL, MG, YZ, XG, SX, XL, and ZH. Manuscript writing: RH, JT, SW, YLiu, MZ, MJ, HQ, WQ, YLu, YiY, BL, YuY, PY, JH, WZ, JL, MG, YZ, XG, SX, XL, and ZH. Final approval of manuscript: RH, JT, SW, YLiu, MZ, MJ, HQ, WQ, YLu, YiY, BL, YuY, PY, JH, WZ, JL, MG, YZ, XG, SX, XL, and ZH. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was a misprint in affiliations. Instead of \u201cDepartment of Neurosurgery, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea\u201d it should be \u201cDepartment of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea\u201d. Additionally, instead of \u201cDepartment of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea\u201d it should be \u201cDepartment of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "In this article Gunter Bombaerts was incorrectly linked to 'Delft University of Technology, Jafalaan 5, 2628BX Delft, The Netherlands', due to an incomplete correction. He should have been linked to 'Eindhoven University of Technology, VITO, Eindhoven, The Netherlands', as he was in the original manuscript.The original article has been corrected."}
{"text": "In the midst of a global pandemic with a rising death toll, the children\u00b4s mental health can be easily overlooked in the country\u2019s response. But this overlook would have devastating consequences for years to come.The objective of this research is to compare children\u2019s physical and mental development before, during and after the situation of social isolation caused by the pandemic of COVID-19.The parents/guardians of 100 children aged between 0 and 5 years and 11 months old were asked to answer questions based on the ASQ-3 (Ages and Stages Questionnaire III), containing questions related to Communication, Gross Motor, Fine Motor, Problem Solving, and Personal-Social and ASQ- SE  addressing issues of self-regulation, compliance, social-communication, adaptive functioning, autonomy, and affect. In addition, behavioral issues related to children\u2019s mental health will be included, such as: aggressiveness, insomnia, lack of appetite, apathy, sadness, tiredness, lack of interest, hyperactivity, manias, tantrum, morning among others. Child development data will be collected before and during quarantine / isolation and later, in a second stage, after the end of social isolation.The data will be analyzed in order to characterize child behavior before, during and after the period of social isolation, correlating the different areas of child development, especially mental health.As argued, socially isolated children are at increased risk of health problems in adulthood. Furthermore, studies on social isolation have demonstrated that a lack of social relationships negatively impacts the development of the brain\u2019s structure.No significant relationships."}
{"text": "Video and other technologies are reshaping the delivery of health care, yet barriers related to workflow and possible provider fatigue suggest that a thorough evaluation is needed for quality and process improvement.This scoping review explored the relationship among technology, fatigue, and health care to improve the conditions for providers.A 6-stage scoping review of literature (from 10 databases) published from 2000 to 2020 that focused on technology, health care, and fatigue was conducted. Technologies included synchronous video, telephone, informatics systems, asynchronous wearable sensors, and mobile health devices for health care in 4 concept areas related to provider experience: behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and physical impact; workplace at the individual, clinic, hospital, and system or organizational levels; well-being, burnout, and stress; and perceptions regarding technology. Qualitative content, discourse, and framework analyses were used to thematically analyze data for developing a spectrum of health to risk of fatigue to manifestations of burnout.Of the 4221 potential literature references, 202 (4.79%) were duplicates, and our review of the titles and abstracts of 4019 (95.21%) found that 3837 (90.9%) were irrelevant. A full-text review of 182 studies revealed that 12 (6.6%) studies met all the criteria related to technology, health care, and fatigue, and these studied the behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and physical impact of workflow at the individual, hospital, and system or organizational levels. Video and electronic health record use has been associated with physical eye fatigue; neck pain; stress; tiredness; and behavioral impacts related to additional effort owing to barriers, trouble with engagement, emotional wear and tear and exhaustion, cognitive inattention, effort, expecting problems, multitasking and workload, and emotional experiences . An additional 14 studies that evaluated behavioral, emotional, and cognitive impacts without focusing on fatigue found high user ratings on data quality, accuracy, and processing but low satisfaction with clerical tasks, the effort required in work, and interruptions costing time, resulting in more errors, stress, and frustration. Our qualitative analysis suggests a spectrum from health to risk and provides an outline of organizational approaches to human factors and technology in health care. Business, occupational health, human factors, and well-being literature have not studied technology fatigue and burnout; however, their findings help contextualize technology-based fatigue to suggest guidelines. Few studies were found to contextually evaluate differences according to health professions and practice contexts.Health care systems need to evaluate the impact of technology in accordance with the Quadruple Aim to support providers\u2019 well-being and prevent workload burden, fatigue, and burnout. Implementation and effectiveness approaches and a multilevel approach with objective measures for clinical, human factors, training, professional development, and administrative workflow are suggested. This requires institutional strategies and competencies to integrate health care quality, technology and well-being outcomes. Earltechnology fatigue [Findings from VDT studies of occupational hygiene  and ophthalmologic dimensions appear to be quite pertinent to video, EHR, and psychosocial work commonly associated with  fatigue ,10,76. J fatigue , and com fatigue ,78.Displays and workflow interventions have been successful in many respects. A 15-minute work period with microbreaks  and physThere are overlaps and differences between burnout and prolonged fatigue . Fatigueindividual level may involve the following: (1) changing work patterns, (2) developing coping skills, (3) obtaining social support, (4) using relaxation strategies, (5) promoting good health and fitness, and (6) developing a better self-understanding. At the workplace or organizational level, this may mean the following: (1) redesigning job tasks, (2) improving recognition of notable work by both teams and individuals, and (3) developing more fair and equitable policies.Conceptualization of fatigue and burnout may also be organized according to engagement and job stress ,25,83. EA shift to a culture of well-being with technology use requires the evaluation, implementation, and monitoring of individual, workplace, workflow, and institutional strategies  and IT, use of lean methods and emphasis on interprofessional education efforts with technology team-based care from the Institute of Healthcare Improvement and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . More spHealth care provider well-being and health appear to be related to the technological integration of video, EHR, and mobile health over time . This fiStudies related to the implementation and evaluation of technology are increasingly sophisticated and provide a starting place despite varying widely in duration, approaches, methods, and quality of measures. The 12 studies that met all the inclusion criteria for technology, health care, and fatigue studied the behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and physical impact of workflow at individual, hospital, and system or organizational levels  8,13,1414,45-53.burnout is undergoing change, with a shift toward the recognition of burnout as an occupational phenomenon rather than solely as an individual medical disease  per the World Health Organization [Beneficial changes in workplace culture, focus on well-being, and prevention of burnout from other fields are beginning to be used in health care ,49,86, bnization . Thus, dwrap-around support for providers, not just patients, may be needed, as suggested by the Quadruple Aim. In the business culture of successful companies, such as Cirque du Soleil, L\u2019Oreal Paris, and Nintendo, the tetrad foci of research, production, marketing, and finance have been expanded to a pentad by integrating technology rather than appending it [To begin to address challenges in health care related to fatigue and burnout, including those associated with technology, a substantial collaborative effort is needed from health system leadership, organizational researchers, IT and IS specialists, and potentially the government ,3,28,29,nding it ,38,88. Anding it  based onnding it .therapeutic, enjoyable and easy to provide, and promotes their well-being and performance as individuals, team members, and leaders. In time, continuous data collection and analytics could support clinical decision-making for patient quality, workforce satisfaction, and system outcomes, creating an organizational culture of well-being, compassion in care, and prevention of fatigue and burnout in all employees, including providers [A structural and functional redesign of systems would emphasize evaluation, effectiveness, implementation, and application of process improvement ,60,85,89roviders ,3,90. Huroviders ,85.workplace at the individual, clinic, hospital, and system or organizational levels may need better definitions. Sixth, the review does not cover all potentially relevant well-being, burnout, and stress dimensions of the workplace, nor does it cover research on the physical environment, occupational health, or mobile, virtual or telework workflows. Seventh, broader input for consensus across organizations could have been helpful, and a qualitative, small group interview approach with experts using a semistructured guide could have discovered more information.This scoping review has some limitations. First, there were fewer findings than we expected using our inclusion and exclusion criteria, despite a broad scope, to find the relationships between health care, fatigue, and synchronous  and asynchronous  technologies. Second, only 1 author reviewed the titles and abstracts. Third, the entire search was described but not saved and consolidated as an appendix for reviewers; reresearch findings of the 2 main databases were included as an appendix for reviewers. Although the terms, databases, and dates are a guide to other researchers, this omission does not enable others to simulate the approach. Fourth, given the small sample sizes, heterogeneous methods, and variable study duration, the team was unable to apply a systematic quality evaluation system or draw conclusions using a quantitative meta-analysis. Cross-sectional studies of associations with multiple factors in applied rather than controlled settings have limitations. Fifth, the stratification of behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and physical domains of impact, although heuristically helpful, could have been operationalized more rigorously. Similarly, Health care delivery and systems are increasingly incorporating technology but need to evaluate its impact in accordance with the Quadruple Aim to support providers. Approaches with causal questions and longitudinal implementation research could benefit from a multilevel approach with objective measures for clinical and human factors, training, professional development, and administrative workflows. If done well, technology integration could further population-centered health and effectiveness of service delivery, although the redesign of financing, reimbursement, regulatory, and other changes may be necessary. Integration of health care quality outcomes with those for technology and well-being is suggested and requires institutional strategies and competencies. Otherwise, continued advances in the use of technology may inadvertently worsen provider workload burden, fatigue, and burnout."}
{"text": "Henrique Walter Pinotti was born in S\u00e3o Paulo to Italian immigrants. He began attendingthe Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas of the Medical School of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo (FMUSP)when he was admitted to the Medical School, in 1950, participating in the ClinicalGastroenterology Service as an academic trainee under the guidance of the then head,Professor Jos\u00e9 Fernandes Pontes. He went through all sectors of the specialty, havingcontact with the pathophysiological and clinical bases of gastroenterology, deciding onsurgery on the eve of his graduation, in December 1955. Then, he was selected as asecond-year resident physician of the Department of Surgery of the Hospital, a positionheld until May 1958. During those years, he also attended the Department of PathologicalAnatomy as a volunteer.He was granted his first academic title in March 1959, when he was appointed by ProfessorAl\u00edpio Corr\u00eaa Netto, upon recommendation of Professor Arrigo Raia, Teaching Assistant ofSurgical Clinics. Later, in 1960, he was appointed FMUSP Assistant.Since then, he had the opportunity to monitor the activities and absorb the teachings ofrenowned surgeons, notable school leaders, such as Benedito Montenegro, EdmundoVasconcellos, Eurico da Silva Bastos and, especially, Al\u00edpio Corr\u00eaa Netto, from whom hereceived great encouragement for his university career, as well as from his followers,Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini and Arrigo Raia, with whom he enjoyed a close and long-termrelationship.He presented his Doctoral Dissertation at FMUSP in 1964 and became an AssociateProfessor, by public official examination, in Surgical Clinic in 1967, and thedissertations of both programs were related to Megaesophagus.In 1968, a new academic order was established: the chairs were extinguished andDepartments were created. Disciplines and departments were established; the former, infact, are specific teaching programs, and the later, the bunion of related disciplines.At that moment, the Discipline of Digestive Surgery was established at FMUSP, as well asthe respective Digestive Surgery Division at the Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas, to housesurgeons specialized in this area from the former chairs.He always sought to follow the specialty in its entirety, performing activities in allareas. With the structuring of this Discipline, he assumed, from 1974 onwards, the Headof the Esophageal Surgery Service, where he promoted great development to Brazilianesophagology.In 1981, he obtained the title of Adjunct Professor of FMUSP, and in August 1982, withthe retirement of Professor Arrigo Raia, upon recommendation of the Board of theDepartment of Surgery, he held the position of Professor of the Discipline of DigestiveSurgery of FMUSP. Subsequently, on recommendation of the same Board, he was appointedTechnical Director of the Digestive Surgery Division of Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas and itsservices: surgeries of esophagus, stomach, and small intestine, liver and portalhypertension, colon, rectum, and anus. In 1984, after a memorable civil servicecompetitive examination, he was appointed Full Professor of Digestive Surgery atFMUSP.A prominent event took place in 1986, with the establishment of the Department ofGastroenterology of the FMUSP, on the initiative of Professors Agostinho Bettarello andHenrique Walter Pinotti. This event was important for the national and internationalhistory of clinical and surgical Gastroenterology and also for teaching students,residents, and graduate students, as well as for conducting scientific and care-relatedresearch with the integration of surgeons, gastroenterologists, endoscopists, andnutrologists.Tratado de Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo, Acesso aoEs\u00f4fago Tor\u00e1cico por Transsec\u00e7\u00e3o Mediana do Diafragma, andFilosofia da Cirurgia ,,,,,,,In his memorial, the following stand out: 590 publications in national and internationaljournals; 26 awards; 46 films or videos and countless lectures at national andinternational congresses and courses; 191 book chapters and seven books, among whichstand out Curso de Atualiza\u00e7\u00e3o de Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo -Gastr\u00e3o), the most important in Digestive Surgery in Brazil. He has alwaysbeen intensely dedicated to this course, especially during his tenure. It is alsonoteworthy, in 1974, the creation of the Continuing Course in Gastroenterology(Curso Continuado em Gastroenterologia), periodically administeredin 10 annual sessions, on Saturdays, for doctors from the State of S\u00e3o Paulo andBrazil.In 1973, he was founder, together with Professors Arrigo Raia, Joaquim Jos\u00e9Gama-Rodrigues, Marcel Cerqueira Cesar Machado, and Angelita Habr-Gama, of the DigestiveSurgery Update Course (Brazilian College of Digestive Surgery (CBCD), gatheringspecialists from all over Brazil. It was registered with the Brazilian MedicalAssociation, the Brazilian Federal Council of Medicine, and competent bodies, with thespecific determinations for obtaining the degree of specialist, in addition to therecognition of medical residency in the specialty by the National Medical ResidencyCommission (CNRM)In 1986, he created the Brazilian Archives of Digestive Surgery (ABCD) with severalsurgeons from Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas and Brazil, which later became the officialscientific agency of the Brazilian College of Digestive Surgery (CBCD). This spirit ofnational union concerning the specialty also enabled, in 1988, the idealization andfoundation of the He was member of several national and international Medical Societies, notably theBrazilian Medical Association, the Brazilian Federation of Gastroenterology, theBrazilian College of Surgeons, the American College of Surgeons, the InternationalSociety of Diseases of the Esophagus, and the International Association for GastricCancer. In particular, his activities at the International Society for Diseases of theEsophagus (ISDE) are noteworthy, where he was president of the 2001 World Congress, heldin S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil.He made numerous study trips inside and outside the Country. In Brazil, he participatedin congresses, courses, and medical conferences in most states, visiting its mainmedical and university centers, where he had the opportunity to learn about the problemsrelated to regional clinical pathology, medical assistance, professional issues,scientific research, and especially medical education.Doctor Honoris Causa ofthe University of Goi\u00e1s (Brazil), University of Coimbra , and University ofMilan .He received numerous honors, including the title of He became Professor Emeritus at the Medical School of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo in2000.grupodos Zezinhos (\u201cgroup of Zezinhos\u201d), who carried out theirundergraduate research by instrumenting their surgeries and participating in clinicaldiscussions. It is also worth noting his dedication to the 71 HCFMUSP Digestive Surgeryresidents trained under his guidance and to the 26 private Service residents at HospitalNove de Julho. He actively participated in graduate studies advising 57 surgeons andseveral assistants, including the authors of this text.For those who knew and related to Prof. Pinotti, he was an authentic leader, who showedgreat dedication to undergraduate education, in particular by creating a center foreducational training in surgery for fourth-year students, the so-called We thank him on behalf of all of them, quoting his own words: \u201cThe mission for which weset ourselves has been achieved, the climax generates a state of tranquility as we haveculminated in one of the fundamental actions of the University Professor of Surgery,which is to transmit what he knows.\u201d"}
{"text": "N = 51) were charted, and a qualitative content analysis was conducted. Five themes were formed which provided insights into how both physical and social environmental qualities combined provide for maximum play value in outdoor play experiences. These multifaceted play experiences included the desire for fun, challenge, and intense play, the wish to self-direct play, and the value of playing alone as well as with known people and animals. Fundamentally, children wished for playgrounds to be children\u2019s places that were welcoming, safe, and aesthetically pleasing. The results are discussed in respect to social, physical, and atmospheric environmental affordances and the adult\u2019s role in playground provision. This scoping review represents the valuable insights of children regardless of abilities and informs about how to maximise outdoor play experiences for all children.For children, playgrounds are important environments. However, children\u2019s perspectives are often not acknowledged in playground provision, design, and evaluation. This scoping review aimed to summarize the users\u2019 (children with and without disabilities) perspectives on environmental qualities that enhance their play experiences in community playgrounds. Published peer-reviewed studies were systematically searched in seven databases from disciplines of architecture, education, health, and social sciences; 2905 studies were screened, and the last search was performed in January 2023. Included studies ( Play is a fundamental right of children that is essential for health, well-being, and development, as stated in article 31 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC)   experiences to gain insight into what environmental qualities maximize the play experience in public playgrounds for all children.A three-step search strategy was undertaken. First, an initial search helped identify relevant articles and other key search terms. Second, a test search in one database with an initial search string was performed. In this phase, information specialists from the University College Cork library were consulted to validate the search string and strategy. Third, the systematic search using the revised search string was conducted in August 2021; a follow-up-search was performed January 2023. See The systematic search of peer-reviewed studies was conducted in seven databases  relevant to the disciplines of health, education, social sciences, and architecture, which allowed a broad range of literature for different professional audiences to be included. No limitations were set for publication year. The executed search string see  was builThe two-step review process involved scanning titles, abstracts, and full texts. All citations were transferred into the online review software COVIDENCE . DuplicaAs recommended by Levac et al. , two phaThe second phase included a convergent synthesis design using the same content analysis on qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method studies . The quaThe findings where charted and summarized by the first author (T.M.). First, the scope of the included studies is summarised. In the second part, themes from the qualitative content analysis are presented. In approaching this review from a children\u2019s perspective, including children with and without disabilities, the findings only elaborate on a specific population when findings were only found for that specific population.The searches revealed a total of 6095 references, which was reduced to 3190 after duplicates were removed. Articles were reduced in two rounds of title and abstract scans first to 503 studies and, after refinement of the inclusion criteria, to 104 studies. Full text reviews identified 49 studies meeting the inclusion criteria see . Two addn = 25), Australia and New Zealand (n = 11), followed by Asia (n = 8) and North America (n = 7). No studies from Africa or South America met the inclusion criteria (See A detailed description of the included papers can be found in eria See .n = 16), Education (n = 15), Occupational Therapy (n = 6), Psychology (n = 4), Exercise, Sport and Nutrition Sciences (n = 4), Human Geography (n = 3), Occupational Science (n = 1), Public Health (n = 1), and Practitioner Researcher (n = 1). Interdisciplinary contributions to the topic came from Architecture and Landscape Architecture (n = 30) methods, followed by quantitative (n = 13) and mixed methods (n = 8). Most studies used multiple data collection methods (see n = 23), focus groups (n = 10), walk-along talks (n = 10), and observational methods referred to as systematic (n = 11) and unsystematic (n = 9).Most papers employed qualitative , suburban (n = 6), rural (n = 6), and mixed (n = 2) areas. Location was missing in ten studies, and in two studies a reported location was not relevant to the study aims. Playgrounds were located in community areas such as playgrounds in parks or specific playground spaces (n = 27), schools (n = 16), or both public and school playgrounds (n = 3). Two of the papers looked at adventure playgrounds [In total, 212 playgrounds were represented. The locations of playgrounds were reported in urban  male, 35.3% (n = 1299) female, and 29.8% (n = 1095) unreported sex. Six observational studies provided observation counts but not participant numbers [The total participant sample included  numbers ,95,101,  numbers . The stuOnly ten studies included children with disabilities, representing a sample of 125 participants . Of these, four studies focused on children with disabilities only ,68,102, Fifteen studies also included other participants along with our population of interest, for example, parents and other family members, teachers, playground maintenance staff, play workers, or health professionals ,99,102. Five themes were identified that provide insight into the interconnection between play experiences and the environments that enhance outdoor play see . These fdiverse intense and novel play experiences, which related to engagement in intensified movements and intensified sensory experiences  finding suitable challenges, (2) using the environment flexibly, and (3) having moments to unfold their own play. This theme synthesises evidence of what the physical and social environment provided for children, especially in the context of having permission to self-direct their own play.suitable challenges in their playgrounds [Children reported the importance of having ygrounds ,78,84,88ygrounds  and needygrounds ,84. Thisygrounds ,61,63 thygrounds ,94,102. ygrounds ,77,102. ygrounds ,68. In sygrounds . This maygrounds .Using the environment flexibly meant exploiting any possible way to engage with play equipment and other built structures beyond their intended use [nded use ,92,101. nded use ,71,79,80nded use ,59,65 ornded use ,67,88, bnded use ,59, jumpnded use , or hangnded use . Other cnded use ,65,67. Anded use ,71,89 ornded use ,78,84,92nded use , and anynded use ,75,76. Bnded use ,63,75; tUnfolding own play was linked to social and physical environmental qualities. This was accomplished by having uninterrupted moments to unfold own play afforded by the physical and social environment. The physical environment meant having a suitable space and objects affording children to engage in their unfolding play. The social environment meant adults (and other people) granting permission for children\u2019s own play. Across studies, children or children\u2019s groups provided examples of their unfolding play in correspondence to their particular physical and social environment [ironment ,76,81,88ironment ,70, fly-ironment , jumpingironment , needle-ironment , or raceironment . Sometimironment ,78,91,94ironment , being-aironment , the-floironment , being-dThis subtheme describes the evidence showing that children value and seek opportunities to engage with a diversity of people and animals while also wanting to play by themselves, especially when playing away from adults offers treasured play experiences. Playing with children was a key component described as enhancing children\u2019s play experiences. Examples included swinging together with one particular friend [r friend ,78, rollr friend , climbinr friend , crashinr friend ,64, or hr friend ,67,68. Cr friend ,84,88,91r friend ,91,101. r friend . Similarr friend . The phyr friend ,60,67,68r friend ,79,84,95r friend ,64,82, or friend ,72,92,96Playing with adults occurred in the presence of supportive adults who knew how and when or when not to intercede with children\u2019s play. This was perceived in three ways. First, adults were actively involved in the same play together with the children [Adults who accompanied children influenced their play ,67,88. Pchildren ,64,84,88children  or playichildren ,68,71. Schildren . This wachildren ,73. The children . Third, children ,61,67,88children ,67,68,84Being away from adults and other children was about the experience of not being seen and showed a connection with the theme of choices and self-directed play. Children referred to being away from adults more frequently than they did being away from other children. Being away from adults was associated with privacy, having secrets, and breaking the rules. This was possible in places in the natural and built environment that afforded privacy and seclusion, such as small spaces [l spaces ,76,81,96l spaces ,76,78,94l spaces ,64,75,76l spaces ,64,67,75l spaces ,75,81, al spaces ,64,81. Il spaces , such asl spaces ,76,84, fl spaces ,84, diggl spaces , wanderil spaces ,64,75 lil spaces , or entel spaces ,67,76,84Both physical and social environmental qualities influenced children\u2019s feelings of connection with their playgrounds. Belonging to their playground was experienced by (1) being familiar with the playground, (2) feeling welcome and safe, and (3) enjoying playground aesthetics.Feeling connected with the playground had relational qualities, including knowing the playgrounds located in the home community [ommunity ,58,61,66ommunity ,70,78, aommunity ,72,73,78ommunity ,74,77,81ommunity ,66,79. Hommunity ,55,61,68ommunity ,81,96.feel welcome and safe in playgrounds, especially children with disabilities who wanted a welcoming atmosphere created by accessible and usable playground design that afforded play with others [Children wanted to h others ,61,67,68h others ,102. Welh others ,68,72. Rh others ,80, peoph others , caring h others ,64,80, oh others . Similarh others ,80 or whh others . Whetherh others  or gave h others . Howeverh others ,83,85. perceptions of aesthetics and beauty in the built and natural environment. Children wanted to play on appealing playgrounds. Playgrounds were unattractive and ugly when they were dirty; smelled bad; were littered with glass, needles, cigarette butts, duck and dog excrement; had graffiti; or were noisy and overcrowded [The connection to playgrounds was strengthened by children\u2019s rcrowded ,78,84,92rcrowded ,78,82,89rcrowded ,67,80,84rcrowded ,75,76,89rcrowded ,84,85. Trcrowded ,94. Naturcrowded ,78,84, ircrowded ,64,78,81rcrowded ,64,91 anrcrowded ,88,94. Arcrowded ,70,75,76rcrowded ,81. experience of fun was the overarching and core experience in outdoor play. Children actively sought more fun in play. Fun evolved while playing but was also anticipated when children engaged in play and was sometimes described as a prerequisite for play [The for play ,61,84. Cfor play . The expFor the physical environment, this was interwoven with providing intense play opportunities ,57,59,84The social environment included having people and animals available to play with ,55,61,81Fun was contrasted to the boredom experienced when the playground did not provide a sufficient diversity of play opportunities in the built and natural environment ,70,79,84children\u2019s place. These findings point to the importance of acknowledging children\u2019s perspective\u2019s, regardless of ability, in playground provision, design, and evaluation.This scoping review aimed to summarize the experiences of children with and without disabilities, and to gain insight into environmental qualities that maximize play experiences for all children on community playgrounds. There were two key findings. First, this review showed that the combined qualities of the physical and social environment afforded play experiences that children preferred and desired when engaging in outdoor play. This interconnection was sometimes linked to certain environmental qualities relating only to the physical environment or only to the social environment, but more commonly related to both the social and physical environment combined. Second, the review revealed children were knowledgeable about their community playgrounds and environmental qualities that contributed to enhancing their outdoor play experiences. These play experiences were multifaceted and included having opportunities for fun and intense motor and sensory play, engaging in suitable challenges, making choices, and having moments to unfold their own play. Children valued a spectrum of play, from playing alone, to playing in small to big groups of peers and friends, and playing with adults and animals. Children also desired safe, welcoming, and aesthetically pleasing playgrounds where they felt they belonged as they knew other users and the playground. In other words, community playgrounds with the best play value become a children\u2019s places that went beyond simply being a place to play.This review presented rich and varied information about how children utilised physical and social environmental affordances available to them. Environmental affordances have been successfully used in outdoor play research to understand how children perceive and use their environments for outdoor play ,103,104.The findings of the review confirmed a persuading agency of the physical environment on affordances that children perceive and actualize in outdoor play. Persuading agency refers to the power the environment has to entice children to play. In this review, the understanding of affordances was broadened, as children did not only perceive action possibilities ,103,104 Intersections between the physical and social environmental qualities were found to contribute to the overall atmospheric and more tacit atmospheric affordances of playgrounds. Children elaborated on these atmospheric affordances in their experiences of feeling safe and welcomed and their perception of aesthetics. A physical environment that is aesthetic, colourful, clean, and contained both built and natural play opportunities contributes to an environment that is appealing to children. Loebach and Gilliland  found thIn this review, social affordances were not only related to those with whom children played, such as children, adults, or animals. Children, regardless of ability, emphasised their relationship to significant play partners such as children and adults they knew, such as friends from school and the proximate neighbourhood, known people from the community, and known peers with similar abilities and interest, or of the same sex. This concept of knowing others also transcended to the physical space, as if the playground was a friend as well. Children wanted to feel connected to their playground through positive play experiences either alone or with known people who were associated with the playground. These findings indicate that playgrounds have the potential to be spaces for social inclusion ,29. SuppFurther social affordances in this review were related to social rules and practices such as having permission to use built environments flexibly, having uninterrupted moments to unfold own play, and having opportunities to play away from adults and solely with peers. Both children with and without disabilities valued opportunities to self-direct their play an expressed the wish for less adult interference and surveillance. However, such opportunities were identified differently by children with and without disabilities and depended on different physical and social environmental qualities in combination. For children with disabilities, adult permission needs to be discussed, since these children frequently reported needing adult assistance due to inaccessible and unusable physical environments ,102,112.The review findings provide synthesized evidence of children\u2019s perspectives on the outdoor play experiences they value and prefer in community playgrounds, helping to identify environmental qualities that provide for such experiences. Aligning with other studies ,30,33,72The findings need to be interpreted with the following considerations. First, parents\u2019 and caregivers\u2019 perspectives were not included. These would provide an additional viewpoint for understanding children\u2019s play experiences. Future research might investigate both the perspectives of parents and children to provide insight into how these differ. Second, the included studies encompassed community and school playgrounds as the units of analysis. This inclusion criterion was set because, for some countries, school playgrounds are open to the public during non-school-hours. In this review, most studies of school playgrounds did not specifically state if a school playground was open to the public or not. However, some included study data were collected during school times. Third, a methodological quality assessment might strengthen the interpretation of the study findings. However, a methodological quality assessment was omitted due to the interdisciplinary scope of the research and the variety of methodologies and methods used. A scoping review was considered a suitable methodology in the interdisciplinary area of playground research, and the inclusion of publications from a diversity of disciplines strengthened the findings. This review was able to link play experiences to environmental qualities by synthesizing findings from peer-reviewed articles using qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. The most useful information regarding children\u2019s perspectives was collected through multiple methods, including verbal accounts  and observations. Most of the studies relied on qualitative methodologies. This highlights the need for instruments to allow investigations into children\u2019s perspectives in a more systematic way and consider the conjunction between children\u2019s experiences and environments. Future research should investigate environmental qualities such as those found in this scoping review to elicit potential affordances for play experiences available to children with and without disabilities. A further gap in research was identified in the representation of perspectives in research. Only ten studies included children with disabilities; of these, only six studies included children with and without disabilities in combination. If playgrounds are places for inclusion, research and practice need to take a more diverse perspectives into consideration in playground provision, design, and evaluation.This scoping review aimed to synthesise play experiences of children with and without disabilities and gain insight into what environmental qualities contribute most to enhancing play experiences in community playgrounds. Gaps in research were identified in the limited number of papers that included both children with and without disabilities, in the lack of research about how community playgrounds can provide more access to nature for all children, regardless of ability, and the need for instruments that investigate the connection between children\u2019s experiences and environments. The main findings of this scoping review were as follows. First, the available evidence allows an understanding of how the combined social and physical environmental qualities of playgrounds enhance outdoor play experiences by providing a diversity of experiences. Multifaceted play experiences were reported with the desire for fun, challenging, and intense play; the wish for self-directed play; opportunities to play alone and with known social partners; and a desire for welcoming, safe, and aesthetically pleasing playgrounds. Second, regardless of ability, children were knowledgeable about the play value of their community playgrounds, and therefore, their perspectives need to be more closely considered. Playground provision, design, and evaluation needs to move beyond merely providing dedicated spaces for play and consider instead, provisions for potential outdoor play experiences that allow playgrounds to become children\u2019s places. This means that children\u2019s preferences and what children want to experience in playgrounds need to be at the heart of playground provision, design, and evaluation."}
{"text": "This popular annual session will provide cutting-edge information on what the 117th Congress has and has not accomplished to date, and what may be left for the lame duck session to address. Speakers will discuss key issues such as Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, Older Americans Act, Build Back Better Act, social isolation, serious illness care, and funding. Predictions for the 118th Congress may be provided."}
{"text": "Globally, blood pressure management strategies were ineffective, and a low percentage of patients receiving hypertension treatment had their blood pressure controlled. In this study, we aimed to build a medication prediction model by correlating patient attributes with medications to help physicians quickly and rationally match appropriate medications.We collected clinical data from elderly hypertensive patients during hospitalization and combined statistical methods and machine learning (ML) algorithms to filter out typical indicators. We constructed five ML models to evaluate all datasets using 5-fold cross-validation. Include random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), artificial neural network (ANN), and naive Bayes (NB) models. And the performance of the models was evaluated using the micro-F1 score.Our experiments showed that by statistical methods and ML algorithms for feature selection, we finally selected Age, SBP, DBP, Lymph, RBC, HCT, MCHC, PLT, AST, TBIL, Cr, UA, Urea, K, Na, Ga, TP, GLU, TC, TG, \u03b3-GT, Gender, HTN CAD, and RI as feature metrics of the models. LightGBM had the best prediction performance with the micro-F1 of 78.45%, which was higher than the other four models.LightGBM model has good results in predicting antihypertensive medication regimens, and the model can be beneficial in improving the personalization of hypertension treatment. Hypertension is one of the most common chronic diseases and a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, cognitive impairment, all-cause mortality, and disability . TherefoMaintaining appropriate blood pressure is a critical strategy for lowering the incidence of cardiovascular illness, disability, and mortality. Nowadays, the treatment options for hypertension mainly include life interventions and pharmacological treatment. The common antihypertensive drugs can be divided into five categories: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARB), calcium channel blockers (CCB), \u03b2-blockers, and diuretics. According to the biggest research ever conducted on hypertension, between 1990 and 2019, fewer than one-quarter of hypertensive women and one-fifth of hypertensive men could regulate their blood pressure to normal levels with medication . The WorElectronic Health Record (EHR) is the digitization of an individual's health record. It contains patient data collected during clinical care, including diagnostic billing codes, procedure codes, vital signs, laboratory test results, clinical imaging, and physician records. In recent years, the EHR has become a centerpiece of hospital information systems as healthcare information technology continues to evolve and the demand for clinical and record information management surges. EHR data are used in various applications, including epidemiological and observational studies, safety surveillance and regulatory use, and prospective clinical studies. Examples: Tabesh et al.  analyzed+, FPG, and LDL also impacted Irbesartan; Metoprolol was affected by Age, Urea, and HCT; Felodipine was affected by FPG, Age, and HB; and Amlodipine was affected by FPG, Age, and Urea. Liu et al. , coronary artery disease (CAD), diabetes, stroke, and renal insufficiency (RI). In the beginning, 47 indicators were chosen from the clinical tests based on the recommendations of specialists. However, certainly expected indications were absent from the majority of samples. In addition to the fact that professionals pay more attention to the essential characteristics during real diagnosis and therapy, we ultimately chose 22 attributes. The 22 attributes were: glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), creatinine (Crea), serum uric acid (UA), serum urea (Urea), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), \u03b3-glutamyl transpeptidase (\u03b3-GT), total bilirubin (TBIL), total protein (TP), red blood cell (RBC), hematocrit (HCT) level, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), lymphocyte (Lymph) count, platelet (PLT) count, and mean platelet volume (MPV). The standard reference ranges for blood pressure and laboratory indices were listed in 2-test was used to compare groups. P < 0.05 was considered a statistically significant difference. For the algorithm, we relied on Python (version 3.97).We used SPSS 26.0 and Excel 2013 software for statistical analysis. Kolmogorov-Smirnov was used to test data normality. x \u00b1 s expressed the normal distribution, and the comparison between groups was performed by analysis of variance. The non-normal distribution data were described as M , and the Kruskal\u2013Wallis test was used to compare groups. The categorical indicators were expressed by rate (%), and the \u03c7In this study, we used five ML algorithms for feature selection, namely Pearson correlation coefficient, Lasso, maximum information coefficient (MIC), random forest (RF), and recursive feature elimination (REF). The five ML models were built into an ensemble model according to specific rules. Finally, combined the ensemble model with statistical analysis to obtain the final feature indicators. For a better comparison, values of all attributes were Min-Max normalized to a standard range using the following formula:Normalized value =  / We compared the performance of RF, SVM, LightGBM, ANN, and NB, which are all well-known ML classification algorithms, to find the best model for predicting medication use. To segment the data for each algorithm, we used a 5-fold cross-validation approach, trained the model through the training set each time, and validated the model's performance on the test set data. Due to the imbalance between the three predicted medication classes in this study, we used micro-F1 to assess the model's efficacy. Higher values of micro-F1 indicated better model performance, and it can be used for both multi-class classification problems and asymmetrical data. The calculation is as follows (for three categories):TPi refers to a true positive of class i; FPi refers to a false positive of class i; TNi refers to a true negative of class i; FNi refers to a false negative of class i.The flow chart of the data process and analysis is shown in We looked up \u201c2016.12-2021.12, age \u226565 years, primary hypertension\u201d on the MeduCloud platform to get a sample of 51,895 cases. Firstly, we excluded 14,950 cases that did not register the use of antihypertensive drugs. Secondly, removed 10,884 cases lacked blood pressure and laboratory test records. Finally, deleted 15,043 cases that did not have complete records of 26 clinical indicators. After data cleaning, 11,018 cases were left. In light of the actual situation, we selected three more frequent drugs for studying. They were 110 cases of Perindopril, 1,542 cases of Amlodipine, and 519 cases of Furosemide . MeanwhiP = 0.000), and the age of patients in the group using Furosemide [79.00 ] was higher than in the other two groups [74.00 ]. In laboratory tests, there were significant differences in SBP, DBP, Lymph, RBC, HCT, MCHC, PLT, AST, TBIL, Cr, UA, Urea, K, Na, Ga, TP, GLU, TC, TG, and \u03b3-GT . Men use Amlodipine and Furosemide more frequently than women, and in contrast, women use Perindopril more regularly than men. Among previous disease history, there was a statistically significant difference in HTN , CAD , and RI   .The purpose of feature selection is to pick a set number of feature subsets that provide the least generalization error on the original sample or to decide the smallest feature subset possible under a given generalization error . ApplyinWe recorded the feature ranking obtained by each algorithm. The higher the ranking number, the more influential the feature was.We found the average order of each feature under the five algorithms.We calculated the weight corresponding to the ranking average.According to the algorithm analysis, Lymph, Urea, HCT, TC, Na, TP, RBC, TBIL, K, SBP, Age, TG, UA, and AST were the essential features affecting the selection of medication for hypertension. The outcomes of the above feature selection procedures were summed together, with deeper colors indicating more crucial features .Combine statistical analysis with ML feature selection, where 1 (dark red) indicates that this feature is considered important by both statistics and algorithms, and 0 (light white) indicates that it is not regarded as relevant by either. If the algorithm does not value a feature, but the statistics do, we have a 0.5 (light red) feature, and vice versa .In order not to omit the information related to the medication regimen, in the subsequent analysis, we still choose Age, SBP, DBP, Lymph, RBC, HCT, MCHC, PLT, AST, TBIL, Cr, UA, Urea, K, Na, Ga, TP, GLU, TC, TG, \u03b3-GT, Gender, HTN, CAD, RI as feature indicators.On the basis of these indicators, we built five ML models. We ranked the significance of all variables in the LightGBM model to comprehend the role of each better. The findings revealed that the five most critical characteristics of the model, TP, TBIL, Na, Lymph, and UA, contributed considerably to the prediction outcomes .We also figured out the saprophytic additivity explanation (SHAP) values of the LightGBM for different types of drugs to find the most important factors that drive model predictions. Previous research has extensively discussed the significance of medication , 25. HowAmlodipine belongs to CCB, and several international, large-scale clinical investigations have proved its safety and efficacy in middle-aged and older populations. These studies include VALUE, ALLHAT, and ASCOTA \u201330. It aP < 0.05), suggesting that secondary erythrocytosis occurs in hypertensive patients and may induce an increase in blood viscosity. The MPV of the hypertensive group was lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05), indicating that evaluating PLT and platelet parameters might be employed as hypertension preventive and therapy detection indications in the elderly. Blood potassium, sodium, liver and kidney function, blood glucose, lipids, and other factors are all examined in blood biochemistry. If the test results show low blood potassium, secondary hypertension is possible. The detection of blood glucose and blood lipids may assist in determining if there are additional risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders, and the evaluation of liver and kidney function is beneficial for physicians to pick antihypertensive drugs according to the patient's state. The results of these blood test indicators affect the choice of antihypertensive drugs and may guide the treatment of hypertension.Hypertension generally causes kidney, heart, and other disease abnormalities, and antihypertensive medications may alter liver function. As a result, hypertensive patients usually need their blood routine, blood biochemistry, liver and kidney function, cardiac enzymes, and other items tested. Based on the literature reports , 34, cliDespite the fact that there are defined clinical guidelines for the management of hypertension, there is still some confusion about how to treat hypertension. Therefore, we develop individualized medication by determining which characteristics influence drug selection. Our results showed that Age, SBP, DBP, Lymph, RBC, HCT, MCHC, PLT, AST, TBIL, Cr, UA, Urea, K, Na, Ga, TP, GLU, TC, TG, \u03b3-GT, Gender, HTN, CAD, and RI were the typical indicators of the model. And among them, TP, TBIL, Na, Lymph, and UA were the five main indicators of LightGBM, which critically affected the selection of antihypertensive drugs. Wei et al.  discoverWe compared five ML algorithms, and all were tested using a 5-fold cross-validation approach. In our study, the LightGBM model had a micro-F1 value of 78.4%, significantly higher than the other four ML models. These results demonstrate the superiority of the LightGBM model for determining which antihypertension drugs will be most effective in the elderly. LightGBM is an integrated model of decision tree for classification and regression prediction. It has an excellent version in disease diagnosis, such as Rufo  using LiUndoubtedly, the findings of this research have provided some groundwork for the following study. However, the current research does have a few limitations. This research is retrospective, and there is bias in the data, which is an issue that arises in all retrospective studies. On the other hand, the treatment of hypertension in clinical practice is mainly based on administering many medications in conjunction with one another. Only three kinds of single-drug modeling with greater frequency were chosen for the prediction investigation in this particular research, which is obviously not enough. In the following sections, we will discuss the multi-label classification, which may accurately forecast various treatment regimens.This study constructed a single-drug prediction model for antihypertensive drugs based on SVM, RF, LightGBM, ANN, and NB algorithms. And we also compared the efficacy of the model with evaluation metrics such as accuracy, recall, and micro-F1 to reduce the bias caused by a single algorithm and a single evaluation metric to some extent. The results showed that LightGBM predicted the best results compared with other algorithms, with a micro-F1 value of 78.4%. We also used feature importance ranking and SHAP values to enhance the interpretability of the model. We suggest that \u201cincreased Na, TBIL, and Ca, and decreased \u03b3-GT and TC\u201d can be prioritized for Perindopril, and \u201chigher ALT and SBP, lower AST, TBIL, and Urea\u201d can be prioritized with Amlodipine, \u201chigher levels of UA, low levels of SBP, Lymph, HCT, and Na\u201d can be prioritized for Furosemide. The study included patients from multiple medical institutions, and the study's results may help clinicians provide decision support in prescribing antihypertensive drugs to patients.The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.TW and WZ contributed to the conception and drafting of the study. YY helped to develop new techniques and programs. Data analysis by TW, SX, JT, and CY. The final text was reviewed and approved by all writers.This study has been financially supported by the College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, China, Student Research and Innovation Experiment Project (YJSZHYX202120).The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "This study describes the global epidemiology and trends associated with neck pain. Global Burden of Disease data collected between 1990 and 2019 were used to determine the global burden of neck pain in the general populations of 204 countries.Global, regional, and national burdens of neck pain determined by prevalence, incidence, and years lived with a disability (YLD) from 1990 to 2019 were comprehensively analyzed according to age, gender, and socio-demographic index using the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990 and 2019 data provided by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation.Globally, in 2019, the age-standardized rates for prevalence, incidence, and YLD of neck pain per 100,000 population was 2,696.5 , 579.1 , and 267.4  per 100,000 population, respectively. Overall, there was no significant difference in prevalence, incidence, or YLD of neck pain between 1990 and 2019. The highest age-standardized YLD of neck pain per 100,000 population in 2019 was observed in high-income North America , Southeast Asia , and East Asia . High-income North America  had the largest increases in YLD of neck pain per 100,000 population from 1990 to 2019. At the national level, the highest age-standardized YLD of neck pain was found in the Philippines  and the highest change age-standardized YLD between 1990 and 2019 was found in the United States . Overall, the global burden of neck pain increased with age until the age of 70\u201374 years, and was higher in women than men. In general, positive associations between socio-demographic index and burden of neck pain were found.Because neck pain is a major public health burden with a high prevalence, incidence, and YLD worldwide, it is important to update its epidemiological data and trends to cope with the future burden of neck pain. Neck pain is a common pain that occurs in the human body and causes not only pain but also neck pain disability and economic problems . In 2016With the increase in global aging, the prevalence and incidence of neck pain are also presumably increasing. Knowledge of the global burden of neck pain could aid in the prevention and/or management of patients at high risk of neck pain and inform policy decision making at the national level.The present study aimed to investigate the global, regional, and national burden of neck pain including prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLD) between 1990 and 2019 according to age, gender, region, and country, based on analysis of GBD information provided by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). An additional aim was to investigate the burden of neck pain based on socio-demographic index (SDI), which reflects the development level of individual countries.The GBD Study is a systematic and comprehensive study of diseases worldwide. Based on data generated in this study, it is possible to compare and analyze the global, regional, and national burdens of diseases . GBD Stu*,\u201d and \u201cinciden*\u201d   . From thta.org/) . GBD 201ta.org/) , 16\u201318.In the GBD Study, neck pain is defined as pain occurring in the cervical spine and lasting for at least 24 h, regardless of accompanying referred pain in both arms. The anatomical location of neck pain is defined based on the definition recommended by the Bone and Joint Decade 2000\u20132010 Task Force on Neck Pain and its Associated Disorders . In the The GBD of neck pain was evaluated as incidence, prevalence, death, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), YLDs, and years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) . DALYs wTo investigate the association between the level of development of regions or countries and neck pain disorder, the SDI was utilized . SDI is Prevalence, incidence, and YLDs of neck pain for both genders for 2019 are presented in High-income North America , Southeast Asia , and East Asia  had the highest age-standardized point prevalence, annual incidence, and YLD of neck pain per 100,000 population in 2019, respectively. Conversely, Australasia , Central Sub-Saharan Africa , and Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa  had the lowest age-standardized point prevalence, annual incidence, and YLD of neck pain per 100,000 population in 2019, respectively . Age-staAge-standardized point prevalence of neck pain per 100,000 population in 2019 was highest in the Philippines , United States , the United Kingdom , and lowest in New Zealand , Australia , and Djibouti  .Countries with the highest age-standardized incidence of neck pain per 100,000 population in 2019 were the Philippines , Indonesia , and the United States , whereas New Zealand , Australia , and Djibouti  had the lowest rates .Philippines , the United States , and the United Kingdom  had the highest age-standardized YLD of neck pain per 100,000 population in 2019, whereas New Zealand , Australia , and South Sudan  had the lowest rates .Percentage change in age-standardized point prevalence (ASPP), annual incidence (AI), and YLD of neck pain per 100,000 population from 1990 to 2019 differed between countries. The largest increases were in the United States , Malaysia , and Nigeria , respectively. In contrast, New Zealand , Norway , and Taiwan  showed the largest decreases .Age-standardized YLDs (number and rate) for neck pain according to age and gender are presented in In a previous study , the relWe reported the prevalence, incidence, and YLD of neck pain at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2019 and presented the age-standardized number and rate of YLD in 2019. The prevalence, incidence, and YLD of neck pain in 2019 were not significantly different from those in 1990. The global age-standardized prevalence of neck pain was 4.9% (95% CI 4.6 to 5.3) according to analysis of 2010 GBD data, 3,551.1 per 100,000 (95% UI 3139.5 to 3977.9) according to analysis of 2017 GBD data  Compare Viz Hub, The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Institutional Review Board at Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital. Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.DS, JS, YC, and T-JS contributed to conception and design of the study. HL and T-JS organized the database. DS, HL, and T-JS performed the statistical analysis. DS and T-JS wrote the first draft of the manuscript. DS, JS, AK, LJ, LS, YC, and T-JS wrote sections of the manuscript. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version.This project was supported by a grant from the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education . The funding source had no role in the design, conduct, or reporting of the study.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "Essentially, the second author, Qi-Jin Feng, requested that they be removed from the paper due to disagreements over the interpretation of certain of the experiments. All the authors agree to the indicated change of authorship on this paper, and agree with the publication of this corrigendum. Therefore, the revised authors\u2019 names on this paper, together with their affiliations, are as follows:1*, GUI-SHI LI2, PENG SHEN3, YA-NAN LI4 and FU-JIANG ZHANG1WEN-BIN LIU1Department of Joint Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211; 2Department of Joint Surgery, Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000; 3Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192; 4Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Dongli Hospital, Tianjin 300300, P.R. ChinaExperimental and Therapuetic Medicine for allowing them the opportunity to publish this Corrigendum, and apologize for any inconvenience caused.The authors are grateful to the Editor of"}
{"text": "The original article has been corrected.The article \u201cClinical guidelines for primary sclerosing cholangitis 2017\u201d, written by Hiroyuki Isayama, Susumu Tazuma, Norihiro Kokudo, Atsushi Tanaka, Toshio Tsuyuguchi, Takahiro Nakazawa, Kenji Notohara, Suguru Mizuno, Nobuhisa Akamatsu, Masahiro Serikawa, Itaru Naitoh, Yoshiki Hirooka, Toshifumi Wakai, Takao Itoi, Tomoki Ebata, Shinji Okaniwa, Terumi Kamisawa, Hiroki Kawashima, Atsushi Kanno, Keiichi Kubota, Masami Tabata, Michiaki Unno, Hajime Takikawa, PSC guideline committee Members: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan) Research Project, The Intractable Hepatobiliary Disease Study Group, was originally published Online First without Open Access. After publication in volume 53, issue 9, page 1006\u20131034 the author decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an Open Access publication. Therefore, the copyright of the article has been changed to \u00a9 The Authors 2021 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit"}
{"text": "This study aimed to investigate the relevance of the study with the neutrophil count and lymphocyte count ratio (NLR), platelet count and lymphocyte count ratio (PLR), and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) in the prognostic evaluation of colorectal cancer patients. n\u2009=\u200956) and the colorectal polyp group (n\u2009=\u200950). Analysis of the survival impact factors of patients with carcinoma of the rectum, preoperative NLR, ROW, PLR, and prognostic relationship, and comparison of NLR, PLR, and RDW diagnostic rate and expression were performed.  143 patients with colorectal cancer from January 2016 to January 2019 were selected by our hospital, and then, other 143 cases of physical examiners as normal groups were selecting to proceed colonoscopic biopsy to diagnose 106 cases of precancerous diseases related to colorectal cancer. Among them were the inflammatory bowel group (P0.05). There was no link between gender, age, aetiology, pathological type, and prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer (P > 0.05). Multiple variables in patients with colorectal cancer are affected by tissue categorization (poor differentiation), TNM stages , lymph node metastases, NLR, ROW, and PLR (P0.05). When compared to solo NLR, Row, and PLR diagnostics, the combination diagnosis and malignancy rates were greater, and the differences were statistically significant (P0.05). Diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were greater when compared to single NLR, ROW, and PLR. When compared to the normal control group, NLR, ROW, and PLR have greater levels, and the differences are statistically significant (P0.05). The patient survival declines more slowly as PLR, NLR, and the severity of the condition rises.  Tissue type, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, NLR, RDW, and PLR had a predictive influence on patients with colorectal cancer ( NLR, ROW, and PLR combined diagnosis has high accuracy in colorectal cancer diagnosis, and the prognosis of patients with NLR, ROW, and PLR levels has a tight association; so, clinically, the above signs should be identified, and the optimal treatment time is grasped. The colorectal cancer is a higher incidence of malignant tumor disease. The mortality rate and incidence rate are high; therefore, the clinical exploration of effective methods diagnosis and the treatment is critical . StudiesNLR and RDW can reflect the system of anti-inflammatory response, tumor presence, invasion, metastasis, and recurrence, and NLR, PLR, and clinical response to the body promoted tumor and antitumor immune response' evaluation . Anothern\u2009=\u200956) and a colorectal polyp group (n\u2009=\u200950). 143 patients with rectal cancer, 76 males, 67 female, (53.6\u2009\u00b1\u20093.8) years old, tissue classification: 25 patients with low-differentiated patients, high, medium differential patients; onset: 45 cases of rectum, rising 39 cases of colon, 27 ethyl colon, 13 cases designed, and 19 cases. The research object agreed with the study; in the meanwhile, the research data are comparable (P > 0.05), and the hospital ethics committee agreed with the study. Informed consent was obtained from the patients who were participating.From January 2016 to January 2019, 143 colorectal cancer cases in our hospital were selected and other 143 cases were selected as the normal group, and colonoscopic biopsy was selected as 106 cases of precancerous lesions are related to colorectal cancer Among them were the inflammatory bowel disease group  were observed. Following the completion of the detection, the PLR value is derived using the NLR and RDW detection results. Patients are followed up on for two years by WeChat, phone, and other means, and the patient's survival time is reported.The explosion factors affecting renal cancer patients include gender, age, tissue classification, pathogenesis, TNM stage, pathological type, lymph node metastasis, NLR, RDW, PLR, and other factors.In preoperative NLR, ROW, PLR, and prognosis, add up tissue classification (low differentiation), TNM stages (III and IV), lymph node metastasis, NLR, ROW, PLR, and other factors.Calculate the calculation rate of diagnosis examples of benign and malignant patients.Add up 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 months to correspond to NLR, PLR, and RDW survival rate, respectively. PLR normal range  is , gender, age, pathogenesis, and pathological type, which has no correlation with the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer (P > 0.05)  .P < 0.05) , TNM stages (III and IV), lymph node metastasis, NLR, ROW, and PLR ( < 0.05) .P < 0.05)  .P < 0.05)  .P < 0.05)  .Patient survival rates are steadily dropping as PLR and NLR levels rise in conjunction with increasingly severe conditions .The detrimental degree of colorectal cancer is severe, affecting the normal life of the patient. The current clinical research hotspot is to explore accurate diagnosis methods, improve prognosis, and reduce the degree of harm to patients , 7. SeveP < 0.05). The main causes of RDW, NLR, and PLR affect the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients, the level of inflammatory factors increased, and the risk of colorectal cancer increased. Neutral granulocytes are N2 in the tumor state, which can pass base metal protease and vascular endothelial growth factor' effect on tumor cell apoptosis, which has promoted tumor angiogenesis, and tumor progression accelerates [P0.05), sex, age, disease location, pathological type, and prognosis of colorectal cancer patients have no correlation (P0.05). A comprehensive analysis should influence clinical prognostic factors in patients with colorectal cancer, and targeted interventions, with individual treatment, improve patient survival. The appraised value of research was analyzed using NLR, PLR, and RDW in the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer and higher clinical feasibility, but this study is a retrospective analysis which included a limited number of cases. The accuracy of the results will have an impact. Following that, the sample should contain more qualified individuals who do a more in-depth investigation into immune inflammation; in order to increase the accuracy of research, lengthen the lifespan of the patient and improve the patient's quality of life.The study detected the value exploration of RDW, NLR, and PLR levels in colorectal carcinoma and analyzed the diagnosis, accuracy, and sensitivity. The results showed that there was a statistically significant significance for combined diagnosis and specificity and differences in combination diagnosis. The main reason is that Row is the platelet count and lymphocyte count ratio, and platelets can secrete due to secretion of P selector in adhesion, endothelial, and inflammatory cells, having promotion . Plateleelerates , 20. Lymelerates . In addielerates . PLR andelerates . The bodelerates . After telerates . Therefoelerates . In addiIn summary, in terms of diagnosis of colorectal cancer, NLR, ROW, and PLR combined diagnosis is with high accuracy, and prognosis of patient with high NLR, ROW, and PLR levels has a close relationship; so, clinically, the above indicators should be detected and grasped for the best treatment timing."}
{"text": "In the originally published article, there were errors each of the author affiliations.Affiliation 1 should have been presented as \u201cShanghai Center of Thyroid Diseases, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China\u201d, and not as \u201cShanghai Center of Thyroid Diseases, Shanghai, China\u201d.Affiliation 2 should have been presented as \u201cDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China\u201d, and not as \u201cDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China\u201dAffiliation 3 should have been presented as \u201cDepartment of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China\u201d, and not as Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China\u201d.The authors apologize for these errors and state that they do not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "One of these, authored by the GBD 2015 Child Mortality Collaborators, addressed global, regional, national and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant and under-five mortality, 1980-2015.th for neonatal mortality (A) with rates 140% higher than Chile, which had the lowest rate. For postneonatal mortality, Brazil ranked 13th with rates 120% higher than Chile, which was again the country with the lowest rate. However, the picture for the age stratum from one to four years (B) differed from the traditional infant mortality category of under one year of age, such that Brazil was in fifth place, after Chile, Uruguay, Costa Rica and Argentina.This same articleFrom this summary, readers can grade the quality of child health in Brazil over recent years. The Journal is calling for more articles discussing \u201cChild Health in Brazil\u201d."}
{"text": "Magnetoplasmonic permittivity-near-zero ( Plasmonic nanostructures are at the core of recent transformative breakthroughs in a diverse set of areas such as biosensing , waveguiaterials , promisiaterials ,14,15.p indicates that this MO effect only exists for p-polarized light) when the magnetization of the system (M) is flippedOn the other hand, magneto-optical effects in magnetophotonic nanostructures, i.e., nanostructures containing materials with magneto-optic (MO) activity , have be surface . Indeed,ly shown ,23,24.d) and d, d, and angle of incidence, Despite the advantages of MO-ondition . Contrar of data ,24. In aproblems ,26,27,28d) composed by Ag nanorods in alumina (Alz-axis here) are indicated by the subscripts \u2016 and \u22a5, respectively, withg oxides ,29  incident medium, commonly called prism, placed above a metallic thin film that is surrounded by the analyte medium on the opposite side. In this approach, there is an angle  above which the surface wave excited by attenuated total internal reflection ) phenomenon matches the phase of the surface plasmon wave in the metallic surface. It is just under this last phase-matching condition that SPR excitation occurs in the prism-based mechanism. In contrast, we are interested in the use of an from air . Althougfrom air . In the shown in c,d used d and An SMM-based algorithm can be used to calculate the reflectances associated with Equation , the corEquation  of Rp, the number of chromosomes that survive and pass to the next generation , we We discuss the optimization of the n from n, from where a perfect linear behavior can be seen. The corresponding sensitivity  for this structure was found as n), which, as noticed  to design magnetoplasmonic"}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in the author list, and authors \u201cMeiyu Guo, Zhenfang Yuan\u201d were erroneously excluded. The corrected author list, affiliations, correspondence, and citations appear below.1\u2020, Wenjun Ji1\u2020, Meiyu Guo2, Tieci Yi1, Jie Wang1, Minghui Bao1, Yusi Gao1, Han Jin1, Difei Lu3*, Wei Ma1, Xiaoning Han1*, Jianping Li1 and Zhenfang Yuan3Lihua Hu1 Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China2 Department of Hematology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China3 Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China*Correspondence:Difei Luludifei3142@163.comXiaoning Handr_hanxn@126.comAuthor contributions section, and authors \u201cMeiyu Guo, Zhenfang Yuan\u201d were erroneously excluded. The corrected author contributions section appears below.In the published article, there was an error in the MG, WJ, TY, JW, DL, WM, JL, ZY, and XH contributed in this patient care, diagnosis, and treatment. LH, MB, YG, and HJ collected the data. LH drafted this manuscript. DL, XH, JL, and ZY revised the final version of the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.Funding statement was erroneously included. The Funding statement has been removed from the published article.In the published article, a Ethics statement was erroneously included. The Ethics statement has been removed from the published article.In the published article, an In the published article, authors \u201cMeiyu Guo, Zhenfang Yuan\u201d were erroneously excluded from the Copyright section. The corrected Copyright section appears below.\u201cCopyright \u00a9 2022 Hu, Ji, Guo, Yi, Wang, Bao, Gao, Jin, Lu, Ma, Han, Li and Yuan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.\u201dThe authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology has changed in January 2022 [After nearly 15\u00a0years, the scientific Chief Editorial Team of First of all, we gratefully thank former Editor-in-Chief Roger W. Byard, former European Editor Michael Tsokos, and former North American Editor John Hunsaker III for their time and passion invested over the past 15\u00a0years in the journal \u2014 they have not only read, reviewed, and edited thousands of papers, they have also published extensively themselves and thus contributed to the reputation of the journal, too. Together with the Editorial Board, they made the journal what it is today.Secondly, we would like to thank the whole team at Springer, who gave us three \u201cnewcomers\u201d the opportunity to follow in these big footsteps. We will do our best.Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology will continue to explore all aspects of modern-day forensics. The range of topics covered will continue to include international forensic science, medicine, nursing, and pathology, as well as toxicology, human identification, mass disasters/mass war graves, profiling, imaging and forensic radiology, forensic age estimation, policing, wound assessment, child maltreatment, sexual assault, anthropology, archeology, entomology, botany, biology, veterinary pathology, medical-historical forensic research, and DNA. We will continue to insist on high scientific quality of papers in fluent and sufficiently readable English language. We pay great attention to evaluating the mega-authorship reports and ask to limit the number of self-citations, particularly if not necessary.Now brought to the second-most important journal worldwide in forensic medicine with regard to its current impact factor by the former Editorial team, Mors auxilium vitae\u00a0(Death Is Help For The Living), and looking beyond the horizon is crucial in modern forensic medicine. Interdisciplinary questions arising in the daily autopsy routine can be addressed scientifically, and forensic medicine can contribute to walk new paths. Thus, we also welcome \u201coutside-the-box\u201d papers, i.e., scientific research from the interface of forensic medicine and other medical disciplines \u2014 there is a significant overlap between forensic medicine and several curative disciplines, especially after a second look [ond look \u20135. This ond look . How doeForensic Science, Medicine and Pathology will continue to present a balance of forensic research and reviews from around the world to reflect modern advances through peer-reviewed papers, short communications, meeting proceedings, new forensic textbook comments, and case reports. Furthermore, we will open the journal to answers to forensic questions that involve interfaces with other medical disciplines, especially with regard to complications arising from performed \u2014 or necessary, but omitted \u2014 medical procedures in the broadest sense. Forensic scientists are often involved in medical malpractice lawsuits, healthcare policy, and patient safety management. Therefore, the authors have the opportunity to discuss unusual adverse events, causes of medical malpractice, and the forensic medicine approach to such an interesting field of research. The dead can teach the living.The scientific future of forensic medicine comprises not only of forensic issues, but involves interdisciplinary cooperation. We intend to be a relevant part of this future \u2014 and we can achieve this goal solely with the help of you, the authors and reviewers\u00a0from all over the world!Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. Claas T. Buschmann, Kiel/L\u00fcbeck, GermanyEditor-in-ChiefProf. Dr. Biagio Solarino, Bari, ItalyAssociate EditorProf. Takahito Hayashi, Kagoshima, JapanAssociate Editor"}
{"text": "Lack of awareness of the disease is one of the most frequent symptoms (<80%) of schizophrenia, and it is accepted to have different aspects: cognitive, related to compliance, specific symptoms, and temporary. The detection of those dimensions of insight affected, allows to select and prioritize the objectives and therapeutic strategies to improve it.To develop a multidimensional scale for monitoring insight in schizophrenia patientsA scale with 9 insight dimensions has been developed: appreciation of symptoms, acceptance of the cause, clinical and functional repercussions, limitations and level of competence, expected evolution and prognosis, terapeutic, and other factors. risk of decompensation. Each dimension is weighted from 0-4 points, and the result is expressed numerically and graphically. The scale was administered to 60 patients with schizophrenia on three occasions. The initial one by two psychiatrists consecutively, and the third three months after stable treatment. Other clinical and sociodemographic variables were also collected.In the analysis, reliability, internal consistency, and intra- and interobserver reliability, logical, content, criterion and construct validity were assessed, obtaining satisfactory results in Cronbach\u2019s coefficients and Pearson\u2019s correlation (> 0.7 and > 0.8).The scale has good reproducibility, validity, sensitivity and utility characteristics, which allow its use in patients with schizophrenia.No significant relationships."}
{"text": "Historically, communicable diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis, malaria, poliomyelitis, tuberculosis, influenza and, more recently, the coronavirus disease 2019, have been at the center of global health concerns and initiatives, as they are transmitted from one person to another with a variety of ways, easily spread across national borders, and threaten the lives of millions of people all over the globe. Nonetheless, it is the \u201cinvisible epidemic\u201d of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) that represents the world\u2019s leading cause of death [NCDs, also known as chronic diseases, are characterized by non-contagious nature, multiple risk factors, a long latency period, a prolonged temporal course, functional impairment or disability, and incurability  . They arThe list of NCDs that impose heavy morbidity and mortality toll also includes neurological and mental health diseases , glaucoma and hearing loss, digestive diseases , musculoskeletal diseases , chronic kidney disease, autoimmune conditions, and others . Importantly, NCDs increasingly affect poor countries, deprived societies, and the poorest people within all nations, as the \u201cwesternization\u201d of lifestyle gradually takes its toll in low- and middle-income countries, population ages, and commercial pressures for unhealthy diets and harmful habits continue to exist . Indeed,The tragedy (and opportunity) is the fact that most NCD morbidity and mortality could be prevented or delayed, and millions of people could live longer, healthier and happier lives . SeveralImportantly, it is estimated that most NCD deaths can be prevented by eliminating the most important modifiable factors , particuNCDs will be the predominant global public health challenge of the 21st century . Health"}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 1. Instead of \u201cDepartment of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Shanghai Putuo District, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China\u201d, it should be \u201cDepartment of Cardiology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "BackgroundHuman blood is an essential human element for which no substitute has yet been discovered. This study aims to determine the causes of discarding blood and its components.Material and methodsA retrospective study of three years  was performed in a tertiary care hospital blood bank. Data were retrieved from the various registers and analysed.ResultsDuring this study, a total of 3280 units, 1868 units, and 486 units of whole blood were collected in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. It was observed that the discard rate of whole blood was 9.48%, 17.23%, and 43% in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. The discard rate for components varied, such as for packed red blood cells (PRBC), it was 1.76% in 2018, 1.73% in 2019, and 3.03% in 2020, for fresh frozen plasma (FFP), it was 4.08% in 2018, 4.36% in 2019, and 2.20% in 2020, and for platelets, it was 43.08% in 2018, 31.56% in 2019, and 45.03% in 2020. A total of 311, 322, and 209 units of whole blood were discarded in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. The total whole blood and blood components were discarded for various reasons such as undiagnosed sterility , quality control, underweight, hemolysis unit, expiry, and polycythemia.ConclusionThe wastage of stored blood and its components is inevitable. Still, it can be minimised by optimum utilisation and implementation of blood transfusion services (BTS) along with the education and training of blood bank staff. There are various reasons for the wastage of blood and its components, such as unscreened transfusion-transmitted diseases, sterility, storage, less bleeding, expiry, hemolysis samples and polycythemia. Self-regular audits, coordination between hospital and blood bank staff, proper storage and handling of blood units, strict donor selection and deferral criteria, along with appropriate history taking, will help minimise the wastage of blood or its components. Human blood is an essential element of human life and there is no artificial substitute for blood that has been discovered yet. As its availability is limited, blood transfusion services (BTS) play a vital role in any national health service delivery system. Thus, the availability of safe and adequate blood saves lives and prevents the wastage of this valuable resource. Human blood is categorised as a \u201cdrug\u201d under section 3(b) of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 in India -4. For mThis is a retrospective study conducted in the Department of Pathology of S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital and Research Center, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India, to find out the various causes of the discarding of blood and its components in the blood bank of a tertiary care hospital for three years from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2020. The selection of blood donation was made according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) selection criteria. Data were retrieved from various registers like the donor register, discard register, transfusion-transmitted diseases (TTDs) register, and components preparation register. The rationale for discarding blood and its components was analysed.Components preparations and discard of blood bags were done according to standard operating procedures and guidelines laid by National Aids Control Organisation (NACO), India, and our blood bank guidelines. The present study includes blood units discarded for various reasons like TTDs, seroreactivity, expired components, less bleed, breakage, clotted bag, hemolysed samples, and units sent for quality checks (QC). At the same time, no exclusion criteria were followed for the selection of the samples.All data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0 . All categorical data were represented as frequency and percentages.A total of 3280 units, 1868 units, and 486 units of whole blood were collected in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. The various components such as packed red blood cells (PRBC), fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and platelets were prepared. In 2018, 3946 units of PRBC and FFP, along with 1408 units of platelets, were prepared. In 2019, 3577 units of PRBC and FFP and 1302 units of platelets were prepared. Similarly, in 2020, 2772 units of PRBC and FFP, along with 635 units of platelets, were prepared , hepatitis C virus (HCV), Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL), India), quality control, underweight, hemolysed unit, expiry, and polycythemia and average discard rates are shown in Table Similarly, a total of 844, 629, and 431 units of blood components  were discarded in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. The discard rate of blood components was highest and lowest in 2018 and 2020, respectively. Among all three components, platelets have a high discard rate for all three years  of the 3280 units, 322 17.23%) of the 1868 units, and 209 (43%) of the 486 units of whole blood were discarded in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. The average discard rate for whole blood in the present study was 23.23%, which was higher than in studies by Suresh et al. (5.7%), Bobde et al. (6.63%), Sharma et al. (4.46%), and Kanani et al. (3.5%) ,11,7..23% of tThe various reasons for the discard of blood are seropositive for transfusion-transmissible infections (TTI) like HIV, HBsAg, HCV, VDRL, India, testing for syphilis, sterility , less bleeding (underweight), expiry, hemolysed sample, and polycythemia -15. Our The limitation of our study was less bleeding/underweight blood bags because of phlebotomy failure like the collapse of veins, uneasiness, vomiting, perspiration, hematoma formation, and fainting during donation. Such blood bags are unsuitable for transfusion as there is a mismatch between the amount of blood collected and the anticoagulant used in the bag. Such collection usually happens in blood donation camps. It can be prevented by the proper selection of healthy donors, motivation of donors, and adequate training of phlebotomy staff . In the The wastage of blood and its components is inevitable, but it can be minimised by optimum utilisation and implementation of BTS along with the education and training of blood bank staff. There are various reasons for the wastage of blood and its components, such as sterility, storage, less bleeding, expiry, hemolysed sample, and polycythemia.\u00a0Self-regular audits, coordination between hospital and blood bank staff, proper storage and handling of blood units, strict donor selection and deferral criteria, along with proper history taking, will help minimise the wastage of blood and its components."}
{"text": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae, as laboratory tests may have low sensitivity. The case reinforces the importance of clinical diagnosis showing the triad, \u201ctenosynovitis, polyarthralgia, and dermatitis\",A 35-year-old man from Rio de Janeiro, reported painful skin lesions breaking out on his right hand, seven days prior, in addition to fever and pain while walking. He presented with no history of trauma, headache, dysuria, urethral discharge, any comorbidities or use of medication, and admitted engaging in unprotected sex in the previous month. On physical examination, he was normotensive, with normal heart rate, and febrile (39\u00b0C). Vesicles with hemorrhagic content were observed on an erythematous base in the palmar region and dorsum of the right middle finger . Arthral"}
{"text": "PLOS ONE Editors retract this article [The  article  because Additionally, after this article was published, it was noted that the names of Kexin Zhang and Changzhong Liu appear incorrectly in the author list. At the time of retraction, this article was republished to provide the correct names and citation.IUH, CL, ATKZ, and AMA did not agree with the retraction. AK, RI, KZ, SA, and AAH either did not respond directly or could not be reached."}
{"text": "Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is still the most prevalent type of osteonecrosis with clinical relevance. In Brazil, bisphosphonate use is high but there is a lack of epidemiological studies on BRONJ. To determine the clinical profile of BRONJ in a Brazilian population through an integrative review. Integrative review of BRONJ in a Brazilian population. Cases and clinical research on Brazilians with BRONJ between 2010 and 2019, indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and LILACS were reviewed. Age, sex, type and time of bisphosphonate intake, administration route, related diseases, region of the BRONJ, diagnostic criteria, staging, triggering factor and type of treatment were analyzed. Fifteen articles on 128 subjects were included. Most patients were women (82.03%); the mean age was 63 years. Intravenous zoledronic acid was mostly used (62.50%), for breast cancer treatment (46.87%). The main localization of BRONJ was the mandible (54.68%), associated mainly with tooth extractions (45.98%). The diagnostic criteria were clinical (100%) and radiographic (89.06%), mostly in stage II (68.08%). The surgical treatments were sequestrectomy (37.50%) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) (36.71%). Microbial control was done using chlorhexidine (93.75%) and infection control using clindamycin (53.90%). BRONJ had higher prevalence in Brazilian women receiving treatment for breast cancer and osteoporosis. The mandible was the region most affected with a moderate stage of BRONJ, particularly when there were histories of tooth extraction and peri-implant surgery. Sequestrectomy with additional drugs and surgical therapy was the treatment most accomplished. Therefore, bone remodeling and deposition of physiological bone matrix are also affected.,,,,,,,,,In 2014, there was a change in the nomenclature for this disease, to take into account its relationship with other drugs. The names currently used follow the pattern [medication]-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. This relates to the use of anti-resorptive and antiangiogenic medications,Although, as mentioned before, other medications relating to maxillary osteonecrosis do exist, BPs are still the most relevant drugs in relation to osteonecrosis of the jaws.The clinical profile of BRONJ and treatment protocols can vary according to specific demographic factors. Therefore, there is a need for population-specific studies. However, there are no studies in the literature reporting on the features of BRONJ and its treatment in Brazil.This integrative review aimed to determine the clinical profile of osteonecrosis of the jaw exclusively associated with bisphosphonate therapy in the Brazilian population.The guiding question of this review was: What are the clinical features of BRONJ in the Brazilian population that determine its clinical profile?The inclusion criterion for this integrative review was that publications relating to Brazilian individuals would be included: these could include case reports, case series and clinical studies. Over the last decade, the nomenclature, staging and treatment method for BRONJ have undergone changes. This review considered articles either in English or in Portuguese that were published between January 2010 and April 2019. Articles that comprised review of the literature, laboratory analyses, letters to the editor, studies conducted on animal studies and research that did not involve Brazilians were excluded.The variables selected were the following: age, sex, type of bisphosphonate used, duration of use of bisphosphonates until disease manifestation, route of administration, underlying disease that led to indication for drug use, oral region affected by BRONJ, clinical criteria for diagnosis of BRONJ, clinical staging according to the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS),Four online databases were searched for articles: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and LILACS. PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science are international databases that have a search filter for the nationality of the articles, and this was used after the initial search. LILACS is a Latin American database with descriptors in the English and Portuguese language. We used the country identification tool for the Scopus, Web of Science and LILACS, and for PubMed we add the descriptor \u201cBrazil\u201d. The descriptors entered in the databases are described below.\u201costeonecrosis\u201d and \u201cbisphosphonate\u201d and \u201cBrazil\u201d for PubMed.\u201costeonecrosis\u201d and \u201cbisphosphonate\u201d for Web of Science and Scopus\u201costeonecrosis\u201d and \u201cbisphosphonate\u201d and \u201cbisphosphonate or \u201cdiphosphonate\u201d and \u201costeonecrosis\u201d for Lilacs.The selection of the articles that were assessed in full for the analysis on each of the variables of this review is described in ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Fifteen studies were included .4,5,9,16,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.The commonest diagnoses relating to BRONJ were: breast cancer, in 60 individuals,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,The types of BPs most related to BRONJ were: zoledronic acid ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Regarding the location of the BRONJ, the mandible was the most affected by BRONJ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,The main diagnostic criterion was clinical evaluation of bone exposure,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,The local trigger factors for BRONJ were the following: tooth extraction,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,According to the AAOMS classification, three individuals (2.12%) presented stage 0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,There was a lack of detailed information about the types of treatment and management used in these cases reported from Brazilian populations. The treatment most reported was sequestrectomy,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,The topical medication most used for treatment of BRONJ was chlorhexidine solution,,The cases of BRONJ in Brazil showed that 103 individuals (80.47%) received BPs intravenously as part of their cancer treatment. The other 25 (19.53%) received BPs orally as osteoporosis treatment. In North American populations, similar results were observed, i.e. BRONJ developed mainly in individuals who were undergoing oncological treatment intravenously.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,The oral route for BPs is more used for controlling osteoporosis: not only in Brazil,,,,,,,,,,,In addition to the type of diagnosis of the disease and type of BP, surgical manipulation of the jawsAmong the triggering factors for BRONJ, implant surgery still remains a matter of controversy in the literature.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Among the jaw bones, the chance of developing BRONJ is twice as high in the mandible as in the maxilla.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,The fact that women have been found to be more affected by BRONJ, both in Brazil and in the rest of the world,Therefore, it is important for medical specialists such as mastologists and/or gynecologists to be aware that patients who use BPs are at greater risk of developing BRONJ. One preventive measure could be to refer patients for dental assessment, before or during the first months of prescription of BPs, in order to eliminate some foci of infection that can expose these patients to the risk of developing BRONJ.,,,,,,,,,,,,This integrative review identified that the majority of the Brazilian cases were diagnosed during stage 2 of BRONJ, and this is similar to findings from other countries.The diagnosis of BRONJ in these Brazilian cases was clinical in all of them. Since 2014, AAOMS has recommended the use of complementary imaging tests to finalize the staging and evaluate possible bone alterations that can precede BRONJ. Despite this recommendation for concomitant use of computed tomography (CT) as the most appropriate examination, the present review identified that only 40.62% of the cases were diagnosed by means of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). This suggests not only that there is probably a lack of knowledge of indication of 3D imaging such as CBCT to perform better examinations, but also that there is a lack of local resources or else that these examinations have a high cost. The radiographic evaluation criterion was not included in this integrative review because of the lack of detailed information in the studies selected.,,In addition, it is important to mention that, although AAOMS recommends that BRONJ should be diagnosed using clinical and imaging methods, we would emphasize that there is a need to make differential diagnoses in relation to other lesions with clinical signs of bone exposure, such as bone metastases and clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma in the jaw through histopathological analysis.,,The etiology and progression of BRONJ are related to infection and inflammation.,,,,,Among the types of treatment mentioned earlier, surgical treatment is widely used in different populations around the world.The limitation of the present study was its inability to provide detailed information about the location of BRONJ, type and dose of medications, radiographic features, biopsy and follow-up because of the lack of detailed information in the studies selected. In addition, there were no randomized studies or investigations on BRONJ in Brazilian populations. For this reason, we suggest that such studies need to be conducted and need to provide detailed information, as mentioned earlier.The manifestation of BRONJ in this Brazilian population was greatest in the mandibles of younger females, with greater associations with breast cancer and osteoporosis. The major risk factor was previous exodontia, and BRONJ was diagnosed mainly in the intermediate staging (II). Surgical intervention was the treatment most commonly used among these Brazilian patients. This review identified greater use of chlorhexidine solution and prescription of clindamycin as the first-choice antibiotic therapy. PRP was the complementary therapy most used."}
{"text": "In the present study, the influence of spatial confinement on the bond length as well as dipole moment, polarizability and (hyper)polarizabilities of HeH The HeHBerkeley ,4,5. Mortronomy) . All thanomy) [+ ,14,15,16inter alia, an increase of the total energy of the considered chemical object [The main goal of the present work is to analyze the impact of spatial confinement on the geometry and electric properties, i.e., dipole moment, polarizability as well as first and second hyperpolarizability, of HeHpressure . The spapressure ,26,27,28pressure ,20,28. Bl object ,30, sepal object ,32,33, sl object ,35 as wel object ,43,44,45l object  and IR fl object . The cyli-th electron. The sum of one-electron contributions, that are described by Equation (N is the number of electrons. By changing the In the present study, the spatial confinement was modelled by the harmonic oscillator potential of cylindrical symmetry: Vconf(r\u2192iVconf(r\u2192iIn all calculations the CCSD method was employed. The geometry of the isolated HeHs et al.  The geomr scheme , with thr scheme .R value. Note that we were not able to optimize the HeHThe first step in our study was to analyze how the choice of the basis set affects the bond length of HeH283 a.u.  The findThe HeH systems ,51,52,53 systems ,35.In this work, the calculations of electric properties for the spatially restricted HeH reports ,52,53,54 methods ,13. The In summary, in the present study we analyzed the influence of spatial confinement in the form of cylindrically symmetric harmonic oscillator potential, that can be used to model high pressure conditions, on the geometry and electric properties of HeH"}
{"text": "Heavy metals are common environmental contaminants that are toxic, non-biodegradable, and bioaccumulative. They can bioaccumulate through the food chain and present a risk to both public health and ecology. Therefore, this study takes the mangrove wetland of Dongzhai Harbor as an example. The concentrations of heavy metals such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the surface sediments of mangrove wetlands were measured to reveal their distribution, the contamination level was assessed, and the sources of contamination were analyzed. The distribution of Cr, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Cd concentrations are: Yanfeng East River > Sanjiang River > Yanzhou River > Yanfeng West River, while the As concentration in the Yanfeng West River is greater than that in the Yanfeng East River. According to the correlation analysis, the concentrations of Cr, Zn, Ni, Cu, and Cd are significantly and positively correlated with total organic carbon (TOC), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and salinity (SAL) and shared a significantly negative correlation with pH. There is moderate contamination risk of As and slight contamination risk of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in most regions within the study area. Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn exhibit the same sources, which are mainly influenced by human sources such as aquaculture, agricultural cultivation, and livestock farming, while the source of As comes from aquaculture. Mangroves are widely distributed in the upper intertidal zone of the tropics and subtropics, with high productivity and rapid sedimentation rates . Under tThe fine-grained sediments of mangrove wetlands are rich in organic matter and are prone to accumulating HMs from rivers and tidal waters, which is considered an important \u201cHM sink\u201d . The speHMs have attracted worldwide attention as one of the most serious potential human contaminations in mangrove ecosystems . With thHainan Dongzhai Harbor Mangrove National Nature Reserve is the earliest established mangrove wetland with the most resources and the richest tree species in China . In recegeoI) and potential ecological risk index , total organic carbon (TOC), total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN)) and HM elements were analyzed. On this basis, the geo-accumulation index , a drowned valley harbor, located in the northeast of Hainan Island, has the largest continuous mangrove wetland in China . The Zhu2 ,20. The 2 . The ann2 . The annSampling sites were set up to collect surface sediment samples in the mangrove wetlands on both banks of the Yanfeng West River, Yanfeng East River, Sanjiang River, and Yanzhou River in Dongzhai Harbor, with 20 sampling sites from upstream to downstream in each river and a total number of 80 sampling sites. The sampling sites were set up by taking into account topography, hydrological patterns, mangrove density, settlement distribution, and tidal influence. Samples were collected during the summer low tide in August 2020. Each sample was collected from three points near the sample site and mixed, with a soil weight of at least 1 kg. Surface sediments (approximately 0\u201320 cm) were collected using a sediment Peterson grab sampler. Branches, leaves, and other debris were picked out and stored in polyethylene bags. The surrounding environmental conditions were recorded. The sampling apparatus was cleaned before each sampling.The sediment samples were freeze-dried, ground, and passed through 0.25 mm and 0.075 mm sieves, respectively, and then stored at room temperature for backup. The test indexes were as follows: pH, SAL, TOC, TN, TP, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The pH, SAL, TOC, TN, and TP tests were done at the School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan). The tests of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were done at Aoshi Mineral Laboratory, Guangzhou. The dried sediments were extracted at a water-to-soil ratio of 1 to 5, and the pH and SAL of the sediments were measured in the supernatant using a portable water quality multi-reference meter  . TOC and3: HCl = 1:3, Analytical Reagent, Charlotte, NC, USA). Next, 10 mL of HF  was added, and the reaction was heated in an oven . The solution was then evaporated until nearly dry. After the residual solution was diluted with HF and fixed, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry , while As was determined by atomic fluorescence spectroscopy  [The HMs were tested as follows: firstly, 1 g of the sample was weighed into a Teflon tube and then the sample was pre-oxidized with 10 mL of aqua regia (volume ratio HNOgeoI), a method proposed by German scientist Muller in 1969 for studying the quantitative index of the contamination level of each HM in sediments, fully takes into account human contamination, environmental geochemical background concentrations, and factors of natural diagenesis [n in the sedimentary rocks [geoI, the degree of HM contamination was divided into seven levels, as shown in The geo-accumulation index  > Cu (0.44) > Ni (0.43) > Cr (0.35) > Zn (0.32) > As (0.21) > Pb (0.19). The value of the coefficient of variation of Cd, Cu, and Ni is larger than 0.36, indicating that their concentrations varied greatly in different areas. Comparing the HM concentrations of the sample with the background values of the Dongzhai Harbor sediments, the concentrations of Cd and Pb were 94% and 109% of the background values, respectively, suggesting that they were less influenced by humans . HoweverAccording to the distribution of different land use types in As shown in The high-concentration areas of Cd are mainly located in the Yanfeng East River and the estuary of the Sanjiang River. Cd is usually derived from phosphate fertilizer and may be released into the sediments through the application of phosphate fertilizer . There aThe concentration of HMs in sediments depends not only on natural transportation and human emissions, but also on a variety of factors, such as the surface patterns of the sediments, organic matter, mineral fraction, and depositional environment of the sediments . The mangeoI of both to be at the no contamination level. As, Ni, Cr, Cu, and Zn are all contaminated to varying degrees, with As showing the highest level of contamination, reaching moderate levels.The results of the geo-accumulation index  showed tAs shown in The results of the RI indicate that 40% of the sampling sites were at low risk, while 60% of the sampling sites were at moderate risk. At present, the mangrove wetlands in Dongzhai Harbor are at moderate and low risk. There is no sign of considerable and very high risk. Aquaculture and agriculture as anthropogenic sources of heavy metals can increase HM concentration in sediments ,47. The p = 0 < 0.05) were performed with SPSS 26.0 to indicate that the raw data were suitable for factor analysis [In order to visualize the proximity and similarity among the HMs, a variable clustering analysis was performed on the HMs in the surface sediments . The HMsanalysis . Based oanalysis ,48. The analysis . The estanalysis . In summgeoI and The variance contribution rate of the second principal component (PC2) was 15.43%. Arsenic had a large positive load (0.975). The results of oduction . Therefo(1) The distribution of HMs in the Dongzhai Harbor mangrove wetland is extremely uneven, with the concentrations ranked as follows: Cr > Zn > Ni > Pb > Cu > As > Cd. Among them, the high concentration areas of As are mainly distributed in the Yanfeng West River; the high concentrations areas of Cd are mainly distributed in the Yanfeng East River; the high concentrations areas of Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn are mainly distributed in the Yanfeng East River, the upper reaches of the Sanjiang River, the upper reaches of the Yanzhou River, and the estuary of the Yanzhou River. In general, the concentration of HMs in the study area is still at a moderately low level compared with other regions in the world, which may be related to the restriction of Hainan Province on the development of traditional industries that have a serious impact on the ecological environment.(2) The HM concentrations are closely related to the pH, SAL, TOC, TN, and TP of sediments. TOC is significantly positively correlated with Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Zn. pH is significantly negatively correlated with Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Zn. SAL is significantly positively correlated with As, Cr, Cd, Ni, Cu, and Zn. TP and TN are positively correlated with Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Zn.geoI showed that there are As, Ni, Cr, Cu, and Zn contamination of different degrees, while there are no risks of contamination from Cd and Pb. The degree of As contamination is the highest, reaching a moderate level, and the potential ecological risk of As is moderate in 80% of the sampling sites. The potential ecological risk of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn contamination is low. The potential ecological risk of Cd contamination is low at 75% and moderate at 25% of the sampling sites.(3) The results of the (4) The sources of HMs in the sediments of the Dongzhai Harbor mangrove wetland can be divided into two categories. For Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Zn, they are homogeneous and mainly originate from mixed sources such as aquaculture, agricultural cultivation, and livestock breeding. The source of As mainly comes from aquaculture wastewater, with bait and excrement contributing more to the enrichment of As."}
{"text": "Risk of urinary bladder cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: A meta-analysis by Geng Z and Geng Q. (2022) Front. Surg. 9: 636791. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.636791A corrigendum on Incorrect AffiliationIn the published article, there was an error in affiliation [1]. Instead of \u201cDepartment of Orthopedics of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China\u201d, it should be \u201cDepartment of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Tobacco causes premature death through cardiovascular disease, cancer, and respiratory disease. It has adverse effects on all areas of health, including mental health, with an increased risk of suicide and depression ,2,3,4. TTobacco is a clear, leading preventable cause of death. Reducing tobacco consumption and exposure has become a significant public health priority. The World Health Organization (WHO) enacted the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the first international treaty in the field of health, in 2003 and is working and cooperating worldwide for tobacco control . FurtherThe most important factor in policy making, including tobacco control policies, is to investigate the current status based on accurate statistics. It is crucial to determine how tobacco-related indices, such as smoking or exposure prevalence, are generated and whether they are accurate. There have been consistent study findings that, although most countries utilize self-reported (SR) data for their official statistics, this does not accurately reflect reality .There are several methods for measuring smoking-related indices, and the most common are SR and biomarkers. SR is the most widely used method to survey populations, owing to its convenience and economic advantage and the ability to examine the indices in various situations and environments. However, tobacco use tends to be underestimated due to social desirability response bias ,10,11. IOne investigation method that is not affected by such bias is the use of biomarkers. Biomarkers are the most accurate indices for tobacco use and smoking exposure . NicotinBiomarkers overcome the subjectivity and inaccuracy of SR, can be used to identify current smokers, and reflect exposure to second-hand smoke in all places. SR-related bias can identify current smokers and individuals exposed to second-hand smoke ,16. MostTherefore, it is not necessarily the case that biomarkers are the best method. Biomarkers are, for instance, more costly than SR; thus, it is not easy to use screening for large-scale surveys. Furthermore, biomarker concentration only shows current smoking or indirect smoking exposure and severity, and cannot shed light on the details of context and situation, such as smoking habits, places, and reasons.Few developed countries, including the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Korea, and Poland, measure biomarkers in national health surveys ,22,23,24Regarding passive smoking, the United States has already set the reduction of serum cotinine concentration, as opposed to the decrease in smoking on SR, as the target in Healthy People 2030 ,25. The"}
{"text": "Budd\u2013Chiari Syndrome (BCS) is due to thrombosis of hepatic veins (HVs), inferior vena cava (IVC) or both, leading to impaired hepatic venous outflow. Usually, one or more prothrombotic conditions, such as myeloproliferative disorders (MPD), are found. However, a number of cases remain idiopathic ,2,3,4,5.Doppler ultrasound (US) is the main imaging method used to investigate liver dysfunction upon presentation. Historically, Doppler US for BCS diagnosis\u2014the criteria of which is probably in need of refinement\u2014standardized specific signs , suggestive signs , and signs shared with other conditions  . HoweverHowever, Doppler US is not always sufficient for BCS diagnosis, and further imaging is recommended (contrast-enhanced CT and/or MRI). However, despite a commendable effort to define the background of a diagnostic approach for BCS, currently, there is no universal standard for diagnosis; some recent proposals, referring to catheter venography and surgery, are debatable . MoreoveHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a challenging diagnosis in the context of BCS. However, generally agreed criteria for HCC diagnosis in cirrhosis cannot apply to BCS. In fact, other benign or intermediate lesions, namely regenerative nodules and adenomas, can appear hypervascular in the arterial phase. Consequently, in the context of BCS, histologic confirmation should be indicated in the work-up of HCC ,20,21,22The main complications of BCS are portal hypertension and development of HCC, though the latter is rare ,4,5,6,7.Overall, previous classifications and prognostic indexes of BCS are of limited value, particularly following the widespread implementation of interventional treatments ,3,4,5,6.Provided that all the indications of BCS management are derived from retrospective studies , followiAnticoagulation is the mainstay of medical therapy, but its efficacy is limited, and it is suitable only for pauci-symptomatic cases. In fact, most cases will eventually require intervention ,2,3,4,5.Technically, TIPS is an intervention that consists of performing, through a trans-jugular access, a shunt between a hepatic vein and a portal vein branch. Initially, this procedure was applied to relief severe consequence of portal hypertension in cirrhosis. In BCS, due to thrombosis extension, TIPS is usually performed through the caval stump. However, its application to BCS has both theoretical and practical advantages. It has symptomatic and therapeutic potential since, particularly in early stages, it can revert liver congestion, the cause of disease progression in BCS. As most the studies suggest, this also allow TIPS to be effective in BCS with severe liver failure, although TIPS would be generally contraindicated in the setting of cirrhosis ,46,47,48Albeit not generally included in guidelines, traditional surgery has a role in BCS management ,53,54,55LT is the last-chance treatment for BCS, once all previous steps have failed, in cases of fulminant liver failure or HCC ,62,63,64The definition for response to therapy is a critical issue and was not stated by AASLD and EASL guidelines ,3,4,5,23However, management and the consequent outcome of BCS are due to these criteria and, according to both a European multi-center published experience and systematic review, about 2/3 of the cases receiving only medical therapy are unlikely to survive long term follow-up ,68,69.Furthermore, early intervention, in the presence of clinical portal hypertension, represents a valid alternative . In factWith regard to the ongoing debate on the timing of BCS treatment, the sustainers of the step-wise management would argue that using such criteria, TIPS for all would be not needed in 30 to 40% of patients who manage well, long term, without it (anticoagulation with or without angioplasty). Hence, they consider the basis for stepwise procedure as a true personalization based on response to treatment. Moreover, postponing TIPS would not impact survival  and the To resolve the controversies about timing of BCS treatment, two avenues of research could be taken. The former, and theoretically the simplest, is to directly compare prospectively early interventional treatment versus a step-by-step strategy. However, this trial is unlikely to be performed because it should also involve centers where the step-by-step strategy has been adopted for many years with the aim of questioning the stepwise strategy itself. Moreover, the differences of BCS in the West and in the East represent another limitation.An alternative approach could be to explore which subgroups of patients on only medical therapy would benefit from early intervention ."}
{"text": "Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 32, Issue 18, 15 September 2004, Pages 5553\u20135569, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh876Following allegations of image manipulation in Figures 1A, 6C, 8B, 8C, and 8E in 2021, the journal conducted a brief investigation, referred the matter to the authors\u2019 institution, and published an Expression of Concern. In May 2022, the institutional panel investigating the allegations concluded the figures are not authentic and the scientific integrity of the article is compromised, and they recommended retracting the article. Their report includes: \u2018On the balance of probabilities, the Panel believe that these data as presented in the publication have been inappropriately manipulated. As such, the data and its interpretation are misleading and unreliable.\u2019 The Editors of the journal are, therefore, now retracting this article."}
{"text": "The blue, green, pink, and red lines indicate the proportion of men and women with the eating disorders listed. This article has been corrected.1In the Research Letter titled \u201cAnalysis of Age, Race, Ethnicity, and Sex of Participants in Clinical Trials Focused on Eating Disorders,\u201d"}
{"text": "Research attention has been drawn to honey\u2019s nutritional status and beneficial properties for human health. This study aimed to provide a bibliometric analysis of honey\u2019s antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The research advancements within this field from 2001 to 2022 were addressed using the Scopus database, R, and VOSviewer. Of the 383 results, articles (273) and reviews (81) were the most common document types, while the annual growth rate of published manuscripts reached 17.5%. The most relevant topics about honey\u2019s antimicrobial and antioxidant properties were related to the agricultural and biological sciences, biochemistry, and pharmacology. According to a keyword analysis, the most frequent terms in titles, abstracts, and keywords were honey, antimicrobial, antioxidant, bee, propolis, phenolic compounds, wound, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and polyphenols. A trend topic analysis showed that the research agenda mainly encompassed antioxidants, pathogens, and anti-infection and chemical agents. In a co-occurrence analysis, antioxidants, anti-infection agents, and chemistry were connected to honey research. The initial research focus of this domain was primarily on honey\u2019s anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activity, wound healing, and antibacterial agents. The research agenda was enriched in the subsequent years by pathogens, propolis, oxidative stress, and flavonoids. It was possible to pinpoint past trends and ongoing developments and provide a valuable insight into the field of honey research. Honey is a natural product produced by bees. It has been used since ancient times as a food and in various therapeutic applications. It contains several chemical components beneficial to human health, which depend to a large extent on the botanical origin of the plants and the geographical area. Moreover, those two characteristics are used for certification and authenticity. Thus, a significant variability is observed in the physicochemical properties of honey, such as the moisture, pH, free acidity, and electrical conductivity, as well as the content of chemical substances such as organic acids, proteins, amino acids, vitamins, and phenolic compounds. For many years, honey and other beekeeping products such as propolis, pollen, royal jelly, bee venom, and wax have been recognized as bioactive products, with their therapeutic effects extending to a wide range of diseases and infections by pathogens, parasites, and viruses. The action of honey and beekeeping products is mainly due to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulation factors ,4,5,6,7.Honey research has also extended to more contemporary and complex medical issues. In nutrition science, the consumption of honey and its association with the gut microbiome has recently been studied, since the gut microbiome plays an essential role in chronic diseases. The presence of honey polyphenols may enhance alterations in the balance between pathogenic and beneficial microbial populations in the gut microbiome, providing a beneficial effect .Polyphenols of honey and beekeeping products were also studied for their role in strengthening the human immune system, concerning their contribution to the mitigation of COVID symptoms and the reduction of patient recovery periods. Supplementation of honey with standard pharmaceuticals, such as opinavir/ritonavir tablets, arbidol, chloroquine phosphate, hydroxychloroquineoroseltamivir with or without azithromycin, chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, or oseltamivir corticosteroids showed promising outcomes in various clinical studies .In addition to polyphenols, honey also contains several carbohydrates, specifically oligosaccharides, and a beneficial role was highlighted in terms of their consumption. Non-digestible oligosaccharides have been studied for their prebiotic effect on the gut microbiome. Specific types of honey may benefit gut microbial populations, offering various nutritional benefits to human health, related to reducing infection and inflammation, as well as obesity, only in animal models ,22.Currently, bibliometric analyses for honey in the Scopus database are rare. By entering the keyword \u201choney\u201d and scanning the database for bibliometric studies, 13 review documents and bibliometric analyses were collected. Six review studies referred to honey, specifically to applications of beekeeping products, their clinical trials and the results of their applications, to bee therapy in general, and the antioxidant properties of beekeeping products in relation to the environment and medicinal plants. The cultural significance of bees in human culture, the presence of chemical contaminants in honey products, and finally, the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers by dressing with honey were also investigated ,26,27,28The existing bibliometric studies, of which only three were conducted using the CSIRO database, investigated various topics around honey and bee products, such as the use of beekeeping products in medicine or the honey itself from 2011 to 2020, honey consumption, and the collapse phenomenon of bee colonies. Likewise, pesticide presence in bee products and honey, the mortality of bees, as well as issues of authenticity and the development of technological methods to determine the origin of honey were studied ,31,32,33The aim of this research was the scientific records of honey\u2019s antimicrobial and antioxidant properties in the Scopus database, from its inception and over the entire available period, as well as mapping of the research frontiers and the research trends in the above topics with modern bibliometric techniques. Additionally, with the help of bibliometric indicators, it is possible to capture the evolution of a scientific object over the years, its research extensions, and the new methods and research protocols it has employed, as well as the revision and integration of further information and fields. Finally, this is the first time that the topic of the antimicrobial activity of honey has become a research theme for bibliometric analysis.The following research questions (R.Q.) offer academics and decision-makers a perspective on the content and topics addressed in the literature. RQ1: What revisions have occurred in the literature on the antimicrobial activities of honey? RQ2: What have been the most influential research articles, authors, and manuscripts from those published in Scopus? RQ3: What are the most important topics discussed in the research field of honey, concerning its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties?This study contributes to the scientific literature, while the bibliometric indexes of this research outline the research production on the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of honey. Scientific manuscripts cover the period up to the present literature (till 12 November 2022), when research attention on honey and its health benefits was expanded into the nutrition and pharmaceutical domains. Thus, this research aimed to assess the trends and frontiers in the specific health benefits of honey using the Scopus database, various bibliometric indicators, and visualizing the respective scientific literature. An additional goal of this bibliometric study was to reveal the disciplines engaged with honey\u2019s antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, which topics appeared over time, and how they evolved. Moreover, highlighting the primary research streams and presenting the current achievements, ongoing challenges, and trending issues is also accomplished with the aid of bibliometric tools.For the above research, a search was performed in the Scopus database. It includes 1.7 billion cited references and covers nearly 2500 serial titles from approximately 7000 publishers in top-level subject fields: life, social sciences, physical sciences, and health sciences. Additionally, the Scopus database offers many advantages such as diversification, the flexibility of research fields, and an advanced document analyzer mechanism. This mechanism is based on Boolean Syntax for retrieving documents using combining keywords with various Boolean operators ,35,36,37After a preliminary application of various combinations, the phrase \u201cantimicrobial antioxidant honey\u201d was used, with a time range from the initial date of Scopus to 12/11/2022 and with language selection in English, and the following search details: TITLE-ABS-KEY  AND  OR LIMIT-TO  OR LIMIT-TO  OR LIMIT-TO  OR LIMIT-TO ) AND ). Research documents, reviews, manuscripts from conference proceedings and conference reviews, and book chapters were included.Moreover, the obtained manuscripts were recorded in the Microsoft Excel program by year, subject area, document type, and institutional affiliation. Visual depiction of keywords plus was also realized in this bibliometric research, and specifically, word dynamics and word trends of keywords plus are illustrated. The VOS Viewer program was applied to visualize the results and create a bibliographic map. We performed a co-authorship analysis using the full counting method, assigning the same weight to each co-authorship link. The full counting method was further used in the co-occurrence analysis of the keywords in the manuscript title, abstract, and text. The bibliometric analysis was developed by executing the following steps: research criteria, study questions, and analysis approach selection ; bibliometric data selection and analysis using the bibliometric software; and through generating networks, visualization figures, and interpretation of the results .Research articles (273) and reviews (81) were the most common document types published for \u201cantimicrobial and antioxidant and honey\u201d of the 383 manuscripts .The top ten institutions that published research documents for the abovementioned keywords were also identified. The Universit\u00e0 Politecnicadelle Marche and the King Abdulaziz University were the most productive institutions, followed by the University of Rzesz\u00f3w, the Karadeniz Technical University, and the University of Belgrade-Serbia. Moreover, five European countries, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Brazil and Thailand, were ranked among the top ten productive research organizations .Considering the top ten productive authors, only Giamieri F had a two-digit number of published documents, namely 11. The number of manuscripts produced by the other authors ranged from five to nine. Battino M. had the best score, with a 70 h-index from the Universit\u00e0 Politecnicadelle Marche, Ancona, Italy. In contrast, Oses, S.M., with a 16 h-index from Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain, was the author with the lowest score. The h-index of the authors is also documented in Two manuscripts appeared in 2001 and are considered the initial efforts to document honey\u2019s antimicrobial and antioxidant properties indexed in the Scopus database. The first research paper  highlighThe list of the ten most productive countries includes countries from five continents. Asia had in total of 120 documents, namely: India (32), Turkey (31), Malaysia (30), and Saudi Arabia (27). Italy (28), Poland (28), and Spain (25) represented Europe with 81 records, while Egypt (21) was the only country from Africa. The top ten most productive countries list includes USA and Brazil, with 22 and 26 published manuscripts, respectively. https://www.nationmaster.com/nmx/ranking/honey-production-fao (accessed on 15 January 2023)). In the present bibliometric analysis, some countries lagged behind in honey production even though they were on the list of high research production in absolute numbers of documents, such as Italy, Poland, S. Arabia, and Egypt.The list of the most productive countries in terms of their research performance partially coincided with the most productive countries in terms of honey production. Countries such as Turkey, Brazil, India, and America are in the top ten honey producers, and Spain is in 13th place . Greece, Serbia, and Poland also belong to this cluster. The second cluster (blue color) includes three countries, Turkey, Iran, and Italy. The green cluster encompasses more countries, namely, eight: Australia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Egypt, USA, India, Saudi Arabia, and China. The purple cluster has three countries, Spain, Italy, and Ecuador. Only one country, Argentina, exists in the fifth cluster (orange).https://www.scimagojr.com/comparecountries.php?ids=sa&ids=eg&ids=pt&ids=br&ids=it (accessed on 15 January 2023)).Notably, the above five countries dedicated significant research efforts to chemistry and life sciences from October 2021 to September 2022, as indicated in the index produced by Nature about the collaboration of countries. In accordance with the Scimago Journal & Country Rank regarding the country comparison, it was appropriate to consider additional metrics for collaboration and international research initiatives stemming from these countries. Thus, Italy had the biggest h-index 1.2 k, followed by Brazil (h index 690), Portugal (h-index 559), Saudi Arabia (h-index 478), and Egypt 349(h-index). Regarding the percentage international collaboration, in the last two years, Saudi Arabia was the leading country, followed by Egypt, Portugal, Italy, and Brazil. Since 2009 all these countries have increased their collaboration networks and international research streams ; biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology (13.7%); pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmaceutics (12.9%); and medicine (12.4%). Furthermore, as shown in Molecules (15), Antibiotics (12), Lwt (12), Food Chemistry (10), and Foods (10). The list of the most relevant journals included the Journal of Agricultural Research (10), Applied Sciences (6), Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (6), Food and Chemical Toxicology (6), and Food Research International (6).Considering the relevant sources, the scientific journals that published a double-digit number of articles included Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, and the highest was 13.1 (2021) for the journal Food Chemistry. The many research areas of these sources include organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, natural products, natural antibiotics, bee management, and advances in research into antibiotics and related bioactive therapeutic agents.The above scientific journals have a high scientific impact and cover various multidisciplinary research topics. In particular, the lowest citation score was 3.2 (2021) for the Journal of the American College of Nutrition [The top ten most cited articles referring to the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of honey are listed in utrition . It is wThe most cited document addressed honey\u2019s composition and nutritional contribution, while the second highest discussed the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities when utilizing reactive oxygen species . The thiContinuing with the other most influential documents, we identified manuscripts that focused on correlating the botanical origin of honey with characteristics such as its color, total phenolic, flavonoid, ascorbic acid, amino acid, protein, and carotenoid contents. Honey\u2019s antimicrobial capacity was also tested against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, showing miscellaneous sensitivity results. The correlation between the chemical components of honey, such as phenolic content and hydrogen peroxide, influenced the general antimicrobial activity of the honeys, as documented in the following article from the list presented in The following article presented an extensive literature review of the beneficial properties of honey in human health and recorded, in addition to its known antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, beneficial effects on cardiovascular function, the respiratory system, the fight against cancerous tumors, and the fight against diabetes . SubsequIn the present bibliometric analysis, four articles also used a questionnaire. The first survey investigated the acceptance of an innovative product consisting of honey and propolis among 69 consumers. The content of the above product with honey and propolis at 0.5% was characterized as unpleasantly resinous and bitter. Finally, the composition at rates of 0.5% and 0.3% of propolis were chosen as suitable potential combinations for commercial exploitation . A similSubsequently, when two manuscripts cite a third, they have a relationship and should be grouped in a visualization map. The bigger the node size (author), the more productive the author. The distance between the nodes in the visualizing network is proportional to their subject-relatedness. Node distance in the network map represents their subject relatedness. The thickness of the lines between the network nodes illustrates the bibliographic coupling strength between the authors .Author\u2019s scientific links and international collaboration have mutual benefits for the productivity of the authors, for the global impact of their institutions, and for the scientific standing of the countries. Thus, international authorship and diversification of affiliations in research papers can elevate authors\u2019 scientific impact and increase their publishing activity and prestige .The minimum number of manuscripts per author was set as four. Therefore, only 16 of 1730 authors were considered for inclusion in the visualization network. In particular, three clusters are shown, the blue with three authors (cluster 3), the red with seven authors (cluster 1), and the green with six authors (cluster 2). The respective number of documents for each group was 13, 34, and 43. Os\u00e9s, Sandra M was the leading author for total link strength (2606) in the red cluster. His research focused on honey, botany, stingless bees, spray drying, and drug formulation ,66. GiamThe following figure  correspoThe above word clouds show that the most frequent keywords occurred more than ten times in titles, abstracts, and keywords. There was a high level of similarity among the most frequent words: honey, antimicrobial, antioxidant, bee, propolis, and phenolic compounds. \u201cPollen\u201d, \u201cwound\u201d, \u201cantibacterial\u201d, \u201canti-inflammatory\u201d, \u201cchemical\u201d, \u201cpolyphenols\u201d, and \u201cmanuka honey\u201d were also words that appeared in the collected manuscripts. As expected, the search keywords antimicrobial, antioxidant, honey; the respective stemming terms; and their derivatives prevailed in the word clouds.E. coli, Clostridioides difficile strains, and Mycobacterium abscessus [Research into the properties of manuka honey began in the early 90s and has continued ever since. Studies on the beneficial properties of this honey have expanded in many areas of medicine, pharmacology, and immunology. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of manuka honey and its mechanism of action have been investigated against various pathogens, such as bscessus ,72,73,74In the following figures, word dynamics and trends of Keywords plus are depicted. Keywords plus are produced automatically and include words or phrases derived from an article\u2019s citation list, yet they do not necessarily exist in the title. Furthermore, Keywords plus provide a detailed picture of a manuscript\u2019s scientific content and research depth, and their implementation in bibliometric analysis has become popular .Staphylococcus aureus, Eschericia coli, and anti-infective agent\u201d.The dynamics of ten keywords since 2001 are represented in Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive coccus (Staphylococcus aureus), which also shows the research diversity recorded concerning pathogenic microorganisms [The term with the most significant dynamic and an escalating upward trend in terms of its use was \u201choney\u201d, which was also a search term. In the year 2001, it appeared three times, and in the year 2022, it occurred 291 times. For the rest of the terms, it is noticeable that until the year 2009, they all had single-digit appearance numbers, while recent years ranged from 87 (anti-infective agent) to 133 (non-human). The dynamics of terms related to honey\u2019s microbial and antioxidant properties also showed a significant increase in their usage. In addition, the dynamics of terms referring to microorganisms were also shown to be escalating. It is also noteworthy that among the most dynamic terms were Gram-negative bacillus , anti-infective, and chemical agents, as well as on propolis [Selecting keywords plus one can reveal the main topics and research trends. As a result of the trend topic analysis, it was observed that the research on honey\u2019s antimicrobial and antioxidant activity mainly concentrated on antioxidants, pathogens , color, polyphenols concentration and identification, flower properties, and origin, as well as antibacterial agents such as gentamicin and chitosan ,84,85,86The map categorizes terms into two significant clusters, with respective colors. The color of an item is determined by the cluster to which it belongs. Moreover, the closer two items are located on the map, the stronger their relatedness. Based on the network map, two clusters were identified. The terms with the highest occurrence from the first cluster were antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant, nonhuman, human, and controlled study. Similarly, the terms from the second cluster were honey, antioxidant, anti-infective agent, chemistry, and phenol derivative. An analytical description of the correspondence terms is presented in Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, this cluster includes additional terms such as chemical composition, radical scavenging assay, natural product, propolis, polyphenol, antineoplastic activity, plant extract, physical chemistry, oxidative stress, and HPLC. The research topics of honey, wound healing, and antineoplastic activity are also found in this cluster.The red cluster contains 34 keywords and their co-occurrence relationships. This cluster delimits the research frontiers of honey\u2019s antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. It contains terms such as controlled study, minimum inhibitory concentration, hydrogen peroxide, quercetin, ascorbic acid, gallic acid, and enzyme activity, as well as three pathogenic microorganisms of significant importance: The green cluster includes 21 keywords and mainly refers to honey\u2019s chemistry and chemical compounds. Chemistry, phenol derivative, food products, animals, phenols, anti-bacterial agents, flavonoids, drug effect, phenolic compounds, polyphenols, pollen, microbial sensitivity test, and anti-inflammatory agent are keywords residing in this cluster. The second cluster covers the main anti-ineffective, antimicrobial, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory issues. This cluster provides research approaches to anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory agents and considers the relationship between honey and the mode of action of chemical compounds. 2O2) content significantly influences its antimicrobial activity. In addition to H2O2, methylglyoxal (MGO) also affects honey\u2019s antimicrobial activity. In manuka honey, MGO ranges from 38 mg/kg to 761 mg/kg, which is, comparatively, up to 100-times higher than most common types of honey [Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, and Enterococcus faecalis [Methodical and extensive research has been carried out into the properties of manuka honey. Its proven utility in antimicrobial and therapeutic applications has made it a valuable solution to various medical problems. The superiority of manuka honey lies in its wide variety of flavonoids and multiple chemical compounds, which increase its therapeutic effect . Honey\u2019sof honey . The antfaecalis ,88,89.Manuka honey has also been studied regarding wound healing and tissue regeneration. In addition to its antimicrobial action, it prevents the formation of microbial biofilms and reduces the infected area. Its action in tissue healing and renewal is based on reducing inflammatory cell response and, concurrently, activating cytokine production in the wound area, resulting in the proliferation of epithelial cells. On this basis, various formulations based on honey, and in combination with other substances such as hyaluronic acid and zein coatings, have been tested ,91,92,93Candida albicans\u201d [The antimicrobial activity of honey and its research significance was established by the corresponding keywords found in both clusters, highlighted by the bibliometric analysis. Additionally, in the red cluster, there are indications for honey research regarding its antifungal activity: \u201cantifungal activity, lbicans\u201d ,94. Morelbicans\u201d ,97,98,99The presence of the terms \u201chigh-performance liquid chromatography, in vitro study\u2019\u2019 in the red cluster refer to various technological research aspects. The link between the beneficial properties of honey and beekeeping products focuses on characterizing these antimicrobial and antioxidant substances. Methodological approaches using specific instruments, such as liquid chromatography, are recorded in the literature. Such studies emphasized the determination of the chemical components of antimicrobial and antifungal activity, the identification and authentication of honey varieties, and the determination of the geographical origin and the corresponding chemical profile ,106,107.The terms \u201cquercetin, ascorbic acid, and gallic acid\u201d, appearing in the same cluster as the term HPLC, are chemical substances used as standards for determining bioactive compounds such as total phenolic content, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, vitamin C, and sugars. Together with the other terms that appear in both clusters , they depict the research output determining the phenolics and flavonoids in honey, as an essential component of the verification of their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity ,112,113.In-depth research has also been conducted on other beekeeping products, such as propolis. This natural product has attracted the attention of scientists for decades because of its chemical composition, which offers many therapeutic utilizations and a multitude of pharmacological applications. Propolis chemical synthesis is commonly composed of 50% resin, 30% wax, 10% essential oils, 5% pollen, and 5% other substances, which include organic compounds and minerals such as phenolic acids (cinnamic and caffeic acid) or their esters, terpenes, flavonoids , aromatic aldehydes, alcohols, and fatty acids among others. Propolis\u2019 chemical composition is related to the geographical, botanical, and environmental conditions of the region of harvest ,115,116.Salmonella enterica, Yersinia enterocolitica, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes; Propionibacterium acnes; and the fungi Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae [Propolis has been studied in combination with honey and other substances, such as nanomaterials, to restore, regenerate, and heal skin damage and burn wounds. It has also been analyzed for its use as a bio preservative and food additive, as well as for its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties against pathogenic microbes and fungi such as revisiae ,120,121.In the second cluster, the green one, the keywords \u201cbee\u201d and \u201cpollen\u201d also appear. They are related to honey research and beekeeping. The stingless bee and its products, honey, propolis, and pollen, have attracted particular attention in the beekeeping research community. These products are being studied for their beneficial effects, not only from a medicinal point of view, but also from a nutritional point of view, with foods containing stingless bee honey being considered a super-food ,123.Pollen is also highlighted in the green cluster. Processed pollen, which acts as a nutritional source for honey bees, is called bee bread. This honey product is a potential functional food with research initiatives identifying over 300 bioactive molecules from various geographical areas worldwide, such as free amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, organic acids, and polyphenols ,124. ResA visualization of the selected keywords and the evolution of research using the total link strength of VOS viewer is shown in Identifying potential therapeutic compounds in honey and the antioxidant background are topics that emerged in the scientific community. The use of honey as a therapeutic agent for various diseases and its role in controlling disease conditions have gained attention. Research papers revealing honey\u2019s mode of action based on flavonoid and polyphenol substances and the antimicrobial spectrum were also produced by various authors. Honey and honey product investigation emphasized the antitumor activity and anti-inflammatory capacity of propolis and the positive biological effects in medicine and the cosmetic industry ,132,133.E. coli, S. aureus, propolis, phenolic compounds, oxidative stress, and flavonoids. Research issues concerning anti-infection and anti-inflammatory agents were also highlighted. At the same time, pollen and free radical scavenging also entered the scientific domain of the antimicrobial and antioxidant usage of honey.In the subsequent years, the research agenda was enriched by Scientific works have already demonstrated the antimicrobial status of propolis and the combination of propolis with honey. Moreover, pollen was investigated in various clinical projects, probing its radio-protective, anti-chemo toxicity, and nutrition potential. Research concerning propolis mainly concentrated on botanical origin, flavonoid content, and antibacterial effectiveness, due to cytoplasmic membrane function modification, inhibition of biofilm formation, and cell membrane proteins. Scientific studies have already demonstrated the antimicrobial status of propolis and the combination of propolis with honey. Moreover, pollen was investigated in various clinical projects probing the radio-protective, anti-chemo toxicity and nutrition potential. Research concerning propolis mainly circulated to the botanical origin, flavonoid content and antibacterial effectiveness due to cytoplasmic membrane function modification, inhibition of biofilm formation and cell membrane proteins ,134,135.2O2 and oxidative stress significantly damages DNA, RNA, and cell permeability [Bacterial antimicrobial resistance to pathogens was another topic that emerged in the literature regarding the clinical aspects of honey and its derivative products. The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in antimicrobial resistance was also highlighted. ROS in the form of Heability .E. coli and S. aureus were conducted between 2018 and 2020. In this regard, the antibacterial activity of honey against methicillin-resistant (MRSA) S. aureus isolated from patients with diabetic foot ulcers was recorded in 2020. The authors concluded that honey could be efficiently used for diabetic foot ulcer treatment, to combat S. aureus infection. Honey type is a crucial factor determining the levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and, thus, different antibacterial behaviors. In dark forest honey and honeydew honey, these compounds performed successfully against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [In addition, antibacterial tests with honey against significant pathogens such as bacteria ,140,141.Furthermore, the biological activity and the role of gallic acid and quercetin entered the field at the end of the last decade, along with the bioactive properties of antioxidants, and new determination and identification methodologies. Determination of phenolic compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) utilizes gallic acid, caffeic acid, syringe acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, catechin, quercetin, and chrysin, among others.These compounds characterize the color, sensory profile, and therapeutic properties of honey. Total phenolic acid and flavonoid content, hydrogen peroxide removal activity, the effect of removal of DPPH radicals, total antioxidant capacity, and measurement of reduction potential are representative methods applied in honey research, to emphasize its nutritional and health-beneficial activities. Concerning the physicochemical properties of honey, specific emphasis was given to color, water and moisture content, organic acids, acidity and pH, electrical conductivity, and ash content ,141,142.Honey and honey products are of great importance in terms of their nutritional and therapeutic properties, as well as the health implications for the hygiene status of humans. Various research projects and initiatives have focused on the antimicrobial and antioxidant profiles of various types of honey. Honey is in the spotlight of worldwide research activity, and this activity has expanded beyond the botanical origin of honey and its products. Honey research encompasses clinical studies and multiple pharmacological perspectives.This bibliographic analysis revealed the antimicrobial and antioxidant attributes of honey explored since 2001. Three-hundred-eighty-three manuscripts met the search criteria in the Scopus database. The most retrieved manuscripts belonged to the agricultural and biological sciences, biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology, pharmacology, toxicology, pharmaceutics and medicine. The list of the ten most productive countries included countries from five continents. Asia had a total of 120 documents, namely: India (32), Turkey (31), Malaysia (30), and Saudi Arabia (27). Italy (28), Poland (28), and Spain (25) represented Europe with 81 records, while Egypt (21) was the only country from Africa.Subsequently, this bibliometric study allowed visualization of the research trends regarding honey\u2019s antioxidant and antimicrobial properties over the last 22 years. The co-occurrence analysis of keywords revealed that research topics such as propolis, flavonoid, anti-inflammatory activity, wound healing, chemical composition, polyphenol, antineoplastic activity, manuka honey, antifungal activity, phenolic compounds, and pollen were highly related to the antimicrobial and antioxidant characteristics of honey.E. coli and S. aureus, and the mode of action of propolis, phenolic compounds, oxidative stress, and flavonoids.The initial research focus in this domain was primarily on honey\u2019s anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activity, wound healing, and antibacterial agents. In the following years, the research agenda was enriched by studies concerning the use of honey and honey products against pathogens such as Possible limitations of this research might be the single database utilized, the language, the document types, and the selection of specific bibliometric indicators. Despite these limitations, this study provides a significant global output regarding honey research and trends. Overall, there is still a need to understand the mode of action of all antimicrobial and antioxidant agents of honey and honey products, as well as to further investigate all of their potential therapeutic options."}
{"text": "Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, a great variability of symptoms that affect all organs and systems of the body has been identified in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection; this symptomatology can sometimes persist over time, giving rise to the so-called long COVID or post-COVID. The aim of this study is to delve into the clinical characterization of these patients, as well as to take into account the influence of factors such as hospitalization, admission to ICU, history of pneumonia, or vaccination status on the persistence of symptoms.ad hoc questionnaire, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Software Version 25 .An observational, descriptive, multicenter, and retrospective study was designed with a series of cases of people who presented long COVID, which includes univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses. Data were obtained from an online Hospitalization, ICU admission, history of pneumonia, and vaccination were predictive factors (positive or negative) for the following long-COVID symptoms: headache, menstrual disorders, joint pain, cough, chills, nasal congestion, back pain, abdominal pain, weight loss, eye discomfort, facial erythema, itching, tremors, dizziness, seizures, sleeping difficulty, dry eyes, palpitations, fatigue, paresthesia, dyspnea, aphonia, chest pain, high blood pressure, vomiting, memory loss, brain fog, hypothermia, low blood pressure, sputum or phlegm, lack of concentration, hair loss, and erectile dysfunction.This study provides evidence on the clinical characterization of patients suffering from long COVID in order to offer them the most appropriate treatments. The SARS-CoV-2 infection presents associated symptomatology of great interest to public health due to both the transmission and the appearance of new variants rapidly on all continents. The COVID-19 disease manifests itself in various ways; it can be asymptomatic, mild, moderate, or severe .A variety of Spanish studies , 5, as wThe prevalence of persistent COVID-19 is around 10%, although it ranges between 10 and 36% depending on the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the study population . A studyInitially, the WHO identified 33 symptoms of long COVID  althoughSince the appearance of the first cases of infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, new data on its clinical and epidemiological characteristics have been incorporated; however, there is less scientific evidence that addresses how certain characteristics such as hospital admission, history of pneumonia, or vaccination can influence the appearance of different symptoms from the clinical and epidemiological point of view of persistent COVID-19.The available evidence on COVID-19 is mainly focused on hospitalized cohorts \u201324 that The WHO and the Long Covid Forum Group established a research priority on long COVID to improve the clinical characterization of these patients to offer them appropriate treatments . Crook eTherefore, considering all of the abovementioned points, this study aimed to analyze whether hospital admission, ICU admission, history of pneumonia, and vaccination can be predictor factors for the different symptoms of persistent COVID-19 or long COVID.An observational, descriptive, multicenter, and retrospective study was designed with a series of cases of people who presented long COVID or post-COVID syndrome, understanding that the \u201ccondition occurs in individuals with a history of probable or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, usually 3 months from the onset, with symptoms that last for at least 2 months and cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis\u201d . The stuThe study included patients from the general adult population who attended the Spanish National Health System with the following selection criteria: (a) Should be a resident of Spain and have an age \u226514 years, (b) should meet the clinical-epidemiological criteria of the long COVID-19 disease, and (c) should consent to participate in the research study.https://www.imim.es/ofertadeserveis/software-public/granmo/).As for sample size, there is less knowledge about the actual prevalence of long COVID-19. Assuming a long COVID-19 prevalence of 10.0% , a samplThe research project obtained the authorization of the Direction/Management of the C\u00f3rdoba and Guadalquivir Primary Care Health District and the South Health Area of C\u00f3rdoba, as well as the approval of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Reina Sof\u00eda Hospital in C\u00f3rdoba (reference: 5033). Informed consent was requested as part of the online questionnaire, which gives voluntariness to the study patients. The processing of the data was in accordance with the provisions of the European Data Protection Regulation and Organic Law 3/2018 on the Protection of Personal Data and the guarantee of digital rights.https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeO2odLrsCGf_aA6PbRbAziMA3ZP43wAmo81rRgKuLmmnaXCg/viewform), which was forwarded to the partners of the persistent COVID associations existing in Spain. The questionnaire was designed and approved by members of the Multiprofessional Teaching Unit of Family and Community Care of the C\u00f3rdoba and Guadalquivir Health District, with proven experience in the design and validation of surveys. The questionnaire was subjected to a process of consensus, apparent logic, and content validation .The information about the participating patients was obtained from an online questionnaire , as well as the following personal health history, namely, the vaccination status for COVID-19 and symptoms presented in patients with long COVID-19, was collected. Hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, as well as history of pneumonia, were taken into consideration as background. Regarding the long COVID-19 symptoms, a list of 56 possible symptoms was taken into account for the situation of persistent COVID-19: sore throat, headache, joint pain, muscle pain, unusual tiredness or fatigue, breathing difficulty, lack or loss of smell, lack or loss of taste, cough, dyspnea, fever, sweating, chills or shivering, nasal congestion, aphonia or hoarseness, malaise, chest pain, back pain, chest tightness, diarrhea, stomach pain, abdominal pain, vomiting, nausea, loss of appetite, weight loss, hypothermia, eye discomfort , facial erythema, limbs pseudo freezing , sputum or phlegm , hemoptysis (bloody sputum), swelling or inflammation of the fingers, itching (pruritus), hives or eczema on the skin (rashes), tremors, dizziness, seizures, memory loss, mental confusion, sleeping difficulty, lack of concentration/attention deficit, mental fog, post-traumatic stress, paresthesia, swallowing difficulty, ear beeps or tinnitus, dry eyes, conjunctivitis, palpitations, high blood pressure, low blood pressure, hair loss, erectile dysfunction (men), and menstrual disorders (women).The participants were asked to fill in the online questionnaire on Google Drive. Later, the responses were exported to an Excel sheet from Google Drive and statistically treated with the SPSS Software Version 25 .First, a descriptive analysis of the studied variables was performed using frequencies and percentages when they were qualitative or categorical variables and measures of central tendency, dispersion, and position when they were quantitative variables. We estimated confidence intervals for 95% (95% CI) for safety of the main parameters.Next, a bivariate analysis (chi-square test) was performed, considering the exact bilateral significance (Fisher's exact test) as there are 2 \u00d7 2 tables in all cases, to determine if there was any relationship between each of the 56 persistent symptoms of long COVID and hospital admissions or vaccinations. Once the significant relationships were defined, an analysis of the magnitude of the effect of the association was also performed, calculating the odds ratio  to determine if the variables were predictors for the symptoms with which they had previously demonstrated a relationship. For this analysis, an OR < 1.68 is considered to be of negligible magnitude, an OR between 1.68 and 3.47 was considered small, an OR between 3.47 and 6.71 was considered moderate, and an OR > 6.71 was considered large , so magnp-value, and RO = e[\u03b2i* (\u00b1\u0394i)] adjusted with their 95% confidence interval limits. For the analysis of statistical significance, a p-value < 0.05 was established. The goodness-of-fit of the model was analyzed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test.Finally, once determined by the previous bivariate analysis, the variables were presumably related in a bivariate way to hospital admissions or vaccinations, and to establish a predictive model that included the factors that had shown the predictive capacity for the symptoms of long COVID, a binary logistic regression analysis was performed  to be able to control the predictor and/or confounding factors. The dependent variables were each of the symptoms with more than one predictive factor, and the independent variables were each of those factors to obtain the coefficient \u03b2, the statistician \u03c72 Wald, The total number of participants with long COVID was 681. The mean age was 45.78\u00b19.65 (SD), ranging from 14 to 76 years (mean 95% CI: 46.02\u201346.46). Of 681 participants, women made up 83.1%; 79.3% resided in urban areas ; and 41.0% were on sick leave from work due to persistent COVID-19. Of the total patients, 23.3% were hospitalized, with 3.5% in an ICU, 29.8% presenting pneumonia after the diagnosis of COVID-19, and 87.4% being vaccinated against COVID-19.To find out if the variables hospitalization, ICU admission, and history of pneumonia were related to each of the persistent symptoms of long COVID, a chi-square test was performed. The significant results obtained in these analyses are shown in 2 < 0.001).This last step of logistic regression has excluded hospitalization for the lack of concentration and low blood pressure and history of pneumonia for erectile dysfunction from the explanatory models. In the case of mental confusion and hair loss, the Hosmer-Lemeshow test indicates that this model has not got an appropriate fit  for headache, menstrual disorders, joint pain, cough, chills, nasal congestion, back pain, abdominal pain, weight loss, eye discomfort, facial erythema, itching, tremors, dizziness, seizures, sleeping difficulty, dry eyes, palpitations, fatigue, paresthesia, dyspnea, aphonia, chest pain and high blood pressure, vomiting, memory loss, brain fog, hypothermia, low blood pressure, sputum or phlegm, lack of concentration, hair loss, and erectile dysfunction. Nowadays, there is less evidence that focuses on the predictive factors for each of the symptoms. However, some investigations determined that patients who required hospitalization present a significant proportion of late clinical events and persistent symptoms in the medium-term (2 months) and the long-term (6 months) .Fernandez-de-las-Pe\u00f1as et al. found that a higher symptom burden in the acute phase of COVID-19 infection and a higher number of preexisting medical comorbidities may predict a higher likelihood of persistent COVID symptoms, particularly fatigue or dyspnea 3\u20136 months later. These factors are also mentioned in other recent studies, suggesting that post-COVID symptoms are more prevalent in patients with severe symptoms at the onset of infection and in hospitalized patients , 28, 29,Our results showed that hospitalization is a risk factor for fatigue and paresthesia , as well as dyspnea, aphonia, chest pain, and high blood pressure. One study compared post-COVID-19 fatigue with chronic fatigue syndrome as there are overlaps between them; however, although fatigue is shown to be an important symptom of long COVID, research showed that there is no relationship between COVID-19 severity and long-term fatigue . In addiRegarding the symptoms of patients who required ICU admission, ICU admission itself proved to be a protective factor for headache, menstrual disorders, and hair loss (as well as being vaccinated for the latter); however, it became a risk factor for erectile dysfunction, along with those who were hospitalized. Garrigues et al. analyzed 120 patients and identified that the most common persistent symptoms in a sample of hospitalized people, at 110 days on average after admission, were fatigue (55%), dyspnea (42%), memory loss (34%), concentration disorders (28%), and sleep disturbances (30.8%). In contrast, there was no difference between \u201cstandard patients\u201d and those who needed ICU during their hospitalization  for thesFurthermore, studies showed that physical, cognitive, and mental deterioration, which persists long after the acute COVID-19 disease, is common in ICU survivors  and thatHowever, vaccination is a protective factor for other symptoms such as joint pain, cough, chills, nasal congestion, back pain, abdominal pain, weight loss, eye discomfort, facial erythema, itching, tremors, dizziness, convulsions, difficulty sleeping, dry eyes, and palpitations. Some studies pointed in the same direction as ours, so vaccination is useful for improving symptoms in people who already have the disease \u201339. ManyIn addition, vaccines are an important preventive strategy for long COVID , 42, as The explanation of symptoms with more than one predictor is based on logistic regression analysis, except for mental confusion and hair loss, where it is based on OR, as the logistic regression model does not fit adequately.As for limitations, it is important to note that the type of survey used may introduce a kind of selection bias. In addition, there is also a possible information bias as the information came from the patient himself and was not contrasted or confirmed by a physician, so the results should be taken into account with caution. Furthermore, although there is evidence on the predictors of long COVID as a whole, the evidence on the predictors of each of the symptoms is very scarce, so in this part, there has been a limitation in contrasting the results obtained with other similar studies; however, the scarcity of similar studies is a strong point to be taken into account in this research and it is advisable to continue to deepen this line of research. This research is presented as a case series study without a control group, which implies a methodological limitation that could compromise its validity. Therefore, the results obtained must be taken into account together with the limitations of the type of study design, and further research is needed to contrast the results offered. Another limitation of this study is the lack of temporality of the COVID-19 infection and the administration of the COVID-19 vaccine. Future studies should evaluate the chronological association between both variables.In conclusion, hospital admission, ICU admission, history of pneumonia, and vaccination are predictors of some of the symptoms of persistent COVID-19 or long COVID. This provides evidence for the priority set by the WHO and the Long Covid Forum Group to improve the clinical characterization of patients suffering from long COVID in order to offer them the most appropriate treatments. Therefore, this study contributes to identifying predictors of the different symptoms that may appear in the course of long COVID, which is important to be able to develop preventive and symptomatic treatments early and to plan recovery interventions.The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Comit\u00e9 de \u00c9tica en Investigaci\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica Hospital Reina Sof\u00eda, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.ER-R, LP-dT, RC-J, JG-L, CJ-G, JG-B, JG-S, RV-S, ES-G, and MS-P were involved in the conception and design of the study, as well as the data acquisition. JG-B and MS-P performed the analyses. ER-R, MS-P, and LP-dT drafted the manuscript, which was revised by JG-S, RV-S, and ES-G. All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the study and have approved it for publication.This research was funded by the call for research and innovation projects in the field of primary care, regional hospitals, and high-resolution hospital centers of the Public Health System of Andalusia in 2021 by the Progreso y Salud Foundation of the Ministry of Health and Families of the Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, with EXP. No. AP-0184-2021- C2-F2.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "The authors wish to update the following statements in their original Article:Funding was provided by Glenmark Pharmaceuticals. Study medication was provided by SaNOtize. Glenmark Pharmaceuticals and SaNOtize played a role in study design, data collection and analysis, and interpretation; in the writing of the manuscript; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication.Individual participant data are not available publicly. De-identified individual participant data can be shared on receipt of reasonable request .MT, WW, RK, AP and SR are employees of Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited. MT is Senior Vice President at Glenmark. KM is employee of and CM is Co-Founder & Chief Scientific Officer at SaNOtize Research & Development Corp. SJ has been a speaker for Abbott, Alkem, AstraZeneca, Micro, Boeringher Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, MSD, Sanofi, PHFI, Lupin, Eli Lilly, Bayer Zydus, Zydus Cadila and DRL; and on advisory board for Abbott, Glenmark, Biocon, Zydus Cadila, Bayer Zydus Twin Health, Marico, Franco India, Cipla, Sun, Torrent and USV. Y-PT has received investigator-initiated research grant and payment for presentations from Abbott. SW does not have any competing interests to declare."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 7. Instead of \u201cDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Modelling and Computational Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran\u201d, it should be \u201cDepartment of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 1.Instead of \u201cInstitute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Vienna, Austria,\u201d it should be \u201cInstitute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.\u201dIn the published article, there was an error in affiliation 2.Instead of \u201cResearch Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics E166/5/3, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna, Austria,\u201d it should be \u201cResearch Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics E166/5/3, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.\u201dThe authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "An inventory of herpetofauna species from western part of Nusa Kambangan Island, Central Java, Indonesia, is presented. There are 43 herpetofauna species reported (16 amphibians and 27 reptiles). This study confirmed new distribution record and list some of threatened species. In light of the imminent human disturbances on Nusa Kambangan Island, a conservation plan is urgently needed. The first comprehensive survey of Nusa Kambangan Island\u2019s herpetofauna from the west part.The confirmation and distribution record of a several herpetofauna species are reported.Lowland forest type 1 became the most significant habitat due to its high species richness of herpetofauna, but it was threatened by human disturbance.Cyrtodactylus  and is considered an ecologically significant area due to its diverse ecological landscape. This island was located in the southern region of Central Java, whereas the island\u2019s natural reserve areas are located in the island\u2019s eastern and western regions . We surveyed several sites including (datum: WGS 84): Masigit Sela stream , Motean village , Mangunjaya stream , Lapas stream , Darmoko stream , Ketapang stream , and Kalidua stream  .in-situ).We conducted a standard Visual Encounter Survey using purposive sampling methods , by nighWe identified the herpetofauna species by examining external morphological characteristics and consulting previously published literature  that inhabits mudflats . The disturbance caused by humans to this habitat complex is relatively low.Mangrove forest type 2, is a forest composed of mangroves  which has been associated with other lowland forest vegetations, characterised by water canals and small streams. The disturbance caused by humans is more pronounced in this habitat complex than in mangrove forest type 1 .Fishpond and settlement area, is a rural area characterised by the presence of small communities. The areas were adjacent to water canals and composed of shrubs, palm and coconut trees, fishponds, and human settlements. The disturbance caused by humans to this habitat complex is profound.Paddy field and timber production forest, is an area characterised by the presence of paddy fields and sparsely timber production forest that have not been logged by the communities. The area is not overly steep, and the disturbance caused by humans is significant.Edges between agriculture and forest, is the border between two distinct habitats, the agricultural area and the forest. The hills were excessively steep, the timber production forest was still present, and human disturbance is less significant than in paddy fields and timber production forests, as the area is distant from human settlement areas.Tributary stream and degraded areas, is an area primarily made up of small water streams that disembogued into canals; some areas are open due to harvested timber forest, and the water streams are mostly murky due to erosion and soil degradation. This habitat was typically found between the edges of agriculture and forest and lowland forest type 1; areas with a high level of human disturbance.Lowland forest type 1, is a natural habitat that is flowed by clear freshwater from karst caves, dense canopies, and is covered in a various vegetation. Typically, this area is accessible to locals in search of forest resources.Lowland forest type 2, is a pristine habitat fed by freshwater, with rocky terrain, dense canopies, and a wide and varied vegetation cover. The canopy was so dense that sunlight could not reach the forest floor thoroughly. This area was so secluded that the locals considered it inaccessible.Rhacophorus reinwardtii , Cyclemys dentata (NT), and Amyda cartilaginea (Vulnerable). Six highly traded species categorised in Appendix II were identified using Gekko gecko, Malayopython reticulatus, C. dentata, A. cartilaginea, Varanus salvator, and Crocodylus porosus. According to the PERMEN LHK list, our surveys identified one protected species, C. porosus. Currently, a total of 43 herpetofauna consisting of 16 amphibians and 27 reptiles \u20138 are reDuttaphrynus melanostictus , Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Lao PDR, Vietnam, India (including Andaman and Nicobar Islands), Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives, Hong Kong and China (including Taiwan and Hainan); it is also found in Bali, Madagascar, Sulawesi, Ambon and New Guinea. Their habitat is inextricably linked to human settlement and disturbed area Distribution and habitat: This species is found throughout Indonesia, including Sumatra, Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara. It may have been introduced to Sulawesi as well. It is found in primary and secondary forest at elevations of up to 700 m asl. The habitat is closely linked to human activity. However, in Java, it seems that this species is restricted to forested areas Distribution and habitat: It is known to occur on the Indonesian islands of Java, Kalimantan and Sumatra. There have also been reports of occurrences in Sarawak, Sabah, Peninsular Malaysia and Peninsular Thailand. It is mainly found in the leaf litter of moist forests less than 400 m asl. It is occasionally seen in marshy or wet areas with clear, slow-moving waters Distribution and habitat: It distributed throughout Thailand (including the provinces of Bangkok and Cholburi), Malaysia and Indonesia  and was introduced into New Guinea and Guam. This species is found primarily in lowland rainforests, forest edges, lower montane forests, monsoon forests, brackish waterways, mangrove swamps and agricultural areas on Bali Distribution and habitat: It is found throughout South and East Asia, as well as Southeast Asia. Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan and Sulawesi comprise the Indonesian distribution. They inhabit wetlands, forests, savannah, grassland and man-made habitats such as paddy fields and urban areas Distribution and habitat: This species is endemic to Java\u2019s mountainous forest, where it is found primarily near slow- or moderate-moving water. They are frequently found near shallow water banks and crab nesting holes Distribution and habitat: This species is known to occur in Java and Sumatra of Indonesia. It is common along rivers and clear streams Distribution and habitat: This species is endemic to the Indonesian island of Java. It is found only in forested areas between 0\u20131400 m asl Distribution and habitat: This species is found throughout India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Lao PDR. Additionally, it is found throughout southern China, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia . They are abundant in rice fields, submerged and floating with their bulging eyes visible above the surface of the water Distribution and habitat: This species is found only on the Indonesian islands of Java, Madura, Bali and Kangean. It is primarily found in forested areas and is easily found at elevations greater than sea level Distribution and habitat: This species is found only in West Java and western Sumatra, Indonesia. They are found in forest habitats at lower elevations Distribution and habitat: It is only found in Java of Indonesia. This species is restricted to primary and secondary forests, though it is occasionally encountered near human settlements up to an elevation of 1,600 m asl Distribution and habitat: It is found in Philippines and Indonesia , as well as Brunei Darussalam, Thailand and Malaysia (including Nicobar Islands). They are typically found near disturbed areas and slow-moving waters at the forest edge. It is found in Java up to 1,500 m asl Distribution and habitat: It is found in Java, Sumatra and Bali in Indonesia. It is found up to 1,200 m asl. It is frequently encountered in human settlements adjacent to bodies of water, where it thrives in stagnant waters, leaves, and nearby vegetation Distribution and habitat: Southern China, Indo-China, India, Philippines and Indonesia are all parts of this species\u2019 range. This species is frequently found in marshes and secondary forest ecosystems. This species is tolerant of areas subject to high levels of human disturbance Distribution and habitat: This species is found only on the island of Java, Indonesia. It is frequently encountered in primary and secondary forest habitats. It prefers higher elevations between 250 m asl\u20131,200 m asl , Malaysia, Singapore and India (including Assam), and was most likely introduced to Indonesia\u2019s Lesser Sunda and Sulawesi, as well as Yunnan of China. They are found in a variety of freshwater habitats and peat swamps Distribution and habitat: Freshwater turtles are found throughout Indonesia , the southern Malay Peninsula, and Phillipines . They prefer low plains and are frequently encountered in small rivers, shallow streams, and puddles Distribution and habitat: This huge reptile is found throughout Australia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Vanuatu, Micronesia, Indonesia , Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, Singapore, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. This species is commonly found in estuaries Distribution and habitat: This species is found throughout Indonesia , as well as Philippines and Cambodia. It is found in lowland forests and open areas Distribution and habitat: This species is found only on the Indonesian island of Java. They are found in lowland forest habitats Distribution and Habitat: The gecko is found throughout Indonesia , Malaysia, Philippines, New Guinea, Singapore, Thailand, Myanmar, Lao PDR, Vietnam and Cambodia, and was probably introduced to Mexico, Cuba, Hawaii, Mauritius, Seychelles and Madagascar. This species is strongly associated with primary forest habitats as well as human settlements Distribution and habitat: This species is found throughout India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Myanmar, Lao PDR, Cambodia, southern China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia . Habitat is closely associated to the urban environment Distribution and habitat: The species is found throughout the tropics and subtropics. Its origins can be traced all the way back to Southeast Asia and the Indo-Australian archipelago. They are found in urban and forested areas and can be found up to 1,600 m asl . Habitats are associated with open areas, such as marshes and grassland, which are found primarily on mid-hills to low land up to an elevation of 850 m asl Distribution and habitat: This species is found throughout South and Southeast Asia, including India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Philippines and Singapore . It is found in open forest at elevations of up to 1,200 m asl. It is commonly found on large trees, particularly in the buffer zone Distribution and habitat: This species is found throughout Indonesia , Bangladesh, India, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Timor-Leste and New Guinea. This species is found in a wide variety of habitats, including peat swamp forest, montane forest, disturbed riparian habitats, moist lowland, tropical dry, agricultural land, savannah, eucalyptus forest, coffee plantations, woodland and gardens up to an elevation of 1,800 m asl Distribution and habitat: It is distributed in India, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines and Indonesia . Habitats are associated with forested areas in the mid-hills Distribution and habitat: This monitor lizard is found in Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, China, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia , where it is mostly found in swamps and riverbanks Distribution and habitat: This species is found throughout Southeast Asia, including China, Philippines, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. This snake is found in primary moist lowland and montane forests, secondary forests, open and dry forests, disturbed forests, scrublands, and plantations, as well as city gardens and urban areas Distribution and habitat: This species was widely distributed across Southeast Asia. It is found in Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan and Sulawesi of Indonesia. Their habitat is primarily lowland forests, specifically mangrove swamps and peat swamp forests, which reach elevations of up to 700 m asl  Distribution and habitat: This species is found only in West Java . This species is found in lowland to mid-hill forests at elevations ranging from 35 m asl\u2013990 m asl Distribution and habitat: This species is found throughout Indonesia, Timor-Leste, Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, Thailand, Lao PDR, Vietnam, Cambodia and China. This species is typically found in lowland forests and at elevations of up to 1,000 m asl Distribution and habitat: This species occurs throughout Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Vietnam, China, Taiwan, Bangladesh, India and Bhutan. The snake can be found in lowland to montane forests at elevations up to 3,000 m asl Distribution and habitat: This species is found throughout Asia and Southeast Asia, particularly in China, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Lao PDR, Malaysia and Indonesia . This species is found in lowland to submontane forests at elevations ranging from 550 m asl\u20131,300 m asl  in the Ms.Malayopython reticulatus Distribution and habitat: This large constrictor snake is found throughout Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Lao PDR, Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia and Bangladesh. It is found in a variety of habitats, including primary and secondary forests, savannah, shrublands, wetlands, peat swamps, mangrove swamps, grasslands, agricultural areas and urban areas. This species is found at elevations ranging from 0 m asl\u20131,300 m asl Distribution and habitat: It has been reported to occur in Indonesia as well as other Southeast Asian countries such as Myanmar, Thailand, and Malaysia. They inhabit lowland forests and agricultural areas between 500 m asl and 1,100 m asl  and C. chalconota . Kls had the highest dominance index (0.44) due to high number of two species aforementioned , however, the dominance in most of the surveyed sites can be considered as low (D: \u2264 0.50).A total of 372 individuals comprising of 43 herpetofauna species were collected from the western part of Nusa Kambangan Island, from various sites, habitat complexes and/or vegetational types. en sites ; Table 2en sites  due to tR. reinwardtii, C. dentata, A. cartilaginea, and X. javanicus, followed by paddy field and timber production forest with 16 species  but mostly consisting of generalists such as F. cancrivora, F. limnocharis, C. chalconota, P. leucomystax, B. jubata, E. multifasciata, A. prasina, and D. pictus  associated with the presence of specialists such as . pictus ; Table 3The average air temperature is between 26\u00b0C\u201330\u00b0C, and the average relative humidity is between 85%\u2013100% . Mss wasAccording to our surveys, the total herpetofauna species comprised 21% of the herpetofauna species found in Java  and R. reinwardtii , can be used as bioindicators of environmental change or habitat disturbance. Additional research is required to ensure the effectiveness of community-based conservation, including local attitudes, participation, conservation awareness, and good governance.Another way to aid conservation efforts on Nusa Kambangan Island could be to conduct research on ecologically significant species . For insOur initial surveys on Nusa Kambangan Island\u2019s west part resulted in the identification of 43 herpetofauna species (16 amphibians and 27 reptiles). Our analyses indicate that Nusa Kambangan Island is capable of supporting suitable habitats for a diverse herpetofauna, but the habitats have been threatened by human disturbance. Community-based conservation efforts may provide an alternative method of conserving the island\u2019s biodiversity. We hope to encounter additional herpetofauna species in the future through additional surveys, particularly in the eastern part of Nusa Kambangan Island."}
{"text": "Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent age-related chronic conditions that afflict companion dogs, and multiple joint supplements are available to prevent or treat OA, though the efficacy of these treatments is controversial. While the demographic factors that are associated with OA diagnosis are well established, the factors that are associated with joint supplement use are not as well studied. Using data collected from the Dog Aging Project, we analyzed owner survey responses regarding joint supplement administration and OA diagnosis for 26,951 adult dogs. In this cross-sectional analysis, logistic regression models and odds-ratios (OR) were employed to determine demographic factors of dogs and their owners that were associated with joint supplement administration. Forty percent of adult dogs in our population were given some type of joint supplement. Perhaps not surprisingly, dogs of older age, larger size, and those that were ever overweight were more likely to receive a joint supplement. Younger owner age, urban living, owner education, and feeding commercial dry food were associated with a reduced likelihood of administration of joint supplements to dogs. Interestingly, mixed breed dogs were also less likely to be administered a joint supplement (OR: 0.73). Dogs with a clinical diagnosis of OA were more likely to receive a joint supplement than those without a reported OA diagnosis (OR: 3.82). Neutered dogs were more likely to have a diagnosis of OA, even after controlling for other demographic factors, yet their prevalence of joint supplement administration was the same as intact dogs. Overall, joint supplement use appears to be high in our large population of dogs in the United States. Prospective studies are needed to determine if joint supplements are more commonly administered as a preventative for OA or after an OA clinical diagnosis. Vaccinations, improved environment, and diet, as well as other preventative measures, have led to an increase in the numbers of dogs that reach \u201cold age\u201d , 2. As sOsteoarthritis (OA), the progressive degeneration in joints , is one The most common joint supplements in human populations are glucosamine and chondroitin . The exaWhile close attention has been paid to evaluating the effect of joint supplement administration in dogs with OA as well as the demographic factors associated with canine OA, much less is known about the factors that lead to joint supplement administration in dogs. Here, we use data collected from the Dog Aging Project  to explohttps://www.dogagingproject.org, and all dogs living in the US are eligible to be enrolled, with the proviso that the owner must know the approximate age of the dog within a year or two. Participants are then able to access a password-protected DAP portal using the REDCap secure survey system (The Dog Aging Project (DAP) is a US-based nationwide long-term longitudinal study of the biological and environmental determinants of healthy aging in dogs . Client-y system , 24. They system . Once aly system . ApproxiAll analyses were completed in the program R, version 3.5.2 (www.r-project.org). Dogs under 1 year of age were excluded, as OA is generally an adult-onset disorder. Joint supplement use was defined as occurring in those owners that described their dog receiving one of the following supplements: glucosamine, an omega-3 fatty acid supplement, chondroitin, or \u201cother joint supplement\u201d. These choices were chosen as the three specific supplements are known to be commonly given , and bashttps://data.dogagingproject.org, as well in recently published studies on the dataset . We found that there was a significant association between breed and joint supplement administration , though as would be expected, small breeds had significantly fewer dogs on joint supplements than large breed dogs . We should note, however, that the number of neutered dogs vastly outnumber the intact dogs in our population (93.5% were neutered), described further in the discussion. In a multivariate model, age, weight, overweight status, neutering, and joint supplement administration were still significantly associated with a clinical diagnosis of OA  that are associated with OA have been fairly well established, both anecdotally by veterinary clinicians and in the published literature , 13, wheInterestingly, the rates of joint supplement administration to companion dogs in the DAP appear to be much higher than in humans, where studies suggest around 20% of middle age and older adults take specific joint supplements , 32, thoThis study replicates previous findings that suggest old, large, neutered, and overweight dogs are more likely to have a clinical diagnosis of OA . In addiIn a previous retrospective study, we found significant associations between spay/neuter status and numerous disease diagnoses . Here, wThe lack of sex differences in OA is interesting given that in humans women have a higher OA prevalence than men . HoweverIn addition to many of the expected dog demographic factors associated with joint supplement administration, we also looked at demographics of the owners themselves to identify factors potentially influencing owner decisions to give joint supplements. We found owners in rural geographic regions were more likely to administer supplements to their dogs. In the DAP, we observe dogs living in rural environments appear to have higher activity levels compared to suburban and urban dogs , which cWe also find that owners that feed commercial dry kibble are less likely to administer joint supplements . There hPrevious studies of owner-provided supplements often focus on specific populations. In a small population of flyball dogs, it was found that 70% of owners provided joint supplements to their dogs , higher While our results are interesting and point toward some novel hypotheses on joint supplement use and OA in companion dogs, it will be necessary to follow up with longitudinal studies. First, as stated earlier, we do not know the direction of causality that underlies the correlation between OA and joint supplement use. Future longitudinal studies within the DAP will enable us to resolve the temporality. Similarly, OA diagnoses were owner-reported, so we do not know if these dogs had OA diagnosed by a veterinarian. Approximately half of all DAP participants have uploaded veterinary electronic medical records, so future studies will be able to verify these diagnoses. There also are differences across joint supplements, with omega-3s having more evidence of improved joint mobility than others like glucosamine \u201337. As wOverall, our results shed new light on both owner- and dog-specific factors associated with joint supplement administration to dogs. Future prospective studies will provide stronger evidence to discern if joint supplement administration is largely prophylactic or therapeutic. In addition, the DAP will enable us to follow those dogs that are currently receiving joint supplements with no diagnosis of OA to study if joint supplement administration is associated with lower risk of OA. As more companion dogs are surviving to older ages, the development of OA and joint supplement administration will most likely continue to increase in the population. Thus, there is great interest in future studies to tease apart the clinical utility of these supplements as well as educate owners about their use.https://data.dogagingproject.org.Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. This data can be found here: The University of Washington IRB deemed that recruitment of dog owners for the Dog Aging Project, and the administration and content of the DAP Health and Life Experience Survey (HLES), are human subjects research that qualifies for Category 2 exempt status . The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Ethical review and approval was not required for the animal study because no interactions between researchers and privately owned dogs occurred; therefore, IACUC oversight was not required. Written informed consent was obtained from the owners for the participation of their animals in this study.1, Brooke Benton2, Elhanan Borenstein3, 4, 5, Marta G. Castelhano6, 7, Amanda E. Coleman8, Kate E. Creevy9, Kyle Crowder10, 11, Matthew D. Dunbar11, Virginia R. Fajt12, Annette L. Fitzpatrick13, 14, 15, Unity Jeffery16, Erica C. Jonlin2, 17, Matt Kaeberlein2, Elinor K. Karlsson18, 19, Kathleen F. Kerr20, Jonathan M. Levine9, Jing Ma21, Robyn L. McClelland20, Audrey Ruple22, Stephen M. Schwartz14, 23, Sandi Shrager24, Noah Snyder-Mackler25, 26, 27, Silvan R. Urfer2 and Benjamin S. Wilfond28, 29Joshua M. Akey1 Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States2 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States3 Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel4 Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel5 Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States6 Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States7 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States8 Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States9 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States10 Department of Sociology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States11 Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States12 Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States13 Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States14 Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States15 Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States16 Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States17 Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States18 Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States19 Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States20 Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States21 Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States22 Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States23 Epidemiology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States24 Collaborative Health Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States25 School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States26 Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States27 School for Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States28 Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States29 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Bioethics and Palliative Care, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.The DAP Consortium designed the DAP study, implemented data collection, and developed and curated the DAP databases. JH, MT, and DP designed the specific study. JH completed the analyses, made the figures, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors edited and approved the final manuscript.JH was funded by the National Institute on Aging Grant K99AG059920. The Dog Aging Project was supported by National Institute on Aging Grant U19AG057377 (PI: Promislow) and private donations.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.This content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the official views of the National Institutes of Health.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "Following the publication of this article and the Expression of Concern notice ,2, the KAll authors agreed with the retraction. LP, YF, FM, RM, and TS stand by the article\u2019s findings. LS and TS apologise for the issues with the published article."}
{"text": "Especially since the outbreak of COVID-19, the evolution dynamics and spatial mismatch of medical resources have been a focal and frontier issue in academic discussions. (2) Methods: Based on the competitive state model and spatial mismatch index, this paper uses GIS and Geodetector spatial analysis methods and three typical indicators of hospitals, doctors, and beds to conduct an empirical study on the evolutionary characteristics and degree of mismatch in the geographic pattern of health resources in China from 2010 to 2020 , in two dimensions of resource supply (economic carrying capacity) and demand . (3) Results: The spatial pattern of health resources at the provincial level in China has been firmly established for a long time, and the children and elderly population, health care government investment, and service industry added value are the key factors influencing the geographical distribution of health resources. The interaction between the different influence factors is dominated by bifactor enhancement, and about 30\u201340% of the factor pairs are in a nonlinear enhancement relationship. Hospital, doctor, and bed evolution trends and the magnitude and speed of their changes vary widely in spatial differentiation, but all are characterized by a high level of geographic agglomeration, heterogeneity, and gradient. Dynamic matching is the mainstream of development, while the geographical distribution of negative and positive mismatch shows strong spatial agglomeration and weak spatial autocorrelation. The cold and hot spots with evolution trend and space mismatch are highly clustered, shaping a center-periphery or gradient-varying spatial structure. (4) Conclusions: Despite the variability in the results of the analyses by different dimensions and indicators, the mismatch of health resources in China should not be ignored. According to the mismatch types and change trend, and following the geographic differentiation and spatial agglomeration patterns, this paper constructs a policy design framework of \u201cregionalized governance-classified management\u201d, in line with the concept of spatial adaptation and spatial justice, in order to provide a decision making basis for the government to optimize the allocation of health resources and carry out health spatial planning. Public health and well-being have been a frontier issue of academic research and the focus of social service work of government departments. Especially in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak , which h\u201cHealth China 2030\u201d Planning Outline to integrate health into all policies and safeguard and protect people\u2019s health in an all-round and full-cycle way. The central government\u2019s implementation of the \u201cHealthy China\u201d strategy requires local governments to optimize the allocation of health resources . The rationality of geographic distribution and spatial allocation of health resources has a great influence on the ability to protect and improve the health of the population. Therefore, it is of great significance to analyze the geographical pattern, spatio-temporal evolution dynamics, mismatch characteristics of health resources, and coping strategies for the formulating scientific health care policies, in order to plan and build a \u201cHealthy China\u201d .(1.(1RS) aThe spatial mismatch theory, created by Kain, was originally used to analyze the spatial mismatch between housing and employment of disadvantaged groups  and is nThis paper analyzes the spatial pattern of health resources and their mismatch by means of spatial clustering analysis, cold and hot spots analysis, and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA), which are all data-driven unsupervised learning methods and do not require a priori knowledge. The spatial clustering analysis is conducted by quantile method, and the study area is divided into high, medium, and low levels to analyze the spatial heterogeneity of medical resources. In other words, sort the data in descending order, the top 10 belong to high, 11\u201320 belong to medium, and 21\u201331 belong to low. Provinces of the same level share a high degree of similarity, while those at different levels have significant differences. In this paper, regions in statistically significant clusters are identified using the cold and hot spots analysis tool, and the spatial autocorrelation between the evolution trends of health resources and types of mismatches is analyzed using ESDA and characterized using Moran\u2019s I. The global Moran\u2019s I value are in the range of , and a larger absolute value indicates stronger spatial autocorrelation. A value greater than zero indicates spatial positive correlation, less than zero indicates spatial autocorrelation, and equal to zero indicates random distribution . We diviGeodetector, created by Wang Jinfeng, a professor at the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and chief scientist of spatial analysis at the State Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental Information System, is an emerging statistical analysis method for analyzing spatially driven mechanisms ,79. We uq and 22,565 (Inner Mongolia), 316,828 (Liaoning) and 187,106 (Jilin), and 188,100 (Zhejiang) and 113,000 (Fujian), respectively. In 2020, their thresholds are 35,447 (Hubei) and 25,616 (Jilin), 503,172 (Anhui) and 310,391 (Heilongjiang), and 361,300 (Zhejiang) and 216,800 (Fujian), respectively. In 2010 and 2020, the provinces of high level formed an \u201cX\u201d shaped agglomeration zone along Guangdong-Hebei and Sichuan-Jiangsu, including Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Hubei, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, and Hebei. Provinces of medium level were distributed at the edge of the high-level zones, clustered in the Loess Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Beibu Gulf, West Coast of the Strait, Yangtze River Delta, and northeast China. Most of the provinces of low level were clustered in northwest China, including Tibet, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Gansu . The GinThe change range of medical resources was characterized by clustering, and the spatial pattern of hospitals, doctors, and beds varied widely. Using the GIS spatial clustering quantile analysis tool, the change range of hospitals, doctors, and beds in 31 provinces from 2010 to 2020 were divided into three categories\u2014high, medium, and low. The thresholds were 3460 (Guizhou) and 1178 (Hubei), respectively. 212,640 (Guizhou) and 89,469 (Shanghai), 177,200 (Zhejiang) and 81,500 (Gansu). From the perspective of hospitals, the high-level provinces were clustered in the eastern coastal regions and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the southwest; the medium-level provinces were distributed in a zonal pattern along the western and northern borders, while the low-level provinces were mostly clustered in the central, central south, and Loess Plateau regions. Shandong had the largest number of new hospitals , compared to the largest number of hospital reductions (\u22123317) in Hunan, and Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Henan, Shaanxi, and Gansu provinces saw varying degrees of reductions in the number of hospitals. It is worth noting that the northeast and northwest regions, such as Liaoning, Heilongjiang, and Gansu not only have serious population loss problems, but also experienced negative economic growth. From 2010 to 2020, their hospital reduction, doctors, and beds increase, whether this complex change phenomenon is reasonable needs to be further analyzed by other methods . From the perspective of hospitals, the high-level provinces were clustered in the eastern coastal regions and Pan-Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration; the medium-level provinces were distributed in the middle of the two high-level clusters, and the low-level provinces were in north (including northeast and northwest) and west China. The largest number of new doctors was in Guangdong , while the smallest was in Tibet . From the perspective of beds, the high-level provinces covered most of the eastern and central regions, the medium-level provinces were distributed in the periphery of those of high level, mostly clustered in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the southwest and Loess Plateau in the northwest, and the low-level provinces were clustered in the west and north. The largest increase in beds was in Sichuan , while the smallest was in Tibet  .The change speed of medical resources showed gradient agglomeration, and the high-middle-low level areas shaped a center-periphery spatial structure in geographical distribution. Using the GIS spatial clustering quantile analysis tool, the change speed of hospitals, doctors, and beds in 31 provinces from 2010 to 2020 were divided into three categories, i.e., high, medium, and low, with thresholds of 1.52% (Yunnan) and 0.75% (Jiangxi), 5.90 (Guangxi) and 4.75 (Henan), and 7.48% (Guangxi) and 5.87% (Hebei), respectively. In terms of hospitals, the high-level regions were scattered in distribution, including Guangdong, Hainan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Tibet, Shandong, Tianjin, Shanghai, Anhui, and Jilin. The medium-level provinces were on the periphery of those of high level, mostly clustered in west and north China. Most of the low-level provinces were clustered in central and south-central China, the Loess Plateau, and the Bohai Bay. Tibet recorded the largest average annual growth (3.41%), while Heilongjiang recorded the largest decline (\u22120.76%). The average of change speed for hospital was 1.14%, with 48.39% of provinces exceeding it. In terms of doctors, the high-level provinces were mostly clustered in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the southwest and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; the medium-level provinces were distributed in the periphery of those of high level, and the low-level provinces were distributed in north China . The largest average annual growth of doctors was in Tibet (9.41%), and the smallest was in Heilongjiang (1.69%). The average of change speed for doctor was 5.26%, with 45.16% of provinces exceeding it. In terms of beds, the provinces of high, medium and low level were clustered in a gradient distribution along the north\u2013south direction, with the largest annual growth in Guizhou (10.13%) and smallest in Beijing (3.19%). The average of change speed for bed was 6.16%, with 61.29% of provinces exceeding it.In the hospital dimension, star provinces were clustered in the eastern coastal regions, cow provinces were in the central region, question provinces were mostly clustered along the western border, and dog provinces were clustered in north China. The hot and cold spots were clustered along the east\u2013west direction in a gradient manner. Hot spot provinces were clustered in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with secondary hot spots clustered in its periphery. Cold spot provinces were clustered in the northwest and northeast, with secondary cold spots clustered in north China, including Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, and Liaoning. Global Moran\u2019s I was 0.14, indicating a positive spatial autocorrelation. According to local autocorrelation analysis, HH- and HL-type provinces were only Sichuan and Henan, LL-type provinces included Hainan, Anhui, Fujian, and Shanghai, and LH-type regions included Gansu and Xinjiang .In the doctor dimension, most of the star provinces were clustered in southwest China, including Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang. The cow provinces were clustered in the central China and extended to Hebei and Shandong. The question provinces were scattered in distribution, including Hunan, Chongqing, Ningxia, Qinghai, and Tibet. Most of the dog provinces were clustered in north China, especially in the northeastern region. The hot and cold spots were clustered along the north\u2013south direction in a gradient manner. Hot spot provinces were clustered in the Yangtze River Economic Belt and its south, with secondary hot spots distributed in its periphery in the Yellow River Economic Belt. Cold spots were clustered in the northeast, with secondary cold spots clustered in the west, Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei and their surrounding areas. Global Moran\u2019s I was 0.15, indicating a positive spatial autocorrelation. According to the local autocorrelation analysis, only Hebei was an HH-type region; HL-type provinces included Guangxi, Anhui, and Shandong, LL-type regions included Hainan, Jiangxi, Chongqing and Guizhou, and LH--type regions included Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang and Jilin.In the bed dimension, the star provinces were clustered in the Yangtze River Delta and Pan-Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration, the cow provinces were clustered in the Bohai Bay, the question provinces were clustered in Qinghai-Tibet and Loess Plateau regions and the west coast of the strait, and the dog provinces were clustered in north China. The hot and cold spots were clustered along the north\u2013south direction in a gradient manner. Hot spot was clustered in clustered in south China, with secondary hot spots clustered in its periphery. The cold spot provinces were clustered along the border in west and north China, with secondary cold spots clustered in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Global Moran\u2019s I was 0.23, indicating a positive spatial autocorrelation. According to the local autocorrelation analysis, only Liaoning was an HH-type province, HL-type provinces included Guangxi, Anhui and Shandong, LL-type provinces included Hainan, Jiangxi, Chongqing and Guizhou, and LH-type provinces included Gansu, Inner Mongolia, and Heilongjiang.The analysis of spatio-temporal evolution trend based on Boston Consulting Group Matrix contributes to revealing the change trend of health resource allocation, for the purpose of developing differentiated and adaptive management strategies for different provinces. The strategies for future health resource supply include three types of development, stability, and retrenchment. The development strategy is to invest in additional health resources, expand the medical resource supply, and improve health services. The stabilization strategy is to stabilize the current supply mode and allocation status without additional investment, try to maximize the value, and efficiently use of health resources. The retrenchment strategy is to scale back the supply of health resources and address the problems of waste or extensive use. In general, star provinces should adopt development strategy, cow provinces should adopt stabilization strategy, question provinces can selectively implement development, stabilization or retrenchment strategy based on their actuality, and dog provinces can selectively adopt retrenchment or stabilization strategy. It should be noted that all provinces should choose the most appropriate strategy to maintain or reverse the development pattern or trend, according to the health resource supply and demand balance (mismatch or adaptation) .(1)Spatial Mismatch Type of PopulationIn the hospital dimension, 61.29% of the provinces fell into the dynamic matching type in 2010, further expanding to 70.97% in 2020. In 2010, 22.58% of the provinces were of the positive mismatch type, distributed in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River Basin in clusters; by 2020 the cluster area shrank significantly, with most of them in the lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin. There were the same number of provinces belonging to the negative mismatched type in 2010 and 2020, but their geographical distribution was changed from random to agglomerative (Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration) . In 2010p > 0.05, the same below), indicating a shift from positive spatial autocorrelation to no correlation. In the dimension of local spatial autocorrelation, Zhejiang, Fujian, Chongqing, Hubei, Guangxi, and Hainan were HH-type regions in 2010, which were changed to Shandong, Beijing, and Zhejiang in 2020. Inner Mongolia and Hebei were HL-type provinces in 2010, which were expanded to most parts of the country in 2020. Provinces of LH- and LL-types were scarce and distributed in a random manner, including Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangdong, and Hebei.In the doctor dimension, 67.74% of provinces fell into the dynamic matching type in both 2010 and 2020, covering the western, northern, and central regions of China. In 2010, 12.9% of the provinces were of the positive mismatch type and relatively concentrated in the Bohai Bay, compared to a random distribution in 2020, including Jilin, Beijing, Shandong, Shanxi, and Zhejiang. Provinces of the negative mismatch type in 2010 shaped a belt-like agglomeration in the Pan-Pearl River Delta in the east\u2013west direction and changed to a belt-like agglomeration in the north\u2013south direction in 2020. In 2010, the hot spots were clustered in north China and the Bohai Bay, with secondary hot spots clustered in their western and southern periphery. The cold spots were clustered in the Pan-Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration, with secondary cold spots only including Yunnan, Sichuan, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang. In 2020, the hot spots covered north China and northeast China and extended to the Loess Plateau in northwest China, with secondary hotspots clustered in the west. The cold spots were clustered on the southeast coast and extended to Hunan and Chongqing, with secondary cold spots clustered in central China, including Anhui, Jiangxi, and Hubei. The global Moran\u2019s I value for 2010 and 2020 were 0.15 and \u22120.10 *, respectively Mismatch Index Contribution Rate of PopulationIn 2010, the provinces with higher contribution to hospital mismatch were clustered in the center of China in a \u201cT\u201d shape, while the provinces of medium level were distributed in the periphery of the high level, and those of low level were distributed in the more peripheral northwest and northeast regions. High-medium-low level provinces shaped a closer center-periphery spatial structure in geographical distribution. In 2020, most of the provinces of high level were clustered in the eastern coast, the lower reaches of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, with Jilin, Sichuan, and Shandong being isolated spots in the periphery. Provinces of medium level were clustered in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River, and those of low level were scattered in distribution, including Xinjiang, Qinghai, Ningxia, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Fujian, Henan, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Hainan .In 2010, the provinces with higher contribution to doctor mismatch were clustered along Guangdong-Hubei-Liaoning in a north\u2013south belt, and those of medium level were distributed in its periphery, including Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Guangxi, Hainan, and Yunnan. Provinces of low level were clustered along the Loess Plateau\u2013Qinghai-Tibet Plateau direction, including Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Tibet, and Inner Mongolia. In 2020, three types of regions showed an east\u2013west gradient distribution. Provinces of high level were still in the north\u2013south belt-like agglomeration, but their regional coverage began to shrink, with those of medium level clustered in the middle area, and those of low level in the northwest and southwest China.In 2010, the provinces with higher contribution to bed mismatch were clustered in the central and coastal regions in an \u201cX\u201d shape, with those of medium of distributed in their periphery, as well as those of low level clustered in northwest China. Provinces of high level in 2020 were distributed in a band in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the southeast coast, including Sichuan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Shandong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Hebei, and Liaoning. Most of the provinces of medium were clustered in the north and south of the high level, including Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi in the southwest and Shaanxi, Henan, and Anhui in the central part of the country. Provinces of low level were mostly clustered in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Loess Plateau, with a small number randomly distributed in the coastal areas, including Shandong and Jiangsu.(1)Spatial Mismatch Type of GDPIn the hospital dimension, 54.84% of the provinces fell into the dynamic matching type in 2010, further expanding to 64.52% in 2020. In 2010, 29.03% of the provinces fell into the positive mismatch type, mostly clustered in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, but the cluster area shrank significantly to only the east and west ends by 2020. Provinces that fell into the negative mismatch type in 2010 and 2020 were essentially equivalent (about 15%), including Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Guangdong . In 2010In the doctor dimension, about 50% of provinces fell into the dynamic matching type in both 2010 and 2020, with contraction in the north and expansion in the center. The same percentage of provinces were seen falling into the positive mismatch type in 2010 and 2020 (35.48%), mostly clustered in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Yellow River Basin. Provinces of the negative mismatch type in 2010 and 2020 were equivalent, clustered along the coast in a band. In 2010, the hot spots were clustered in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in southwest China, with secondary hot spots clustered in the Loess Plateau and Beibu Gulf. The cold spots were clustered in the Shandong-Anhui-Zhejiang-Fujian region, with cold spots widely distributed. In 2020, the hot spots were clustered in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau\u2013Loess Plateau-northeast direction, with secondary cold spots mostly in Bohai Bay. The cold spots were clustered in the Pearl River Delta\u2013Yangtze River Delta region, with secondary cold spots clustered in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and west China (Tibet and Xinjiang). The global Moran\u2019s I value for 2010 and 2020 were 0.30 and 0.46, respectively, indicating a positive spatial autocorrelation with increasing strength. In the dimension of local spatial autocorrelation, Anhui fell into the HH-type in 2010, and no HH-type region was found in 2020. Provinces of HL-type were Yunnan and Guizhou in 2010, but expanded to Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Shanxi in 2020. In 2010, Tibet, Chongqing, and Hubei were LL-type regions, which were changed to Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, and Chongqing in 2020. The LH-type regions were clustered in the eastern coast, including Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, and Fujian.In the bed dimension, 54.84% of the provinces fell into the dynamic matching type in 2010, expanding slightly to 58.06% in 2020, mostly clustered in west, north, and central China. About 35% of the provinces falling into the positive mismatch type in both 2010 and 2020, mostly clustered in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and its surrounding areas. The regions that fell into the negative mismatch type were exactly the same in 2010 and 2020, including Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Guangdong. In 2010, the hot spots were clustered in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, with secondary hot spots clustered in the west of its periphery, the Loess Plateau, and Beibu Gulf. The cold spots included Zhejiang, Anhui, and Shandong, with secondary cold spots distributed in north, central, and south China as transitional zones. In 2020, the hot spots were still clustered in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, with secondary hot spots clustered in the Loess Plateau and Beibu Gulf. The cold spots were clustered in the Yellow River and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with secondary cold spots clustered in northwest, north, and central China. The global Moran\u2019s I for 2010 and 2020 were 0.15 * and 0.19, respectively, indicating a shift from spatial uncorrelation to positive autocorrelation. In the dimension of local spatial autocorrelation, only Anhui fell into the HH-type in 2010, and no HH-type region was found in 2020. In 2010, Tibet, Qinghai, and Chongqing fell into the LL-type, which was further expanded to Shanxi, Tianjin, and Jilin in 2020. Yunnan and Guizhou maintained their status as HL-type regions in 2010 and 2020. The LH-type regions were Shanghai and Fujian in 2010, which were expanded to the Yangtze River Delta and west coast of the strait in 2020.(2)Mismatch Index Contribution Rate of GDPIn 2010 and 2020, the provinces with high contribution to hospital mismatch were clustered in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and upper and lower reaches of the Yellow River, with those of medium level distributed in their periphery, low level clustered in west and north China, and middle reaches of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. In 2010, the provinces with high contribution to doctor mismatch were clustered in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Yellow River, and south China, with those of medium level distributed in the periphery and extending northwest; those of low level clustered in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and northeast China. Provinces of high level in 2020 shaped a coastal agglomeration in the east and extended north to Henan and Hebei and west to Yunnan and Sichuan. Provinces of medium level were clustered in northeast and northwest China, with those of low level clustered in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and middle reaches of the Yellow River. The provinces with high contribution to bed mismatch in 2010 were scattered in distribution, including Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Henan, Beijing, Guangdong, Hunan, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Xinjiang. Provinces of medium level were relatively clustered in north China and Beibu Gulf, with those of low level clustered in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, central China and Bohai Bay. In 2020, most of the provinces of high level were clustered in a belt-like pattern along the coast, with those of medium level clustered in southwest China and Bohai Bay, and those of low level clustered in the west, north, and central China .p < 0.05). With the mean value as the threshold, the influence factor with a force greater than the mean is defined as the key factor; the one smaller than the mean is defined as an important factor, and the one not statistically significant is defined as an auxiliary factor.The driving forces of influence factors on hospitals, doctors, and beds differed significantly, with the mean values of 0.52, 0.79, and 0.72, respectively , Hubei, Guangxi (maintaining the cow trend), and Shandong (maintaining the star trend). Hebei, Hubei, Sichuan, and Shanxi have long been in positive mismatch, and they should adopt an expansion strategy to push the evolution trend from cow to star. Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Guangdong have been in negative mismatch for a long time, and they should adopt a smart shrink strategy to reduce the growth rate and push the evolution trend from question to dog and from star to cow. In terms of doctors and beds, Beijing and Tianjin are in dynamic matching, and they should introduce a stable development strategy to maintain the dog evolution trend. Heilongjiang, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan have long been in positive mismatch, and they should adopt a smart shrink strategy in the future to maintain the evolution trend of dog or cow type, or to change from question to dog.The comparison of spatio-temporal evolution trends and spatial mismatch relationships reveals the rationality of health resource supply and allocation schemes in the provinces and their improvement directions. For example, Zhejiang attaches great importance to investment in medical resources and, in recent years, has implemented the \u201c13th Five-Year Plan\u201d for the development of health care and plan for the medical service system in the province, which has contributed to the allocation of health resources in Zhejiang as a growth pole in China (in the evolution trend of star type). However, the spatial mismatch shifted from dynamic matching to negative mismatch from 2010 to 2020, indicating a shift from balance to imbalance between the large supply of health resources and population demand, with supply outstripping demand and extensive use of health facilities and resources. For example, the slowdown in investment in doctors and beds in Hebei in recent years has led to their evolution trend of cow-type. Notably, the type of spatial mismatch changed from dynamic matching in 2010 to positive mismatch in 2020, indicating the problem of undersupply of health facilities and resources, with the shift of supply-demand equilibrium of health services to disequilibrium, as a result of the long-term low investment in health care resources. In addition, despite the different evolution trends of health resources, such as question in Beijing and Tianjin, cow in Liaoning and Jiangxi, and dog in Inner Mongolia and Fujian, they all remained long in supply-demand balance of hospital allocation (in dynamic matching in 2010 and 2020).In addition, it is an innovation to include spatial effects in the analysis of influence factors and measure their interaction effects in this paper. Unlike the published articles, this paper incorporates spatial heterogeneity and autocorrelation into the influence factor analysis, based on the geographic detector method, to measure the force of influence factors on the geographical distribution of medical resources and reveal the interaction effects of different influence factors, thus further improving the accuracy of the driving mechanism analysis. This paper finds that factors such as children and elderly population, health care government investment, service industry added value, high quality population, medical insurance fund expenditure, and government revenue have a great direct influence on the geographical distribution of health resources, which further validates the findings of some scholars. For example, Li , Zheng , and GuoTo improve the uneven geographical distribution and spatial mismatch of health resources is one of the major challenges facing the government health sector. The government should redesign the spatial allocation scheme of medical resources and improve the supply and demand of health services, based on regional heterogeneity and spatial mismatch, under the guidance of spatial justice and regional health planning theories ,117. TheIn the hospital dimension, Beijing, Tianjin, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Chongqing, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, Tibet, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, and Heilongjiang are of dynamic matching. Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Hunan, Sichuan, Gansu, and Jilin are of positive mismatch, and Guangdong, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui are of negative mismatch. According to the development trend, the future policy design should follow the guidance as below: Beijing, Tianjin, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet, Xinjiang, Hainan, Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang should continue to maintain high growth and focus on cultivating provinces with high potential by carefully analyzing the development drivers to promote them as regional medical service centers. Fujian, Qinghai, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Shanxi, Henan, Hunan, and Sichuan should maintain their slow growth or reduction in quantity. Shandong, Gansu, and Jilin should implement contractionary policies for strict control of the amount of growth and reverse the development trend of high growth, in order to avoid the waste or risk brought about by blind investment. Shanghai, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Guangxi, Shaanxi, and Liaoning should introduce innovation policies and invest their limited resources primarily in new demand creation or new supply development.In the doctor dimension, Tianjin, Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, Tibet, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, and Liaoning are of dynamic matching. Beijing, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Liaoning, and Jilin are of positive mismatch. Shanghai, Jiangsu, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, and Guangdong are of negative mismatch. Hebei and Zhejiang are of double mismatch. According to the development trend, the future policy design should follow the guidance as below: Jiangsu, Fujian, and Guangdong should continue to maintain high growth and cultivate them into regional integrated medical service centers. Shanghai, Anhui, Jiangxi, and Shandong should increase investment to further boost growth. Tianjin, Hubei, Hunan, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Beijing, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Gansu, Liaoning, and Jilin should maintain a slow growth or reduction in quantity, while Tibet, Qinghai, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi should introduce contractionary policies to strictly control the amount of growth and avoid waste or risk from blind investment. The current medical resources in Hebei fail to meet the actual demand and are beyond the economic carrying capacity, so external support is required in the future policy design. The current medical resources in Zhejiang are already excessive and far below the economic carrying capacity, so it should control the new investment and consider increasing external medical aid or cross-regional supportive transfer payments in the future policy design.In the bed dimension, Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Anhui, Shanghai, Jiangxi, Hainan, Chongqing, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Qinghai, Tibet, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Jilin are of dynamic matching. Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Gansu are of positive mismatch. Shandong, Fujian, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu are of negative mismatch. Hebei is of double mismatch. In light of the development trend, the future policy design should follow the guidance as below: Anhui, Jiangxi, Hainan, Chongqing, Shaanxi, Qinghai, Tibet, Fujian, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu should continue to maintain high growth. Shandong should increase investment to further boost its growth rate. Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Shanghai, Shanxi, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, and Heilongjiang should maintain a slow growth or reduction in quantity. Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Gansu should implement contractionary policies and strict control of the amount of growth, in order to avoid waste or risk brought about by blind investment. The current medical resources in Hebei fail to meet the actual demand and are beyond the economic carrying capacity, so external support is required in the future policy design.In general, differentiated and adaptive management strategies should be adopted, depending on the relationship between health resource supply and demand, in order to maintain sustainable evolution trends or reverse unsound ones. For example, Hainan, Chongqing, Tibet, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Xinjiang, in dynamic matching, should implement a stable development strategy, with no need to change their current health resource allocation policy  and evolution trend. Sichuan and Henan, in positive mismatch, should implement an incremental expansion strategy. That is, they need to expand future investments in hospitals, doctors, and beds and drive the evolution trend to maintain or shift to question or star to address the problem of insufficient supply and to improve their health services and support capacity. Guangdong and Jiangsu, in negative mismatch, should implement a smart shrink strategy. In other words, it is necessary for them to reduce the future investment in health resources and promote the evolution trend to maintain or transform into dog or cow, in order to address the problem of oversupply and improve the efficiency of resource utilization. Hebei, Shanxi, Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Gansu, in double mismatch, should adopt an integrated control strategy. That is, due to the imbalance between the supply of health resources and population demand and the mismatch with economic carrying capacity, they should apply to the central government for inter-provincial transfer payments or medical assistance in the future to further improve their regional service capacity of health facilities and resources.Reducing the inequality of geographical distribution and spatial mismatch of medical resources is still a key policy goal of health authorities in most countries . Based oThis paper finds that the geographical pattern of medical resources in China is solid over time, and that the quantity of resources and its change amplitude and speed have high spatial agglomeration and differentiation. The spatio-temporal evolution of inter-provincial medical resources in China has become diversified, with similar regions having high geographic agglomeration and weak spatial autocorrelation, as well as a gradient distribution of cold hot spots in a core-periphery structure. Children and elderly population, health care government investment, and service industry added value are the key factors influencing the geographical distribution of health resources, while social consumption, government revenue, high quality population, and medical insurance fund expenditure are important factors. The interaction between the different influence factors is dominated by bifactor enhancement, and about 30\u201340% of the factor pairs are in nonlinear enhancement. Although per capita GDP, urbanization rate, and residents\u2019 medical services consumption do not have statistically significant direct influence, they have high interaction influence with other factors as auxiliary factors that cannot be ignored. Most of the provinces\u2019 medical resources are in dynamic matching, mainly concentrated in west and north China and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. A path-dependent strategy should be adopted in the future policy design to maintain the current development. The mismatch in the supply of medical resources in China is more serious than that in demand, and the proportion of mismatch in hospitals and beds is decreasing; however, the opposite is true for doctors. For the regions of positive mismatch, hospital demand mismatches and hospital, doctor, and bed supply mismatches are clustered, while doctor and bed demand mismatches are randomly distributed, so smart contraction-type strategies should be adopted in the future policy design to moderately control the supply of new medical resources and avoid the waste of resources or investment risks. For the regions of negative mismatch, doctor and bed demand mismatches, as well as doctor, hospital, and bed supply mismatches, are clustered in bands, while hospital demand mismatches are randomly distributed, so smart growth-oriented strategies should be adopted in the future to increase the supply and investment in new medical resources to achieve sustainable development. The hot and cold spots of supply and demand mismatch are highly clustered, shaping a spatial structure of center-periphery or gradient change. Hospital demand mismatches and hospital, doctor, and bed demand mismatches all have positive spatial autocorrelation and are increasingly spatially correlated and dependent; however, doctor and bed demand mismatches have changed from positive spatial autocorrelation to uncorrelation.This paper is innovative in two areas. First, it introduces the spatial mismatch index to quantitatively measure the degree and type of medical resource mismatch at the provincial level in China from both the supply and demand perspectives and proposes a method for designing differential management policies, based on spatial zoning, which provides a basis for evidence-based decision making in health planning. Scholars are currently focusing on the study of mismatch of mobile factor resources, such as labor, capital, and commodities, and the immobility of health resources makes it more difficult and costly to correct their mismatch problems. In developing countries with limited health resources, incorporating economic carrying capacity and population demand power into health resource allocation models and health economics  and desiIn addition, this study is applicable to China; it also has great reference value for developing countries, such as Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, India, Malaysia, and Mongolia. As described above, they have very limited medical resources, with a striking problem of uneven geographical distribution and spatial mismatch. An empirical study of these countries, using the research framework and methodology provided in this paper, can help them design differentiated and adaptive health resource management policies. It should be noted that interest games and institution settings play an important role in the allocation of medical resources , but the"}
{"text": "Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), due to its spread, has become a global health priority, and is characterized by senile dementia and progressive disability. The main cause of AD and other neurodegenerations  are aggregated protein accumulation and oxidative damage. Recent research on secondary metabolites of plants such as polyphenols demonstrated that they may slow the progression of AD. The flavonoids\u2019 mechanism of action in AD involved the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, Tau protein aggregation, \u03b2-secretase, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis through modulation of signaling pathways which are implicated in cognitive and neuroprotective functions, such as ERK, PI3-kinase/Akt, NFKB, MAPKs, and endogenous antioxidant enzymatic systems. This review focuses on flavonoids and their role in AD, in terms of therapeutic potentiality for human health, antioxidant potential, and specific AD molecular targets. Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is the most common cause of senile dementia associated with progressive disability. The inherited disease, in an autosomal dominant way, generally leads to a lethal outcome after about 5\u201310 years from the onset of the first symptoms . GeneralOxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants that causes a rise in oxidant levels . AccordiTherefore, while the brain membrane phospholipids are composed of polyunsaturated fatty acids, this organ is particularly vulnerable to free radical attacks. Plasma levels of thiobarbituric acid are high in the early stages of AD ; lipid hProteins are major targets of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Protein oxidative modifications can induce unfolding or conformational changes that can lead to the loss of specific protein function  and the Nucleic acid damage also occurs early in AD. Significantly elevated levels of 8OHG and 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine have been reported in post-mortem MCI brains relative to the age-matched controls . In addiAside from its presence in CNS, A\u03b2 can be detected in platelets  and blooRecent studies have tested the power of natural compounds derived from plants against AD. Among these, flavonoids are ubiquitous compounds of plants, produced by plants for growth and defense against all kinds of stress, including cold tolerance. More than 6000 different flavonoids have been identified, the primary sources of which are apples, red fruits, onions, citrus fruits, nuts, and beverages such as tea, coffee, beer, and red wine. These compounds, derived from phenol, are particularly interesting for their ability to cross the blood\u2013brain barrier and for their multi-target activity. Several studies have described flavonoids to exhibit relevant biologic activities involving the neuronal antioxidants, as well as anti-amyloidogenic properties, acting as metal chelators, showing anti-inflammatory properties, and ameliorating cognition and neuroprotection ,50,51,52From a chemical point of view, flavonoids consist of two benzene rings, called A and B, linked via a third pyranosic ring C. Flavonoids can be divided into a variety of subclasses that differ in terms of the structural characteristics of the B ring and the degree of hydroxylation and glycosylation of the third ring. Typically, ring B binds in position 2 on ring C, but can also bind in position 3 or 4. We can, therefore, distinguish the isoflavones in which the B ring binds in position 3 of the C ring and the neoflavonoids in which the B ring binds in position 4 of the C ring . The groIn general, since all flavonoids contain the same core scaffold, the functional differences between the various groups and subgroups are mainly due to the different substituent groups. These are weak polybasic acids of a polyphenolic nature, characterized by varying degrees of hydroxylation, methoxylation, glycosylation or glucuronidation, and this contributes to the great variety of biological properties of this large group of polyphenols ,60. In fFlavonoids are a wide group of secondary metabolites characterized by many interesting biological potentials, both in vitro and in vivo  and, in the last decades, they have emerged as a promising agents for neuroprotection ,66,67,68Flavonoids are widely distributed in the plant kingdom, and are characterized by chemical structures with the presence of several substituents that allow them to assume particular activities and exert beneficial effects for the wellness of organisms, as well as for their potential for therapeutic utilization. This does not indicate that every type of flavonoid is able to show biological potential, but only that those with particular characteristics can be employed for specific roles. For instance, one of the well-known and best-studied activities of flavonoids is its antioxidant activity, which is linked to the number of hydroxyl groups on the B ring. Generally, a greater number of free hydroxyl groups corresponds to a greater scavenging effect, but their location in the skeleton of flavonoids is a crucial structural element. These hydroxyl groups, through the donation of hydrogen atoms and electrons to radical species, favor the repair of the damage caused by ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), reducing their degree of reactivity ,71. ThisThe ability of flavonoids to cross the blood\u2013brain barrier suggests that these compounds can feasibly have a direct effect on the brain. Numerous studies have documented the bioactivity of flavonoids against neurodegenerative disorders such as AD, Parkinson\u2019s, Huntington\u2019s, and other neurological disorders ,91,92,93Flavonoids, including epicatechin-3-gallate, gossypetin, naringerin, quercetin, and myricetin are reported to block \u03b2-amyloid and Tau aggregation, scavenge free radicals, and sequester metal ions at clinically low concentrations ,99. In oQuercetin is a polyhydroxyflavonoid that belongs to the subclass of flavonols. Its chemical name is 3,3,4,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone, and the molecule contains five -OH groups, in positions 3, 3\u2032, 5, 7 and 4\u2032, which are crucial for potential biochemical\u2013pharmacological activities. Quercetin is a natural antioxidant, widely used in healthcare for its beneficial role. Quercetin is found in flowers and fruits of edible plants; onions, apples, cherries, berries, asparagus, and red leaf lettuce have the highest levels, while tomatoes, peas, and broccoli have lower levels ,93. Expe2O2-induced p53 expression, and also significantly reduces apoptosis and caspase 3 activation [More specifically, Tau phosphorylation is under the control of several distinct kinases, such as Erk, Akt, p38, AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3\u03b2), cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5), and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) ,103. Thrtivation . p53 regtivation ,110. In tivation ,110. In tivation ,112. A ttivation ,115,116.Hung et al. demonstrated that quercetin (10mM) pretreatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) suppressed the nuclear factor- kB (NF-kB) signal, suggesting that the drug is a powerful antiatherosclerotic . In addi2O2) and protein carbonyls levels, have been demonstrated [Naringenin is the aglycon of naringin, and belongs to the subclass of flavanones. It is abundant in citrus fruits , as well as vegetables, and especially in grapes, tomatoes, and cherries. Naringenin can be found in two forms. One is characterized by a bond with a sugar on C7, and one derives from the action of specific enzymes which are able to cleave this glycosidic bond by releasing the aglycone ,126. Botnstrated ,139,140.2O2 to chicken lymphocytes. After preincubation with EGCG, the compound restored H2O2\u2032s harmful effects, suppressing the increase of ROS and restoring the antioxidant system by mRNA expression of SOD, CAT, and GPx [Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), an ester of epigallocatechin and gallic acid, is the main bioactive polyphenol found in solid green tea extract ,142. EGC and GPx . EGCG en and GPx . In Figu2+ and Fe2+; this, on the one hand, strongly enhances its antioxidant activity, because the Fenton reaction is inhibited and, consequently, the ROS generation is reduced. On the other hand, myricetin acts directly on A\u03b2 complexes, reducing their toxicity through the reduction in metal ions that can interact with them [Myricetin is a natural flavanol widely distributed in several vegetables and fruits, mainly including blackcurrant teas, red wines, and medical herbs ,155,156.ith them ,176,177.ith them . Finallyith them ,180. In Gossypetin  is a flavonol isolated from the flowers and the calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa. Gossypetin has been shown to exert antioxidant, antimutagenic, antimicrobial, and anti-atherosclerotic activities ,183,184.Genistein  is an isoflavone distributed in several vegetables such as legumes, green peas, and peanuts, and is predominantly extracted from the Glycine max soybean ,187. SevThe antioxidant effects of genistein are associated with AMPK activation and the drug\u2019s binding with estrogen receptor \u03b1 (ER\u03b1), both of which promote the expression of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, and GPx ,199,200.Apigenin  formally belongs to the flavone subclass, and is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, present principally in chamomile flowers. and in lower concentrations in vegetables, citrus fruits, herbs, and plant-based beverages  . In a raCyanidin 3-O-glucoside belongs to the anthocyanins class; it is present in plants such as berries and soybean fruits, where it is responsible for the red, purple, and blue pigments. Cyanidin has been reported to act as neuroprotector in several disorders, such as AD, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and multiple sclerosis ,214,215.Unfortunately, there is still a lack of translational research and clinical evidence for these promising compounds, and we found only one clinical trial, which began in 2022 and will finish in 2024, studying the efficacy and safety of the Flos Gossypii flavonoid tablet in the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease . A totalThis review provides evidence that flavonoids have potential for treating AD, and are considered drug candidates for future clinical research. Although precise mechanisms are still unclear, flavonoids regulate several important physiological responses, which may contribute to neuroprotective effects in AD. The advantage of flavonoids over conventional targeting drugs is the possibility of administering these molecules as food supplements. Supplementation with flavonoids could allow for early protection, even at a young age. They can also be used without the need for a preclinical diagnosis, due to their low toxicity. Certainly, further long-term dietary intervention studies indicating the dosage and the times of drug assumption may contribute to fully evaluating the effectiveness of flavonoids as agents for the management of AD. It will be important to incorporate bioavailability and metabolism into experimental planning at all stages of preclinical research, in order to better clarify such mechanisms in vivo."}
{"text": "Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome (RCVS) is a neurovascular condition characterized by a severe sudden-onset headache that may be associated with focal neurological deficits. On imaging, the suggestive finding corresponds to multifocal vasoconstriction of the cerebral arteries, with a spontaneous resolution of approximately 12\u00a0weeks. The identification of precipitating factors and diagnosis must be carried out early, so that adequate management is established and the patient has a good prognosis, given the risk of secondary complications and residual neurological deficits. This study consists of a literature review based on the analysis of articles published between 2017 and 2022 in PubMed, SciELO, and ScienceDirect on RCVS, intending to understand the clinical and radiological characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients with RCVS. The pathophysiology, drug management, and prognosis still lack solid evidence; therefore, further studies on RCVS are needed to expand medical knowledge and avoid underdiagnosis and inadequate treatment of this important condition. The Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome (RCVS) is characterized by sudden headache and reversible multifocal cerebral vasoconstriction \u20134. It isThe most common manifestation is thunderclap headache, which has a sudden onset and peak intensity in 1 min , 12, 13,Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome should be suspected when there is a history of sudden headaches with normal physical examination, cranial tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head , 12. GivOnce the diagnosis is established, treatment should be initiated, mainly by discontinuing the triggering factor, if known , 13, 19,As the wrong or delayed diagnosis of RCVS usually results in unnecessary diagnostic tests, deleterious treatments, and increases the risk of neurological sequelae , 5, 21, This article presents a literature review based on scientific articles published from 2017 to 2022 in PubMed, SciELO, and ScienceDirect on RCVS.In the first step of the methodology, a search was carried out in Pubmed, SciELO, and ScienceDirect databases with the title \u201creversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome\u201d and the filters \u201ccase reports\u201d, \u201cmulticenter study\u201d, \u201cobservational study\u201d, \u201creview\u201d, and \u201csystematic review\u201d were applied. In addition to these filters, only studies involving humans and those published in the last 5 years were selected. The article should be available and in English. A total of 129 articles were found in PubMed, three in SciELO, and 30 in ScienceDirect , those with an impossibility of access (seven articles), or those that did not contain information relevant to the topic (four articles). A total of 74 articles remained at the end of this stage.In addition, 11 new articles were selected and manually added according to their relevance to the study. Therefore, a total of 85 articles were included in this study.Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome, also known as Call-Fleming Syndrome, postpartum angiopathy, migrainous vasospasm, and benign central nervous system angiopathy , 24, 25,Radiologically, the disease is characterized by multifocal vasoconstriction of the cerebral arteries that can lead to multiple infarctions and usually resolves spontaneously within 3 months , 33\u201337. The largest studies suggest that 50\u201380% of patients will have a secondary cause for RCVS , 41, 44.Nasal decongestants, immunosuppressants , 29, 48,The puerperium is responsible for 10\u201350% of cases \u201311, 45. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a disease that can occur simultaneously with RCVS and many studies suggest overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms , 41. FurAlthough the cause of RCVS is not yet fully detailed in the literature, most studies point to a transient dysregulation in the control of brain vessel tone, which results in multifocal vasoconstriction , 57. It Thunderclap headache has a reported prevalence between 95% and 100% in individuals diagnosed with RCVS  and may In addition to headaches, patients often experience nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia , 8, 10. Less frequently, RCVS may present with non-thunderclap and nonspecific headaches. It can be a single, recurrent, or progressive episode, and pain intensity varies from moderate to severe. There are also reports of patients who do not have any headaches , 65. TheReversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome diagnosis is based on compatible clinical history, physical examination, and neuroimaging tests showing multifocal segmental vasoconstriction of cerebral arteries. Within 3 months, reversibility of this vasoconstriction occurs, evidenced in neuroimaging, however, some patients may persist with clinical deficits as well as complications, such as ischemic lesions and cerebral hemorrhage , 62, 64.The physical examination may be normal, but in some cases, there are neurological deficits that contribute to the suspicion, such as aphasia, hemiparesis, ataxia, and visual changes .Complementary laboratory tests such as a blood count, electrolyte analysis, and liver function tests are usually normal. However, inflammatory markers may occasionally be elevated when associated with a precipitating disease. Therefore, serum and urine drug toxicology should also be performed to screen for substances precipitating vasoconstriction . CerebroAs for imaging, digital subtraction angiography is the gold standard method, but it is invasive and can lead to complications , 13, 41,The characteristic diagnostic finding is the presence of \u201cbeading\u201d or \u201cpearls on a sting\u201d in the cerebral arteries, which corresponds to the alternating pattern of intense vasoconstriction and dilatation observed , 17, 20.Although there is still no universal diagnostic criterion established , 17, 62,Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome is contained in the group of diseases known to have a thunderclap headache. This group includes stroke, SAH, cervical artery dissection, intracranial aneurysm, cerebral venous thrombosis, and hypertensive crisis , 56, 73.Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is also part of the set of diseases present in the differential diagnosis of RCVS , 68, 71.In addition, vasospasm secondary to SAH is also a differential diagnosis. Both RCVS and vasospasm secondary to SAH present severe headaches and occur more frequently in middle-aged females. On CT angiography, both conditions demonstrate subtle differences in segmental vasospasm .The treatment needs, initially, to go through discontinuation of the triggering factor of the symptoms, if known, such as illicit drugs, aggressive vasoactive drugs, and Valsalva maneuvers , 13, 46.In drug treatment, according to case reports and expert analyses, symptomatic patients are recommended to use multimodal analgesia, CCBs, antiepileptics in case of epileptic seizures, and antiemetics as necessary , 20. NonRegarding CCBs, intravenous and oral nimodipine, with a dosage of 30\u201360\u00a0mg every 4 h , is bestHowever, although nimodipine is usually the first choice for the treatment of RCVS, it has not been shown to improve long-term outcomes or prevent complications , 20, 41.The other choices of CCBs are verapamil and nicardipine , 76 oralIn addition to BCCs, headache is controlled by analgesics, such as aspirin, although there is still no strong evidence of the clinical efficacy of this use . In anotTherefore, it is worth noting that no guidelines or data from randomized studies are available in the literature to guide the management of RCVS effectively , 20.Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome has several complications, which include PRES, epileptic seizures, ischemic stroke, SAH, and intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH) , 67, 79.Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, one of the most reported complications in the articles read in this review, has an incidence in RCVS ranging from 8% to 38% , 43, 66.Ischemic and hemorrhagic complications have also been reported in many studies in the scientific literature, leading to persistent neurological deficits and death in more severe cases , 30, 43.Stroke is also a complication associated with RCVS and usually occurs up to 3 weeks after the syndrome , 79. It Cognitive impairment, which may result from stroke, has been little described in the literature. In a case report, a 36-year-old female patient, after being diagnosed with RCVS, presented deficits in autobiographical memory, cognitive flexibility, verbal and non-verbal learning, and information processing. The involvement was verified bilaterally in the frontal and temporal lobes and in the same region of the vasoconstriction observed in the MRI .The prognosis of RCVS is uncertain, but most patients have self-limiting manifestations , 11, 28 In the literature, there are still reports of recurrence of RCVS , 62, 83,However, some patients remain with a chronic daily headache that is difficult to treat, since many medications to relieve these symptoms are triggering factors for RCVS . FurtherDue to the facts mentioned above, the main precipitating factors for RCVS are the postpartum state, nasal decongestants, and drugs with vasoactive properties. This understanding is fundamental to guide the treatment, since, initially, aggravating factors for the patient should be discontinued. In addition, although nimodipine is the drug of choice in most studies, in some cases, other drugs, such as verapamil and nicardipine, have better efficacy. The patient diagnosed with RCVS, especially combining the clinic with imaging tests, such as angiography, must undergo a thorough medical follow-up to avoid the appearance or, at least, the worsening of already known complications resulting from the syndrome."}
{"text": "Correction to: European Radiology10.1007/s00330-022-09154-yThe original version of this article, published on 14 October 2022, unfortunately contained a mistake. The affiliation of the author Giuseppe Palma was incorrectly given as \u2018Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Naples, Italy\u2019 and has now been corrected to \u2018Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council, Lecce, Italy\u2019. The original article has been corrected."}
{"text": "INAA was chosen for its ability to perform elemental analysis without any preliminary sample treatment that could introduce systematic errors. The distribution of major elements was relatively uniform, with the sampling locations having less influence. Concerning the trace elements, excepting the PCE Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, and Sb, their distributions presented the same remarkable similarity to the Upper Continental Crust (UCC), North American Shale Composite (NASC), Average Bottom Load (ABL), and Average Dobrogea Loess (AVL), and were in good concordance with the location of the Serbian Danube River in the Pannonian Plain. In the case of considered PCE, both Enrichment Factor and Pollution Load Index showed values higher than the pollution threshold, which pointed towards a significant anthropogenic contamination, and rising concern to what extent the water quality and biota could be affected.To determine the nature and origin of the unconsolidated bottom sediments, as well as to demonstrate and quantify the presence of Presumably Contaminating Elements (PCE) in the Serbian Danube River, as a novelty, the mass fractions on nine major elements as oxides\u2014SiO Within it, the Serbian section, which begins at the Serbian\u2013Hungarian border and ends at the confluence with Timoc River at the Serbian\u2013Bulgarian border, has a length of 588 km, i.e., 20.6% of the total river length [The Danube River, with a total length of 2857 km and a catchment basin of 817,000 kmAccording to its geomorphology, the Serbian section can be divided into three units, e.g., the Pannonian Danube between the Serbian\u2013Hungarian border and Golubac, with a length of 391 km; the Iron Gate Danube between Golubac and Kladovo, with a length of 111 km; and the Lover Danube between Kladovo and Serbian-Bulgarian border on Timok River, with a length of 86 km .The Pannonian unit, which flows the Pannonian Basin, presents typical characteristics of a low-gradient fluvial river, such as a sandy riverbed, bifurcating courses with numerous meanders, sand islands, and sandbars. Sedimentary material shows a well-evidenced stratification, which should reflect also the Pannonian Basin geochemistry and mineralogy, the main source of depositional material.The second two units of the Serbian Danube River have significantly changed as a result of the construction of the Iron Gate Hydropower and Navigation System (IGHPNS), comprising two large dams, one at km. 943 and the other downstream at 862.8. These created two reservoirs that extended upstream of the dams by 300 and 80 km, respectively . Both daRegarding sediments, excepting the Danube River at the entrance in Serbia, there are another three important sources of depositional material transported by the Tisa, Sava, and Velika Morava, the main Danube tributaries along Serbian Sector . Given sIndeed, according to , the maiThe origin of depositional material can be attributed, in different proportions, to the bedrock lithology, of which age is known, while the rest of sedimentary material can be considered a mixture of different components, of which exact origin, due to a continuous erosion and deposition, could not be exactly traced back. According to , the bedAnother peculiarity of the investigated sector of the Danube River is related to the presence of human agglomeration centers, such as Novi Sad, with over 365,000 inhabitants [For this reason, in recent decades, the anthropogenic contamination of the Serbian sector of the Danube catchment basin, and especially Danube and Sava River sediments, has been the subjects of an appreciable number of studies ,13,14,15Besides the presence and quantification of PCE, the geochemistry of the Serbian sector of the Danube River has been less investigated, although this aspect is worth attention, taking into account that, according to , at the To fill this gap, 13 samples of unconsolidated superficial sediments were collected along the Serbian sector of the Danube River between Belgrade and Iron Gate 2 dam, including the confluence of Sava, Velika Morava, and Pek tributaries . All samFor a better understanding of sediment geochemistry, we have reported our data to some general systems, such as Upper Continental Crust (UCC) , North AGiven the diversity of depositional material sources, as well as the presence of urban and industrial potential contamination along the Serbian sector of the Danube River and its tributaries, the main goals of this study were:(i) To evidence any similarities or dissimilarities between the geochemistry of Danube River sediments (Serbian Sector) and crustal material, such as UCC  and NASC(ii) To quantify the contribution to environmental contamination of those PCE of which mass fractions were determined by INAA;Therefore, a related achievement of these objectives represents, in our opinion, a new approach, able to understand not only the geochemistry of Danube sediments in relation to their location, but also to evidence to what extent this sector of the Danube river is affected by anthropogenic contamination.The results of our study performed under these circumstances will be further presented and discussed.To accomplish this project, 11 samples of surface sediments (0\u201315 cm deep) and two samples of deeper sediments  were collected between Belgrade and the Iron Gate 2 dam . The sedhttps://www.fritsch-international.com/ (accessed on 1 September 2022)) at 400 rpm. After that, from each homogenized sample, six aliquots of about 0.1 g were selected and irradiated at the IBR-2 reactor to be independently investigated via INAA.At FLNP, all sample processing and INAA measurements were performed in the Sector of Neutron Activation Analysis and Applied Research (SNAAAR). Here, each sample was again homogenized for 15 min using a PULVERISETTE 6 planetary ball mill ) software and processed using a proprietary software [After irradiation, gamma spectra were recorded using a HPGe detector with a 1.9 keV resolution for the software . This pesoftware , calculaSpecial attention was paid to quality control. This was done by simultaneous use of more Standard Reference Materials (SRM), e.g., 1633c-Coal fly ash, 667-Estuarine sediment, 2710-Montana Soil, and 1547-Peach leaves, as well as 2709-Trace elements in soil, 1632c-Trace elements in coal, 690CC-Calcareous soil, 2709a-San Joaquin soil, and SRM-AGV2\u2013Andesite for short- and long-living isotopes .Furthermore, all of them were reunited by forming the Group of Standard Sample (GSS) proprietary software ,31, withTM (https://www.statistica.com/en/ (accessed on 1 September 2022)) and PAST 4.09 [For a better description and characterization of the experimental data in relation with closer systems, such as UCC , NASC 22, ABL 2, and ADLAST 4.09  softwareThe experimental INAA data, e.g., average mass fractions and CSU  values, The final results concerning the presence of major, rock-forming elements are illustrated using the spider diagram reproduced in Violin diagrams were chosen for major elements as it permits the visualization of the entire distribution function, together with important statistical parameters, while a box-and-whiskers plot was preferred in the case of trace elements. In both cases, all data were normalized to UCC  as one oAs mentioned before, excepting CaO, the average values of the mass fractions of major, rock-forming elements were relatively close to UCC , NASC 2, ABL 2424, and A2, less than 2.5%, suggests an almost uniform origin of sedimentary material from the point of view of siliceous minerals.Silica, which represents the major component of the investigated sediments, presented an average value of 66.86 wt%, almost identical with 66.62 wt% for UCC , and eve2O3 showed an average mass fraction slightly smaller than UCC [2O were shown to be significantly lower than in the case of UCC [2O.At its turn, Althan UCC , NASC [2than UCC , and ABLthan UCC , but higthan UCC . On the e of UCC , NASC [2e of UCC , and ADLe of UCC . Differee of UCC  (Table 22O + K2O vs SiO2 (2O/Al2O3 vs. K2O/Al2O3 (2O \u2212 Al2O3 \u2212 Na2O + CaO (K-A-CN)  c and SiO2O + CaO d suggest2O + CaO c. It is As shown by the data presented in To detail this analysis, it was necessary to use multiple-sample ANOVA tests. In this regard, the Tukey\u2019s Q test gave a probability equal to one to have the same mean, Kruskal\u2013Wallis gave the same result for medians, and only non-parametric Mann\u2013Whitney and Dunnet post hoc tests  evidenceMoreover, it should be pointed out that the investigated area, with a total length of 175 km (about 6.2% of the Danube River length), entirely passes through the Pannonian Plain. All above mentioned findings confirm previous conclusions, according to which, the investigated materials have, regardless of sampling points, the same geochemistry closer to crustal one.Two variants of INAA, Thermal and Epithermal Neutron Analysis, permitted determination of the mass fractions of at least 29 trace elements, including nine lanthanides, the presence of which was detailed discussed in . TherefoTrace elements are important as their distribution permits inferring the nature of depositional material and, in some instances, the anthropogenic influence manifested by an anomalous increase of the mass fraction of some PCE.Concerning trace elements Sc, Zr, La, Th, and U, their presence has almost never been associated with any anthropogenic contamination ,35, whil2 vs. Ni  [i,jEF represents the EF of the i-th element corresponding to the j sample, i,jc represents the mass fraction of the i-th element corresponding to the j sample, Sc,jc represents the mass fraction of the Sc corresponding to the j sample, i,UCCc represents the mass fraction of the i-th element in the UCC [Sc,UCCc represents the Sc mass fraction in the UCC [Under these circumstances, we have considered the Enrichment Factor (EF) , as one  the UCC , while t the UCC .Sc was chosen as reference element because its presence in not linked to any industrial or human activity.PLI) [EFs:n represents the number of considered PCE for each sample j.To evaluate the global contamination status of the sediments, we have used the Pollution Load Index (PLI) , definedEF \u2265 1, while the sediment could be considered as contaminated if PLI \u2265 1. In both cases, EF and PLI less than one signifies the absence of any anthropogenic contamination. It is worth mentioning that the selection of the UCC as zero contamination reference represents, as mentioned before, a conservative approach. This is not a universal criterion, as in some regions, such as Chaco, Argentina [According to ,44, a PCrgentina ; Hokuetsrgentina ; or the rgentina , the natrgentina  one. DepEF for all sampling points, as well as for the considered PCE, i.e., Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As and Sb, are reproduced in EF higher than one, which suggests, especially in the case of Sb, a significant degree of contamination. In addition, it should be remarked that antimony, regardless of whether it is an oxic or anoxic substrate, is partially soluble in water [Final results concerning the distribution of in water . Given iPLIs of sedimentary material collected from all other places were within one standard deviation closer, which, according to [On the other hand, excepting the sampling points 1S (confluence of Sava River with the Danube), 5 (Smederovo), and 6M (confluence of Morava River with Danube), and, to a lesser extent, 9P , the rding to , suggestIn our opinion, the increased degree of local contamination as evidenced for sediments collected at the confluence of Sava River with Danube\u20141S, Smderovo\u20145, and at the confluence of Morava River with Danube\u20146M needs a future detailed investigation in context of presumably local PCE sources.Almost all investigated PCE present a certain degree of solubility in water, mainly as organo-metallic compounds, increasing the necessity for a similar investigation of their presence in the Danube River water. This problem is even more important as the Danube catchment basin, to the Serbia\u2013Bulgarian border, covers six countries, some of them among the most industrialized nations in Europe. Therefore, besides sediment contamination, a systematic investigation of Danube water is necessary to evidence any trans-boundary transport of contaminants ,50,51.The mass fraction distribution of nine major, rock-forming elements, Si, Ti, Al, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, Na, and K, as well as another 20 trace elements, i.e., Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Zr, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Hf, Ta, W, Th, and U, were determined by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis in 13 samples of shallow, unconsolidated sediments collected along the Eastern Serbian sector of the Danube River, from Belgrade to Iron Gate II dam.As a reference, the mass fractions of the same elements in Upper Continental Crust (UCC), North American Shale Composite (NASC), Average Bottom Load (ABL), and Average Dobrogea Losse (ADL) were used.The distribution of major elements revealed, on one hand, a relative uniformity of their presence, less influenced by the location of sampling points, and a striking similitude to their distribution in all above-mentioned reference systems on the other. This finding appears in good concordance with the location of the Serbian Danube River in the Pannonian Plain, of which sediments represent a mixture of depositional material of different ages from Neoproterozoic\u2013early Paleozoic to Cenozoic and Quaternary.The distribution of incompatible elements, Sc, Zr, La, Hf, and Th, confirmed the crustal origin of sedimentary material, as well as its homogeneity along the entire Eastern Serbian sector of the Danube River.About 30% of the investigated trace elements could be categorized as Presumably Contaminating Elements as their mass fractions exceeded the UCC by 100% in the case of Cr and Ni, 250% for Cu and As, about 300% for Zn, and a maximum of 850% for Sb. These facts were confirmed by the Enrichment Factor and Pollution Load Index, of which, values were systematically much higher than one unit, the threshold for uncontaminated sedimentary material, suggesting the existence of a significant contamination level of the investigated sector of the Danube River.This last inference increases the necessity for a continuous investigation of the Danube River sediment contamination and especially the monitoring of the Danube River water along its path to the Black Sea to evidence the routes of transboundary contamination. In our opinion, such an investigation should be extended to the aquatic flora and fauna, including sturgeons as key indicators for the quality of aquatic environment."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliations for Katarzyna Obarska, Maciej Skorko, and Mateusz Gola. As well as having affiliation 1, they should also have Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliations for Alicja A. Binkowska. As well as having affiliation 1, she should also have DrugsTeam, NeuroCognitive Research Center, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland.In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliations for Karol Szymczak. As well as having affiliation 1, he should also have Institute of Psychology, The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland.In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliations for Karol Lewczuk. As well as having affiliation 1, he should also have Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliations for Maria Banaszak. As well as having affiliation 1, she should also have Monar Association, Warsaw, Poland.In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliations for Bohdan Woronowicz. As well as having affiliation 1, he should also have Consulting Center Akmed, Warsaw, Poland.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in affiliations 3 and 4. Instead of \u201c3. Division of Clinical Research, Department of Medical Research and Division of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-oncology, Taipei, Taiwan, 4 Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan\u201d, it should be \u201c3. Division of Clinical Research, Department of Medical Research and Division of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, 4. National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan\u201d.In the published article, an author name was incorrectly written as \u201cSean M.N. Wong\u201d. The correct spelling is \u201cNatalie S.M. Wong\u201d.In the published article, there was an error in the Funding statement. An acknowledgement was missed. The correct Funding statement appears below.This work was supported in part by the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital CMRPG3J0971~3 CORPG3J0251~3. We thank to Zai Lab (Taiwan) Limited for the educational grant to Taiwan Society of Molecular Medicine. The funder Zai Lab (Taiwan) was not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article, or the decision to submit it for publication.The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "In the present paper, we will explore how artificial intelligence (AI) and big data analytics (BDA) can help address clinical public and global health needs in the Global South, leveraging and capitalizing on our experience with the \u201cAfrica-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium\u201d (ACADIC) Project in the Global South, and focusing on the ethical and regulatory challenges we had to face. \u201cClinical public health\u201d can be defined as an interdisciplinary field, at the intersection of clinical medicine and public health, whilst \u201cclinical global health\u201d is the practice of clinical public health with a special focus on health issue management in resource-limited settings and contexts, including the Global South. As such, clinical public and global health represent vital approaches, instrumental in (i) applying a community/population perspective to clinical practice as well as a clinical lens to community/population health, (ii) identifying health needs both at the individual and community/population levels, (iii) systematically addressing the determinants of health, including the social and structural ones, (iv) reaching the goals of population\u2019s health and well-being, especially of socially vulnerable, underserved communities, (v) better coordinating and integrating the delivery of healthcare provisions, (vi) strengthening health promotion, health protection, and health equity, and (vii) closing gender inequality and other (ethnic and socio-economic) disparities and gaps. Clinical public and global health are called to respond to the more pressing healthcare needs and challenges of our contemporary society, for which AI and BDA can help unlock new options and perspectives. In the aftermath of the still ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the future trend of AI and BDA in the healthcare field will be devoted to building a more healthy, resilient society, able to face several challenges arising from globally networked hyper-risks, including ageing, multimorbidity, chronic disease accumulation, and climate change. In the present paper, we will explore how new technological and digital tools can help address clinical public and global health needs in the Global South ,2, leverACADIC is a newly formed interdisciplinary consortium that brings together a unique multidisciplinary team consisting of clinical public and global health experts, physicists, software engineers, data scientists, biostatisticians, epidemiologists, mathematicians, and biomathematical modelers, from 19 research centers and institutions/organizations, based in several African countries, such as South Africa, Nigeria, Cameroon, Rwanda, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Eswatini, as well as from Canada. The present \u201ccommunication\u201d paper was designed as a narrative literature review followed by a qualitative report of our experience with the ACADIC Project in the Global South, aimed at overviewing the main challenges of contemporary medicine with a \u201cGlobal South\u201d lens to inform the execution of future initiatives in the Global South.Concerning the first part (narrative literature review), we searched PubMed/MEDLINE, a major electronic scholarly database, which represents the most important and commonly utilized biomedical repository. We looked for the following keywords: \u201cGlobal South\u201d, \u201cpublic health\u201d, \u201cglobal health\u201d, \u201cclinical public health\u201d, \u201cclinical global health\u201d, \u201cartificial intelligence\u201d, \u201cbig data\u201d, \u201cbig data analytics\u201d, \u201cInternet of Things\u201d, \u201cdisruptive technologies\u201d, \u201cinnovative technologies\u201d, \u201cdigital tools\u201d, \u201cethical issues\u201d, \u201cethical challenges\u201d, \u201cregulatory issues\u201d, and \u201cregulatory challenges\u201d.Concerning the second part , we carried out a thematic analysis (TA)  of the rTo ensure the procedure is adequately carried out, the team initially familiarizes itself with the reports, then, the texts are re-read and coded, subsequently re-examined, re-assessed, and, if necessary, codes are reviewed, and re-analyzed. The coding procedure is assisted by frequency and co-occurrence analyses and the formulation of research questions. New themes can emerge and be identified: if these are considered thematic variations of already identified themes, they are merged and combined, otherwise, they are added to the list of themes. All qualitative analyses were conducted using ATLAS.ti qualitative analysis software . In the following sections, we will briefly overview the main challenges of contemporary medicine with a \u201cGlobal South\u201d lens.Despite the lack of consensus on their precise definitions, health and well-being are not seen anymore as just the absence of disease, illness, or impairment/infirmity/disability, in a narrowly focused way, strictly entailing physical aspects from a mere biomedical context. Health and well-being are, rather, considered as the dynamic outcomes of a complex interplay of several parameters, which encompass various domains, including physical, psychological , and social factors, among others ,5,6. Health and well-being can be investigated from various standpoints and scales, from the individual to the community/population perspectives, along what is known as the \u201chealthcare continuum\u201d. This includes disciplines such as clinical medicine, public and global health, each one of which consists of four major components: namely, (i) prevention by means of disease and disease outbreak monitoring/surveillance and early warning systems (EWSs)\u2014that is to say, the effective collection, integration, interpretation, and deployment of data to enhance and support data-driven monitoring and surveillance of diseases and disease outbreaks, with a focus on systems that can help strengthen preparedness and early response, (ii) identification by means of clinical, public, and global health laboratory innovation\u2014that is to say, an integrated laboratory and facility network, which is equipped with state-of-art infrastructure to provide all primary and specialist diagnostic services needed for disease and disease outbreak care, treatment, and prevention, (iii) individual and community/population health risk management by means of an integrated framework for disease and disease outbreak risk reduction and mitigation, and, finally, (iv) evidence-informed, data-driven decision-making processes ,8,9,10 tWithin the healthcare continuum, given the interrelatedness of the different domains, new specialties are arising. \u201cClinical public health\u201d can be defined as an emerging, cutting-edge, multi-, cross-, and inter-disciplinary field , at the Furthermore, in the last decades, an innovative discipline called \u201cclinical global health\u201d ,18 has eAs such, clinical public and global health represent vital approaches, absolutely instrumental in (i) applying a community/population perspective to clinical practice as well as a clinical lens to community/population health , (ii) idClinical public and global health are called to respond to the more pressing healthcare needs and challenges of our contemporary society  Table 2Table 2. In the last decades, health systems worldwide have been facing different, unprecedented challenges, such as the increase in the burden of disease (either communicable or non-communicable), especially in developing countries , mostly The novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is just the latest in a series of global disease outbreaks caused by emerging (or re-emerging) infectious diseases (ERIDs), including the H1N1 influenza virus pandemic, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and the West African Ebola epidemics , among oThese outbreaks and, in particular, the still ongoing COVID-19 pandemic have significantly challenged (i) the capacity and ability of healthcare workers to absorb unforeseen health system shocks and external events , (ii) toHealth policies responded with a profound restructuring and reorganization of health systems and medical services to better protect healthcare personnel itself and patients . HoweverTraditional approaches that inform risk assessment and management strategies as well as risk reduction and mitigation efforts aimed at addressing the complex  effects of diseases, disease outbreaks, and other public and global public health emergencies assume approximately linear relationships that link from a well-defined source to a single endpoint, and heavily rely on historical data, time series, and observations. Moreover, they are merely reactive, rather than proactive , and focThese approaches have proven to be inadequate for dealing with the challenges presented by the systemic nature of risk and vulnerability, namely, the \u201cmultifaceted interconnectedness of disease outbreaks, poorly understood breadth of population exposure, and profound nuance and detail of vulnerability\u201d . These dAs a consequence, the global community has failed to sufficiently and proactively identify, and respond to secondary impacts that intensify as \u201cglobally networked hyper-risks\u201d  generateLearning and adaptation in the short-term response to a disease or an epidemic/pandemic can be enhanced by identifying the capacities and integrating the acute needs of the most vulnerable. Moreover, long-term transformation must incorporate new approaches to disease, pandemic and epidemic prevention, preparedness, management, response, and recovery, to address the systemic nature of risks . Some stMoreover, diseases and disease outbreaks, especially COVID-19, have underlined the need for timely, accurate, and reliable data, to better inform public health decision-making in an evidence-based fashion. As such, data science has played a key role in the response to the still ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, driving measures and shaping interventions to mitigate its burden . An incrBasically, a \u201cfundamental redesign\u201d and a \u201cknowledge and paradigm shift in thinking\u201d  with newBy definition, \u201cOne Health\u201d and \u201cplanetary health\u201d/\u201cclinical planetary health\u201d approaches require a system science approach  ,65,69 anSince ERID-related challenges, as well as other challenges, including economic-financial, geopolitical, environmental, technological, societal, and health \u201cnetwork hyper-risks\u201d , are gloAI and BDA techniques have developed rapidly over the last 10 years . New tecThe advances in AI , includiIn the last years, scholars have discussed the hypes and hopes of AI- and BDA-based tools and techniques at the individual and community/population levels, in the arena of clinical public and global health, where they can serve as tools to assist public and global health policies and decision-making processes in an informed, evidence-based, data-driven fashion . ConversAs stated by Scoones et al. , currentAI and BDA can help face healthcare needs and challenges, being the catalyst for a profound transformation in the healthcare arena  and helpAs such, AI and BDA can affect all four facets of clinical medicine, and public and global health, profoundly reshaping them. AI and BDA can, indeed, (i) help predict communicable/non-communicable disease risk and prognosis, either at the individual and community/population levels , (ii) can enhance and strengthen laboratory functioning and capacity, in terms of identification of innovative biomarkers and precision diagnostics  and infectious sample processing , (iii) predict treatment outcomes  and monitor and forecast the effectiveness of the package of public and global health interventions implemented , and (iv) predict healthcare utilization (evidence-informed decision-making) . DiffereIn the aftermath of the still ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the future trend of AI and BDA in the healthcare field will be devoted to building a more healthy, resilient society, able to face several challenges arising from globally networked hyper-risks , includiAll these challenges are highly interconnected. The latter, for instance, is expected, indeed, to profoundly disrupt human health, affecting respiratory and cardiovascular systems, as well as causing injuries and premature deaths  and incrSocioeconomic inequalities and risks can exacerbate the effects of climate change itself, whereby sea-level rise and extreme weather events such as flash flooding and storm surges cause widespread devastation to coastal and inland communities across the globe. As urban areas expand, more people living and working near forested areas are likewise affected by greater exposure to disease vectors and longer average wildfire seasons, with catastrophic results .AI- and BDA-based algorithms can help (i) identify climate-change tipping points by means of EWSs, (ii) strengthen the ability to detect such changes, (iii) devise mitigation responses and strategies, and (iv) guide and shape locally-informed policies. In conclusion, the novel use of AI and BDA is anticipated to uncover new links between climate, climate-related disaster exposure, and the burden of disease  , helpingThe Global South is a grouping of countries and territories, from South America, Africa, and Asia, that are highly heterogeneous in terms of socioeconomic, cultural, and political characteristics, even though they share (i) obstacles and barriers to access to community and public healthcare services, (ii) the burden of disease generated by communicable disorders, (iii) food and (iv) job insecurity, and (v) the lack of state-of-art resources and infrastructure, necessary for their growth and development . As such, the Global South differs from the concept of the \u201cHemispheric South\u201d, which is a geographical one. The former is, instead, a meta-category or a broad umbrella term that comprises a vast array of decolonized nations, south of the old colonial centers of power. The health needs of the populations dwelling in the Global South are generally overlooked in the scholarly literature and are not prioritized in the political agenda . As previously mentioned, AI and BDA can help pave the way for new opportunities both in the field of preventive and clinical medicine, advancing the design and implementation of personalized treatment and management, as well as precise clinical public and global health interventions. However, despite an accumulating body of evidence, only a few countries from the Global North are leading and shaping research and knowledge in the field, with findings that, as such, may not be generalizable and applicable/directly translatable to the Global South. To be really and truly meaningful, equitable, and impactful, there is an urgent need for socially and ethically responsible, inclusive, and collaborative/participatory AI and BDA, that can drive and support innovation in the Global South, in terms of research, training of qualified personnel, high-quality curated and integrated, diverse and representative, locally relevant and informed databases, algorithms, platforms, and infrastructure.\u201cResponsible\u201d AI and BDA can be defined as an array of innovative and emerging practices of intentionally devising, developing, implementing, and utilizing AI and BDA, to protect the public good and to empower the populations, especially vulnerable, at-risk communities, with a positive impact on society. Responsible AI and BDA are characterized by fairness, inclusiveness, transparency, accountability, explainability, human-centeredness, privacy, and security. \u201cExplainable, trustworthy, responsible AI and BDA for social good\u201d  can reduThese risks generated by some AI- and BDA-based technologies require a global governance infrastructure and a set of clear regulatory frameworks aimed at identifying high-risk AI and BDA applications, setting conformity assessments as well as requirements and obligations for AI- and BDA-based system developers, vendors, and users.However, while the Global North is leading the debate on how to build, regulate, and make an \u201cexplainable, trustworthy, responsible use of AI and BDA for social good\u201d , the GloAs previously mentioned, in the present paper, we will explore how AI and BDA can be exploited to address clinical public and global health needs in the Global South, based on our experience with the ACADIC Project in the Global South, focusing on the ethical and regulatory challenges we had to face, and leveraging the framework previously introduced , Table 3ACADIC has been devising and deploying AI- and BDA-based techniques to better understand the impacts of clinical public and global health interventions implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Global South ,90,91,92In South Africa, for example, ACADIC has been piloting the use of AI- and BDA-based modeling ,95,96 toThis has required accounting for country-specific differences in socio-demographic, epidemiological, and clinical variables, including rates of comorbidities. As such, ACADIC has been re-weighting the models initially developed for South Africa ,90. ACADMoreover, in terms of \u201cexplainable, trustworthy, responsible AI and BDA for social good\u201d , ACADIC ACADIC is also devising models that can assist clinical public and global health policy- and decision-makers develop optimal COVID-19 testing policies and mass vaccination strategies  as well Through the ACADIC project in the Global South, we have learned various lessons that will inform the execution of future programs and initiatives in the field of clinical public health and AI in the Global South. These lessons point to :Partnering with CLOs and community healthcare workers helped us to acquire some of the data from communities and populations that do not visit the healthcare system. In our partnership with community health workers, we had them visit households in certain communities to collect data for us. Some of the CLOs that we partnered with already have networks set up in some of these communities and this made it very easy for us to acquire some of the \u201chard to get\u201d data. For a meaningful change in the health of people in communities, it is important for solutions to be developed and scaled from the bottom up, as modeling and data collection must be community-focused, -owned, and -co-led . In most of the countries in the Global South, without \u201cbuy-in\u201d from the government, it is difficult to influence policies or implement research results. For policy-driven research in the Global South, this is essential. Buy-in from the decision- and policymakers gave us access to data and the ability to influence the collection of data. Thanks to the fact that we had a seat at the table where decisions were made, we were able to influence data gathering in most of the countries and had it disaggregated/stratified by ethnicity, gender, sexuality, socio-economic class, geographic location, and Indigeneity to better understand how COVID-19 is disproportionately affecting socially vulnerable people. It enabled us to influence government communication strategies to address misinformation about the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.It is essential to put together a team with different expertise. The diverse expertise in our team enabled us to merge new data sources from science, technology, social, and cultural systems, in relation to opportunities and risks, centering local needs and knowledge while learning from all partners\u2019 experiences. Being engaged with communities gave us the ability to adjust swiftly to changing circumstances.For impactful research work in the Global South, it is important to create a network and have each team uniquely assemble its own strategy for meeting the program\u2019s objectives and provide an opportunity for teams to learn from each other and an opportunity for knowledge transfer between the teams. In addition, the teams should be encouraged to draw on their own set of experiences, community partners, local context, constraints, and possibilities. By sharing their processes and results, the groups will draw out larger-scale comparisons, synergies, and conclusions in relation to the overall goal(s). It is important to provide an opportunity for them to \u2018learn by doing and \u2018in the community.\u2019 Research that leads to meaningful change is new in most LMICs in the Global South given the history of colonialism and being \u201cforced by circumstances\u201d to rely on the formal colonial masters up to date for most of the innovations. Thus, it is necessary to hold each other\u2019s hands and provide mutual support. The moment researchers become frustrated with research in most countries, if there is no one to provide them with the necessary support to keep going, they will give up. Learning from each other through weekly meetings, workshops, webinars, town hall meetings, etc., is very essential. We learned from other groups within the ACADIC consortium by having weekly meetings and regular workshops. The transnational partnership\u2019s value-added for all partners in ACADIC is grounded in our sharing across contexts and specific situations regarding effective digital data generation, management, dissemination, and ways to address equity priorities for risk minimization by amplifying the voices and agency of marginalized and highly impacted communities.It is imperative to harness data from all available sources including unconventional sources to make up for the gaps that exist in data. We have used unconventional datasets that include, household visits by community health workers, voice scripts, chatbots, Twitter, Google searches, community-level Reddit, WhatsApp, Facebook, etc., to inform health needs about COVID-19 ,89,91. IWe developed a framework that takes into account regulatory and ethical aspects , as well as community and societal needs. We extensively searched the literature (either scholarly/peer-reviewed)  and we iScience granting councils and local funding agencies in the Global South suffer from several, interrelated shortcomings and challenges, including a lack of adequate capacity, coordination, and implementation of research funding policies. Local policy frameworks and enabling structures should be developed and/or strengthened to better support the local communities of scholars and researchers. Moreover, public-private sector partnerships should be incentivized.AI- and BDA-based modeling has attracted increasing interest from policy and decision-makers across countries in the Global South, including Africa. AI- and BDA-based modeling can, indeed, help them shape their local, regional, and national Strategic Plans in an informed, evidence-based, and data-driven fashion, tracking their progress and monitoring their effectiveness. However, there still exists a significant knowledge power imbalance between a few countries leading in AI- and BDA-based modeling and the rest of the world. As such, the AI modeling ecosystem and the research and development (R&D) landscape across the countries in the Global South should be strengthened, in terms of adequate qualified personnel of researchers and innovators, as well as infrastructure and algorithms/tools. In the present paper, we explored how AI and BDA can help address clinical public and global health needs in the Global South, leveraging and capitalizing on our experience with the ACADIC Project in the Global South, and focusing on the ethical and regulatory challenges we had to face.Whilst clinical public health is at the intersection of clinical medicine and public health, clinical global health is the practice of clinical public health in the Global South. As such, clinical public and global health represent vital approaches, instrumental in combining a community/population perspective with clinical practice, identifying health needs, systematically addressing the determinants of health, better coordinating and integrating the delivery of healthcare provisions, reaching the goals of population\u2019s health and well-being, strengthening health promotion, health protection, and health equity, and closing disparities and gaps. Clinical public and global health are called to respond to the more pressing healthcare needs and challenges of our contemporary society, for which AI and BDA can help unlock new options and perspectives. In the aftermath of the still ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the future trend of AI and BDA in the healthcare field will be devoted to building a more healthy, resilient society, able to face several challenges arising from globally networked hyper-risks, including aging, multimorbidity, chronic disease accumulation, and climate change.Based on the existing literature and our experience, we identified the following lessons (i) strengthening local research and healthcare capacity in the Global South, (ii) strengthening local epidemic/pandemic management planning, including the establishment and development of networks with simulator users in the Global South, (iii) a need for locally informed models in the Global South, (iv) a need for flexible modeling frameworks to respond rapidly to future emergencies in the Global South, (v) limitations and shortcomings of modeling should be communicated clearly and consistently to end users in the Global South, (vi) systematically monitoring the use and implementation of models in the process of decision-making in the Global South, (vii) a need for strengthening AI- and Big Data-related funding in the Global South, and (viii) a need for strengthening AI- and BDA-modeling capacity in the Global South.This is in line with other experiences of authors from the Global South, which reaffirm that equity in health is paramount, being \u201cthe core value of health for all\u201d , as advoAs such, carrying out health research is vital, even though, in some resource-limited areas and environments, it may be particularly complex and difficult, with a limited capacity to undertake and translate research into practice . There, Researchers and scholars from the Global South are terribly under-represented in research ,109,110,The present study has some limitations, that should be acknowledged. The literature review was narrative rather than systematic and the qualitative part of the study was preliminary. As such, further research is needed. Moreover, only a limited number of countries from the Global South could be included and the findings of the current review may not be generalizable to other realities and contexts from the Global South. Through a narrative literature review and our experience with the ACADIC project, we have learned many lessons that will inform the execution of future initiatives in the Global South. If all these lessons are properly addressed, it will be possible to carry out responsible, inclusive, and impactful AI- and BDA-based research in the healthcare sector that will provide global benefits However, our literature review is narrative and our qualitative analysis preliminary. As such, further research in the field is warranted. More in detail, future studies should conduct high-quality systematic reviews on some (sub-)topics such as clinical public and global health, as well as on digital health in the Global South. Moreover, new interactive, web-based trackers and indicators, such as the \u201cGlobal Digital Health Index\u201d (GDHI), should be developed and validated to evaluate and monitor the progress toward inclusive, equitable, responsible, and locally championed AI and digital health throughout the world, with a focus on the Global South."}
{"text": "The smartness that underpins smart cities and societies is defined by our ability to engage with our environments, analyze them, and make decisions, all in a timely manner . We are This Special Issue\u2019s focus is on the IoT, and it is concerned with bringing \u201csmartness\u201d to the IoT and other system layers using technologies such as Cloud, Fog, and Edge Computing; High-Performance Computing (HPC); Big Data; Blockchain; and/or AI. In addition to this Editorial piece, a collection of 13 articles is featured in this Special Issue, covering a range of topics, including mobility, healthcare, image analysis, permeable pavements, solid waste management, sensor node and gateway architectures, air quality monitoring, thermal anomalies and smart helmets in industrial environments, smart airports, smart districts, smart travel choices, sensor cities, artificially intelligent cities, and platform urbanism. Smartness is a multidisciplinary topic and can be defined from different perspectives. We see through the articles included in this Special Issue that smartness can be seen to have four dimensions . These dimensions are: (i) Sensors, IoT, and Data Generation; (ii) Data and Information Processing; (iii) Actuation; and (iv) Digital Systems and Infrastructure. To elaborate, we can see smartness in the way sensing is embedded in a system, the way data and information are processed, how a system interacts internally and with its environment, and whether a system is ubiquitous or limited by space (cloud-based or edge-enabled). What follows is a brief review of the articles included in this Special Issue, which highlights their contributions with respect to these four dimensions. They are grouped according to their application areas: mobility and transportation, healthcare, industrial environments, and other urban infrastructures.Transportation is the backbone of modern economies, albeit at massive human, environmental, and economic costs ,3. Lana Chia et al.  use smarAlomari et al.  introducMotivated by the fact that over a billion people are disabled worldwide, with 253 million of them being visually impaired or blind, Busaeed et al.  propose The detection of anomalies in harsh industrial environments is a challenging task. To address this, Ghazal et al.  propose Campero-Jurado et al.  discuss Janbi et al.  propose,Yigitcanlar et al.  investigFeri et al.  propose Akram et al.  propose Jo et al.  examinedThe smartness that underpins smart cities and societies is defined by our ability to engage with our environments, analyze them, and make decisions, all in a timely manner. The IoT has been the focus of this Special Issue, and its concern has been to bring \u201csmartness\u201d to the IoT and other system layers using emerging technologies. The articles included in this issue cover a wide range of applications, including image analysis, permeable pavements, solid waste management, air quality monitoring, thermal anomalies and smart helmets in industrial environments, smart airports, smart districts, and smart travel choices.The field of smartness is exciting, and while a lot has been achieved, the future possibilities with technologies such as Deep Learning, Edge Computing, Virtual Reality, and more are endless. There are many works that are complementary to the research presented in this Special Issue, such as deep journalism , smartiz"}
{"text": "Anxiety is an ambiguous term, meaning an emotional state, a clinical symptom, a disorder, or a group of disorders. Anxiety is a normal feeling that arises when a person believes he is in danger from a threat or unidentified danger, ensuing with a state of alertness, arousal, and exploratory attention. Its distinction from neighbouring concepts, such as anguish, fear, worry, anxiety, panic, or uneasiness, is valuable but controversial.Review and synthesize various contributions from phenomenology and philosophy to the understanding of what it is like to experience generalized anxiety.Selective review of the most prominent literature regarding anxiety psychopathology, namely that of Jaspers, Heidegger, L\u00f3pez-Ibor, Sims, Berrios, Femi Oyebode, Pio Abreu, James Aho, Picazo Zappino and Gerrit Glas.Jaspers described free-float anxiety as common and painful, floating and detached, as a feeling of misunderstood genesis, imposing despite the inapparent object, driving an inescapable need to provide some content to it, but also susceptible to insight by those who experience it. It can take a vitalized or primarily psychic form. Anxiety is closely related to the limits of the human being and to (hopelessness). For Heidegger, angst is the expression of authentic existence. L\u00f3pez-Ibor considered anxiety and anguish nuances of the same experience, in both of which there is fear of the dissolution of the unity and continuity of the self (anguish). When what exists is not a fear, but only a threat, anxiety arises.Phenomenologically informed psychopathology is relevant for clinicians. Complementing neurosciences, each answers questions that the other cannot.No significant relationships."}
{"text": "The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) has defined pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage, which also comprises a subjective component . Pain isRegarding chronic pain, it entails a serious health burden, and a high comorbidity with other disorders such as anxiety, depression, insomnia, and cognitive impairments ,9,10,11.The principal chronic pain disorders include headache, migraine, and local and generalized musculoskeletal diseases. The last may be further divided into those with inflammatory , mechanical , or unknown origin . These dFibromyalgia, chronic tension-type headache, migraine, and the temporomandibular disorder are some examples of chronic pain disorders without a clear physiological cause. In all of these disorders, the pain intensity is found not to be proportional to the reported injury ,23,24,25The intervention of chronic pain should be considered from a biopsychosocial perspective. As pointed out before, chronic pain is a condition characterized by physiological and biological correlates, in turn modulated by emotions (including negative beliefs) ,33,34,35In general, to contribute to the effectiveness of chronic pain treatment, patients must be informed of the characteristics of the treatment. Thus, they are capable of committing to the treatment and can achieve better results . It is cIn sum, the chronic pain field requires continuous research in order to improve its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Considering the worldwide incidence, and prevalence of chronic pain in developing countries , scienti"}
{"text": "IgA nephropathy (IgAN) typically is a slowly progressing disease, with 10% to 60% of patients developing chronic kidney failure within 10 years.In round 1, most statements (19 [95%]) met the criteria for high consensus, including those regarding pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of early stage and rapidly progressive IgAN . ParticiP\u00a0= 0.044). For round 2, statement #28 was split into 2 statements . Further analyses by country can be found in P\u00a0= 0.045). In round 2, the difference in agreement between academic and nonacademic nephrologists for both statements #28A and #28B was no longer statistically significant . It is possible that academic nephrologists may assess the long-term risk-benefit profile of corticosteroids more conservatively than their nonacademic colleagues.Further analyses explored differences in agreement levels among participants practicing in different geographic locations  and S2. The DEFINE: Physicians Delphi survey on IgAN identified high consensus overall after just 1 round of the survey. This finding suggests that nephrologists in North America and Europe have similar opinions on IgAN management and that these opinions are largely consistent with the KDIGO guideline. The statement with the lowest level of agreement  was statement #28, which described corticosteroid use in adults. Corticosteroids for managing IgAN is a controversial topic, considering recent results from studies including the STOP-IGAN and TESTING trials.The high level of agreement found for the pathophysiology and treatment goal statements ; #3.6Most statements in this survey aligned with the 2021 KDIGO guideline for glomerular diseases.The high levels of agreement found in this study may be driven by the fact that treatment options for IgAN are limited, with no alternatives to consider. However, the treatment landscape of IgAN may change, as many studies are currently investigating potential therapies for this disease.Limitations of this study include that it was conducted in English and did not involve nephrologists from Asia or South America. Furthermore, there was a limited number of female participants and pediatric nephrologists in this survey  and S5. In summary, the lowest levels of agreement were observed on corticosteroid use in adult patients who receive optimized supportive therapy but still have elevated proteinuria. Although overall agreement was high regarding this topic, some nephrologists, particularly in Europe, disagreed with the use of corticosteroids in this setting. This suggests that further research on the risk-benefit profile of corticosteroids and new therapies in IgAN are needed. Overall, the DEFINE: Physicians study found high levels of consensus regarding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and monitoring of IgAN among nephrologists from North America and Europe and that, in general, their opinions align with the latest KDIGO guideline for statements evaluated herein.JF is employed by Rheinisch-Westf\u00e4lische Technische Hochschule University of Aachen; has consultancy agreements with Amgen, Bayer, Calliditas, Novo Nordisk, Omeros, Travere Therapeutics, Inc., Vifor, and Visterra; has received honoraria from Amgen, Astellas, Bayer, Calliditas, Novo Nordisk, Omeros, Travere Therapeutics, Inc., Vifor, and Visterra; is a scientific advisor for Calliditas, Omeros, and Travere Therapeutics, Inc.; and is on the speakers bureau for Amgen and Vifor. JB has received research grants from Argenx, Calliditas, Chinook Therapeutics, Galapagos, GSK, Novartis, Travere Therapeutics, Inc., and Vera Therapeutics; and serves as a medical/scientific advisor to Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Argenx, Astellas, Biocryst, Calliditas, Chinook Therapeutics, Dimerix, Galapagos, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Omeros, Travere Therapeutics, Inc., UCB, Vera Therapeutics, and Visterra. RC has consultancy agreements with Amgen, Argenx, Calliditas, Novartis, Ostuka, Reata, Recordati, and Travere Therapeutics, Inc., and has an agreement with UpToDate. RL has received research funding from Calliditas, Chinook, National Institutes of Health, Novartis, Travere Therapeutics, Inc., Pfizer, Vera, Omeros, and Visterra; and is an advisor for Alexion, Calliditas, Chemocentryx, Chinook, Novartis Omeros, Pfizer, Reatta, Travere Therapeutics, Inc., and Visterra. JR has received research grants from Travere Therapeutics, Inc.; is on a steering committee for Travere Therapeutics, Inc.; and has consulting/advisory board roles with Angion Biomedica and Travere Therapeutics, Inc. HNR has received consulting fees from Calliditas, Chinook, Novartis, and Travere Therapeutics, Inc.; has received honoraria from Novartis; is an advisor for Novartis and Travere Therapeutics, Inc.; has served as national coordinating investigator for trials by Calliditas and Chinook; has served as an investigator for GN clinical trials by Alnylam, Calliditas, Chemocentryx, Omeros, and Pfizer; and is director of the Glomerulonephritis Fellowship funded by the Louise Fast Foundation. BR has received consulting fees from Calliditas, Novartis, Omeros, and Travere Therapeutics, Inc. DTS has consultancy agreements with BioPorto and Travere Therapeutics, Inc. MV is on advisory boards for Apellis, Novartis, Roche, and Travere Therapeutics, Inc.; receives consulting fees from Alexion; and has participated in studies sponsored by Bayer, Novartis, Chemocentrix, and Chinook. This does not influence the content of the present study. CP is employed by ApotheCom, which received funding support from Travere Therapeutics, Inc. for the DEFINE: Physicians study. VT has served as principal investigator and steering committee member for clinical studies in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis supported by Travere Therapeutics, Inc., and has consultancy agreements with AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Calliditas, Novartis, Omeros, and Travere Therapeutics, Inc."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 1. Instead of \u201cState Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China\u201d, it should be \u201cDepartment of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China\u201d.In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 2. Instead of \u201cDepartment of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China\u201d, it should be \u201cState Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China\u201d.In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliation for Ruiying Han. As well as having affiliation 2, they should also have Department of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.In the published article, there was an error. There was a mistake in the time range of the searched literature in Abstract.Methods, 1. This sentence previously stated:A correction has been made to Abstract, \u201cWe systematically searched databases including Medline, Embase, and Web of Science for studies up to March 2022 with no start date limited.\u201dThe corrected sentence appears below:\u201cWe systematically searched databases including Medline, Embase, and Web of Science for studies from January 2000 to March 2022.\u201dThe authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "Life.Hypoxia is a current research topic in biology, physiology, and medicine. The effects of hypoxia and the adaptive and maladaptive responses to the hypoxic stress are extensively explored in the domains of altitude, exercise, pulmonary and cardiovascular medicine, inflammation, immunity, cancer, and metabolic diseases. However, the molecular machinery that regulates the activity of certain genes in response to hypoxia is still not explored. This Special Issue \u201cCellular and Functional Response to Hypoxia\u201d presents 14 papers dealing with all aspects of responses to hypoxia, at the molecular, cellular, and integrative levels ,3. First"}
{"text": "There is an error in affiliation 5 for author Verena Loidl. The correct affiliation is: Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology\u2014IBE, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany."}
{"text": "Instead of \u201cDepartment of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary\u201d, it should be \u201cDepartment of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary\u201d.In the published article, there was an error in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Background: Health organisations and stakeholders use social media for a range of functions, including engaging stakeholders in the design and quality improvement (QI) of services. Social media may help overcome some of the limitations of traditional stakeholder engagement methods. This scoping review explores the benefits, risks, barriers and enablers for using social media as a tool for stakeholder engagement in health service design and QI. Methods: The searches were conducted on 16 August 2022. Inclusion criteria were: studies of any health service stakeholders, in any health setting, where social media was used as a tool for service design or QI. Data was analysed using deductive content analysis. A committee of stakeholders provided input on research questions, data analysis and key findings. Results: 61 studies were included. Benefits included improved organisational communication and relationship building. Risks/limitations included low quality of engagement and harms to users. Limited access and familiarity with social media were frequently reported barriers. Making discussions safe and facilitating access were common enablers. Conclusion: The benefits, risks, barriers and enablers identified highlight the complexity of social media as an engagement tool for health service design and QI. Understanding these experiences may help implementers design more effective social media-based engagement activities. Social media has shaped the internet since Web 2.0 was defined in 2004 . Social Social media can also be used to facilitate the engagement consumers and other stakeholders in activities to change, design, or improve health services . BataldeStakeholder engagement in health service design and QI which includes consumers has been shown to improve patient access and outcomes ,16,17, aThe aim of this scoping review was to explore the benefits, risks, barriers and enablers for using social media as a tool for stakeholder engagement in health service design and/or QI. This study complements a previously published paper which used the same scoping review method and described a related but distinct set of findings on the features of social media platforms, models of communication, populations of people, and types of service design, QI or change activities . The keyThis scoping review was conducted using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology . The objIt should be noted that the JBI methodology for scoping reviews was updated in 2020 however this was after the scoping review protocol was published  and enacThis review was guided by the involvement of an advisory committee of three healthcare consumers and three healthcare service providers. Members of the advisory had professional and/or lived experience in palliative care, mental health, ICU and critical care, transplantation, chronic disease, consumer engagement and representation, and health communications.The advisory committee and scoping review were part of a larger doctoral research project. Committee members were invited following purposeful sampling  from theDeciding upon the research question;Finding articles for screening;Assisting with data analysis, including making suggestions to refine and re-group codes and themes;Reviewing the manuscript; andShaping the content of the discussion section through prioritising the analysis findings based on their own experience of the health system.Advisory committee members contributed to the review by:Advisory committee member contributions to the review were made through two 90 min meetings held via video conference, and through ongoing email correspondence throughout the review and manuscript-writing process.The two members of the advisory committee who provided feedback on the manuscript, and answered the questions which informed the discussion section, are included as co-authors on the review .The eligibility criteria outlined below and the subsequent search strategy and methods for the extraction of the results were guided by the Population-Concept-Context structure . The eliUsers or potential users of a health service ; and/orHealth service providers .For inclusion in this review, participants in the included studies were:No restrictions were placed on the age or gender of study participants.Studies only involving participants from non-health service settings  were excluded from the review.Studies where social media was used as a tool within design or QI activities which were initiated by health organisations, andStudies where social media was used as a tool by stakeholders to influence or advocate for changes to the design or delivery of health services, systems or policy.The core concept to be examined in this review are the benefits, risks, barriers and enablers of using social media as a tool for health service design and QI. To capture the full range of potential uses of social media in health service design and QI, two broad study types were included. These were:A date range limitation of \u20182004\u2013current\u2019 was placed on the search. This date range was chosen because 2004 is considered the beginning of Web 2.0, the era in which the internet shifted from being primarily comprised of static webpages, to instead being made up of sites and applications which allowed for user-generated content creation and distribution . This shStudies where social media was used, but there was no intention or objective to design or improve health services, systems or policies were excluded from the review. This included social media being used for disease surveillance, health information dissemination, treatment, peer support, education and research without health service change, design or improvement.Studies conducted in health service or health policy settings and published in English. Studies from any geographic location, regardless of income status, were included.Studies conducted in non-healthcare settings  were excluded.Original primary research or evaluation articles (any methods) in peer reviewed academic publications, were eligible for inclusion in the review. Sources without original research, and secondary research literature, were excluded from the review.On 16 August 2022 Medline OVID, Embase OVID, PsycINFO OVID, and CINAHL EBSCO were searched. All searches were restricted by the date range of January 2004\u2013current (16 August 2022) and published in English only. Example search strategies for Medline OVID and Embase OVID are provided in Supplementary Table S2.In addition to the searches above, the reference lists of included studies were screened for potentially eligible studies. Members of the advisory committee also submitted potentially relevant studies for inclusion.L.W. screened the titles and abstracts of retrieved studies, and the screening process was managed in EndNote. L.W. retrieved the full text of potentially eligible studies and assessed them for inclusion, using a screening template developed by L.W., N.H. and S.H. . When anThe analysis represents the scoping review step of \u201ccharting the data\u201d which allows for both a numerical summary of the scope of the literature in terms of quantity of research  and qualComments from the advisory committee in response to the results of the data analysis also informed the content of the discussion section of this article, including how results should be presented and which elements should be emphasised.In the protocol  and the When an otherwise eligible conference abstract was identified, an additional search was conducted to determine whether a peer reviewed article from the same study had been published. When an otherwise eligible secondary research article was identified, the studies included in the review were individually screened for eligibility.After screening 5456 titles and abstracts, and 292 full text articles, 61 articles from 59 study settings were included in the scoping review. All articles were published since 2010, with 23 of the included articles (38%) published since 2020. The majority of studies (90%) were conducted in high income countries. The list of included studies and their key characteristics are shown in The benefits, risks, barriers and enablers for the use of social media as a tool for stakeholder engagement in service design and QI are presented below. Key findings of the analysis are presented in the commentary for each of the a priori themes. A summary of the themes, sub-themes and codes developed through the analysis is presented in Using social media for stakeholder engagement in health service design and QI resulted in a broad range of reported benefits. Benefits were grouped into the sub-themes of (1) improves organisational communication, (2) builds relationships, (3) higher quality information and (4) improves organisational culture and reputation.Improves the efficiency of communication. The most common benefit relating to organisational communication was that using social media as a tool within health service design and QI activities improves the efficiency of communication [nication ,87,92,95nication ,73,82,92nication ,85,86,92nication ,71,80,95nication ,55,66,71nication ,69,73,84nication ,52,68 anAdditional channel for communication. Social media provides an additional channel for communication [nication ,73,80,84nication ,58,80,84nication ,56,65,66nication ,59,73. NFacilitates collaborative relationships. Social media is beneficial for collaborative relationship building between individuals, groups or organisations [isations ,89,91,93isations ,86,89,91isations ,48,70, sisations ,77,86, aisations ,91,93.Engages new audiences. Using social media in health service design and QI also provides opportunities to develop relationships with new audiences [udiences ,86,88,91udiences ,59,73 anudiences .Improves clinical practice. The relationship-building capacity of social media was also seen to improve clinical practice [practice ,81,91,97practice ,91,97, apractice ,72,81.Improves the quality of information gathered or shared. Social media was seen to improve the quality of information gathered or shared by organisations [isations ,86,90,95isations ,69,73,85isations . In the isations ,84,90,95Facilitates high quality discussions. Social media was seen as effective for facilitating high quality discussions [cussions ,67,69,76cussions ,56, creacussions ,67,69, aFacilitates positive organisational culture change. The use of social media in QI and service design was seen to facilitate positive organisational change [l change ,82,84,92l change ,69,74,84l change ,71,81,92l change ,52, incrl change ,52,81,84The risk and limitations reported in the included studies were grouped into the sub-themes of (1) limited or ineffective engagement, (2) limited evidence of effectiveness, (3) risks of direct harm to individuals and organisations, and (4) challenges to strategic use.Underutilisation by target audiences. The most frequently reported risk or limitation theme was that social media is underutilised by target audiences of the health service or QI/design activity [activity ,90,96,97activity ,86,90,97activity ,52,65,74activity ,96,97, pactivity ,97 and sactivity  observedactivity  found thQuality of discussion or information gathered not sufficient for QI purposes. The quality of discussion or information on social media could limit its effectiveness for informing QI activities [tivities ,76,80,97tivities ,65,76,97tivities ,57, and tivities ,63,75,80Unclear evidence of the benefits compared to traditional stakeholder engagement methods was a limitation to using social media in some of the included studies [ studies ,80,84,86 studies ,55, one  studies  and one  studies . There a studies ,55,81,86Malicious, fake or negative messages and actions were recognised as a risk [s a risk ,86,90,97s a risk ,86,90,97s a risk  were exas a risk ,60,64,90s a risk .Breaches of privacy and professional behaviour. Privacy and professional behaviour breaches are a concern for all social media users engaged in service design and QI [n and QI ,74,76,84n and QI ,41,84. Sn and QI  and are Difficult to use strategically to achieve change. Social media can be difficult to use in a strategic way to achieve change [e change ,63,81,97e change ,63. AddiDifficult to evaluate. Social media engagement was seen as difficult to evaluate in five studies [ studies ,65,74,80 studies  were allBarriers to social media use in health service and system design and QI were experienced by all user types. Barriers included specific, observed, barriers which occurred during a study, and expressed concerns based on opinions or beliefs about health service use of social media that were significant enough to stop or limit social media use. The expressed concerns that act as barriers to the use of social media were wide-ranging and were most often expressed by organisations or service providers, rather than health consumers. The barriers identified in the included studies have been grouped into the sub-themes of (1) lack of access to and familiarity with social media, (2) lack of organisational processes and support, (3) concerns about how people behave online, and (4) problems with social media platforms.Lack of resources and access was the most frequently occurring barrier [ barrier ,86,96,97 barrier ,86,96,97 barrier ,58,82,97 barrier  and staf barrier .A lack of skills and confidence in using social media [lack of familiarity with using social media for health or QI purposes [al media ,74,84,97purposes ,68,72,88Issues with organisational culture and a lack of executive support were observed as barriers in some studies [ studies ,71,72,84 studies ,52,61,72 studies ,43, gove studies ,43, a la studies ,84, and  studies ,71. From studies ,52.Concerns about implementation and evaluation processes were expressed as barriers to the use of social media [al media ,52,65,73al media ,50,51,52al media ,65.Concerns about how to manage messaging, people and interactions in a public forum were reported as barriers [barriers ,68,72,97barriers ,66 or fibarriers , other ubarriers , legal abarriers , managinbarriers , and worbarriers ,52,97.Concerns about the possibility of users breaching privacy or professional codes of behaviour were expressed as barriers to using social media for health service design and QI activities [tivities ,74,91,97Unwillingness to share personal information online can act as a barrier to consumers using social media for health service design and QI activities [tivities ,89,91,97Rapid changes in the social media environment meant organisations struggled to maintain a presence across all relevant platforms [latforms ,89.Poor usability of platforms, particularly purpose-built platforms [latforms  or platflatforms , were alThe enablers of social media use in health service or system design and QI were grouped into the sub-themes of (1) facilitating access and use for all stakeholders, (2) making discussions safe, (3) providing high quality content and user incentives, (4) supportive organisational systems and culture, and (5) building a social media community.Making use of social media easier for target audiences. Making social media easier to use enables its use in health service design and QI activities [tivities ,92,96,97tivities ,69,73,81tivities ,66,77,87tivities ,86 also Organisational systems, processes, resourcing and partnership. Organisations can enable the use of social media through creating systems, processes, plans and roles related to social media use [edia use ,87,93,97edia use ,74,97, aedia use ,81,82,87edia use ,52, and edia use ,73 and sedia use ,43,73,82Providing multiple ways to engage. Social media being only part of a suite of engagement strategies was an enabler [ enabler ,80,85,88 enabler ,69,73.Facilitating access to social media. Making access to social media easier enabled its use [ its use ,73,77,93 its use ,73. Advo its use ,73, or eMaking discussions safe. Safe discussions for all participants was a commonly reported enabler [ enabler ,84,91,93 enabler ,72,73,84 enabler ,65,69,93 enabler ,69. Ther enabler ,69,71,91Delivering engaging, trustworthy and targeted content. Quality content, tailored to social media platform formats and communication styles, is a way to enable and encourage use of social media for health service design and QI [n and QI ,86,88,94Users gaining benefits from participation. All user types were more likely to use social media if they could see benefit from their participation [cipation ,73,81,82cipation ,41,81, scipation ,81,82, acipation , seeing cipation ,81,82, acipation ,73,81,82Fostering connections between users within a social media community. Connections between users enabled the use of social media [al media ,88,89,93al media ,68,88,89al media ,40,72,82al media ,82,93. DOrganisations promoting their use of social media. Promotion is a way to build a social media community for health service design and QI activities [tivities ,51,52,65The findings of this review present a comprehensive summary of the scope of existing research into the risks, benefits, barriers and enablers of social media use experienced by stakeholders involved in, or trying to advocate for, the design and improvement of health services, systems and policy.Benefits of social media use in health service and system design and QI included improvements in organisational communication, culture and reputation, and improvements in relationships and the resulting quality of information from the social media process. The most frequently reported enablers were approaches which made access and use easier and discussions safer. Common negative experiences of use related to the risks of limited engagement and a lack of evidence around social media. In terms of barriers, a lack of access to, and familiarity with, social media, and a lack of organisational support were reported most frequently.In general, the benefits, risks, barriers and enablers of social media use described in the current literature were similar across user groups, which indicates that solutions to overcome reported risks and barriers are likely to benefit all users. However, further study into the experiences of marginalised population groups is warranted and might reveal different experiences that are not currently known.Advisory committee members determined the most relevant and important findings from the analysis, based on their experience of stakeholder engagement in health service design and QI and their knowledge around the issues related to social media-based engagement faced by health services and their stakeholders. These findings are emphasised and discussed in detail in the sections below.Social media may assist in helping health services engage new audiences in the process of QI ,86,88,91The risk of negative, false or malicious messaging was highlighted as an important finding, even though this risk was only mentioned in thirteen studies ,86,90,97The advisory committee felt that the strategies of monitoring ,72,73,84Whatever the reason for the potential under-reporting of monitoring, moderation and group rules, the fact that our advisory committee highlighted the importance of these strategies indicates that they may be a key area for future research, in order to better understand the impacts of monitoring and moderation practices on stakeholder engagement in health service and system design and QI.Social media can have positive impacts on trust and the quality of relationships between consumers and their providers or health organisations. The potential for social media use to make organisations more transparent ,69,74,84However, the findings of the review also demonstrate that this experience of improved relationships is not universal. Some of the included studies identify risks of negative experiences for users through social media messaging or online behaviour ,86,90,97There was some discrepancy between consumers wanting some ability to maintain privacy and anonymity in social media spaces ,91, and This is the first scoping review to our knowledge to explore risks, benefits, barriers and enablers for using social media as a tool within health service design and QI activities. Much of the existing literature which examines social media use in health either discusses theoretical models of use in service design or QI activities ,107,108,The findings of this review challenges previous theoretical literature on the use of social media in health service design and QI. Much of the theoretical literature views social media as a way to overcome some of the limitations or barriers of traditional face-to-face models of consumer engagement ,24,25,26Additionally, the findings of the review reinforce what is known around the use of social media in health more broadly, such as the benefits of improved data gathering and sharing, improved relationships and support, and concerns about privacy, usability and misinformation, which are already reported in research on social media-based health peer support and health service delivery activities ,7,8.Few included studies reported monitoring and moderation as an enabler. It may be under-reported because moderation is simply seen as usual business by the organisations and groups that manage social media, and so the use of moderators was not explicitly stated. Given that moderation has the potential to mitigate some of the risks and barriers of social media use , but may also create or reinforce power structures in online spaces which can affect the quality of engagement , more atThere were mixed findings on some key issues. For example, some studies found social media use improved the richness and authenticity of the information gathered for QI and service design organisations ,86,90,95The objectives and inclusion criteria for this review meant that the views, opinions and experiences of people who are not current social media users, but who are involved (or who could be involved) in health service design or QI through other engagement methods, were most likely not captured in the included studies. By not including this group, key experiences may have been missed, particularly ones relevant to increasing social media uptake by non- or infrequent-user groups, or understanding experiences that may lead to stakeholders not engaging through social media at all. Additionally, the included studies largely reported on the process of social media-based engagement methods, rather than outcomes of social media-based engagement, or comparisons between social media engagement methods and more typical engagement methods. This means that the findings of the included studies may reflect some pro-social media bias, as they were conducted in organisations or with stakeholders who had already decided to use social media as an engagement tool.This review had some methodological limitations. The review protocol was published and reviews guided by an earlier version of the JBI Reviewer\u2019s Manual  using a Finally, using a deductive content analysis method with a priori themes as a coding framework, may have led us to overlooking opportunities to expand or refute existing theories . To miniThis review adds to the growing empirical literature on the use of social media for consumer engagement in health service design and QI, as well as potentially for broader engagement purposes. Health services and stakeholders involved in design or QI activities could use the findings to inform their planning. For example, the findings relating to benefits may provide support for social media as an engagement approach, while the enablers give practical strategies for implementing social media as a stakeholder engagement tool. The risks/limitations and barriers findings may help planners understand where they need to provide support to help people engage or may meet resistance to social media engagement approaches.This review has uncovered a number of potential areas for future research. The highly dynamic nature of social media makes it likely that new issues and experiences around the use of social media as an engagement tool in health service design and QI will emerge in the future. Future research could examine innovations in social media-based engagement and how new risks and barriers to use could be overcome. In particular, the increase in health services being provided digitally and/or remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic  may leadWhile studies in this review described benefits around involving new people in engagement activities ,86,88,91This review has also identified potential under-reporting of monitoring and moderation as an enabler for stakeholder engagement through social media. Further research into the role and impacts of monitoring and moderation of health-related social media spaces may lead to a better understanding of the role social media moderators play in facilitating stakeholder engagement in health service design and QI.This scoping review examined the risks, benefits, barriers and enablers when using social media as a tool to engage a range of stakeholders in health service design or QI activities. The benefits, risks, barriers and enablers described in the included studies highlighted the complex experiences of individuals and health service engaging in service design or improvement through social media. Social media may improve organisational communication and help individuals build relationships which can enhance health service design and QI activities, but can also expose health services and individuals to reputational risks, trolling, harassment and breaches in privacy. These risks can be managed through strategies such as monitoring and moderation of social media spaces and establishing organisational policies and processes around social media. However, without executive support and good communication between implementing teams, concerns about these risks can become barriers to using social media as stakeholder engagement tool, particularly in health services with an existing culture of risk aversion. In addition to these potential barriers caused by organizational culture, health services using social media in their suite of engagement strategies need to consider whether there are any accessibility and usability barriers in any of their stakeholder groups, including access to internet, access to computers and other devices, and the usability or accessibility of social media platforms.Having a good understanding of the complexity of using social media as a stakeholder engagement tool in the design and improvement of health services may assist planners and implementers to be more aware of, and more able to overcome, some of the known barriers, risks and limitations. It is also important for implementers to understand that there may be experiences that are not yet captured, due to the dynamic social media environment and lack of data on the experience of marginalised groups."}
{"text": "Around 1,000 peer-reviewed papers were selected from 3,450 articles published during 2020\u20132021, and reviewed as the representative advances in tribology research worldwide. The survey highlights the development in lubrication, wear and surface engineering, biotribology, high temperature tribology, and computational tribology, providing a show window of the achievements of recent fundamental and application researches in the field of tribology."}
{"text": "Due to a production error, there was an error in affiliation 1. Instead of \u201cArtificial Life Lab, Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Prague, Austria\u201d, it should be \u201cArtificial Life Lab, Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria\u201d.The publisher apologizes for this mistake. The original version of this article has been updated."}
{"text": "In 2018, ~382,000 new cases of cancer  and 157,400 related deaths  were registered in France  on overall health. It is an essential and key parameter for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, such as cancer. PA is defined as any body movement generated by the contraction of skeletal muscle that raises energy expenditure above the resting metabolic rate and is characterized by its modality, frequency, intensity, duration, or context of practice . It is cWhile PAL has long been studied for its role in non-communicable diseases , the impvs. \u201cSB\u201d or \u201chigh\u201d vs. \u201clow\u201d PA to describe the complexity of human movement behaviors. Indeed, we and other researchers encourage a move toward a multidimensional approach to PA characterization, and a detailed analysis of body motion and fine movement behaviors  to identify more precisely individuals at risk for future chronic disease   . Thus, pry only) , and recry only) . CommercGE, DT, and MD conceived the idea, drafted, revised, and edited the manuscript. LD, AR, QJ, and FM revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the article."}
{"text": "In \u201cShare to Seek: The Effects of Disease Complexity on Health Information\u2013Seeking Behavior\u201d :e21642), the authors noted two errors.In the originally published article, affiliations of the first author, Ashwag Alasmari, appeared in the following order:1,2Ashwag Alasmari1University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United States2King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi ArabiaMoreover, the original Affiliation 2 inadvertently did not specify any department.In the corrected version, affiliations appear in the following order, and the reordered Affiliation 1 specifies the author's affiliated department:1,2Ashwag Alasmari1Computer Science Department, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia2University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United StatesThe correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on September 30, 2022, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories."}
{"text": "Psidium cattleianum), cambu\u00ed (Myrciaria floribunda), gabiroba (Campomanesia xanthocarpa), jabuticaba (Plinia cauliflora), and jambolan (Syzygium cumini). Scientific studies were gathered and selected in Google Scholar, Scielo, and Science Direct indexed databases, out of which 14 were about ara\u00e7\u00e1, 7 concerned cambu\u00ed, 4 were about gabiroba, 29 were related to jabuticaba, and 33 concerned jambolan, when we observed the pre-established inclusion criteria. Results showed that the anthocyanins, such as cyanidin, petunidin, malvidin, and delphinidin, were the mostly identified class of flavonoids in plants of the Myrtaceae family, mainly relating to the purple/reddish color of the evaluated fruits. Other compounds, such as catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, and rutin were also identified in different constituent fractions, such as leaves, peel, pulp, seeds, and in developed products, such as jams, desserts, wines, teas, and other beverages. It is also worth noting the positive health effects verified in these studies, such as anti-inflammatory qualities for jambolan, antidiabetic qualities for gabiroba, antioxidant qualities for ara\u00e7\u00e1, and cardioprotective actions for jabuticaba, which are related to the presence of these phytochemicals. Therefore, it is possible to point out that flavonoids are important compounds in the chemical constitution of the studied plants of the Myrtaceae family, with promising potential in the development of new products by the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries due to their bioactive properties.This integrative review aims to identify the main flavonoids present in some species of the Myrtaceae family. Studies published between 2016 and 2022 were selected, specifically those which were fully available and written in Portuguese, English, or Spanish, and which were related to the fruits ara\u00e7\u00e1 ( Eucalyptus spp.), used in the production of wood and flavoring agents [Psidium cattleianum Sabine) [Myrciaria floribunda (H. West ex Willd.) O. Berg) [Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg) [Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels) [Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel) [Myrtaceae is a family comprising 121 genera and 5800 plant species, occurring mainly in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, being a predominant group in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest [ Sabine) , cambuizO. Berg) , gabirob Skeels) , and jab Kausel) , studiedVarious species of the Myrtaceae family, when processed, provide important products, such as essential oils, dyes, and food products, and can be also employed in traditional medicine ,9,10,11.The range of utilities provided by these plants may be related to the presence of phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, which are the main compounds of interest in this study. These compounds help in the prevention of various chronic non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular pathologies, oxidative stress, certain types of cancers, atherosclerosis, diabetes, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, cataracts, and other respiratory disorders, and are concentrated in different parts of the plant . FlavonoPsidium, Myrciaria, Campomanesia, Plinia, and Syzygium stand out for their phytochemical composition with a multitude of bioactive compounds, characterized by the production of flavonoids, water-soluble and condensed tannins, saponins, mono- and sesquiterpenes, and triterpenoids, among others [In this context, fruit trees of the genera g others .Psidium originates from tropical and subtropical America, which has great biological and economic importance in Brazil. This group includes several species of trees and shrubs, with emphasis on the guava tree (Psidium guajava L.) and ara\u00e7\u00e1 tree (P. cattleianum), plants geographically distributed in several regions of Brazil [The genus f Brazil .Popularly, the fruits of the ara\u00e7\u00e1 tree are known as ara\u00e7\u00e1, yellow ara\u00e7\u00e1, red ara\u00e7\u00e1, ara\u00e7\u00e1-de-comer, ara\u00e7\u00e1-da-praia, ara\u00e7\u00e1-de-coroa, and ara\u00e7\u00e1-do-mato. Despite the distinction of names, varieties and color, the fruits are characterized by having an ovoid shape, translucent pulp, and a kernel full of seeds, which can vary from approximately 22 to 250 units  16,17,1,117,18.Ara\u00e7\u00e1 has high agro-food potential due to its chemical composition. Among the compounds found in this fruit, organic acids, carotenoids, and flavonoids stand out . In termFood technology allows the incorporation of ara\u00e7\u00e1 into a multitude of products in order to make it available on the market, and it is found in the form of sweets, jams, and flour, benefiting producers and adding economic value to certain communities . In scieMyrciaria, the cambu\u00ed tree is a medium-sized tree (with a height of 6\u201314 m) and a rounded crown, distributed throughout the northeast and north of South and Central America. Its fruits are characterized by being shiny, fleshy, and juicy elliptical berries, which can have a diverse color, ranging from orange to dark purple . Additionally, they are fruits that have antioxidant compounds in their constitution, especially carotenoids and flavonoids [Cambu\u00ed presents a succulent pulp, a sweet and astringent flavor, and is characterized by having high concentrations of sugars and excellent levels of vitamin C , with a varied, dense crown and a smooth reddish-yellow stem . Its fruJabuticaba has high mineral concentrations, such as iron, copper, and manganese, as well as vitamin C; however, it stands out in the research scenario for its significant concentration of phenolic compounds, mainly anthocyanins, which are concentrated mainly in its peel, which is usually discarded and sees little use industrially .According to Batista et al. , consumpPsidium cattleianum, Myrciaria floribunda, Campomanesia xanthocarpa, Plinia cauliflora, and Syzygium cumini.Considering the large number of species of the Myrtaceae family and their importance, it is evident that there is still much to be studied, especially in relation to their chemical constituents. Therefore, the objective of this study was to carry out an integrative review identifying the main flavonoids present in Through the search strategies, 2516 scientific works were identified in the aforementioned databases, with the selection process shown in Out of these studies, 2358 were excluded by the previous analysis of the title and abstract since they did not answer the guiding question or were found to be duplicated in different research bases. After a complete reading of 158 works, 87 articles published between 2016 and 2022 were selected to compose this integrative review, with an emphasis on the phytochemical characterization of vegetables, beneficial effects on human health, and product development with the maintenance of bioactive compounds.n = 11), in 2021 , in 2020 , in 2019 , in 2018 , in 2017 , and in 2016 .As shown in Bioactive compounds or phytochemicals are substances derived from the secondary metabolism of plants, with beneficial properties for human health . FlavonoFor the identification and/or quantification of these bioactive constituents in the different extracts evaluated, the following methods were employed: spectrophotometry , LC-DAD-Catechin and quercetin were the prominent flavonoids in the evaluation of the leaves of the five species studied in this work, and these compounds were identified by Balyan and Sarkar  and BalyO-glucoside), quercitrin (quercetin-3-O--L-rhamnoside), and rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside). All of these compounds are found in extracts of cambu\u00ed and gabiroba leaves [Quercetin is an aglycone, which can be found in the glycosylated form bound to different sugars; some examples are isoquercitrin , apigenin (flavone), taxifolin (flavanone), and isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside (flavonol) were other flavonoids identified in the extracts of the studied fruits, both whole, dried, or lyophilized. Pulps, commonly used in product development, were characterized by Garcia et al. [Plantagoside (flavanone), hesperetin 7-a et al.  when evaa et al.  when stua et al.  when anaa et al.  when stuDiets rich in industrialized, refined products, high in sugar, fat, and lacking in vegetables are one of the main risk factors for the populations\u2019 health, since they are associated with delicate health conditions, favoring cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, stroke, obesity, and certain types of cancers, among others . As suchInsulin resistance (IR) may be a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and steatosis, which is associated with abdominal obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other syndromes. This pathology may contribute to increased oxidative stress and damage to cell membranes and other functional components, such as proteins and lipids .Due to these issues, Cardoso et al.  evaluateP. guajava and P. cattleianum leaf extracts and their nano-liposomes in improving paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.In addition to the properties of ara\u00e7\u00e1, Vinholes et al.  concludeRegginato et al.  evaluateThe antigenotoxic potential of jabuticaba peel extracts was investigated in the work by Marques et al.  as inhibP. cauliflora extracts induced a cardiorenal protective response, preventing hemodynamic, functional, and remodeling changes. Paula et al. [Hydroalcoholic extracts of jabuticaba peels were also evaluated in the work by Rom\u00e3o et al. . The auta et al.  investigAnthocyanin-rich fractions extracted from jambolan were evaluated in work by Chamnansilpa et al. . The resS. cumini fruit extracts employing HPLC.Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties were demonstrated by Qamar et al.  and QamaThe same flavonoid compound may be present in different parts of the plant, as is the case of myricetin, identified in the jambolan fruit in work by Soorya et al.  and in iBaldissera et al.  evaluateFruit production is one of the most prominent activities in the Brazilian market, especially when considering the development of new products resulting from the processing of these raw materials , as BrazFruit growing activity can generate a multiplier effect, with the possibility of moving the economy and promoting the development of stagnant places with few viable resources . Fruit pLinked to these conditions and aiming at the production of sensorially accepted foods with added nutritional value, scientific research promotes the development of juices, purees, jams, ice creams and/or other dairy desserts, and fermented, protein, or isotonic drinks, aiming at the addition of natural ingredients and, consequently, the incorporation of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids ,110,111.Preparation of juices was proposed in the work of Rybka et al.  when usiAnthocyanins were also present in cambu\u00ed juice, being quantified (311.7 mg) and expressed in mg of malvidin-3-glucoside per 100 mL of product . In jabuIce cream and dairy desserts are products much appreciated by the population, mainly due to their sensory and nutritional characteristics, since they appeal to a diverse audience and because of the presence in their formula of several nutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals ,123.Considering this fact, B\u00f6ger et al.  quantifiAccording to Neves et al. , alcoholFrozen fruit purees are products widely used in the preparation of other foods, due to their nutritional and functional characteristics, since they are rich in phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids . StafussTea, in general, is one of the most consumed beverages in the world, being a rich source of flavonoids, mainly due to the use of different parts of the plant in the product development, whether including leaves, stems, rhizomes or fruits . Sari etCambu\u00ed and jabuticaba processing by-products were used by Rybka et al.  and RodrThis integrative review consists of a study based on the collection and analysis of scientific works related to the theme \u201cFlavonoids in plants of the Myrtaceae family\u201d, elaborated from the reading of online journals. The study presented the following steps: (1) formulation of the guiding question; (2) definition of search methods; (3) selection of scientific works; (4) analysis and evaluation of the studies included in the review; (5) presentation of the synthesis of the knowledge produced and published.A guiding question was proposed while conducting this study, namely \u201cWhat are the main flavonoids found in certain plants of the Myrtaceae family?\u201d. Data collection took place during the months of February and May 2022 in the following databases: Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Scielo. Basic descriptors used in the research process were as follows: Flavonoid AND Myrtaceae, in addition to specific terms for each plant species, as shown in P. cattleianum), Cambu\u00ed (M. floribunda), Gabiroba (C. xanthocarpa), Jabuticaba (P. cauliflora), and Jambolan (S. cumini).The following inclusion criteria were defined: studies published in the databases, in the period between 2016 to 2022, presented in full text, in English, Portuguese, or Spanish, and whose title and/or abstract referred to the topic of flavonoids in plants of the Myrtaceae family, such as Ara\u00e7\u00e1 .It was, therefore, possible to observe the importance of plants in the Myrtaceae family in terms of their phytochemical composition in relation to flavonoids, positive health effects, and the possibilities for their use in product development. A more significant number of scientific works associated with jambolan and jabuticaba were selected, with in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrating these raw materials\u2019 bioactive potential. This way, an association was possible with specific health benefits, such as antioxidant, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities.The preservation of flavonoids in jams, juices, wines, and other foods can also be observed, with anthocyanins being the predominant chemical class. Additionally, the integrative review employment as a methodology for this study proved relevant for achieving the objective. It guides the research practice and encompasses several scientific works on a subject."}
{"text": "Instead of \u201cDivision of Psychopharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, The Third People\u2019s Hospital of Mianyang, Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, China\u201d, it should be \u201cDivision of Psychopharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Mianyang, Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, China\u201d. In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 3. Instead of \u201cDepartment of Pathology, The Third People\u2019s Hospital of Mianyang, Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, China\u201d, it should be \u201cDepartment of Pathology, The Third Hospital of Mianyang, Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, China\u201d.In the original article, there was an error in affiliation The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences, provides up-to-date information about the effects of a range of toxicants on the reproduction and development of many animal species, including humans. As so often is the case, the results from toxicant exposures to animal species can serve as sentinels for human toxicant exposures. Furthermore, reproductive systems, as well as developing embryos and fetuses, display greater risk from exposure to most toxicants, from pharmaceuticals to environmental contaminants. Developing new alternative models, including in vivo, in vitro, or in silico models, is critical to increasing our understanding of how toxicants affect reproduction and development. Not only is modeling critical, but it also is essential to be able to carry out research at all levels of scientific inquiry\u2014from molecules to integrated systems of organisms.Toxicology is an incredibly complex and diverse area of biomedical science that includes numerous areas of specialization. The overarching goals for investigators working in all areas of toxicology are to identify and define the exposures to potential toxicants, assess the risks, and mitigate the impacts. This Special Issue, Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology 2.0, in the Drosophila melanogaster [Caenorhabditis elegans [Currently, there are ten articles published in this Special Issue, providing a broad sampling of this vital and vibrant area of toxicology research. Several themes emerge when looking at the articles included in this Special Issue. First, there is a distinct emphasis on developmental toxicology, which indicates its importance in the broader area of toxicology. In the past, the assessment of developmental toxicity has utilized animal studies, primary mammals, the vast majority being rodents. However, new, more advanced, high-throughput modeling systems are rapidly being developed. As evidence of this shift in research focus, six of the ten articles report on studies that utilize non-mammalian testing systems, including nogaster ,2, sea unogaster , choroidnogaster , zebrafinogaster , Caenorh elegans . Regulat elegans , albeit  elegans  and embr elegans , resulti elegans ,4,5,9, a elegans , and PAH elegans . Environ elegans , which i elegans . Underst"}
{"text": "This Research Topic introduces selected articles on sport studies, mainly focused on methodological, interventional, and neuroscientific perspectives, that provide the basis for the title of the current volume. All of these topics are represented herein and we believe that our readers will value this balanced framework.With the aim of providing a panoramic view of the 27 articles that form this Research Topic, and properly assessing the contributions made, we present a transversal perspective from the following criteria:Trist\u00e1n et al.; Valenzuela et al.; Vergara-Torres et al.), the achievement goal theory , mental toughness , the self-efficacy theory , ecological momentary assessment , and mixed methods (Izquierdo and Anguera).1. Conceptual: Although most of the 27 articles are \u201coriginal research,\u201d with only one wholly fitting into the conceptual category, it is beyond any doubt that numerous articles contained herein highlight the conceptual implications of their research. This Research Topic includes some reference works focused on the self-determination theory, including the mini-theory of basic psychological needs , some have a psychometric special interest , some are observational , some are experimental/quasi-experimental , and others apply a combination of the preceding ones, using multimethod studies that employ, for instance, observational and selective methodology .2. Methodological: For this criterion, a variety of procedural orientations are differentiated in the empirical studies contained herein. Some of the studies use selective procedures . The majority of the instruments used consisted of questionnaires , scales , inventories , and even tests , although ad hoc instruments have been built for observational studies . Additionally, some studies used structural and functional magnetic resonance images .Among empirical studies, especially in those that use observational methodology, there is a clear interest in mixed methods, which have acquired so much relevance in recent years due to an eagerness to integrate qualitative and quantitative approaches. In some articles, the mixed method perspective is adopted, either in an explicit or implicit way , AMOS , AQUAD , GSEQ5 , GRETNA , HOISAN , LINCE PLUS , SPSS , and THEME . In particular, we highlight the new software \u201cFunction Estimation\u201d, contained in the MENPAS platform and described by Pastrana-Brincones et al..Moreover, the different types of software used in the studies featured in this Research Topic can be of interest to readers. Such software includes programs such as ALCESTE , cluster analysis , polar coordinates analysis , analysis of structural equations , factorial analysis , linear regression analysis , logistic regression analysis , sequential delay analysis , ANCOVA , ANOVA , T-Patterns detection , MANOVA , and temporal series . In the observational studies data, quality control was applied before the data analysis, using either consensual concordance , the kappa coefficient , or generalizability theory .A diverse range of data analyses are featured in this Research Topic, including content analysis  and PSIXPORT  apps.3. Technological: we would like to highlight a Brief Research Report describing the development of the B alert , athletes , basketball , quality of life , team coordination , elite sports , aerobic exercises , coaches and training , fatigue , fitness , soccer , sports injuries , taekwondo , and motor skills/task . Additionally, some reviews compile up-to-date knowledge on perceptual aspects of sports training , hypnosis (Li and Li), and the translation and validation of questionnaires .4. Scope of application: All the articles published in this Research Topic belong in the area of sport psychology, although many of them focus on specific subjects, such as physical activity (In short, with our best wishes, 27 articles that will help to expand the knowledge of our readers are presented in this Research Topic.Articles featured in this Research Topic offer a wide spectrum of theoretical and methodological contributions, and as editors, we would like to express our satisfaction with the materialization of these works and their transfer to the scientific community.The articles that make up this Research Topic already have a high number of \u201cviews\u201d according to inner metrics. All articles were published between 2021 and 2022. Of the 30 articles that were initially submitted, 27 were accepted, resulting in an acceptance percentage of 90%.AH-M coordinated the editorial work. MTA, JC, and VM-S contributed to the process. MTA wrote the article for this editorial letter. JC, AH-M, and VM-S reviewed the final version. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version."}
{"text": "The increasing concerns over emerging infectious diseases and potential pandemics led to the formation of One Health, a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach to address the risks from human\u2013animal\u2013ecosystem interactions. This multi-sectoral approach is specifically important in Australia, a biodiverse country with unique flora, fauna, and many infectious diseases, including leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is a relatively rare but potentially fatal zoonosis, with an attributed mortality of around 60,000 deaths per year worldwide. In recent years, sporadic cases and alarming outbreaks of leptospirosis have been notified in many states and territories of Australia, noteworthily in 2018 and 2019. The sudden outbreaks in these two years have raised a question about the possibility of a more severe menace or a potential threat to both humans and animals. Amid the fight against leptospirosis, One Health has been shown to be an excellent and ideal framework, especially in Australia, the country that has taken the lead in zoonosis control using this approach. In this review, the focus will be put on the effectiveness and ethics of One Health in leptospirosis control under the Australian setting to further advocate the implementation of this framework for many other infectious diseases. Recent decades have witnessed increasing concerns over the risk of emerging infectious diseases and potential epidemics or pandemics . The majLeptospira species [Leptospirosis, a contagious disease caused by the pathogenic  species , is a re species ,7, with  species . While m species ,10, only species . The sym species .In recent years, sporadic cases and outbreaks of leptospirosis have been reported in many regions of Australia . The larIn this battle against leptospirosis, One Health is a potential approach , showingDistribution. Globally, there are roughly one million severe cases related to leptospirosis per year, while this figure for Australian settings is much lower, with about 2400 cases and more than 100 deaths annually [annually . Notifieannually  are summannually . Within annually , which aannually .Pathology and risk factors. The leptospiral life cycle starts with shedding in the urine of the chronically infected animals, persisting in the ambient environment, acquiring a new host, and finally disseminating to the kidneys, turning them into reservoirs of pathogens [Leptospira species can enter the human body through skin cuts, abrasions, or mucous membranes in the mouth, nose, or eyes [athogens , and alsathogens . In term or eyes ,7, eithe or eyes ,19. The  or eyes . People  or eyes ,7,8, are or eyes ,7,8, avo or eyes .Diagnosis. The diagnostic process usually starts with the patient\u2019s symptoms and laboratory tests [Leptospira. In some cases, when physicians cannot identify the exact pathogen, understanding the epidemiology and pathology of potential infectious agents can help orientate the diagnosis. Referencing to leptospirosis, as a relatively rare bacterial disease in Australia [ry tests . In compry tests ,21. Howeustralia , a largeustralia ,7,8, makustralia . Based oustralia , which eTreatment. The treatment of acute leptospirosis in humans and animals depends mostly on antibiotics and supportive measures [measures ,22. Howemeasures . This ismeasures , as resimeasures  is probameasures , to raismeasures , communimeasures , implyinmeasures , the appPrevention. In general, preventing contagious diseases requires knowledge about the sources, cycle, and pathology of infections. Unlike many other infections, leptospirosis is an endemic zoonosis [zoonosis , highly zoonosis ,7,8. Thezoonosis ,7,8. In zoonosis ,7,8, whiLeptospira species and has the potential to eradicate the pathogen from the human and animal community. However, practical and cost challenges can deter this strategy, especially in the Northern Territory of Australia [More importantly, this One Health approach might have broadened the scope of preventive measures, from defence to control and eradication . Knowleustralia . To advoFurthermore, the ambient environment where the leptospiral strains temporarily exist should also be investigated. As rodents are potential reservoirs, measures targeting these mammals\u2019 habitats, including the removal of rubbish and food sources, are advocated ,8, partiHarm principle. This principle can relate to those deliberately trying to harm, or neglecting their responsibilities, which might inflict harm on other people [r people . In the r people , which cr people . While tr people . Howeverr people , given tr people . Howeverr people ,3, all tr people . After cr people , the OneDuty of care. The original concept of this aspect was to clarify the responsibilities of healthcare workers in the event of fatal outbreaks [Leptospira species. Measures to maintain the safety of the environment must also be carried out to mitigate the presence of the pathogen in the natural habitat, i.e., keeping livestock away from the water source in suspected areas. In regions that usually suffer from floods and leptospirosis, assistance from One Health experts to minimise the damage and consequent risks could prevent disaster after disaster. Provided that the duty of care principle aims at avoiding predictable actions that might cause harm to other people, One Health is an ideal approach, allowing us to foresee all the potential risks and the accompanying solutions.utbreaks , as thisutbreaks . Thus, tSolidarity. At the most basic level, solidarity \u201ccomprises manifestations of the willingness to carry costs to assist others with whom a person recognises sameness or similarity in at least one relevant respect\u201d [respect\u201d . This corespect\u201d . In the respect\u201d , implyinrespect\u201d  for diffrespect\u201d , whereasrespect\u201d ,34, the respect\u201d . This imHealthcare equity. In close association with solidarity, One Health has a significant potential to promote healthcare equity, specifically in low- and middle-income countries [ountries . Followiountries , governmountries . Additioountries , could bResearch ethics. One Health plays an essential role in ensuring research ethics, as it is the key to maintaining all of the above ethical aspects of this approach. The foundation of One Health is based in multiple fields, from health to the social and environmental sciences [sciences ,2, implisciences , for thesciences . As longsciences , it appesciences . By follIn conclusion, as prioritisation and resource allocation always require comprehensive considerations, including ethical principles, effectiveness, socioeconomic status, etc., a multi-sectoral approach such as that advocated by One Health is critically useful and necessary to address all of the related issues in leptospirosis control. The feasibility of One Health is mainly reflected in the context of economic, social, and political forces. Whereas One Health\u2019s effectiveness is best expressed in the process of diagnosis\u2013treatment\u2013prevention, it is better to consider its necessity by analysing the underlying ethical principles. Together, both aspects can form a bigger picture about the role of the One Health approach in controlling leptospirosis as well as other infectious diseases and how to properly implement it in real settings."}
{"text": "Somatization and number of diseases are interrelated variables, whose association with stress-coping strategies, according to sex, has not been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate such association in a sample of the Mexican general population. The general population was invited to answer an electronic questionnaire via the social networks\u2014e-mail, WhatsApp and Facebook\u2014by the research team. A sample of 1008 adults was obtained, of which 62.2% were women, in whom we detected higher levels of negative psychological variables, somatization and number of diseases and lower levels of sleep quality. Positive moderate correlations were found between depresion, anxiety and stress with somatization, on one hand, and with the number of diseases, on the other, and negative moderate correlations were found between sleep quality and the two dependent variables. As for the coping strategies, self-blame, behavioral disengagement, denial, self-distraction and substance use were positively correlated with somatization. Of these, self-blame, substance use, and self-distraction also showed a positive correlation with number of diseases in both sexes. Negative correlations were detected for active coping and the two dependent variables in men and for religion and planning with somatization in women. In conclusion, the coping strategies showed significant correlations with somatization and number of diseases in both sexes.  Somatization, described as the \u201ctendency to experience and communicate somatic stress and to seek medical help for it\u201d , has beeThe number of diseases is also increased in women when compared with men ,6, whichIn a previous report, we showed that anxiety, depression and sleep quality were factors related to somatization in both sexes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the association between coping strategies and both somatization and number of diseases, considering the previously associated variables of anxiety, depression and sleep quality. The study was performed in order to detect the coping strategies that are positively or negatively correlated with these two factors in each sex, which would permit the design of future preventing programs.An electronic questionnaire with sociodemographic and psychological instruments was sent via social networks, including WhatsApp, Facebook and e-mail, to the general population by the research team; this population included university students, relatives, friends, colleagues and acquaintances, many of whom re-sent the questionnaire.The study was approved by the ethics and research committee of the Health Sciences University Center of the University of Guadalajara, and the participants gave their consent to participate in the questionnaire.The socio-demographic data included sex, age, whether the participants had a romantic partner, schooling, whether they had children, whether they had a job, socioeconomic level , monthly extra money (excluding necessary expenses), daily free hours and weekly physical activity hours, the presence of 21 different diseases , thyroid diseases, migraine, skin diseases , sinusitis, kidney/bladder problems, anorexia/bulimia, hearth attack/angina pectoris, cerebral stroke, high cholesterol levels, anxiety and depression problems that require medication) and any additional disease in the last 6 months.Sleep quality was measured with item 2 (which consists of 5 items) of the OVIEDO sleep questionnaire; these 5 questions were related to sleep problems and had 5 frequency options, from never to 6\u20137 days in a week . FinallyThe psychological measures included were: somatization, measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire 15 (PHQ-15), which evaluates 15 somatic symptoms with 3 frequency options for each symptom, i.e., not at all, bothered a little, bothered a lot ; stress,p value < 0.05 was considered significant.To describe the qualitative variables, we used frequencies and percentages, and for the quantitative ones, we used means and standard deviation. In order to compare the number of diseases and somatization between sexes, the Man\u2013Whitney U test was used, considering the non-parametric distribution of the variables. Alpha Cronbach test was used to determine the reliability of each scale and sub-scale utilized. To perform comparisons between the psychological variables and sleep quality with the two dependent variables, we used the Spearman correlation test, considering the non-parametric distribution of the variables. In order to detect the distribution of the data, the Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov test was used. Finally, a multiple regression analysis, with the stepwise method, for both dependent variables by each sex was performed, in order to determine the variables most associated with somatization and number of diseases in men and women. All analyses were carried out with the software SPSS v. 25, and a p < 0.05).We estimate that the questionnaire was sent to about 5000 persons through the different social networks, achieving a response rate of 20%. After excluding the questionnaires submitted by underage persons (24 persons), a total of 1008 participants were included, of which 62.2% were women. The socio-demographic data of the participants are reported in The most frequent reported diseases in both sexes were anxiety, depression, skin problems, overweight, migraine and colitis/irritable colon, while the least frequent were cancer, cerebral stroke and heart attack .The Cronbach alpha test for all the instruments used was above 0.7. In the case of the sub-scales of the brief COPE, most of them had scores above 0.6, with the exception of self-distraction, behavioral disengagement, denial and acceptance, which had scores above 0.5. In the case of the sub-scale venting, the Cronbach alpha was low, i.e., 0.35; therefore, we did not use this sub-scale in order to perform correlations and comparisons. When we compared the somatization and number of diseases between sexes, women reported significantly higher somatization, number of diseases, stress, depression and anxiety than men; likewise, women reported lower sleep quality than men .In the bivariate correlations, both sexes showed significant positive moderate correlations between stress, anxiety and depression with somatization, on one hand, and with the number of diseases, on the other, with higher correlations for depression in women and for anxiety in men. In addition, sleep quality showed significant negative moderate correlations with both dependent variables .p <0.01; for women, r = 0.313, p < 0.01. The same correlation with depression was, for men, r = 0.311, p < 0.01; for women, r = 0.306, p < 0.01. The correlation with stress was, for men, r = 0.290, p < 0.01; for women, r = 0.237, p < 0.01. The correlation with sleep quality was, for men, r = \u22120.262, p < 0.01; for women, r = \u22120.328, p < 0.01. When overweight was also excluded from the number of diseases, the correlations remained similar as those found when excluding anxiety and depression problems. Somatization and number of diseases showed significant positive moderate correlations between them in both sexes: men: r = 0.545, p < 0.001, and women: r = 0.547, p < 0.001.When anxiety and depression problems were not included in the number of diseases, the correlations between the three psychological variables diminished, but were still significant for both sexes. The correlation of number of diseases with anxiety was as follow: for men, r = 0.380, In relation to coping strategies, women showed significant low positive correlations between somatization and self-blame, denial, behavioral disengagement, substance use, self-distraction and humor, and significant low negative correlations between somatization and planning and religion. For the number of diseases, women showed significant low positive correlations with self-blame, substance use, denial, behavioral disengagement, self-distraction, humor and instrumental support.Men showed significant low positive correlations between somatization and self-blame, behavioral disengagement, denial, self-distraction and substance use. For the number of diseases, men showed significant low positive correlations with self-blame, substance use and self-distraction, and significant low negative correlations with humor and active coping.p < 0.01), weekly physical activity hours , monthly extra money , whether they had children , schooling , socioeconomic level , daily free hours  and whether they worked , and a low positive correlation with smoking frequency . Sociodemographic variables also showed low but significant negative correlations with somatization and number of diseases. In women, we found negative correlations between somatization and age , weekly physical activity hours  and whether they had children .In men, we found negative correlations between somatization and monthly extra money , socioeconomic level  and weekly physical activity hours , and a low positive correlation with smoking frequency (r =0.110 p < 0.05). In men, we found low but significant negative correlations between the number of diseases and weekly physical activity hours , and a low positive correlation with age  and smoking frequency .For the number of diseases, in women, we found low but significant negative correlations with whether they had children  and anxiety. In contrast, for number of diseases, the most associated variables were sleep quality (negatively associated), anxiety and schooling .We found that somatization and number of diseases were associated and that they were also associated with the main negative psychological variables, i.e., anxiety, depression and stress. Likewise, they were negatively correlated with sleep quality, in both sexes. We also showed that typical maladaptive coping patterns were positively correlated with somatization and number of diseases (mainly self-blame) in both sexes and that active coping correlated negatively with somatization and number of diseases only in men. As previously shown, negative psychological variables, somatization and number of diseases reached higher levels in women than in men ,3,4,5. WThese differences can be explained by considering that the population studied was mainly young and could present more psychological problems and less metabolic ones. With respect to the correlation analysis, we found that the variables most associated with somatization in both sexes were anxiety, depression and stress, with moderate positive correlations, as well as sleep quality, with moderate negative correlations. The coping strategies showed lower correlations with somatization in both sexes. It is of interest that self-blame showed the highest correlations in both sexes, followed by behavioral disengagement, denial, self-distraction and substance use; these correlations indicate a possible indirect correlation between these coping strategies and somatization, considering that these strategies were positively correlated with the negative psychological variables in both sexes (data not shown) and are typically considered as maladaptive coping strategies ,22. AddiThe coping strategies negatively correlated with somatization were active coping in men, and religion and planning in women, which coincides with the fact that these strategies have been classified as adaptive ,22. HoweAs previously shown, a positive moderate correlation was found between somatization and number of diseases in both sexes . This suIn addition, self-blame and substance use were the only coping strategies positively associated (low correlation) with number of diseases in both sexes; women also showed low positive correlations with behavioral disengagement, denial and humor, while men showed low negative correlations with humor and active coping. These results confirm the correlations found for somatization, although for this variable, a decreased number of associated coping strategies and a diminishment in the strength of the associations were observed. These changes were expected, considering that disease presence is a variable related to more causes than somatization, which, in turn, is more associated with psychological variables.The multivariate analysis confirmed the results of the bivariate analysis, indicating that depression, number of diseases, sleep quality and anxiety were the variables that most explained the variability of somatization. Likewise, sleep quality and anxiety were the variables that most explained the number of diseases. These findings coincide with our previous report  where slThis study has the following limitations: the sample was predominantly young and was not randomly selected, which could decrease the representativeness of the Mexican population, restricting it to young and educated people, from a medium socioeconomic level, who have access to the internet and social networks, and not representing older people and those from lower socioeconomic levels. In addition, the cross-sectional design of the study did not permit us to demonstrate causality between the studied variables, being bilateral relationships plausible, mainly between sleep quality and somatization and number of diseases. Finally, the estimated response rate of the questionnaire was low (20%), which can represent a bias by considering that it could be answered by people who had more interest in the theme and/or who presented more emotional problems/concerns. In conclusion, somatization and number of diseases showed a higher frequency in women than in men. These variables were mainly related (positively) with the negative psychological variables of depression, anxiety and stress, as well as with sleep quality (negatively) in both sexes. Likewise, these variables showed lower but significant positive correlations with some maladaptive strategies, mainly, self-blame, in both sexes. Additionally, some of these strategies, considered as adaptive, showed negative correlations with somatization and number of diseases, being more constant in the case of men, where active coping was negatively correlated with these two variables. Humor showed different correlations in men and women, suggesting that this strategy is adaptive in men but maladaptive in women. Further studies with larger sample sizes, longitudinal designs and performed in different populations should be performed to confirm these results."}
{"text": "The objective is to identify the risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in neonates by a meta-analysis, and to provide a reference for the prevention of NEC.The databases, including Chinese Biomedical Literature Datebase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang database, and Weipu Periodical database, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, were searched for studies on the risk factors for NEC in neonates. The meta-analysis was carried out with the aid of Stata software.A total of 52 studies were included, with 48 case-control studies and 4 cohort studies. There were 166,580 neonates in total, with 33,522 neonates in the case group and 133,058 neonates in the control group. The meta-analysis showed that gestational diabetes , premature rupture of membranes , low birth weight , small for gestational age , septicemia , blood transfusion , congenital heart disease , respiratory distress syndrome , premature birth , pneumonia  were risk factors for NEC in neonates. Breastfeeding , take probiotics , prenatal use of glucocorticoids , Hyperbilirubinemia  were protective factors for NEC in neonates.Gestational diabetes, premature rupture of membranes, low birth weight, small for gestational age, septicemia, blood transfusion, congenital heart disease, respiratory distress syndrome, premature birth, and pneumonia may increase the risk of NEC in neonates. Breastfeeding, taking probiotics, prenatal use of glucocorticoids, and Hyperbilirubinemia may reduce the risk of NEC in neonates. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in neonates is a severe muti-factorial disease characterized by intestinal necrosis in the ileum, jejunum, and colon. It is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants , with whChina National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database, VIP Chinese Journal Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library were searched to systematically collect published studies on risk factors of NEC in neonates. The search strategy of combining keywords and subject terms was adopted. The Chinese search terms were \u201cnewborn\u201d, \u201cnecrotizing enterocolitis\u201d, \u201crisk factors\u201d, \u201ccase-control study\u201d, \u201ccohort study\u201d, etc. English search words \u201cEnterocolitis, Necrotizing\u201d, \u201cInfant, Newborn\u201d, \u201crelative risk\u201d, \u201ccohort\u201d, etc., supplemented by manual search and literature tracing.Inclusion criteria: 1. The diagnosis of NEC is clear; 2. The study type was a case-control study or cohort study; 3. The subjects were neonates (<28 days); 4. The original data is available. The OR (odds ratio) value and 95% confidence interval (CI) are provided, or the OR value and 95% CI can be calculated from the data.Exclusion criteria: 1. Conference summary, comments and review articles; 2. Unable to extract effective outcome indicators from the literature; 3. The experimental design is not rigorous ; 4. Unable to get a full text; 5. The sample size is too small.Two researchers strictly followed the inclusion and exclusion criteria to independently conduct literature screening, quality evaluation, data extraction, and discuss possible differences to reach an agreement. The final results were confirmed by more senior researchers. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS)  was used2 statistic were used to evaluate the heterogeneity, and the test level was set as 0.1. If the heterogeneity test results were P\u2009>\u20090.1 and I2\u2009<\u200950%, the pooled effect size OR and 95% CI were calculated using the fixed effects model. Otherwise, the random effect model is used to calculate; Sensitivity analysis uses different models to analyze the same data. Egger's or Begg's test was used to evaluate publication bias, and Stata12.0 was used for statistical analysis.The Q test and IA total of 5,728 relevant articles were obtained through preliminary screening, and 3,931 articles remained after being re-selected by Endnote software. Ulteriorly, 3,475 articles were excluded after reading the title and abstract, and 117 articles remained for further evaluation. Finally, after reading the full text, 52 articles were included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, as shown in According to the risk factors involved in the included literature, gestational diabetes, premature rupture of membranes, cesarean section, low birth weight, small for gestational age, sepsis, blood transfusion, congenital heart disease, respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation, breast feeding, probiotics, preterm delivery, pneumonia, prenatal use of glucocorticoids, hyperbilirubinemia, ect., were selected for analysis. Heterogeneity test results showed that there was heterogeneity among the studies of diabetes in pregnancy, premature rupture of membranes, cesarean section, small for gestational age, sepsis, blood transfusion, congenital heart disease, respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation, breast-feeding, probiotics, preterm delivery, pneumonia and hyperbilirubinemia, and the random effect model was used to combine the effect amount. In contrast, there is no heterogeneity in other related factors, and the fixed effect model is used to combine the effects. The meta-analysis results demonstrates that: Cesarean section and mechanical ventilation were not statistically significant with NEC in neonates. Gestational diabetes mellitus, premature rupture of membranes, low birth weight, small for gestational age, sepsis, blood transfusion, congenital heart disease, respiratory distress syndrome, premature birth and pneumonia were risk factors for NEC in neonates. Breastfeeding, probiotics, prenatal glucocorticoid use, and hyperbilirubinemia were protective factors for NEC in neonates, as shown in P\u2009<\u20090.05), as shown in For the screened risk factors, the fixed effect and random effect models were used to recalculate the combined effect size. The calculation results of these two models were basically consistent, indicating that the results of this study were basically reliable. However, the results of premature rupture of membranes are not robust enough and should be treated with caution. The results of Egger's or Begg's test suggest that the results of sepsis, probiotics, and pneumonia are biased  Due to the immature intestinal function and slow intestinal peristalsis of low birth weight infants, food residues are easy to be detained and fermented, providing a good environment for bacterial growth, leading to a large number of bacterial proliferation; (2) The intestinal microbiota of low birth weight infants is very immature, and direct contact with pathogenic microorganisms will cause inflammation related to mucosal damage, leading to NEC .This meta-analysis showed that small for gestational age (SGA) was a risk factor for NEC. SGA infants have a high probability of NEC, neonatal asphyxia, brain injury and respiratory distress syndrome . One stuThis meta-analysis showed that septicemia, congenital heart disease, respiratory distress syndrome, and pneumonia were risk factors for NEC. In severe infection, the body is in a state of inflammation activation, producing a variety of inflammatory transmitters. These substances directly or indirectly cause damage to the intestinal mucosa, and then participate in the occurrence and development of NEC , 63. MeaThis meta-analysis showed that blood transfusion was a risk factor for NEC. The possible pathogenesis of NEC is as follows: the inflammatory mediators such as TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and PAF produced during the processing of whole blood and the storage of red blood cells, and the residual white blood cells, free hemoglobin, red cell membrane fragments, etc. promote the occurrence of NEC. The pathological changes of red blood cells occurred during storage, including decreased erythrocyte deformability, increased oxygen affinity ability and decreased nitric oxide resulting in the loss of vasodilator activity, etc., resulting in the failure to improve intestinal microcirculation perfusion flow after blood transfusion; NEC may be caused by anemia .This meta-analysis showed that preterm birth was a risk factor for NEC. Due to the unsound development of the enteric nervous system and poor regularity of small intestinal peristalsis, premature infants are prone to excessive bacterial growth and gas after food fermentation, and are prone to NEC .This meta-analysis showed that breastfeeding, probiotics, prenatal glucocorticoid use, and hyperbilirubinemia were protective factors for NEC. Breast milk is known as the most natural and safe natural food for infants and young children, containing nutrients and antibodies necessary for the development of organized organs, especially beneficial antibodies, which can help maintain the immune function of newborns, inhibit the inflammatory reaction, and speed up the repair of the damaged intestinal mucosa . CompareThis study has some limitations: First, sensitivity analysis found that the results of premature rupture of membranes were not robust enough. Therefore, the relationship between premature rupture of membranes and NEC in neonates needs further study. Secondly, there exist differences in sample size, case selection, and definition of exposure factors among the studies, which may lead to heterogeneity among the studies and have a certain impact on the results. Finally, only Chinese and English literature ware included in the included study, and literature published in other languages could not be analyzed, which may result in language bias.We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the risk factors of NEC. This meta-analysis showed that gestational diabetes mellitus, premature rupture of membranes, low birth weight, small for gestational age, sepsis, blood transfusion, congenital heart disease, respiratory distress syndrome, premature birth, and pneumonia maght increase the risk of NEC in neonates. Therefore, perinatal health care should be strengthened to reduce the incidence of neonatal complications, so as to prevent the occurrence of NEC in neonates."}
{"text": "For decades, the concept of \u201cdisease-modifying\u201d treatment has been used profusely in several neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). This concept has been employed sometimes as an accomplished goal, and many more as a wishful thinking objective. In addition, the related concept of neuroprotective therapy has been widely used and a quick search on Medline shows a steady increase in the number of papers on this issue over time.As Morant et al.  pointed Perhaps it is time to ponder over these two related concepts: disease modifying and neuroprotective therapies, at least in relation to PD. First, it is important to have (more or less) clear definitions, and then, we can discuss whether we have or we may have (or not) disease modifying and neuroprotective therapy for PD.To begin with, the definition of \u201cdisease-modifying\u201d treatment varies both within and between neurodegenerative disorders, and terminology in current regulatory guidelines also lacks consistency . CummingHere it must be pointed out that, in theory, any disease-modifying treatment may have symptomatic effect as well, possibly masking the modifications produced in the disease. Recently, Vijiaratnam et al.  reviewedTo date, no disease-modifying drugs has been found, although some promising candidates are still in the pipeline including exenatide and gene therapy .And still, probably, a real disease-modifying treatment for PD already exists and has been used for decades: Physical exercise. As Eric Ahlskog already suggested a decade ago, \u201coften overlooked (\u2026) is the potential benefit of sustained vigorous exercise on PD progression\u201d .In this short review, we collect and summarize, the most relevant data of physical exercise as a symptomatic and preventive measure, and its potential for disease modifying therapy for patients with PD.de novo PD patients. They found statistical differences in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPSRS) motor score in the high-intensity group compared with the usual care group. Another interesting study was carried out by van der Kolk et al.  \u201334, suffIf physical exercise is symptomatically effective, probably prevents neurodegenerative diseases, and has potential neuroprotective mechanisms, why is it not universally used?This conundrum may be explained by several factors. There are barriers to exercise , 38, as In summary, although physical exercise is inexpensive, its use as a treatment requires a complete change of strategy. Exercise training would be considered the first antiparkinsonian measure, even before (or at least at the same time) than drug therapy is added , 38, 39.Finally, physical exercise would be a practical and inexpensive approach for those patients at risk for PD (such as LRKK2 carriers).PG conception and design, interpretation of data, drafting the submitted material, and critical review. RL and JM drafting the submitted material and critical review. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.PG received research support from Allergan and UCB, personal compensation as a consultant/scientific advisory board from Italfarmaco, Britannia, Bial, and Zambon and speaking honoraria from Italfarmaco, Zambon, Allergan, and Abbvie. JM has received honoraria as a speaker from AbbVie, Allergan, Bial, Krka, Merz, Ipsen, Italfarmaco, Medtronic, TEVA, and Zambon; travel grants from AbbVie, Allergan, Bial, Italfarmaco, TEVA, Merz, Krka and Zamb\u00f3n; research grants from AbbVie, Allergan, Merz, Italfarmaco, and Zambon; and participated in advisory boards of AbbVie, Allergan, Bial, Merz, Italfarmaco, Lundbeck, Orion, UCB, and Zambon. RL has received honoraria for lecturing and advisory board from AbbVie, Lundbeck, UCB, and Italfarmaco and research grants from the European Commission and Instituto de Salud Carlos III.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "Instead of \u2018Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa\u2019 it should be \u2018Surgeons for Little Lives, Department of Paediatric Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa\u2019.In the published article, Elghobashy A, Scribante J, Perrie H, Nel D. Anaesthetists\u2019 knowledge of airborne infections S Afr J Infect Dis. 2022;37(1):a351. The publisher apologises for this error. The correction does not change the study\u2019s findings of significance or overall interpretation of the study\u2019s results or the scientific conclusions of the article in any way."}
{"text": "Standards of care offer doctors and patients the confidence that an established quality, evidence-based, care is provided, and represent a tool for optimal responding to the population\u2019s needs. It is expected that they will increasingly express a multimodal relationship with gynecologic laparoscopy. Laparoscopy is, now, a standard procedure in operative gynecology, standards are embedded in many laparoscopic procedures, standardization of the skills/competency assessment has been progressively developed, and the proof of competency in laparoscopy may become a standard of care. A continuous development of surgical education includes standard equipment , standardized training, testing (and performance) assessment, educational process and outcome monitoring/evaluation, patients\u2019 care, and protection, etc. Standards of care and training have a reciprocally sustaining relationship, as training is an essential component of standards of care while care is provided at higher standards after a structured training and as credentialing/certification reunites the two. It is envisaged that through development and implementation, the European wide standards of care in laparoscopic surgery  would lead to effective delivery of better clinical services and provide excellent training and education. Standards of Care offer doctors and patients the confidence that an established quality of the service is provided. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists have described service standards as \u201cstandards of clinical care which the college would expect units and hospitals to adopt in relation to the quality of patient services, training opportunities and participation in national data gathering of relevance to clinical accountability and effectiveness\u201d [iveness\u201d .Evidence-based care is a solid and helpful concept, with influences not limited to the specialists\u2019 activities, but also to the nurses\u2019 ones, and is still debated at present .Laparoscopy has shown in the last decades a steep evolution, including indications, procedures, increased patient comfort, advanced appropriate surgical skills, tools, and, beyond all this, a difference in the medical care paradigm. The changed dimension of the incision, or in the number of incisions (toward a single one) or, even, to the natural orifice surgery , depict Standards are the criteria we can use to analyze quality. It is the institution\u2019s responsibility to develop and to monitor standards, as a prerequisite in the process of pursuing higher quality. A diversity of standards responds to different needs, views, and organizations. Accreditation, ethics, client rights, billing, and professional/criminal records are only some examples.Standards in laparoscopy may include criteria related to the equipment, facilities, surgical procedures, surgeons\u2019 credentials/expertise, etc.Standards of Care not only ensure that patients receive the best available care, but they are also a tool for better responding to the population\u2019s needs. It is not possible, these days, to conceive such a system without including quality standards.The application of standards should aim to obtain the expected outcome and to minimize risks for the population. Working with patients in the process of developing and implementing them would be a good option to obtain their partnership. Seeking beneficiary feedback and linkage to other existing programs represent another strategy in ensuring acceptance, support, and social integration.As a procedure\u2014but also as a philosophy\u2014laparoscopy is the gold standard of care worldwide in the treatment of many abdominal pathologies such as appendicitis, cholecystitis ,5,6, or Standards of care and gynecologic laparoscopy have a multimodal relationship.First, laparoscopy is, now, a standard procedure in operative gynecology [1. necology . It becanecology , endometnecology ), ovarianecology , or tubanecology . More renecology , hysterenecology  or myomenecology .Laparoscopic urogynecology, in particular, showed relevant evolution and adaptation, especially after the FDA warning, allowing meshes to be used only for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) . LaparosGynecologic oncology is another field where laparoscopy became the reference, and recommended, procedure. Endometrial cancer and pelvic lymphadenectomy represent such cases; cervical and ovarian cancer, and robotic-assisted surgery are areas with continuous assessment and development ,22. CervRecent developments were reported. Laparoscopic minilaparoscopy, with shortened hospital stay and better esthetical outcomes [outcomes ,32, provoutcomes  or hysteoutcomes ,35,36 whoutcomes . Single-outcomes  and was outcomes , hystereoutcomes ,41,42\u2014inoutcomes ,44\u2014or cooutcomes . Furtheroutcomes . Vaginaloutcomes , and prooutcomes , hystereoutcomes ,48,49,50outcomes . Laparosoutcomes , were proutcomes ,54,55,56Another recent, unfortunate development, which profoundly influenced the laparoscopic surgery, was (and still is) the COVID-19 pandemic. Presently, \u201cthere is no consensus on limiting or restricting laparoscopic or robotic surgery\u201d \u2014an asserSecond, standards are embedded in, now, a great number of laparoscopic procedures. In general surgery, a good recent example is represented by the laparoscopic right hemicolectomy [2. olectomy . In gyneolectomy . These polectomy , or haveolectomy  or robotolectomy  hysterecolectomy . Standarolectomy  and was olectomy ,69 or ceolectomy  cancer. olectomy .In urogynecology a search for better, easier, procedures, with better postoperative outcome, drove physicians to standardize modification of well-established procedures\u2014such as the Burch colposuspension \u2014or to fiThe COVID-19 pandemic imposed specific recommendations/standards related to the perioperative management for gynecologic laparoscopy, such as preoperative screening and testing, with subsequent preprocedure quarantine, online follow-up, and psychological support ,59,60. EStandardization is also visible in the sterilization or disinfection equipment, facilities, and related procedures (and training) . This isStandards of the laparoscopic procedures\u2019 documentation are essential for both assessment of care quality and for research .Third, standardization of the skills/competency assessment has been progressively developed. A structured assessment of laparoscopic assistant skills (SALAS) was developed to assess camera navigation and was validated for laparoscopic cholecystectomies [https://www.flsprogram.org, accessed on 13 February 2022). Developments on FLS were evaluated as a proficiency-standard in advanced laparoscopic surgery [3. ectomies . The samectomies . The objectomies . The Gloectomies \u2014measuresectomies . Fundameectomies   is considered, by some, as the standard for skills assessment . An ObjeFinally, the proof of competency in laparoscopy may become a standard of care [4.  of care . Without of care . The Int of care . Standar of care  and for  of care \u2014but, app of care . These s of care . Under t of care  is manag of care .In Europe, such accreditation standards were implemented by the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) in 1997, and are comprised of four levels of expertise . A jointESGE, in collaboration with the European Academy of Gynecological Surgery (EAGS), has also developed training models, structured training programs  and a ceA French version of GOALS proved to measure trainers\u2019 progress . The SocAs it could be easily deducted, skill standards and surgical competency express the outcome of training.Training involves standards as an essential constituent. Educational requirements vary according to the level of training and to the category of personnel. These standards may be more flexible or rigorous, depending on the needs of the trainees, and the level of the curriculum. Education and assessment instruments should be adapted to training/practice in as many institutions as possible, to obtain standardization and broad application [lication . GeneralTraining in gynecologic laparoscopy follows the same, general, pattern, and expresses, at the same time, noticeable particularities.Different surveys reported an increased interest in a standardized curriculum in gynecologic laparoscopy ,121, incStandardized training and education in this field was developed in many regions/countries of the world [he world ,125,126.he world . Specifihe world ,129, virhe world , advancehe world ,134,135,he world ,119,136.he world ,138, moshe world , a standhe world ,139 or phe world , as wellhe world ,140,141.he world , visio-she world , or sutuhe world ,142. Thehe world . Some auhe world ,143.One of the most comprehensive standardizations of endoscopic surgical training is offered by ESGE , as presented previously. Its face and construct validity were reported . GESEA iTraining was significantly influenced by recent available evidence, by medical policies, or by the context. After the LACC trial , fewer LStandard equipment may bring value for research and development. An eloquent illustration is the box trainer. Reports on its use, as a standard component of the study, addressed various aspects, as the training on an open box [open box , elaboraopen box , new camopen box , value oopen box , translaopen box , as wellopen box ,155, VR open box ,157, or open box .Standardized testing and assessment, validated rating scales, and procedure-specific checklists, are of utmost importance in developing and conducting training programs [programs ,158,159.programs . The preprograms  and traiprograms ,161. Simprograms ,162,163,programs , or as aprograms . Scoringprograms . Computeprograms .Performance standards can be set by different approaches: laparoscopic experts considered as reference, contrasting groups method or Angoff method [f method ,168. Thef method .The educational outcome represents, evidently, the result of the above-mentioned education. As a meta-analysis, though, its standardization was embedded in the previously mentioned structured training, equipment, testing, performances benchmarks, and credentialing. Acquisition of a required knowledge level [ge level , and stage level ,167, havge level ,125. Thige level , VR [130ge level ,119 surgge level  and, eveThe educational process assessment is essential, in validation with the curriculum [rriculum ,126 or erriculum . Relatedrriculum , while arriculum . Resultsrriculum . Anotherrriculum . Relativrriculum , while arriculum .It seems that there is a need for more research in this field .Patients\u2019 care and protection represents not only a training standard, but also, now, an ethical criterion. It was supported, in recent years, by the introduction/validation of simulation-based training, and, even more, by normalizing it as a necessary stage in a structured education, before OR surgical training [training ,169. Laptraining .Monitoring is the process through which one verifies if standards are met [ are met . Standar are met .Organizations use various methods for monitoring: process supervision, supervisory visits, provider surveys, trainees\u2019 assessments and feedback, educational planning, case management, program reviews, etc. . The EurStandards of care and training have a reciprocally sustaining relationship.(a) Training is an essential component of standards of care, to support highly complex training programs.One of the fundamental concerns of EBCOG relates to issues around inequity concerning health service provision across Europe and its impact on the quality of training for our future generation of \u201cdoctors in training\u201d to sustain high quality services in Europe. This is especially important as \u201cEuropean integration allows free movement of persons, services, capital and goods\u201d . TherefoA supplementary benefit for the patients is that the training program and resources are founded on evidence-based practice and on solid ethical principles.(b) Care is provided at higher standards after a structured training.As stated previously in this text, the most important outcome of training is safe and good surgical performance. Another important goal is the avoidance of\u2014or finding solutions for\u2014difficult situations . The conStandardized surgical skills assessment could be useful for residents and not necessarily for gynecologic surgeons in practice . DiffereSimulation-based training gained a lot of interest, in recent decades, even if box training tasks do not have the variability, complexity and environment of the real OR (advanced) surgery [ surgery . We depiBesides increasing (basic and advanced) psychomotor laparoscopic skills in a dry lab , laparosThose results were obtained when related to different simulation training tools. Box training was already mentioned. VR-based training was reported to help transfer/increase skills in gynecologic laparoscopic surgery in trainees/gynecologists with minimal surgical experience ,190,191.As a supplementary benefit, a structured training could enhance the quality of the OR performance by standardizing the respective procedure\u2014as it was reported for the total laparoscopic hysterectomy .No matter the simulation tool, many authors support the idea that, compared to conventional clinical training, simulation-based training is superior, in terms of OR surgical proficiency, for both basic ,194,195 However, surgical competence could depreciate over time when based exclusively on simulation training . AnotherThe best of the worlds resides in combining standardized, structured theoretical, simulation-based and live-surgery/OR training, as suggested by a recent systematic review .(c) Credentialing/certification, mentioned previously, reunites the two directions of the standards of care\u2013training relationship. One of the results is that certification and licensing  are closely related to training requirements [irements . Specialirements . Such a irements . The misirements \u2014or theirirements . There iirements . A very irements . There airements .In the end, the most important accomplishment of training is both for patients and for providers: the certifying and continuously ensuring the fitness to practice.It is envisaged that by implementation, the European wide standards of care, in close harmonization with the personalized medicine, would ultimately lead to effective delivery of not only clinical services but indeed provide excellent (standardized) training in these units."}
{"text": "Nanomaterials, which aims to publish original and review papers on new scientific and applied research and make boundless contributions to the finding and understanding of the reinforcing effects of various nanomaterials on the performance of polymer nanocomposites. This Special Issue also covers the fundamentals, characterization, and applications of fiber-reinforced polymer nanocomposites.\u201cFiber-Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites\u201d is a newly open Special Issue of Today, nanomaterials are used in several applications, including composites, packaging, electronic, electrical, structural, energy storage, automotive, filtering, and coating applications, among other  1,2,3,4,43,4,5. Nanomaterials can be classified into natural and synthetic. Nanocellulose, nano-clay, graphene and MXene, carbon nanofibers and nanotubes, silica nanoparticles, and ZnO quantum dots are common nanomaterials used in polymer nanocomposites ,9,10. MoInterestingly, research in the field of fiber-reinforced polymer nanocomposites received a lot of findings that positively contributed to many applications such as biomedical, automotive, electronics, structural materials, packaging ,17,18,19This Special Issue will cover recent advances in the three primary aspects of processing, characterization, and performance. Both synthetic and natural nanomaterials-based composites are welcome. Moreover, this issue is welcomed in several vital aspects, such as the production of nanomaterials, surface and interfacial characterization of its properties, economic feasibility, challenges, and future perspectives in the field of polymer nanocomposites; as a result, current and future literature data can be enriched."}
{"text": "A Corrigendum onA Coronal Landmark for Tibial Component Positioning With Anatomical Alignment in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Radiological and Clinical Study10.3389/fsurg.2022.847987by Gong, T., Wang, R., Gong, S., Han, L., Yi, Y., Wang, Y., et al. (2022). Front. Surg. 9:847987. doi:\u00a0Incorrect Affiliation**1**. Instead of \u201c** Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China**\u201d, it should be \u201c** Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China **\u201d. The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.In the published article, there was an error in affiliation The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "Bacteroidetes (B), Proteobacteria (P), and diversity (D) after BS. Firmicutes (F), B, and the (F/B) ratio was inconsistent, increasing or decreasing after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) were conducted, compared to before surgery. There was a reduction in the relative proportion of F. Moreover, a higher proportion of Actinobacteria (A) was observed after RYGB was conducted. However, the same was not identified when SG procedures were applied. Genera abundance and bacteria predominance varied according to the surgical procedure, with limited data regarding the impact on phyla. The present study was approved by PROSPERO, under registration number CRD42020209509.Gut microbiota (GM) after bariatric surgery (BS) has been considered as a factor associated with metabolic improvements and weight loss. In this systematic review, we evaluate changes in the GM, characterized by 16S rRNA and metagenomics techniques, in obese adults who received BS. The PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and LILACS databases were searched. Two independent reviewers analyzed articles published in the last ten years, using Rayyan QCRI. The initial search resulted in 1275 documents, and 18 clinical trials were included after the exclusion criteria were applied. The predominance of intestinal bacteria phyla varied among studies; however, most of them reported a greater amount of  Obesity is a public health problem, and its prevalence has increased in recent decades; this is due, in part, to its multifactorial characteristics, which make it difficult to control ,2,3. It Recently, scientific evidence has proposed the contribution of the gut microbiota (GM) to metabolic alterations and obesity ,3. The GFirmicutes (F) and an increase in Bacteroidetes (B) and Proteobacteria (P) [In the face of the global obesity pandemic, bariatric surgery (BS) has been considered one of the most effective treatments for severe obesity, as well as for long-term weight reduction and maintenance. In addition, the surgical treatment has been proposed as a possible explanation in regard to the observed modifications of the GM composition after surgery ,10,11,12eria (P) ,13. For Search Strategy.A systematic literature review was conducted by two independent reviewers in November 2022, using the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and LILACS databases. The languages were restricted to English, Spanish, and Portuguese. The terms used for the search consisted of \u201cbariatrics\u201d, \u201cgastroplasty\u201d, \u201cbariatric surgery\u201d, \u201cgastric bypass\u201d, \u201cjejunoileal bypass\u201d, \u201cstomach stapling\u201d, \u201cmicrobiot\u201d, \u201cmicrobiome\u201d, \u201cgastrointestinal flora\u201d, \u201cgut flora\u201d, \u201cintestinal flora\u201d, \u201cgastrointestinal microflora\u201d, and \u201centeric bacteria\u201d, using the Boolean operators \u201cAND\u201d and \u201cOR\u201d.Helicobacter pylori; intervention with probiotics, prebiotics, food supplements, and herbal medicines and medications (except in case of antidiabetic drugs).Studies that evaluated the GM profile in obese adults undergoing BS were included. Exclusion criteria were as follows: articles not published in the last ten years, not within the scope of the review, and not written in English, Portuguese, or Spanish; studies carried out in animals, pregnant women, lactating women, adolescents receiving bariatric surgery, and adults with obesity not undergoing BS; experiments with fecal microbiota transplantation, which did not assess the GM profile and without analysis of F and B; chronic noncommunicable diseases, except obesity and type 2 DM, inflammatory bowel diseases, nephropathy with the presence of Two researchers (V.O.R.C. and L.C.) carried out the identification and selection of the studies. They utilized the Rayyan QCRI application/website, with the intent of documenting all inclusion and exclusion decisions, allowing peer review with impartiality and traceability, thus minimizing the risk of bias . After sOutcome Measures.The primary outcome was to verify the occurrence of alterations in the composition of the GM, analyzed by 16S rRNA and metagenomics techniques, after BS. The secondary outcome consisted of changes in anthropometric parameters, including body weight, body mass index (BMI), and the remission of obesity-related diseases, such as type 2 DM. The main aspects of interest for article selection are described in The present study was approved by the public database of protocols for systematic reviews with health outcomes PROSPERO, under registration number CRD42020209509.The applied search strategy returned a total of 1275 published articles, 8 in LILACS, 432 in PubMed, 555 in Scopus, and 280 in Web of Science, between November 2012 and November 2022, of which 518 were duplicates. After screening by title and abstract, as well as the full text when necessary, 18 studies were included in the systematic review, as shown in Relevant data from the studies included in this systematic review are summarized in The studies added to the systematic review and the results of interest are shown in Of the selected studies, 15 out of 18 (83 %) were conducted after an RYGB procedure ,28,30,31The interaction between GM and BS is complex since surgery itself results in anatomical and physiological changes in the intestine. It is a multifaceted condition, where in addition to the surgical modifications, food consumption is altered, and weight loss occurs quickly after surgery, conditions that impact the GM. On the other hand, the GM composition seems to influence the prognosis of weight loss and metabolic improvement ,10,20,32Modifications in the GM after BS have been associated with improved glucose homeostasis, weight loss, changes in food course and motility in the gastrointestinal tract, and changes in nutritional status and diet therapy after BS ,10,26. TRoseburia intestinalis, from phylum F. This increase was also described in other recent studies, regardless of the surgical procedure, associated with a beneficial effect on improved insulin sensitivity, corroborating the hypothesis that alterations in the composition of the GM after BS may be associated with remission of DM. It should be noted, however, that changes in the proportion of phylum F after BS were still heterogeneous in both surgical procedures [Murphy et al. observed a reduction in BMI and type 2 DM remission after one year of both SG and RYGB . Koffer ocedures ,23,30.In obese individuals, GM dysbiosis has been documented, especially towards a greater relative abundance of F and a reduction in B and D, with modifications regarding the quantity and variability of bacterial species. Most studies in the present review corroborated the indication that D decreased with BS. Studies that showed an increase in F, associated this modification with the higher energy and fatty acids uptake and BMI .The literature has shown that a lower F/B ratio is associated with weight loss and metabolic improvement . HoweverThe increase in P abundance, observed in different postoperative periods of RYGB and after six months of SG, may be due to greater transient oxygen exposure and changes in the gut pH as a result of BS . In miceVeillonella, from the F phylum, was higher in only four of the sixteen studies with RYGB, and the same was not observed in the SG procedure [The relative abundance of the genus rocedure ,19,21,25Veillonella. The relative abundance of this bacteria was higher after three months of BS, when compared to the preoperative period, and associated with BMI reduction. The higher proportion of Veillonella may be due to anatomical modifications on stomach size and the oral microbiota composition after surgical intervention and has been linked to the control of inflammation and body weight [In patients undergoing RYGB, a negative correlation was observed between the BMI and five genera of bacteria, including y weight .Akkermancia muciniphila, from the phylum Verrucomicrobia, has been considered to have an anti-obesity effect and enhance type 2 DM remission [emission . This baemission ,18,23,26emission ,25,26. HStreptococcus, the genus of phylum F, had greater abundance in only two of the thirteen studies with RYGB and in one of the nine studies with SG, which may show the survival and proliferation of aerotolerant bacteria [Streptococcus in patients with persistent type 2 DM one year after the surgical procedure, suggesting a positive association between the expansion of this genus of bacteria and the risk of this chronic disease [As for bacteria ,21,27. A disease .Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, despite evidence associating its abundance with reduced plasma glucose levels and increased insulin sensitivity and possible anti-inflammatory effect [y effect ,37, showy effect ,23.Akkermansia muciniphila, Escherichia coli, Bacteroides spp., and bacteria associated with the oral microbiota [In general, RYGB surgery seemed to result in a major modification of the GM composition compared to SG ,31. Thuscrobiota , as obseGM appears to stimulate the immune system and the enteric nervous system, modulating the central nervous system and possibly impacting the hypothalamic signaling of hormones related to hunger and satiety, immune regulation, intestinal motility and secretion, and intestinal mucosal homeostasis. This mechanism of interaction between the GM, the immune system, and the neuroendocrine system has been associated with intestinal permeability, inflammatory state, changes in feeding behavior, and bacterial survival and growth , which cHelicobacter pylori or urinary tract infection, for example), the use of antibiotics in the perioperative phase and supplements, complications after BS, withdrawal of participants during the research, and the use of different surgical procedures and procedures for DNA extraction for analysis of the GM composition [The heterogeneity of data on the impact of BS on the GM, is partly due to the small sample sizes, the lack of information and/or control of dietary intake and gastric pouch size after surgery, studies with only one sex or no information regarding the sex of the study population, and the lack of information on the presence of diseases associated with obesity ,22,25,30position ,17,31. FThe long-term impact of BS on the GM is not yet known, particularly in terms of postoperative follow-up greater than one year, with most studies having up to six months ,28,29,31Actinobacteria (A), P, and D was observed in most studies with no consistency regarding the F/B ratio. After SG, there was an increase in the proportion of B, P, and diversity, with no reports on A or consensus on the F/B ratio. In both surgical procedures, there were reports of a decreased proportion of F. For specific bacteria genera, the literature available is not necessarily the same as for phyla. The magnitude of the modifications on the abundance of bacteria is also unknown.Obesity surgical treatment, such as BS, has a positive impact on lipid and glucose metabolism, remission of type 2 DM, and weight loss and also results in GM changes. In patients undergoing RYGB, an increase in B, The results are controversial, differ according to the surgical procedure, and may change depending on the postoperative period studied; thus, it is not possible to state whether changes in the GM would be permanent. Additionally, the literature available cannot discriminate between whether the GM changes are due to the BS itself  and not to the diet and lifestyle modifications that also occur after surgery, for example. For now, it is not prudent to state the magnitude of the influence of changes to the GM, as a contributing factor for weight loss promotion and metabolic improvement after BS."}
{"text": "In \u201cUsing the Transformative Storytelling Technique to Generate Empowering Narratives for Informal Caregivers: Semistructured Interviews, Thematic Analysis, and Method Demonstration\u201d :e36405), one error was noted.In the originally published paper, Affiliation 6 for author Andrea Gaggioli appeared as follows:Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, ItalyIn the corrected version of the paper, Affiliation 6 has been revised as follows:IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, ItalyThe correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on September 14, 2022, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories."}
{"text": "The identification of the factors underlying the willingness or lack thereof to respond to public health emergencies is paramount to informing more capable health services. The interest in this topic appears renewed with each surge of threat, either referring to natural disasters, man-made violence, or epidemic and pandemics. However, there is no systematic approach to the research patterns and related main findings concerning individual and contextual determinants. The present article contributes to this theme through a systematic literature review of a sample of 150 articles published in the last 30 years on the subject of willingness and preparedness of health professionals to deal with public health threats. Our findings show that the research is mainly phenomena and contextual driven, responding to whichever emergency threat is more salient in a given period. Geographically, research on this topic is led by USA and China, mostly solely, while European countries invest in collaborations that are more international. Universities, including health institutes and schools, and researchers at hospitals conduct most of the research on the topic. The main research areas are medicine, psychology, and psychiatry. Pandemics, including COVID-19, influenza, and natural disasters, are the phenomena gauging more attention as opposed to terrorism events and biological accidents. The specific role of health professionals within the institution, their belief in ethical duties, preparation training, and concerns regarding infection of self and family are the main variables influencing the willingness and ability to report to work in public health emergencies. The worldwide impact of the COVID-19 pandemic fostered the debate and research on a number of issues that required urgent understanding to face the challenges ahead and mitigate the negative impact of the circumstances. These included, among many others, the effects of public health communication, the citizens\u2019 attitudinal and behavioral dispositions to engage and act in accordance with the governmental measures, the general view and compliance with vaccination programs, teleworking provisions, and related issues concerning work-personal life balance and gendered expectations ) OR (disaster[Title/Abstract])) OR ) OR (COVID-19[Title/Abstract])) AND (willing to work[Title/Abstract])) OR (report to work[Title/Abstract]).No time period was applied, and only publications in English and Portuguese languages were retained, with the exclusion of French and German articles for which we did not have the required language skills to analyze. In addition, errata and letters were excluded.Following these criteria, 206 publications were identified, 131 in the SCOPUS database and 75 in PUBMED, with 37 duplicates that were excluded, resulting in 169 publications. A second reading to determine the eligibility of the publications by titles, keywords and abstracts was made by two independent reviewers, and 18 publications were excluded due to focusing on tangential aspects of the topic under analysis. The final number of publications was 151  selected from the two databases (SCOPUS and PubMed) were saved in bibtex and converted in R in bibliometrix, allowing the analysis of the bibliographic patterns of each publication. More specifically, it characterizes the geographic dissemination of this research as also the authors and institutions that may be specialized in the subject or its specific dimensions, answering to our first goal. A manual and software-based content analysis was conducted. First, the theoretical models, samples, and phenomena were identified manually to answer our second goal. In a second phase, a lexicographic analysis, hierarchical descending cluster analysis, and post-hoc correspondence analysis were conducted using the textual analysis software Iramuteq version 0.6. This software provides the users with different text analyses, either simple ones, such as the basic lexicography , or multivariate ones, such as hierarchical descending analysis, herein used. The hierarchical descending cluster analysis is an iteration method that results in a hierarchy of clusters. The corpus was separated into 150 texts corresponding to the number of abstracts to be analyzed. Nouns and verbs were considered for analysis, as they were suitable to reflect emergent themes and theoretical and methodological aspects. The hierarchical descending cluster analysis retained 512 text segments and 2854 elementary context units (ECUs) from the total of (99.45%). The ECUs are text units within which IRAMUTEQ calculates the frequency of word co-occurrences. The aim of this analysis was to determine the more frequent themes of the research of public health emergencies and interrelated notions, thus meeting our third goal. The vocabulary distribution is presented in a comprehensive and clear way with graphical representations derived from the lexicographic analysis . The maiThe publications related to our search words, including pandemic, disasters, public health emergency, COVID-19, and willingness, as shown in The author with more publications is from the USA and publishes in health sciences, albeit with only three articles ; Table 1As shown in The number of articles\u2019 citations is a suitable indicator of how widespread and disseminated the research is. The analysis was performed using Plum x Metrics, which allows us to see the usage and reads, captures, dissemination in social media, and mentions .The more cited articles focus on capacity needs for health care systems, factors that determine the ability and willingness to contribute during catastrophic events, and those that determine the lack thereof. A common topic among the more cited is ethical professionals\u2019 duty in emergencies that may affect them visa vis the fear of contracting or transmitting to their families the infectious disease at hand. Interestingly, the one more disseminated in social media focuses precisely on perceived barriers to ability and barriers to willingness, concluding that there is an overlapping between both. The need to stimulate both abilities and willingness of health professionals  should cThe publication venues are very fragmented, with one journal comprising seven articles, the other three journals encompassing six, five, and four articles, respectively, and the remaining with three or fewer articles published in diversified journals. The more common is specific to disaster research , followed by generalist journals on public health . Reinforcing the scarce publications per author, the wide dispersion of publication venues, with few journals publishing more than three articles on this subject, is also suggestive of the lack of a centralized corpus of research or specialized venue encompassing all the different emergency manifestations and valences. The more frequent disciplinary field is medicine .n = 94) together with other educational institutions, namely health institutes (n = 4) and health schools (n = 6), followed by hospitals (n = 13) and specific medical departments (n = 10).The authors\u2019 affiliations are mostly linked to universities  and the pandemic influenza of 2009 and 2010.As shown in The articles researching willingness and preparedness of health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic correspond to a wide array of geographical contexts, given the worldwide reach of this threat: Palestine , AustralThirty-five other studies refer to other pandemics, particularly influenza virus-based that required special care in health units. These also include several geographical contexts: United States ,109,110,As for natural disasters, ranging from higher to lesser impactful ones, they were conducted mainly in places where these disasters are more common, including Israel , Canada Articles researching the coping of health professionals and the required measures in case of future attacks in the face of terrorist attacks are circumscribed to the U.S. ,118.The main instruments used to collect data were questionnaires, interviews, and, to a lesser extent, focus groups. The questionnaire is employed more often e.g., ,99,114) ,114 99,1Regarding the data analysis patterns, besides descriptive statistics, the more commonly employed are linear and multiple regression analyses. In , the goaThe studies researching socio-demographic factors indicate that older health professionals show less willingness to work in emergency contexts, as do women and health professionals with more family responsibilities, especially small children and, also, pets to take care of e.g., ,80,142).,142.80,1Socio-demographic features and the type of emergency are thus fundamental variables impacting the willingness to report to work in public health emergencies. The radiological and nuclear incidents are the hazards associated with less willingness to report to work ,146 alsoIndividual features of healthcare professionals, including fear, lack of confidence, and uncertainty about safety, are the more systematic variables predicting the willingness to report to work in several types of public health emergencies . Other iOn a supra level, tackling the same need to mitigate the uncertainty brought by a public health crisis is the need for awareness from health professionals to know the steps of the emergency protocol or plan, and tailored changes in the workplace to accommodate pandemic challenges e.g., ,149,150),150149,1The hierarchical descending cluster analysis divided the corpus into 5 clusters distributed as shown in p < 0.01), casualty , radiological , mass , incident , earthquake , nuclear , radiation , terrorist , personnel , management , chemical , victim , biological , guideline , family , terrorism , train , disaster , nonterrorism , smallpox , radioactive , oncology , accident , educational , bomb , preparedness , confidence , need , emergency , safety .Cluster 1, labeled \u201cHigh profile Health hazards\u201d, accounts for 24.68% of our sample and focuses on a wide variety of public health risks and threats caused by natural events or man-made situations. The literature associated with this cluster emphasizes the need for strategic preparedness and readiness of healthcare workers and systems to resiliently deal with these dangerous hazards. It includes the following expressions: event , health , public , worker , local , avian , response , ability , pandemic , department , workforce , universal healthcare , U.K. , surge , ethical , state , system , potential , catastrophic , ill , emergency , global , absenteeism , capacity , unit , ethic , facility , duty , government , behavior , plan  flu , employee , numb , clinician , h1n1 , threat .Cluster 2, named \u201cOutbreaks impact on public healthcare system and workforce\u201d (21.56% of our sample), focuses on other diseases that require emergence responses from the healthcare system and workers, namely influenza and H1n1 (avian flu). The articles associated with this cluster  emphasize more healthcare public policy provisions alongside specific challenges faced by the healthcare workforce, such as absenteeism. It includes the words influenza , logistic , datum , leadership , questionnaire  female  woman , peritraumatic , distress , stress , exhaustion , domestic , proportion , disorder , support , collaboration , anxiety , status , intervention , emotional , social , scale , interview , mental .Cluster 3, named \u201cPsychological impacts of emergency work\u201d, accounts for 21.56% of the articles and includes more information on specific statistical analysis and instruments of data collection, but, more importantly, analyzes the psychological consequences of working in emergency situations. These include an allusion to emotional and socially demanding situations for mental health emergencies, including distress, stress, anxiety, peritrauma, and exhaustion, felt particularly by female participants. The concepts more associated with this cluster are regression , stressors , doctor , volunteer , respiratory , medical , coronavirus , education , choice , career , medicine , conclusion , infection , disease , specialty , military , cause , infectious , Chinese , burden , anxiety (\u03c7\u00b2 = 14.69 p < 0.01), syndrome , parent , symptom , educate , satisfaction , depression , decrease , psychological , efficacy , , COVID , cope , stress , fear , expose , worry , emerge science , depressive , exposure , frontline , mental , male , train period .Cluster 4, named \u201cCOVID-19 and medical doctors coping\u201d, includes articles closer to those of cluster 1 also revolving around COVID-19, albeit with a broader range of issues and specific healthcare professions. It accounts for 13.51% of the articles. The emphasis is on students of medicine and medical doctors coping with pandemic COVID-19 stressors in situ and the application of educational and scientific-based approaches to deal with the new challenging outbreak. While Cluster 1 emphasized the burden on nurses, this cluster explores more in depth the psychological impact on doctors. The stronger words associated are student , nurse , China , professional (\u03c7\u00b2 = 21.59 p < 0.01), work , challenge , influence , perspective , willingness , decision , quality , outbreak , frontline , evidence , natural , provider , disease , care , crisis , patient , condition , demand , motivation , commitment , Australian , problem , policy , organizational , Japan , pressure , affect  and healthcare . In order to better grasp the contextual meaning of the concepts pertaining to this cluster, we have consulted the typical text segments in which some of the most frequent words appear (using as ranking score the sum of \u03c7\u00b2 = of marked forms in segment).Cluster 5, named \u201cCOVID-19 Outbreak and health providers motivation and commitment\u201d, accounts for 18.7% of the sample, including literature already focused on the pandemic COVID-19, emphasizing notions of urgency and challenging demands and conditions. Although nurses are the specific health professionals more associated with this cluster, more generic mentions of professionals, providers, and organizational contexts are made. Moreover, the focus on health providers considers their motivation, commitment, and willingness, especially those on the frontline. The main geographical contexts are China, Japan, and Australia. The specific words more associated with this cluster are COVID  are alongside the specific hierarchical role, the schedule required, and the quality of preparation training. Belief in duty and belief in protecting their family are at the different symbolic and values-based poles of this dilemma. The individual aptitude for working and thriving in an emergency context depends on the individual risk perception and underlying factors, the family support in engaging in that activity, and the required perceived skills to fight the emergence. Naturally, different provisions are required depending on health emergencies, and the response outlining must consider the aptitudes and willingness of health professionals as well as the available resources in the institution . SpecifiThe mindset, as profusely emphasized during times of crises, should be to capacitate health professionals with the best resources possible, including specific training, psychological accompaniment during and after the exposure to the acute or long-standing event, awareness-raising regarding their role and duties, a clear, comprehensive attitude of support to mitigate the feelings of concern or fear regarding one\u2019s or family health. To know the factors and apply contingency measures is halfway through more capable and willing health professionals to deal with threatening situations with the least impact possible on their health in its aftermath."}
{"text": "Silicon carbide nanotubes (SiCNTs) have generated significant research interest due to their potential use in the fabrication of electronic and optoelectronic nanodevices and biosensors. The exceptional chemical, electrical and thermal properties of SiCNTs are beneficial for their application in high-temperature and harsh-environments. In view of the limited thermal stability of carbon nanotubes, they can be replaced by silicon carbide nanotubes in reinforced composites, developed for operations at high temperatures. However, fundamentally theoretical studies of the mechanical properties of the silicon carbide nanotubes are at an early stage and their results are still insufficient for designing and exploiting appropriate nanodevices based on SiCNTs and reinforced composites. In this context, the present study deals with the determination of Young\u2019s and shear moduli of non-chiral single-walled silicon carbide nanotubes, using a three-dimensional finite element model. For nearly two decades, non-carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs) have been the focus of interest for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) due to their use in hazardous environments . SiliconSiCNTs were synthesized for the first time by Sun et al. , who conThe reinforcement of composites for machinery parts by CNTs significantly improved their performance and helped to reduce the weight of its components. Nevertheless, this may not meet the requirements for numerous applications, such as high-temperature and high-power electronics, systems with improved thermal conductivity and nanodevices operating at high temperatures and in harsh environments. SiCNTs with optimum thermal properties, high conductivity and promising prospects for mass production can be suitable candidates to replace the CNTs. However, the silicon atom, Si, has a larger atomic radius, lower electronegativity and weaker bonds, which leads to properties of SiCNTs that are different from those of CNTs . RegardiOn atomistic approaches, in the work by Baumeier et al. , the surWith regard to the CM approach, where the whole nanotube is replaced by a single continuum structure, Mercan and Civalek  analyzedIn contrast to CM, the NCM/MSM approach considers the bonds between Si and C atoms as elastic beams, making use of the connection between the nanotube molecular structure and solid mechanics. Genoese et al.  evaluateThe goal of this study is to assess the Young\u2019s and shear moduli of non-chiral single-walled silicon carbide nanotubes (SWSiCNTs) with chiral indices and diameters in a broad range, making use of the NCM/MSM approach, which employs beam elements. So far, the NCM/MSM approach is the most commonly indicated for effective and fast computational simulation of the N-CNTs mechanical response. To this end, a three-dimensional numerical model was used, which allowed the determination of bending, tensile and torsional rigidities, and, afterwards, the calculation of the elastic moduli of SWSiCNTs.hC, and the chiral angle, \u03b8, given by the following expressions, respectively:As shown in The SiC sheet can be rolled up into a cylinder in different ways, varying the chiral angle, \u03b8, from 0\u00b0 to 30\u00b0 see, , formingc, and the diameter, NTs are characterized by the nanotube circumference, L0.177 nm , 0.179 n0.177 nm  and 0.180.177 nm .bAb, bending, EbIb, and torsional, GbJb, rigidities of beam elements, constituting the equivalent continuum structure, and the bond stretching, kr, bond bending, k\u03b8, and torsional resistance, k\u03c4, force constants, which describe the molecular structure:l is the beam length.The nanoscale continuum modelling/molecular structural mechanics approach was used, which substitutes the Si\u2013C bonds of SWSiCNTs by equivalent beam elements. Li and Chou  establisl, and the bond length, Thus, Equation (5) is the basis for the analysis of the elastic behaviour of SWSiCNTs, using the link between the continuum and molecular mechanics, which together with the assumption of equivalence between the beam length, FE model .\u00ae . To transform the program database files, provided by the Nanotube Modeler\u00a9 software, to a format suitable to be used in the commercial ABAQUS\u00ae code, the home programme InterfaceNanotubes.NM was used [The FE models of the SiC nanotubes use the coordinates of the Si and C atoms to create the nodes and the appropriate connections between the nodes to generate the beam elements. The respective meshes were constructed using the Nanotube Modeler\u00a9 software , which produces program database files. These files contain the atom positions and interatomic connections, which serve as input to FE\u2019s commercial code, ABAQUSwas used . Table 2\u00ae. Therefore, in the respective conventional tests, the transverse force, Ft, the axial tensile force, Fa, and the torsional moment, T, were applied to one edge of the NT, while the other edge is constrained. To carry out the torsion test, the loaded nodes were prevented from moving in the radial direction.The mechanical behaviour of SWSiCNTs under numerical bending, tensile and torsion tests was studied with to the FE code ABAQUSa, the transverse displacement, ut, and the twist angle, \u03c6, are obtained from the FE analysis of the tensile, bending and torsion tests, respectively. Consequently, the tensile, EA, bending, EI, and torsional, GJ, rigidities of the SWSiCNTs can be determined as follows, respectively:n is the NT\u2019s length.The axial displacement, uAs for the single-walled carbon ,27, boroKnowing the EA and EI rigidities and using Equations (9) and (10), the diameter Subsequently, replacing the mean diameter, As in the case of most N-CNTs , there in, several authors have chosen to report the values of the surface Young\u2019s  and (14), requires reliable knowledge of the value of tThe viability of Equations (15) and (16), to be used to evaluate the The tensile, EA, bending, EI, and torsional, GJ, rigidities of non-chiral SWSiCNTs, from (SWCNTs) ,27, the (SWCNTs) , and the(SWCNTs) , for non[Dn see, b, and thAs previously established by the authors for the SWCNTs ,27, SWBNIt is worth noting that the linear function presented by Equation (19) and the cubic functions expressed by Equations (20) and (21) can be comprehended based on the quasi linear relationship of the cross-sectional area, A (Equation (9)), and the cubic relationships between the moment of inertia, I (Equation (10)), and the polar moment of inertia, J (Equation (11)) with the nanotube diameter, respectively.To investigate the accuracy of the aforementioned analytical expressions for the evaluation of the three rigidities, Substituting, in Equations (15)\u2013(18), the tensile, EA, bending, EI, and torsional, GJ, rigidities by the respective expressions (19)\u2013(21), and knowing the parameters As a result, Equations (22)\u2013(25) allow the assessment of the SWSiCNTs elastic moduli without resorting to numerical simulation.First, the results of the non-chiral SWSiCNTs Young\u2019s modulus, calculated with Equations (13) and (22), for three different values of the NT wall thickness, ter see, . It shouThe results related to the effect of the nanotube wall thickness, It can be concluded that the Young\u2019s modulus, E, decreases when the wall thickness, u et al. , the val nm see, a. Thus, As there is no reported accurate value of o 0.6 nm a,b. For ess see, a,b. FromThe results presented in The surface Young\u2019s modulus, 24) see, a. The la8 TPa\u00b7nm  which arr et al. , using ar et al. , who empr et al.  and Jianr et al.  are at ar et al. , calculaEquation  in the prk of Le  and Jianrk of Le . Despiterk of Le  and Jianrk of Le  sharing rk of Le  reportedrk of Le , most liThe discrepancy of the In this section, the results of the shear modulus, G, and the surface shear modulus, e et al. .n = 0.34, 0.39, 0.45 nm.The shear modulus, G, of the non-chiral SWSiCNTs increases for NT diameters, Similar to the case of the surface of the Young\u2019s modulus, the non-chiral SWSiCNTs surface of the shear modulus, The  nm see, a,b. ThusThe As can be seen from The average value to which the surface of the shear modulus of the non-chiral SWSiCNTs converges is approximately 36% lower than that evaluated for the SWCNTs. This should be taken into account in the design and construction of NTs-based devices and systems, where SiCNTs are considered a replacement for CNTs. Regarding the e et al. . Reasonae et al.  reportedses see, . Howevere et al. , which ue et al.  assumed The Young\u2019s and shear moduli of non-chiral SWSiCNTs were assessed using numerical simulation, based on the NCM/MSM approach. The main achievements of the present study are presented in the following paragraphs.Equations establishing the relationship between each of the three rigidities\u2014tensile, bending and torsional\u2014and the NT diameter were obtained. The fitting parameters of Equations (19)\u2013(21), which permit the assessment of the rigidities of the SiC nanotubes\u2014regardless of the symmetry group: zigzag or armchair\u2014were calculated. In this way, the previously established method for calculating the three rigidities without resourcing to numerical simulation, is extended to silicon carbide NTs.The evolutions of the Young\u2019s modulus with the nanotube wall thickness were used to make assumptions regarding the realistic value of The accuracy of Equations (17) and (18), for the evaluation of the surface of the Young\u2019s and shear moduli, respectively, was demonstrated. In our view, these equations are suitable to calculate the surface of the Young\u2019s and shear moduli of the N-CNTs, for which there is no appropriate value of the NT wall thickness reported in the literature.The results obtained contribute considerably to a benchmark in the evaluation of the elastic constants of the silicon carbide nanotubes by theoretical methods."}
{"text": "Magnetic Functional Materials: Synthesis, Characterization and Application is a new open Special Issue of Materials, which aims to publish original and review papers on new scientific and applied research, and make great contributions to the finding and understanding of magnetic functional materials and related synthesis, fundamentals, characterization, and applications.The early magnetic materials were mainly silicon steel and ferrite. Since the 1960s, a series of high-performance magnetic functional materials such as amorphous soft magnets, nanocrystalline soft magnets and rare-earth permanent magnets have appeared one after another [In the contemporary information society, energy, information, and materials are the important foundation of production, life, and high technology. Magnetic functional materials are widely used in energy, information, and materials science and technology. There are many kinds of magnetic functional materials, and their progress is rapid. Magnetic functional materials have attracted a great deal of attention regarding their applications. Magnetic behaviors are widespread in a variety of materials, such as metals, ceramics, organics, and emerging 2D materials. Applications of magnetic materials include memories, sensors, magnetic refrigeration, drug delivery, electrochemistry, environmental protection, energy storage, and more.Magnetic Functional Materials: Synthesis, Characterization and Application includes, but is not limited to, the following: permanent magnets; magnetic functional materials; magnetism in correlated electron systems; memories and sensors devices; magnetic refrigeration; environmental protection; and devices based on magnetic materials.The research interest of the section"}
{"text": "Instead of \u201cDepartment of Pharmacy Practice,\u201d it should be \u201cDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy.\u201dIn the published article, there was an error in affiliation Ohoud S. Almalki was mistakenly not credited as a contributing author in the original Author Contributions. The Author Contributions Statement previously stated:OSA and OAA: conceptualization and project administration. OAA: methodology, software, data curation, formal analysis, and funding acquisition. OSA and MA: validation and writing\u2014original draft preparation. OSA, OMA, and MA: investigation. YA, OMA, and OAA: writing\u2014review and editing. OMA, MA, and YA: visualization. OSA, YA, and OAA: supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.The corrected Author Contributions Statement appears below.OSA and OAA: conceptualization and project administration. OAA: methodology, software, data curation, formal analysis, and funding acquisition. OSA and MA: validation and writing\u2014original draft preparation. OSA, OMA, and MA: investigation. YA, OMA, and OAA: writing\u2014review and editing. OMA, MA, and YA: visualization. OSA, YA, and OAA: supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "The American Journal of Gastroenterology published a series of reviews by a Rome Foundation Working Group on the emerging role of food in the pathogenesis, illness experience, and treatment of what were then referred to as Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (FGIDs)  . At the  (FGIDs) \u20139.Over the ensuing 9 years, our thinking about FGIDs has expanded and evolved. We have an enhanced understanding of the complexity of the pathophysiology of these conditions. Reflecting this, the Rome Foundation has proposed a change in the label applied to FGIDs, which for many had become a 4-letter word. The new label, Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction (DGBI), retains a 4-letter abbreviation but one that is intended to be more descriptive and less negatively charged for patients and providers .One of the most important advances in our understanding of DGBI involves the interaction between the gut luminal microenvironment and the host . Among tAJG manuscript series published in 2013, we posited, \u201cfood is complex.\u201d These words ring even more true in 2022 (In the introduction to the  in 2022 . It is pAJG for enabling the dissemination of the work of this Rome Foundation Working Group. We also extend our heartfelt gratitude to the authors for their hard work and dedication to this project. We hope that in the menu of offerings, you find information that suits your fancy. Bon Appetit!We thank the editors of Guarantor of the article: William D. Chey, MD.Specific author contributions: All authors participated in the conception, preparation of the first draft, critical revision of subsequent drafts, and approval of the final article.Financial support: None to report.Potential competing interests: W.D.C. is a consultant for AbbVie, Allakos, Alnylam, Ardelyx, Arena, Bayer, Biomerica, Ironwood, Nestle, QOL Medical, Salix/Valeant, Takeda, Urovant Sciences, and Vibrant; has received grant and/or research study funding from Biomerica, Commonwealth Diagnostics International, QOL Medical, and Salix; has stock options in GI on Demand, Modify Health; serves on the Rome Board of Directors; and is a member of the Board of Trustees of the American College of Gastroenterology and Board of Directors of the International Foundation for Gastrointestinal Disorders. J.T. is a consultant for Adare, Alfa Wassermann, Arena, Bayer, Christian Hansen, Clasado, Danone, Devintec, Falk, Gr\u00fcnenthal, Ironwood, Janssen, Kiowa Kirin, Menarini, Mylan, Neurogastrx, Neutec, Novartis, Nutricia, Ricordati Shionogi, Takeda, Truvion, Tsumura, Zealand, and Zeria pharmaceuticals; has received research support from Biohit, Shire, Sofar, and Takeda; and has served on the speaker bureau for Abbott, Allergan, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Kyowa Kirin, Menarini, Mylan, Novartis, Shire, Takeda, Wellspect, and Zeria and is President of the Rome Foundation."}
{"text": "Given that dental practice is currently based on the \u201caverage\u201d patient, providing therapeutic and rehabilitative interventions rather than preventive measures , with liP4 medicine, including precise , personalized , preventive (early detection and intervention), and participatory (directly involving patients) approaches, is based on a deeper understanding of the etiology and course of oral disease and, in particular, the broader social, behavioral, and systemic determinants of oral health and its relationship to overall health .Therefore, the increasing integration of P4 medicine principles into oral care should favor the transition from \u201creactive\u201d disease-waiting dentistry with standardized protocols to \u201cproactive\u201d approaches that track patients\u2019 parameters in a way that is as comprehensive, continuous, and prompt as possible [In recent decades, strategies for P4 medicine have been developed, supported by digital technologies (including software and devices for data computation and storage) and medical data systems , primarily to predict what will happen to a patient or a particular organ or site [In oral, dental, and periodontal care, predicting the case-specific development of caries  or perioIn addition, predicting the site-specific activity and progression of caries and periodontitis could support early-treatment decisions and more accurate, effective, and definitive approaches, with a positive impact on the thorough treatment of patients and their well-being .Moreover, with the proliferation of technology and teledentistry , it is nTeledentistry platforms and tools are increasingly used for consultations with urgent oral and dental needs and concerns, as well as for telediagnoses, especially for the elderly, the frail, and those living in remote areas ,13,14,15Smartwatches, smartphones, and tablets are increasingly becoming an integrated part of our approach to health. M-health applications enable the progression of caries lesions and the progress of orthodontic treatment to be monitored, reinforce biofilm control and provide support and guidance for post-surgical courses .Furthermore, teledentistry and M-health, in combination with widely used smart sensors on the one hand and artificial intelligence and machine learning on the other, may foster the development of next-generation systems ,17 for a"}
{"text": "While of predominant abundance across vertebrate genomes and significant biological implications, the relevance of short tandem repeats (STRs)  to speciation remains largely elusive and attributed to random coincidence for the most part. Here we collected data on the whole-genome abundance of mono-, di-, and trinucleotide STRs in nine species, encompassing rodents and primates, including rat, mouse, olive baboon, gelada, macaque, gorilla, chimpanzee, bonobo, and human. The collected data were used to analyze hierarchical clustering of the STR abundances in the selected species.We found massive differential STR abundances between the rodent and primate orders. In addition, while numerous STRs had random abundance across the nine selected species, the global abundance conformed to three consistent\u2009<\u2009clusters>, as follows: <rat, mouse>, <gelada, macaque, olive baboon>, and\u00a0<gorilla, chimpanzee, bonobo, human>, which coincided with the phylogenetic distances of the selected species (p\u2009<\u20094E-05). Exceptionally, in the trinucleotide STR compartment, human was significantly distant from all other species.Based on hierarchical clustering, we propose that the global abundance of STRs is non-random in rodents and primates, and probably had a determining impact on the speciation of the two orders. We also propose the STRs and STR lengths, which predominantly conformed to the phylogeny of the selected species, exemplified by (t)10, (ct)6, and (taa4). Phylogenetic and experimental platforms are warranted to further examine the observed patterns and the biological mechanisms associated with those STRs. Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species. Several models and theories have been proposed for this highly complicated process, including gene regulatory networks, community ecology, and mating preferences (for a review see ). NaturaSTRs are a source of rapid and continuous morphological evolution, for exaWhile a limited number of studies indicate that purifying selection and drift can shape the structure of STRs at the inter- and intra-species levels \u201322, the Mononucleotide and dinucleotide STRs are the most common categories of STRs in the vertebrate genomes, 24. In Here, we analyzed the global hierarchical clustering of all types of mono-, di-, and trinucleotide STRs in nine mammalian species, encompassing primates and rodents, Those species belong to the superordinal group of Euarchontoglires , and forhttps://hgdownload.soe.ucsc.edu) was used to download and analyze the latest genome assemblies of nine species as follows (genome sizes are indicated following each species): rat (Rattus norvegicus): 2,647,915,728, mouse (Mus musculus): 2,728,222,451, gelada (Theropithecus gelada): 2,889,630,685, olive baboon (Papio anubis): 2,869,821,163, macaque (Macaca mulatta): 2,946,843,737, gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla): 3,063,362,754, chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): 3,050,398,082, bonobo (Pan paniscus): 3,203,531,224, and human (Homo sapiens): 3,099,706,404. Those species encompassed rodents: rat and mouse, Old World monkeys: gelada, olive baboon, macaque, and great apes: gorilla, bonobo, chimpanzee, human.The UCSC genome browser (https://github.com/arabfard/Java_STR_Finder). All possibilities of mononucleotide motifs, consisting of A, C, T, and G, all possibilities of dinucleotide motifs, consisting of AC, AG, AT, CA, CG, CT, GA, GC, GT, TA, TC, and TG, and all possibilities of trinucleotide motifs, consisting of AAC, AAT, AAG, ACA, ACC, ACT, ACG, ATA, ATC, ATT, ATG, AGA, AGC, AGT, AGG, CAA, CAC, CAT, CAG, CCA, CCT, CCG, CTA, CTC, CTT, CTG, CGA, CGC, CGT, CGG, TAA, TAC, TAT, TAG, TCA, TCC, TCT, TCG, TTA, TTC, TTG, TGA, TGC, TGT, TGG, GAA, GAC, GAT, GAG, GCA, GCC, GCT, GCG, GTA, GTC, GTT, GTG, GGA, GGC, and GGT were analyzed.The whole-genome abundance of mononucleotide STRs of \u2265\u200910-repeats, dinucleotide STRs of \u2265\u20096-repeats, and trinucleotide STRs of \u2265\u20094-repeats were studied in the nine selected species. To that end, we designed a software package in Java  STRs. The algorithm started from an initial point, which was the first nucleotide of each genome, and iteratively repeated a series of steps during walking on the genome, nucleotide by nucleotide. In the first step, it investigated a window frame of 2*N, where 2 was the definition of tandem repeats i.e., two identical continuous sequences, and N was the length of the STR core. If the first half of the sequence inside the window was not equal to the second half, the algorithm moved one nucleotide forward. If equal, the algorithm checked the nucleotides, and this process continued until all identical continuous nucleotides, which were the same as the core were found. The final selected sequence- M*N- was introduced as a new STR, which had a core with a length of N and M repeats. All steps were repeated to find new STRs from the end of the previous STR. We repeated the algorithm for different values of N .Whole-genome chromosome-by-chromosome data were aggregated and analyzed in the nine species. STR abundances across the selected species were obtained and depicted by boxplot diagrams and hierarchical clustering, using boxplot and hclust packages in R, reThe STR abundances across the nine selected species were compared by repeated measurements analysis, using one and two-way ANOVA tests. These analyses were confirmed by nonparametric tests.Whole-genome data was collected on the abundance of mononucleotide STRs across the nine species Table\u00a0. We founThe whole-genome STR abundances from aggregated chromosome-by-chromosome analysis in the dinucleotide category Table\u00a0 was decrThere was global shrinkage of the trinucleotide STR compartment in primates versus rodents P\u2009=\u20093.8E-05) 10, (at)8, and (ttg)4 Fig.\u00a0. HierarcWhile the mechanisms underlying speciation are extremely complicated and largely based on theories and models, the impact of genetics seems to be significant in respect of adaptation, gene flow, and natural selection. In fact, natural selection may be a central converging point of the evolutionary propositions for speciation. However, the various mechanisms involved in speciation have different impact on natural selection, and it is the net effect which may ultimately result in the emergence of a new species.As one of the most abundant genetic elements in various animal genomes, it is largely unknown whether at the crossroads of speciation, STRs evolved as a result of purifying selection, genetic drift, and/or in a directional manner.Here, we selected multiple species across rodents and primates, and investigated the clustering patterns of all possible types and lengths of mononucleotides, dinucleotide, and trinucleotide STRs on the whole-genome scale in those species. Hierarchical clustering yielded clusters that predominantly conformed to the phylogenetic distances of the selected species. Hierarchical clustering is an unsupervised clustering method that is used to group data. This algorithm is unsupervised because it uses random, unlabeled datasets. As the number of clusters increases, the accuracy of the hierarchical clustering algorithm improves.http://alggen.lsi.upc.es/cgi-bin/promo_v3/promo/promoinit.cgi?dirDB=TF_8.3) [https://figshare.com/articles/figure/STR_Clustering/17054972). The concept of various TF sets stands for other STRs as well. For example, (ct)6 conforms to the phylogenetic clusters, and recruits a number of TFs, whereas (ct)7, which does not conform to those clusters, recruits quantitatively different set of those TFs  . Those vMononucleotide STRs impact various processes, such as gene expression, translation alterations, and frameshifts of various proteins, which may have evolutionary and pathological consequences, 25. TheIn a number of instances, dinucleotide STRs located in the protein-coding gene core promoters have been subject to contraction in the process of human and non-human primate evolution. A numbeTrinucleotide STRs are predominantly focused on in human because of their link with several neurological disorders\u201345. We fThe observed abundances were independent of the genome sizes of the selected species. For example in the instances of di- and trinucleotide STRs, we observed higher abundances in rodents versus primates despite the smaller genome sizes of the former. These findings are in line with the previous reports of lack of relationship between genome size and abundance of STRs, 47.It should be noted that this is a pilot study based on hierarchical clustering, and future studies are warranted to further examine our hypothesis, using phylogenetic platforms and additional orders and species. Functional studies are also warranted to examine the biological impact of the relevant STRs.We propose that the global abundance of STRs is non-random across rodents and primates. We also propose the STRs and STR lengths, which predominantly conformed to the phylogenetic distances of those species, such as (t)10, (ct)6, and (taa4). Additional species encompassing other orders and phylogenetic platforms are warranted to further examine this proposition.This research was a pilot study based on hierarchical clustering of the collected data in a number of mammalian species. Phylogenetic platforms and additional orders of species are warranted to further examine our hypothesis."}
{"text": "Santa Cruz da Prata was a tiny land between the mountains, close to the sky, in the south of the state of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil. Also known as \u201cPratinha,\u201d this region was once very beautiful, with sierras after sierras and woodlands with the Atlantic trees of Peroba, Jacarand\u00e1, Angelim, Angico, Ip\u00eas, and Sapucaias and all thousands of birds.But there was a time when the coffee planters came; then, one by one, almost all trees were felled and, nowadays, very little, hardly anything, remains. What remained were those empty fields, the coffee plantations dominating a depleted landscape, outlining their dull uniformity. But, even today, when Spring arrives and the rains of September make the first buds bloom from the earth, the fields turn green and those magical mountains take over the silences and mysteries of MG.It was there that, around 1930, Jo\u00e3o Biela da Silva, a respectable citizen and pharmacist, married Gentil Gianerini Silva, and they had five children: Ant\u00f4nio, Ald\u00e9rico, Augusta, Alcino, and Ana Maria. To be more exact, our story begins on February 11, 1936, the date on which he, Alcino, was born.Grande Sert\u00e3o: Veredas, 1956, free translation): \u201cYou will please excuse this bad habit of mine. [...] I don\u2019t know how to tell things straight. [...] Telling something is a very, very difficult business. Not because of the years that have gone by, but because certain things of the past have a way of changing about, switching places.\u201dIt is difficult to distinguish history from story. Everything gets mixed up and combined after so many years that have gone. That is why I would like you to exempt me from eventual failures. As well stated by the Brazilian writer Jo\u00e3o Guimar\u00e3es Rosa , where Alcino completed his elementary education; then, the family moved to Mococa, in the northeast of the state of S\u00e3o Paulo, where he studied the first 2 years of high school education. As if the starts have aligned, once his vocation for Medicine was defined, he moved to Belo Horizonte (MG), where he completed high school at Col\u00e9gio Marconi. Henceforth, he took the admission exam at the two Schools of Medicine then existing and was approved in both. He chose the Federal University , indisputably of better quality at the time, and began his brilliant career in Medicine in 1954. Ever since, and especially since his graduation in 1959, his life as a doctor, surgeon, and professor was an example to be followed. It translates into the nonconformity of a man who did everything to honor his profession and dignify it to the fullest extent. His connection with Prof. Jo\u00e3o Baptista de Resende Alves, then Full Professor of Surgical Technique and Experimental Surgery, from the fourth year of medicine onward, marked his academic and professional training, in such a way that, very early, he was endowed with the characteristics to become the natural heir of the direction of this exemplary surgical school.His stay in the municipality of Entre Rios de Minas lasted 7 years. There, together with his classmate Paulo Silva, he carried out one of the most beautiful works of all known to date. I made a point of personally visiting the city and the Cassiano Campolina Hospital, where he worked. I noticed, by listening to the testimonies of several people, that he did everything there: he organized the maternity ward, guided pregnant women, trained paramedics, provided free health care to the humble, plastered legs and arms, performed operations, and worked. The people there were grateful and granted him the honorable title of honorary citizen.But his horizons were broader. Since then, even though he was settled in a small city, Professor Alcino would come to Belo Horizonte on weekends and spend hours on end at the Surgical Technique Laboratory, working on his doctoral dissertation, brilliantly defended in 1965.At that time, he had already married Ana Maria, his wife, partner, friend, and his backbone for such an ambitious life project. Moreover, Ana gave him his greatest gifts: her love and their seven children.. It is also worth mentioning his efficient tenure as the president of the Brazilian College of Digestive Surgery (1997/1998), as the president of the Foundation for Research and Teaching in Surgery (FUPEC), at the Board of Directors of Hospital Borges da Costa, and the Brazilian Society for Surgery Research Development (SOBRADPEC), where he was the director. He was also, with all and indisputable merits, a member of the Minas Gerais Academy of Medicine and the National Academy of Medicine. He also received numerous honors such as the Grande Medalha da Inconfid\u00eancia , Grande Medalha do M\u00e9rito da Sa\u00fade , and Medalha da Ordem do M\u00e9rito Legislativo , in addition to the honorable title of Honoris Causa Professor of Escola Superior da Santa Casa de Miseric\u00f3rdia de Vit\u00f3ria . It is impossible for me not to say anything before his innovative and creative spirit, when devising surgical techniques that are now recognized worldwide, such as the proposal for the surgical correction of incisional hernias (Alcino Lazaro da Silva\u2019s Technique). Finally, I cannot help but list the dozens of theses that the Professor has so wisely advised, the Digestive Surgery Service of Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas, UFMG, which he created, among so many other activities.I do not intend here to enumerate the Professor\u2019s achievements and innumerable titles. The list is endless and the mission would be impossible in such a small space. So, as summarized as it could be, it would not do justice. However, as a matter of conscience, I feel obliged to report, through and through, some of his achievements since his definitive transfer to the University where he achieved the highest of all titles, that of Professor Emeritus. We should mention his hundreds of published works, his countless books, his brilliant civil service competitive examination for full professor in 1975, his extraordinary teaching participation, the creation of the Graduate Program in Surgery at the School of Medicine of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), the coordination of numerous disciplines of undergraduate and graduate programs, and the countless honors received either as a sponsor lecturer or as a sponsoring professor of the classes.When he was the president of the Brazilian College of Digestive Surgery (1997/1998), he was responsible for acquiring its own headquarters. In addition, he was the one who included the Latin sentence \u201cUT OMNES UNUM SINT,\u201d which means \u201call for one,\u201d in the College\u2019s symbol, which has been maintained to this dayWords of aggrandizement and praise are usually a habit of those who greet the honoree. In my case, the praise is not just protocol-like: it is much rather a superior commandment of affection and recognition. Our points of view, at times divergent, have only increased my admiration, stimulated by my growing conviction of his greatness of character. Therefore, I allowed myself to trace his paths to show the saga of a man a little, as a humble and unnecessary attempt to frame him in the gallery of the great names of Brazilian surgery. Hence, I entered his backyards, wandered through his father\u2019s pharmacy, tasted the flour cookies and guava sweets made by Jovita, a black mother, who today has a seat in heaven. I participated in his experiments in surgical technique, performed surgeries in Entre Rios, and scoured his enviable and immense curriculum, without any purpose.Grande Sert\u00e3o: Veredas, 1956, free translation):At the end of my text, I sought to understand a fact that, at first, no one could answer me. I redoubled my efforts in tracing his steps, seeking to unravel his option to transfer to Belo Horizonte. I wondered why someone, living in the south of MG, near the border of S\u00e3o Paulo, and who, already studying in that state, decides to go to the capital of MG to study Medicine when, in those times, the most reasonable thing would be to choose the capital of S\u00e3o Paulo. I applied myself, with no support, to the search for this answer, so as to investigate and speculate on his life in a more accurate and competent way. Soon, that is what I found. I found the answer myself by knowing him, by tracing the enchanted universe of Guimar\u00e3es Rosa (Guimar\u00e3es Rosa, Those who are born in Minas Gerais are shy, benevolent, contained, suspicious, disciplined, discreet, scrupulous, thrifty, balanced, faithful, grateful, honorable, intelligent, honest, loyal, meditative, modest, obstinate, prudent, patient, mundane, sensible, without any haste, sagacious, sober, hardworking, timid, virtuous. People born in Minas Gerais bring more individuality than personality, they think that what matters is to be and not to appear, they know that to be agitated is not to act. Those born in Minas Gerais do not dispute. They have no visible audacity. They transcend it. They do not believe that anything can be solved by a gesture or an act, but they have learned that things come back, that life changes, that everything can come back.When it dawned on me, I realized that Prof. Alcino had the face of MG and that there, only there, could he belong. In 2022, now enchanted, he left us a legacy that is difficult to fulfill.Minas, our dear Minas, the \u201clittle homeland\u201d of general stars.Minas that comprises many: Jequitinhonha, Mata, Tri\u00e2ngulo, Metal\u00fargica, Minas do Sul, and Minas of the western hills. Minas from all these cities, from Diamantina, Ouro Preto, Sabar\u00e1, Cordisburgo, Lassance, Montes Claros, Entre Rios, Guaran\u00e9sia, and Santa Cruz do Prata. Minas from Belo Horizonte.Minas crossed by these rivers of deep waters, namely, the S\u00e3o Francisco, Grande, Doce, Paracatu, Carinhanha, Pandeiros, and the green-bluish Urucuia River, love of mine.Minas that God carved and decorated with all the stones \u2014 the sapphires, tourmalines, amethysts, topaz \u2014 these golds of emerald hopes.Minas, mountains, and sky and those mountain paths where Buriti trees touch the clouds.Our Minas, ours alone. Minas of all Brazilians.Minas that gave Brazil most of its greatest geniuses: Drumond, poet; Guimar\u00e3es Rosa, the greatest of all writers; Santos Dumont who, one day, dreamed of flying like birds and did so; Carlos Chagas, the greatest scientist, who single-handedly discovered and fully described a disease; Pel\u00e9, who enchanted the world with his art; Tiradentes who, one day, died to free Brazil. Minas of Juscelino, Milton Campos, M\u00e1rio Palm\u00e9rio, Hilton Rocha, Alfredo Balena, Baeta Vianna, and Jo\u00e3o Baptista de Resende Alves.Minas of Alcino L\u00e1zaro da Silva."}
{"text": "To the Editor: Lewis et al. recommend considering hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) as a differential diagnosis for monkeypox on the basis of a series of 9 patients from Argentina and Bolivia with suspicion of monkeypox, of which 3/9 patients had laboratory-confirmed monkeypox and 4/9 patients had HFMD . Two days before, he began experiencing myalgias and fever, followed by a generalized rash with painful pustular lesions on the arms, hands, feet, mouth, scalp, and anus . He was We swabbed anal, oral, and skin lesions and assessed the specimens for orthopoxvirus and enterovirus nucleic acids by PCR, which was positive for enterovirus but negative for orthopoxvirus, confirming HFMD. In conclusion, we support the suggestion to consider atypical HFMD as a differential diagnosis of monkeypox."}
{"text": "Rubella virus (RuV) generally causes a mild infection, but it can sometimes lead to systemic abnormalities. This study aimed to conduct a bibliometric analysis of over two decades of RuV research. Medical studies published from 2000 to 2021 were analyzed to gain insights into and identify research trends and outputs in RuV. R and VOSviewer were used to conduct a bibliometric investigation to determine the globally indexed RuV research output. The Dimensions database was searched with RuV selected as the subject, and 2500 published documents from the preceding two decades were reviewed. The number of publications on RuV has increased since 2003, reaching its peak in 2020. There were 12,072 authors and 16,769 author appearances; 88 publications were single-authored and 11,984 were multi-authored. The United States was the most influential contributor to RuV research, in terms of publications and author numbers. The number of RuV-related articles has continued to increase over the past few years due to the significant rubella burden in low-income nations. This study will aid in formulating plans and policies to control and prevent RuV infections.  Rubivirus genus in the Matonaviridae family [Rubella virus (RuV) is an RNA virus and a member of the e family . It has e family ,3. Althoe family ,5. Approe family . RuV is e family .When infection occurs within the first eight weeks of pregnancy, RuV can have tragic and severe deleterious effects on the fetus, including malformations, premature delivery, and miscarriage . Fetal mBibliometrics is a valuable tool for studying the scientific literature and output through the application of mathematical, statistical, computational, and other methodologies to help extract useful information . BibliomA bibliometric analysis was conducted in this study to considerably increase the quality of the literature review by offering a transparent, systematic, and repeatable review method. It allows for mapping study domains and influential work without subjectivity, which is essential for a holistic approach to the literature review process. The use of statistical and mathematical tools to analyze books and media communications is known as bibliometric analysis. Biblioshiny is a web-based application that provides a user interface for Bibliometrix for non-programmers. It facilitates researchers\u2019 usage of Bibliometrix\u2019s key features. To conduct a bibliometric analysis, various databases are available; each database has distinct characteristics and can offer various features. The most frequently used literature databases are PubMed and Dimensions, both of which are free. However, Web of Science and Scopus cover almost all disciplines, but are only available as subscription databases. Based on sources, authors, documents, and clustering by coupling, analytics and graphs are generated for four distinct levels of metrics. The three K-structures of knowledge can be analyzed using conceptual, intellectual, and social structures. R Studio was initially used to install and load the Bibliometrix R package. By typing Biblioshiny into the R terminal, the Biblioshiny application was started. A number of tools made available by Bibliometrix enable investigators to conduct comprehensive bibliometric analyses ,19,20,21The bibliometric analysis was performed with RuV-centered research from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2021. Articles from Dimensions were retrieved and evaluated using visualization tools Biblioshiny  and VOSviewer .In this study, a standardized search approach was used for the bibliometric analysis based on the inclusion of the keyword \u201crubella virus\u201d in the title, abstract, and keywords. The rubella virus data were collected from January 2000 to December 2021. The analysis included all related original articles, reviews, editorials, and research letters containing the keywords; however, abstracts, communications, and errata/corrections were excluded from the study. To avoid any bias in data collection, two independent investigators (Hafiz Muhammad Zeeshan and Fahad Ahmad) collected data on the same day as the search. After a conversation with a third investigator (Hasan Ejaz), the differences were discussed and resolved. The title of the article, authors\u2019 names, times cited, citations per document, most-cited papers, year of publication, type of paper, countries/regions, institutions/organizations, and journal name were evaluated from the retrieved data.As this study analyzed previously published research, no ethical approval was required. None of the authors of the studies included were contacted for more information about their respective publications.The analysis was performed on a Lenovo Mobile Workstation  with an Intel Core i9 processor, NVIDIA RTX A5000 graphics card, 128 GB DDR4 memory, a 1 TB SSD hard drive, and Windows 11 Pro 64 as the operating system. We first installed the Bibliometrix package and loaded it into R Studio . A .csv Excel file was uploaded to the Biblioshiny interface, as an Excel file is not the same as .csv Excel. The study also used Excel files (.csv) and portable network graphics files (.png) for the data analysis. The VOSviewer was used to present detailed information about RuV-based research, as well as for the extraction of other patterns.For the most productive and influential authors, various factors such as authorship pattern, degree of collaboration, and year-by-year groupings of articles were used in the analysis of their papers in PubMed. According to the analysis, between 2000 and 2021, 2500 documents that matched the study criteria were published in Dimensions .The primary information about studies on RuV on Dimensions from 2000 to 2021 is shown in The number of articles by Bradford\u2019s law zones in core sources was found to be 844 with 15,341 citations, and the number of core + zone 2 sources was 1675 with 29,473 citations, as shown in The articles were arranged in descending order by frequency of citation. The top three most cited papers were further analyzed for their citations. The top three locally cited documents were Banatvala, J. E., & Brown, D. W. (2004). Rubella. The Lancet, 363(9415), 1127\u20131137; Lambert, N., Strebel, P., Orenstein, W., Icenogle, J., & Poland, G. A. (2015). Rubella. The Lancet, 385(9984), 2297\u20132307; and Davidkin, I., Jokinen, S., Broman, M., Leinikki, P., & Peltola, H. (2008). Persistence of measles, mumps, and rubella antibodies in an MMR-vaccinated cohort: a 20-year follow-up. The Journal of infectious diseases, 197(7), 950\u2013956, with 96, 92, and 91 local citations and 255, 214, and 247 global citations, respectively .The top three globally cited documents were Amanna, I. J., Carlson, N. E., & Slifka, M. K. (2007). Duration of humoral immunity to common viral and vaccine antigens. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(19), 1903\u20131915: Desailloud, R., & Hober, D. (2009). Viruses and thyroiditis: an update. Virology journal, 6(1), 1\u201314; Pollard, A. J., & Bijker, E. M. (2021). A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments. Nature Reviews Immunology, 21(2), 83\u2013100, with 874, 313, and 260 total citations and 54.62, 22.35, and 86.66 total citations per year.The top three locally cited references were Frey, T. K. (1994). Molecular biology of rubella virus. Advances in virus research, 44, 69\u2013160; McLean, H. Q., Fiebelkorn, A. P., Temte, J. L., & Wallace, G. S. (2013). Prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, and mumps, 2013: summary recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Recommendations and Reports, 62(4), 1\u201334; and Miller, E., Cradock-Watson, J., & Pollock, T. (1982). Consequences of confirmed maternal rubella at successive stages of pregnancy. The Lancet, 320(8302), 781\u2013784, with 119, 103, and 101 citations, respectively.The top three authors who published the highest number of studies were Gregory A. Poland, Joseph Icenogle, and Inna G. Ovsyannikova, with 53, 44, and 42 articles and 11.06, 9.40, and 7.39 article fractions, respectively. The top three authors with the highest number of local citations were Inna G. Ovsyannikova, Stanley A. Plotkin, and Elizabeth Miller with 313, 270, and 234 citations, respectively. With respect to production over time, Gregory A. Poland, Joseph Icenogle, and Inna G. Ovsyannikova were the most prolific in 2000\u20132021.The three authors with the highest impact were Gregory A. Poland, Joseph Icenogle, and Inna G. Ovsyannikova, with an h-index of 26, 21, and 23; a g-index of 39, 35, and 34; m-index of 1.18, 0.95, and 1.211; total number of citations of 1655, 1280, and 1226; and publication year starting from 2001, 2001, and 2004, respectively. The above findings are shown in The majority of the studies included in the analysis were authored by researchers from the following three institutions : the CenMost of the studies were published by three countries: Japan (n = 303), Germany (n = 271), and the United Kingdom (n = 262). Despite the reality that East and South Asia and Africa bear a disproportionate share of the worldwide burden of rubella, their research output was limited. This should prompt health organizations to reconsider their support for and funding of RuV research in disease-endemic nations in order to create effective control and prevention strategies.The three outstanding countries whose publications on RuV received the highest number of citations were the United States , the United Kingdom (n = 3001), and Germany (n = 2332). The top three countries of corresponding authors of publications were the United States, Japan, and India, with 561, 149, and 123 articles; a frequency of 0.22, 0.06, and 0.06; 267, 75, and 68 inter-country publications; and 294, 74, and 55 intra-country publications, respectively .Vaccine from Elsevier, The Journal of Infectious Diseases (J. Infect. Dis.) from Oxford University Press, and Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics from Taylor & Francis, with 201, 78, and 67 articles, respectively.The top three relevant sources were the journals Vaccine from Elsevier, J. Infect. Dis., and The Lancet from Elsevier with 4841, 3131, and 2303 articles, respectively.The sources with the highest local citations (from reference lists) were Vaccine from Elsevier, J. Infect. Dis., and Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics from Taylor & Francis, with an h-index of 35, 30, and 11; a g-index of 51, 50, and 18; an m-index of 1.52, 1.50, and 0.91; total number of citations of 3977, 2746, and 467; and publication year starting from 2000, 2003, and 2011, respectively.The top three sources with respect to impact were J. Infect. Dis., BMC Infectious Diseases from Springer, and Vaccines from MDPI, with 76, 33, and 60 occurrences to date in comparison to the previous year\u2019s 76, 28, and 56 occurrences, respectively (The dynamics of the top three journals with respect to occurrences per year were: ectively .Overall, rubella, measles, and vaccination were the top three keywords used in the studies with 1417, 590, and 395 occurrences, respectively .This bibliometric analysis comprehensively described the research on rubella, a widespread disease in both industrialized and developing nations. Researchers worldwide have studied the detection, control, treatment, and avoidance of RuV. To our knowledge, no bibliometric analysis has been undertaken to date on the 2500 papers based on RuV research, despite the relevance of bibliometrics as a means of examining research volume, orientations, and collaborations between academics and medical practitioners. In recent decades, an increasing number of studies on the prevalence of RuV antibodies in various human groups have been published. In some 1.3 industrialized nations, RuV cases have surged by as much as 79% in recent years ,23. DiffThis study was undertaken for a citation analysis and its primary characteristics. In recent years, there has been a continuous increase in the number of RuV-related papers due to the global burden of this disease. Understanding the characteristics of published RuV research may be advantageous for multiple reasons. Our research revealed that the 2500 studies in Dimensions were referenced 31,897 times. The average number of citations per publication was 12.76, showing their significance and impact. Three studies were mentioned more than 1100 times in the scholarly literature. Previous research analyzing the RuV literature indicated a consistent growth in RuV-related publications over the past few decades. Using Web of Science, Deqiao Tian undertook a comprehensive literature review of pathogens, including health-threatening pathogens and biodefense-associated pathogens, and provided recommendations for future research on RuV . Japan, Vaccine; Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics; and The Journal of Infectious Diseases. Vaccine and Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics have published the highest number of articles on RuV. The Vaccine journal features a hybrid publication mode, meaning writers have the option of publication with subscription or open access, while Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics and The Journal of Infectious Diseases are open access with different waive options for authors from low-income countries, which greatly aids academics from developing nations to disseminate local material to a worldwide readership [Our study revealed that the highest number of corresponding authors of articles on RuV were from the United States, Japan, and India. This trajectory in publishing is inconsistent with the worldwide global distribution of the disease, as it is more prevalent in low- and middle-income nations, where it appears as both epidemics and sporadic infections. This study emphasized the need to establish research connections between experts from rich and resource-limited nations . To prevadership .This emphasizes the necessity of other journals adopting subscription or fee-waiver policies in order to attract high-quality publications from poorer nations . Local rThe data reported in this paper may be valuable for researchers and scientists in focusing their study aims on more relevant domains within the field of RuV research. In addition, it can assist academics and teachers by providing high-quality bibliographic references for educational purposes. Healthcare providers and parents need to be targeted with adequate information on RuV. Research on RuV should be encouraged, and health practitioners should be involved in collaborative research for public awareness. This study has several limitations, such as the fact that we only retrieved data from papers indexed in Dimensions; articles from other databases were not analyzed, which may have affected the conclusion. In addition, the quality of the most cited publications was not evaluated, which may have affected the interpretation of the results.This study discussed the most cited articles on RuV and their authors, institutions, and countries in the context of the RuV research output over the past two decades. In both developing and developed nations, RuV is regarded as the cause of one of the most contagious person-to-person airborne viral infections. Only two vaccines against RuV are available, MMR and MMRV, the latter containing weakened measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella viruses. The majority of studies on RuV are published by researchers from wealthy nations, and the United States was the most influential contributor. This study highlights the need to develop research partnerships between scholars from industrialized and low-income nations. To forestall and manage the spread of rubella, it is vital to motivate researchers, especially those from countries with few resources, to concentrate more on RuV research by providing them with technical and financial support. This study will also aid in formulating plans and policies for the prevention and control of RuV. The most dominant term used in these studies was vaccination against rubella virus, which highlights the significance of immunization, especially in infants. More importantly, it can guide decision-making strategies in medical services from a public health perspective."}
{"text": "Schizophrenia (SC) is considered the most serious of all mental disorders. Some antipsychotics are associated with weight gain and metabolic abnormalities. Whether SC itself causes obesity remains uncertain.We collected 185 first-episode drug-naive SC and 59 healthy controls (HCs) from the Third People\u2019s Hospital of Foshan, Guangdong, China, and distinguished their course of disease in order to understand the body mass index (BMI) and body fat metabolism of SC.B = 0.094, p < 0.001), duration , FBG , and TG  were the risk factors for the increase of BMI. HDL  was the protective factor.We found that excluding the drug factors, the longer the course of SC, the more obvious the increase of BMI and the higher the proportion of obesity. BMI was positively correlated with age, course of disease, fasting blood glucose (FBG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC), and negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The results of regression analysis were further proof that age (SC itself can increase BMI and easily lead to obesity. We should pay more attention to the monitoring of blood metabolism indicators, so as to reduce the risk of obesity and improve the quality of life of patients. Schizophrenia (SC) is considered the most serious of all mental disorders , 2. ManyDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) from August 2016 to September 2021 in the Department of Psychiatry, The Third People\u2019s Hospital of Foshan, Guangdong, People\u2019s Republic of China, were included. According to the course of disease, they were divided into groups A (duration < 6 months), B (6 months \u2264 duration<24 months), and C (duration \u2265 24 months).The outpatients and inpatients with SC, who met the diagnostic criteria of the Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) SC: \u2780 18\u201345 years old ; \u2781 years of education \u2265 6; \u2782 Han nationality; \u2783 before test, did not take any antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, sedatives, etc.; (2) healthy control (HC): volunteers recruited through advertising in Foshan from March 2020 to December 2021; \u2780 18\u201345 years old; \u2781 no history or family history of psychosis; \u2782 Han nationality; \u2783 years of education \u2265 6; \u2784 gender, age, and education were matched with the patient group.Exclusion criteria were as follows: \u2460 comorbidity other mental disorders, including intellectual disability or other cognitive impairment; \u2461 patients with diabetes, hypertension, severe kidney, liver function damage, cardiac insufficiency, etc.; \u2462 those who did not cooperate with venous blood drawing due to phobia, etc.; \u2463 smoking habits (\u2265 1 cigarette per day) or drinking habits ; 1 unit alcohol = 480\u2013600 ml of beer = 350 ml of low alcohol liquor or red wine, yellow wine = 50 ml of high spirits (40\u00b0 or more).https://smitechasia.com). The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) was used to assess the extent of the patient\u2019s mental symptoms.Details such as names, gender, and age were collected through the interviews from subjects who were willing to participate, after receiving the signed informed consent form. Then, the weight, height, and BMI of these subjects were measured with Automatic Measuring Stadiometer BSM370 , A (n = 92), B (n = 45), and C (n = 48), while 10 subjects were excluded due to consumption of breakfast before drawing blood or due to not showing interest in performing blood test.There were 244 participants in this study, including HC (p > 0.05). Also, there were significant differences in BMI and FBG (p < 0.05). The incidence of obesity in groups HG, A, B, and C was 5.26, 7.61, 15.56, and 22.92%, respectively, and the incidence of overweight was 22.81, 27.17, 22.22, and 31.25%, respectively , PANSS (N), and PANSS (G) were not correlated with BMI .F = 16.394, p < 0.001) was established. Finally, the elements such as age, duration, FBG, HDL, and TG, were considered for the model (Taking BMI as the dependent variable (Y) and age, duration, HDL, LDL, TG, and TC as independent variables (X), and gender as a covariate, a stepwise multiple linear regression model (he model .Our study included first-episode, drug-naive SC with a different course of disease. By comparing their blood metabolic indexes, we found that after excluding the drug factors, the longer is the course of SC, the more obvious is the increase of BMI, and the higher is the proportion of obesity.A previous study has shown that there was no significant difference in the incidence of obesity in first-episode SC compared with HC . HoweverComparing the FBG of each group, we found that the FBG decreased in patients with 0\u20136 months course. As we know that SC always starts with negative or positive symptoms , psychotTo further explore the factors affecting BMI, we correlated the metabolic indexes and PANSS scores with BMI. The results showed that BMI was positively correlated with age, course of disease, FBG, LDL, TG, and TC, negatively correlated with HDL, and had no correlation with the scores of PANSS in each group, which meant that the severity of SC had nothing to do with BMI. The incidence of obesity in SC increased with age, similar to most mental disorders , 20. At Of course, it is best that we conduct a longitudinal follow-up study on the first-episode, drug-naive SC, and do not use any drugs to intervene, which obviously violates ethics and humanitarianism. So, we had to test this hypothesis by selecting untreated SC patients with a different course of disease. In addition, patients with a long course of disease tend to shrink back, including diet and living habits, which would lead to the deviation of our study. Overall, SC itself can increase BMI and easily lead to obesity. We should pay more attention to monitoring of blood metabolism indicators, so as to reduce the risk of obesity and improve the quality of life of patients.The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Third People\u2019s Hospital of Foshan, China. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.JL, YC, and YY made great contributions to the conception, design, and writing of the article. XX, XL, ZL, CX, and GX provided assistance in the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data. All authors approved the publication of the manuscript.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 1. Instead of \u201cW.M. Keck Science Department, Scripps and Pitzer Colleges, Claremont, CA, United States,\u201d it should be \u201cW.M. Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna, Scripps and Pitzer Colleges, Claremont, CA, United States\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Pages 11611 and 11612, references 18 and 42 should be switched,such that ref 18, cited on page 11598, refers to the work by Sorrentiet al., and ref 42, cited on page 11599, refers to the work by Amataet al.Page 11599. A new reference (cited here as ref ("}
{"text": "Materials, which has the goal of publishing original research and review articles focused on carbon nanotubes, graphene, activated carbon, graphite, pencil graphite, graphene oxide, graphene nanoplatelets, pyrolytic graphite, organic mass derived carbon, fullerenes, diamond, glassy carbon, carbon fibers, and other composites for electrode preparation and its applications.Carbon-Based Composite Materials for Electrodes is a new open Special Issue of In the last decade, carbon composites have been playing a significant role in the field of multidisciplinary science and technology. Because the carbon composites are green and economical with brilliant chemical, mechanical, electronic, and surface properties, carbon composite electrodes find many applications in sensing systems, energy storage and management, fuel cell construction, batteries preparation, molecular and ion recognition, electro-synthesis, drug delivery, and more ,2.Carbon-Based Composite Materials for Electrodes\u201d.All the possible carbon composites and their applications are welcomed in the current Special Issue entitled \u201c"}
{"text": "Hemileia vastatrix and Hypothenemus hampei. Despite technological support, these pests have caused 20% to 40% production losses, a 50% to 60% deficit in performance, and a cost of between USD 70 million and USD 220 million to the world economies, which forces us to rethink actions centered on people as the key elements to develop appropriate solutions. For this, the present study presents a technological proposal centered on small indigenous coffee producer requirements for introducing Industry 5.0 technologies, considering roadmapping, knowledge management, statistical analysis, and the social, productive, and digital contexts of five localities in Mexico. The results show a correlation between monitoring and control, soil analysis, the creation of organic fertilizers, accompaniment, and coffee experimentation, as the actions to be implemented, proposing the introduction of a mobile application; sensors, virtual platforms, dome-shaped greenhouses, and spectrophotometric technology as relevant technologies centered on indigenous coffee producers\u2019 requirements. This study is important for policymakers, academics, and producers who wish to develop strategies centered on people in Mexico and the world.The coffee plant, with more than 40 billion shrubs, 9 million tons of grains produced, and 80% of its production accounted for by small-scale producers, has been severely damaged since the emergence of  Historically, plants have played an essential role in the evolution of human beings. Due to their role in the production of oxygen, humidity regulation, the stability of the climate and soil, fuel, food, and medicine for protecting the coronary arterial wall and against oxidative inflammatory disease ,2,3, plaWorldwide, around 300,000 edible plants exist, of which approximately 6000 are cultivated by humans, using about 200 to produce food ,6. AmongCoffea arabica) and canephora (Coffea canephora) as its two most important varieties, is a tropical tree with green leaves and flowers that give an oval fruit called a coffee bean. Its development requires best management practices, temperatures between 15 and 30 degrees Celsius, pluvial precipitations of 1500 to 3000 mm for a proper development, and 9 to 11 months from flowering, on average, to produce a ripe cherry . The retions of .For the social variables, the results show a positive correlation with gender (0.028) and a negative correlation with age (\u22120.009), time producing (\u22120.013), and family members (\u22120.063). The productive variables present a positive correlation with the production level (0.001), varieties (0.250), coffee tree age (0.162), pruning (0.312), pruning frequency (0.305), fertilizer (0.320), type of soil compost (0.121), additional crops (0.151), and pest incidence (0.041). However, negative results were found for the cultivated area (\u22120.112), flora (\u22120.058), and soil compost (\u22120.037) see .The production level and pest incidence can be controlled by monitoring coffee leaf rust. For this, the development and involvement of producers through a mobile application for early detection of the disease is registered as a feasible option, promoting data management and processing to boost the learning process . This caThe positive statistical correlations between the social and productive variables and actions to be implemented, such as monitoring and control of coffee leaf rust, accompaniment during the growth of the coffee plant, soil analysis, the creation of organic fertilizers, and experimentation with the environment, provide the guideline to make the following technological proposal: This technology has been implemented in Guatemala and Nicaragua. In Guatemala, it has mainly been implemented in southern regions I, II, III, and IV , locatedIn parallel, the introduction of this technology can be for accompaniment during the growth of the coffee plant. To influence the management of the level of production, proper management of the varieties at different ages, pruning development, and the reduction in the rust incidence should be implemented based on the existing correlation between the strategies and the production context. This proposal aligns with  by recom2.The type of soil compost is related to soil analysis. For this, sensors and computer tomography ,105 can This technological strategy has been used in Colombia through sensors to measure the soil moisture and indicate variations . At the In Colombia, coffee departments such as Magdalena, Cesar, and Cuca have multidimensional poverty of 19.6% to 33.4% . MagdaleThis type of technology, related to soil analysis, could be developed from the knowledge and experiences of local institutions in order to be introduced into the coffee context as a soil laboratory (see ).3.In relation to fertilizers/pesticides, the creation of organic fertilizers has a direct relationship. An option can be to reuse coffee pulp as a good source of compost. For this, a dome-shaped greenhouse to take advantage of solar radiation can be a simple technology since it does not require intervention for its management; it just needs the care of depositing and rotating the coffee pulp continuously to collect the black liquid that contains all the nutrients that it exudes after some time ,117, whiA similar technological initiative has already been experienced in Vilcabamba, Ecuador, allowing comparisons of the efficiency and time of grain drying . Vilcaba4.Regarding varieties and their experimentation with the environment, due to the existence of coffee plants without rust, evaluation of the presence of phenolic compounds and proteins, following , is suggSpectrophotometric and sensor technologies have already been considered in forage studies for cattle production systems in Veracruz, Mexico . TherefoThe number of indigenous people in the coffee-producing localities of El Pajarito, Llano Coyul, Ocotal, Guadalupe, and Buenavista in Oaxaca, Mexico, is proportionally similar to the 949 producers from 35 communities in Chiapas, recorded by . The altRegarding the academic level, the results obtained are a slightly lower than those reported by , establiThe access to computers (0% to 8.7%), cell phones (32.2% to 65.9%), and internet (1.05% to 59.09%) of indigenous communities from El Pajarito, Llano Coyul, Ocotal, Guadalupe, and Buenavista is similar to that reported in the same populations in Central and South American countries. For example, there is 2% computer access in Nicaragua and Colombia, 3% in Venezuela, 5% in Panama, and 8% in Ecuador, while there is 39% cell phone access in Chile, 48% in El Salvador, 53% in Panama, 54% in Ecuador, and 64% in Costa Rica, in similar communities. Regarding the internet, the situation is similar in Venezuela with 1% and Bolivia with 4%, while the condition is slightly better by 7% than Panama (highest), with 52% . The extThe gender of coffee producers from El Pajarito, Llano Coyul, Ocotal, Guadalupe, and Buenavista is similar to that found in , which rRegarding the coffee production level, the number of kilograms produced by inhabitants in the localities of El Pajarito, Llano Coyul, Ocotal, Guadalupe, and Buenavista was 404 kg less than that produced by their counterparts from Guerrero, Mexico, with 689 kg . The cofIn relation to fertilizers/pesticides used against coffee leaf rust, the use of oxicloruro and organic products is in line with ,140, finThe coffee production process in the localities of El Pajarito, Llano Coyul, Ocotal, Guadalupe, and Buenavista is similar to that reported by , in relaThe expectations and current situation expressed by indigenous coffee producers from El Pajarito, Llano Coyul, Ocotal, Guadalupe, and Buenavista are in line with those expressed by indigenous coffee producers from Guerrero, Mexico, in the sense of effective actions against coffee pests and diseases, due to the presence of coffee leaf rust and coffee berry borers. There are differences in the actions to be implemented; while the results of this study show the action of monitoring, their counterparts in Guerrero, Mexico, focused on knowledge and technology management networks, in addition to greenhouses .The positive statistical correlations of the socio-productive context, specifically of age, production level, and additional crops, with actions to be implemented align with the results  in Chiapper se, an accompaniment in the development of the coffee plant. The implementation of soil analysis through sensors and computers is in line with the proposal developed by  is requ"}
{"text": "In \u201cRacial Bias Beliefs Related to COVID-19 Among Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders: Findings From the COVID-19 Effects on the Mental and Physical Health of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Survey Study (COMPASS)\u201d :e38443), two errors were noted.In the originally published article, author Linda G Park was inadvertently left out of the authorship, and the order of authors was listed as follows:Van Ta Park, Janice Y Tsoh, Marcelle Dougan, Bora Nam, Marian Tzuang, Quyen N Vuong, Joon Bang, Oanh L Meyer.In the corrected article, author Linda G Park is listed as the sixth author, and the order of authors has been updated as follows:Van Ta Park, Janice Y Tsoh, Marcelle Dougan, Bora Nam, Marian Tzuang, Linda G Park, Quyen N Vuong, Joon Bang, Oanh L Meyer.In the originally published article, the phone number of the Corresponding Author was incorrect. The phone number has been corrected to:1 415 514 3318The correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on October 31, 2022, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories."}
{"text": "In \u201cEffect of Door-to-Door Screening and Awareness Generation Activities in the Catchment Areas of Vision Centers on Service Use: Protocol for a Randomized Experimental Study\u201d :e31951) one error was noted.The following text was originally published in the Acknowledgments section of the paper. This text has now been moved instead to the Authors\u2019 Contributions section:The Operational Research Capacity Building Group consists of the following authors, who contributed equally to the paper: Gudlavalleti VS Murthy, Rajan Shukla, Samiksha Singh, Shailaja Tetali, Suresh K Rathi, Hemant Mahajan, Melissa G Lewis, Hira Pant, Tripura Batchu, Anirudh G Gaurang, Suzanne Gilbert, Ken Bassett, Priya A Reddy, Parami Dhakhwa, Ram P Kandel, Kuldeep Singh, and Prasanna Sharma.Accordingly, the affiliation for the group author Operational Research Capacity Building Group has been changed from:See Acknowledgmentsto:See Authors\u2019 ContributionsThe corrections will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on January 18, 2022, with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories."}
{"text": "The Authors wish to make the following corrections to their article .Affiliations 2 and 3 have been corrected to:2School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia3Epigenetics and Diseases Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4006, AustraliaJason S. Lee wishes to add another affiliation:7School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaThe Publisher omitted the following joint authorship statement:\u2021The authors wish it to be known that, in their opinion, the last two authors should be regarded as Joint Last AuthorsThe published article has been updated to reflect these corrections."}
{"text": "Background: Global mobility is increasingly associated with the emergence of \u201cunusual\u201d infectious agents. At the beginning of 2019, a putative outbreak of Impetigo contagiosa occurred in a kindergarten in Regensburg, Germany, that was mainly attended by children with a migrant background. After thorough examination, the outbreak was classified as infection with Trichophyton (T.) violaceum.Methods: Based on case investigations, infection control measures, disinfection, and cleaning were implemented. Microscopy of native specimens, fungal cultures, and polymerase chain reaction were used for diagnosis. Additionally, a systematic literature search in Medline, followed by a quantitative analysis of epidemiological data from Europe, were performed.Results: Between January and November 2019, 12 cases of tinea were diagnosed in 7 educators and 2 household members. Children were initially not affected. T. violaceum was only detected in 2 patients. No extensive screening measures were carried out after risk-benefit assessment. Studies on T. violaceum in Europe are heterogeneous, and the number of cases and the prevalence vary considerably. The pathogen is mainly found in children of African descent who clinically present with tinea capitis.Discussion: In the present case, the source of infection and the chain of transmission remained unclear. The pathogen could only be diagnosed in 2 cases. In Europe, the (re)emergence of pathogens such as T. violaceum is likely to be caused by increasing migration and travel. Pathogens should be identified for epidemiological reasons in all cases. In outbreaks, measures must be adapted to the dynamics of the individual outbreak after assessment of the risks, benefits, and proportionality. Trichophyton (T.) violaceum is a pathogen of the Trichophyton rubrum complex, which is rather rare in Europe, but currently endemic mainly in Africa and Asia. T. violaceum usually causes tinea capitis in children from endemic areas. T. violaceum spreads along the hair follicles within the hair shafts (endothrix infection) and may cause scaling plaques on the skin. These plaques are often associated with minimal inflammatory reactions but may be protracted and become chronic. Dermatophytes grow slowly at temperatures under 30\u00b0C and do not result in systemic fungal infection , , , , , , , , , , , , . B. BT. vioT. capitis , , , , , , , , , , , . HoweverT. violaceum from Europe report a different prevalence of T. violaceum, depending on the assessed population or the number of samples examined. Most studies were conducted in southern or southeastern European countries. A higher prevalence of T. violaceum is seen in people of African descent , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , a, aT. vioT. violaceum in Europe are heterogeneous, scarce and limited by selection bias.Global mobility is associated with the (re)occurrence of \u201cunusual\u201d infectious agents. PCR diagnostics will increasingly become relevant for mycotic diseases in the near future. In case of dermatophytic outbreaks, extensive screening and treatment of asymptomatic carriers must be considered after risk-benefit assessment, depending on the dynamics of the individual outbreak. Data on the epidemiology of The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.No funding was received. We thank Professor Pietro Nenoff for conducting the specific PCR diagnostics and Monika Sch\u00f6ll for the linguistic revision of the manuscript."}
{"text": "Rhacocarpus purpurascens (Brid.) Paris, Sphagnum sp. and Thuidium delicatulum (Hedw.) Schimp.) from Ecuador. Significant differences were found for the three species in the concentrations of Al, Mn, Fe and Zn between urban and control areas, pointing to the Central zone as the main source of contamination with the highest concentrations of Al, Fe, Mn and Zn, related to vehicular traffic. Lead did not differ between zones for Rhacocarpus purpurascens and Sphagnum sp.; however, Thuidium delicatulum accumulated different concentrations between urban areas and the control areas. The three species of mosses provided valuable information on the contamination of Al, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn in the urban area of the city of Loja, and therefore can be used in future air quality monitoring programs over time in tropical cities.Air pollution is one of the main global environmental problems, where bryophytes, due to their high capacity to retain metals and other pollutants, have been widely used in active air quality monitoring studies in temperate and tropical zones. Thus, in this study, we analyzed for the first time the concentrations of eight metals  in three species of transplanted mosses ( Anthropogenic activities such as industrial discharges, agricultural practices, combustion, vehicular traffic, and poor waste management are the main causes of environmental pollution in urban areas ,2, causiVehicular traffic is one of the most important sources of air pollution in urban areas  includinIn this context, one of the methods to assess air quality is biomonitoring based on the use of biological species to detect air pollutants, allowing the establishment of an environmental quality control program, including air . BiomoniCeratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. [Haplocladium microphyllum (Hedw.) Broth. [Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. [Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. [Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. [Scleropodium purum (Hedw.) Limpr. [Sphagnum denticulatum Brid. [Sphagnum girgensohnii Russow. [Thuidium delicatulum (Hedw.) Schimp. [Thuidium tamariscellum  Bosch and Sande Lac. [Bryophytes take up essential elements directly from the air and have stronger adsorption capacities for metals ,19,20; t.) Brid. , Haplocl) Broth. , Hylocom Schimp. ,26, Hypnme Hedw. ,27, Pleu.) Mitt. , Sclerop) Limpr. , Sphagnuum Brid. , Sphagnu Russow. , Thuidiu Schimp. , and Thunde Lac.  have beende Lac. , the coande Lac. ,34. HoweRhacocarpus purpurascens, Sphagnum sp. and Thuidium delicatulum) due to the fact that urban areas of the city of Loja, Ecuador have high levels of air pollution  related to vehicular traffic [In Ecuador, only one active biomonitoring study has been conducted using mosses as indicators of air pollution in the city of Quito , where t traffic ,37. We hThe study was carried out in the city of Loja, located in the south of Ecuador at 2100 m a.s.l. For monitoring purposes, the city of Loja was divided into three zones , with three locations in the North and South zones and four locations in the Central zone . The des\u22121, 21.27 mg g\u22121, 53.49 mg g\u22121, 39.48 mg g\u22121, and 91.37 mg g\u22121, respectively. The Central zone (C) is characterized by a high level of air pollution with metals and a high degree of urbanization. In this area, levels of Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn in the air reach values up to 34.66 mg g\u22121, 25.41 mg g\u22121, 20.03 mg g\u22121, 25.29 mg g\u22121, and 100.54 mg g\u22121, respectively. Finally, the North zone (N) is an urban area with high levels of metals, but the zone still has some recreational parks. In this area, levels of Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn in the air reach values up to 27.99 mg g\u22121, 31.02 mg g\u22121, 56.81 mg g\u22121, 42.95 mg g\u22121, and 44.46 mg g\u22121, respectively [The South zone (S) is characterized by a greater concentration of metals in the air and by recent urban development. Here, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn in the air reach values up to 30.83 mg gRhacocarpus purpurascens, Sphagnum sp. and Thuidium delicatulum. Samples were collected from an uncontaminated area in the buffer zone (Control zone: Ctr) of the Podocarpus National Park, which is located on the outskirts of the city . The moss vouchers were deposited in Herbario de la Universidad T\u00e9cnica Particular de Loja (HUTPL).Transplants were carried out using terrestrial mosses of the species Rhacocarpus purpurascens  6 by CEM Corporation was used . The digp-value > 0.05) and the nonparametric Kruskal\u2013Wallis test for those that did not have a normal distribution . In addition, to identify significant differences in metal accumulation between zones, the Tukey HSD post hoc multiple comparison test was implemented as a parametric test, and Dunn\u2019s non-parametric test with the Dunn test package was used [To evaluate the changes in the concentration of metals in each of the zones, parametric and nonparametric statistical tests were performed based on the Shapiro\u2013Wilk normality test. Cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) showed values of zero for the control samples and the samples transplanted in the city; thus, these metals were not considered in the statistical analyses. For the three species, a one-way analysis of variance was performed (ANOVA) for metals that met normality assumptions  for Fe and Mn , manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) between the urbanized areas and the control samples. Lead (Pb) concentrations did not show significant differences for the control samples for nificant . On the e and Mn .Sphagnum sp., the Tukey HSD test and the Dunn test showed significant differences between the accumulation of metals in the control samples and the urban zones  for Al, Fe, Mn and Zn , manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) between the urban areas  and the control samples. Similar to our results, previous studies have shown that the highest concentrations of these elements were observed in areas characterized by the intense flow of public transportation ,31,47,55Rhacocarpus purpurascens and Sphagnum sp., due to the fact that industrial areas report higher Pb concentration levels than areas with high vehicular traffic [In addition, corroborating this pattern, passive monitoring studies using lichens and bromeliads in the city of Loja have identified urban areas with high levels of contaminants such as zinc and manganese ,37. All  traffic \u2014as in ouRhacocarpus purpurascens, significant differences were shown between the accumulation of metals in the control samples and urban areas  only for two of the metals analyzed . This suggests that the species has a low capacity to retain certain metals; this may be due to the structure of the cell walls of the leaves, which are highly porous and thus water can easily penetrate the reticular layer, increasing the likelihood that certain metals are leached [Sphagnum sp., significant differences were found for Al, Fe, Mn and Zn between the control samples and the urban areas . Sphagnum sp. has a high capacity to retain metals related to vehicular traffic, as shown by previous studies that have observed positive results in terms of the accumulation of Al, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn in urban areas [For  leached ,63. In San areas ,61,64,65an areas ,67,68.Thuidium delicatulum Al, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn showed significant differences between control samples and the urban areas. These results are in agreement with Rodr\u00edguez-Quiel et al. [T. delicatulum and Pseudoscleropodium purumis is effective for determining the variation of Al, Fe, Pb and Zn as the main air pollutants. Likewise, our results show that of the three mosses used in the study, T. delicatulum showed significant differences for lead, which indicates that the physiology and morphology of mosses are involved in the process of bioconcentration and absorption of pollutants [On the other hand, for l et al.  and Castl et al. , who shollutants ,70.Rhacocarpus purpurascens, Sphagnum sp., and Thuidium delicatulum) related to vehicular traffic. Sphagnum sp. and T. delicatulum point to the Central zone as the main source of contamination, with the highest concentrations of Al, Fe, Mn and Zn. Thus, this study might serve as a reference for future investigations on the bioaccumulation of pollutants in Rhacocarpus purpurascens, Sphagnum sp., and Thuidium delicatulum in similar urban tropical areas.The three urban zones of the city of Loja showed higher concentrations of Al, Fe, Mn and Zn compared to the control samples for the three species of mosses ("}
{"text": "Author Contributions Statement appears below.\u201cMohamad Nageeb Hassan\u201d was not included as an author in the published article. The corrected \u201cSSh and KM conceived and designed the study. SSh performed the experiments, data collection, data analysis and drafted the manuscript. CK, SM-A, MY, HD, DE, ST, and MH assisted with data collection, data analysis/interpretation and drafting the manuscript. AS, AB, SSu, and KM assisted with data analysis/interpretation and drafting the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Following the publication of the original article [1], it was brought to our attention that the first author is affiliated with the below two institutions:1. Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, Beijing 100,045, China.2. Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Children\u2019s Hospital, Shenzhen 518,038, China.This is shown in the \"Author details\" section of this Correction as well as the original article which has now been revised."}
{"text": "Currently, the knowledge of associations among newly recovered cases (NR), newly healed cases (NH), newly confirmed cases (NC), and newly dead cases (ND) can help to monitor, evaluate, predict, control, and curb the spreading of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to explore the panel associations of ND, NH, and NR with NC.Data from China Data Lab in Harvard Dataverse with China , the United States of America , and the World  had been analyzed. The main variables included in the present analysis were ND, NH, NR, and NC. Pooled regression, stacked within-transformed linear regression, quantile regression for panel data, random-effects negative binomial regression, and random-effects Poisson regression were conducted to reflect the associations of ND, NH, and NR with NC. Event study analyses were performed to explore how the key events influenced NC.Descriptive analyses showed that mean value of ND/NC ratio regarding China was more than those regarding the USA and the World. The results from tentative analysis reported the significant relationships among ND, NH, NR, and NC regarding China, the USA, and the World. Panel regressions confirmed associations of ND, NH, and NR with NC regarding China, the USA, and the World. Panel event study showed that key events influenced NC regarding USA and the World more greatly than that regarding China.The findings in this study confirmed the panel associations of ND, NH, and NR with NC in the three datasets. The efficiencies of various control strategies of COVID-19 pandemic across the globe were compared by the regression outcomes. Future direction of research work could explore the influencing mechanisms of the panel associations. Despite travel restrictions  and limiTill now, regarding the epidemic evolution of total COVID-19 infections, analytical methods of control efficiency of COVID-19 pandemic are limited and biased. Notably, trend forecast with publicly available micro epidemiological data has been particularly the mainstream in the field of COVID-19 control. For example, multiple studies forecast a trend of the COVID-19 spreading in China . MoreoveTo date, analytical tools in published studies were limited to reflect the associations of ND, NH, and NR with NC. For example, a substantial body of time series models and simulations employed not spatial and locational factors but temporal factors \u201326. SeveFurthermore, policy interventions were not considered in the current studies. From December 12, 2019 till now, a series of daily policies and regulations were released by the Chinese government, global organizations, and western countries and documented in China Data Lab . With puThe progress in COVID-19 crisis was formally characterized by ND, NH, NR, and NC. Thus, this study based on publicly available longitudinal datasets to explore panel associations of ND, NH, and NR with NC. According to the presumptions of the panel models, pooled regression, stacked within-transformed linear regression, quantile regression for panel data, random-effects negative binomial regression, and random-effects Poisson regression would be conducted to reflect the associations of interest regarding China, the USA, and the World. Subsequently, panel event study was performed to reflect the trends of NC. Consequently, the endemic control performance would be further analyzed, assessed, and compared on the basis of the empirical outcomes.Daily cases in China included the numbers of NH, NC, and ND at the province-level unit available from January 15, 2020 to January 14, 2021 . Daily cBefore designing statistical strategies, the relationships between NC and ND, between NH and NC, and between NH and ND regarding China, the relationship between ND and NC regarding USA, and the relationships between NC and ND, between NC and NR, and between ND and NR regarding the World were depicted by front-and-back plots in Figs. Tentative analysis on the relationships between ND, NH, NR, and NC was performed by a one-stop solution for robust inference with multiway clustering (Stata package vcemway) . In the The main associations of interest in this study were panel associations of ND and NH with NC regarding China, panel associations between ND and NC regarding the USA, and panel associations of ND and NR with NC regarding the World. In the pooled regression analysis, the regions of China , the USA , and the World  were also considered as covariates.The count data of ND, NH, NR, and NC tended to follow the Poisson or negative binomial distributions. In this large sample, the distributions approached to normal distributions approximately. Regarding the associations, the feasible panel models could be linear and nonlinear models. When NR, NH, NC, and ND were considered as count data, random-effects negative binomial regression and random-effects Poisson regression could be employed to reflect the associations of interest in nonlinear models. When ND, NH, NR, and NC were considered as continuous variables, pooled regression, stacked within-transformed linear regression, and quantile regression for panel data could be employed to explore the associations of interest in linear models.Regarding China, the panel associations of ND and NH with NC could be found by using the regression model :1\\documeRegarding the USA, the panel associations between ND and NC could be found by using the regression model :2\\documeRegarding the World, the panel associations of ND and NR with NC could be found by using the regression model :3\\docume\u03b20 was constant. \u03b21 and \u03b22 were coefficients. \u03bc1, \u03bc2, and \u03bc3 were random errors. If optimized iterations were not concave, the possible calculations of chosen methods were deleted.Here, Regarding cubic or quadratic equations, this study aimed to explore the associations of interest rather than dynamic system analysis. Thus, it was unnecessary to conduct regressions with squared terms or interactions.Pooled regressions are usually carried out to analyze available time series of cross-sections. The main advantage of pooled regression is the ability to measure different factors at the region level and aggregate results at the national level. The main disadvantages of pooled regression are overestimating and underestimating the impact in the regions.Stacked within-transformed linear regression analysis was performed by Stata program xtstackreg . RegardiT [Quantile regression for panel data was performed by Stata program qregpd with Nelder\u2013Mead optimization . LikewisT . Simultahttp://en.nhc.gov.cn/2020-02/06/c_76511.htm). Coronavirus Guidelines for America was issued on March 16, 2020 in the USA (https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/coronavirus-guidelines-america/). On March 11, 2020, WHO characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen).This study included panel models for the associations of interest and prediction models for the effects of key events. A panel event study implemented by the program \u201ceventdd\u201d in Stata  was emplAll analyses were performed with Stata .Table In Table p\u2009<\u20090.001), ND , Central China , East China , Northeast China , and Western China  had significantly positive associations with NC.In Table p\u2009<\u20090.001) and the West Region  had significantly positive associations with NC, while Mid-Atlantic Region  had significantly negative association with NC.In the USA, ND , ND , Africa , and Europe  had significantly positive associations with NC.Regarding the World, NR  were treated as missing values. The results from the estimation presented in Table The results from the estimation presented in Table The results from the estimation presented in Table Figure\u00a0R squares regarding China Total, Central China, East China, Northeast China, and Western China were 0.9841, 0.9864, 0.9933, 0.9917, and 0.9895, respectively. R squares regarding the USA Total, Mid-West Region, Mid-Atlantic Region, New England, the South Region, the Southwest Region, and the West Region were 0.8056, 0.9259, 0.8886, 0.9131, 0.9654, 0.9899, and 0.9739, respectively. R squares regarding the World Total, Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania, and South America were 0.9488, 0.9984, 0.9934, 0.8921, 0.9958, 0.9861, and 0.9992, respectively.Exponential rise of NC was plotted in the Figs. This study employed publicly available daily datasets including the samples of China, the USA, and the World  and obtained the associations of ND, NR, and NH with NC regarding China, the USA, and the World, respectively. In panel event study, curve lines showed key events influenced NC regarding the USA and the World significantly, while straight line showed key events nearly had no significant influence on NC regarding China.Congruent with a prior study , this stWith regard to methodologies, the findings in panel event study were in line with prior studies. For example, an exploratory data analysis with visualizations had been made to understand the number of NR, NC, and ND in China . An 82-dChanges of COVID-19 ND, NH, NR, and NC in various regions could be influenced by life style, environmental factors, regulations, and progressing stages. Regarding life style, change in social distancing , increasThere were small curves in the point estimation regarding China and wide range of trajectories regarding the USA. This could be partially explained by several studies. For example, a study showed rapid nucleation and diffusion in January 2020 followed by rapid NC decrease in February in China, while the USA showed a wide range of trajectories, with an abrupt transition from slow NC increase in January and February, to rapid geographic dispersion shortly before mobility reductions occurred in March . RegardiRegarding data sources, this study employed three datasets. The current study had a large sample size which increased the precision of the study. Additionally, more than 1-year period could provide reliable results regarding epidemic control and daily changes in the prevalence of COVID-19 conditions. Regarding statistical methods, this study adopted several advanced panel regression methods. Especially, the event study with difference in difference was used to analyze the role of key events. Compared with the other studies \u201369, the There were several limitations. First, several variables including demographics, financial support, and international aids were not taken into account. Statistically, a study in South Korea found that sex, region, and infection reasons affected on both NR and ND . Second,Using panel analysis and data collected in China province-level units, the USA state-level units, and the World country-level units , regressions confirmed the positive panel associations between NH, ND, and NC regarding China, between ND and NC regarding the USA, between NR, ND, and NC regarding the World. Panel event study showed key events influenced NC regarding the World and the USA more forceful and unsteady as compared to that regarding China. Future work on the basis of the current study should be performed on the influencing mechanism of the panel associations."}
{"text": "Hedychium gardnerianum Sheph. ex Ker Gawl. is one of the 100 world's worst invasive alien species and the research target in areas as diverse as biological control, natural fibres uses, taxonomy or the biological activity of its compounds. This review aimed to clarify the taxonomic status and the native range of H. gardnerianum and bring accuracy to the history of its introduction and escape from cultivation through the analysis of the increasing number of accessible digitalized dry specimens and grey literature. The analysis of the available information allowed to conclude that: (a) Hedychium gardnerianum is a validly published name, the authority of the name is Sheph. ex Ker Gawl., the species holotype is the illustration published along with the species name, and the Natural History Museum BM000574691 specimen collected in 1815 is the first dried specimen of H. gardnerianum; (b) This species is native to the Central and Eastern Nepal, Bhutan, Northeast India and North Myanmar; (c) The species was cultivated at Cambridge Botanical Garden since 1818 and the first known herbarium specimen collected in Europe dates back to 1821; (d) Kathmandu  and Khasi Hills (India) specimens are considered two varieties of the same species and the BM000574691 specimen is the lectotype of H. gardnerianum var. speciosum; (e) Specimens, references, and/or pictures support that H. gardnerianum escaped from cultivation at Galicia (Spain), Azores archipelago, Madeira, Tenerife, Cuba, Jamaica, Martinique, Trinidad, Ascension, Mexico, Honduras, Brazil, South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, R\u00e9union, Mauritius, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Hawaii, and Vietnam; and (f) H. gardnerianum is a serious pest in Azores, Madeira, Jamaica, R\u00e9union, New Zealand and Hawaii and continues to expand its distribution area in South and Central America, Australia and Southern Africa. This review presents linear raw information compiled with precision, allowing the world databases updating their data but also gives the most detailed information possible to each country/region identifying new regions of concern and updating the invasiveness status in each region. Hedychium gardnerianum Sheph. ex Ker Gawl. Hedychiumwl. IPNI  with higH. gardnerianum control actions  with the specimen collected by Matthew Robert Smith and referred by Wallich in 1820  and his team, will have collected an 0 Roscoe . The pro0 Roscoe . In 1824H. speciosum was not validly published in 1820 since no illustration or dried specimen  is clearly identified: 'My examination of this stately plant has hitherto been confined to a well-preserved spike and a few leaves only, which however point it out as the largest of the genus\u2019  and H. gardnerianum var. speciosum  Horan. from the Khasi Hills (India)  Fig.\u00a0. At the H. gardnerianum is native to the Central and Eastern Nepal  and the Khasia Hills (India)  allowed to update the world distribution and status of um Table .Table 5HH. gardnerianum is only considered invasive at R\u00e9union (Soubeyran H. gardnerianum is mentioned as cultivated at Saint-Claude in 1897 (the Atlantic Guadeloupe Island) , the species is not mentioned in the book \u2018Garden Plants of Japan\u2019  (CABI um) CABI  Table 5um) CABI k, Dominium) CABI , Guadeloum) CABI , Kenya (um) CABI , Tasmanium) CABI , New Calum) CABI , Cook Isum) CABI , French um) CABI , Federatum) CABI , and Chium CABI kH. gardnerianum had or is escaped from cultivation at Galicia (Spain), Azores archipelago, Madeira Island, Tenerife Island, Cuba, Jamaica, Martinique, Trinidad, Ascension, Mexico, Honduras, Brazil, South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, R\u00e9union, Mauritius, Australia  New Zealand, Fiji, Hawaii, and Vietnam . Although no recent botanic studies were made to prove the spreading of this species, the species is mentioned in 3 environmental impact assessments at Mapastepec (Chiapas) and the nearby states of Oaxaca and Campeche  a 2006 Master thesis  with no reference of the putative source of this escape , found at Ponta Delgada Public Library and Regional Archive. Other nineteenth century documents available online allowed to verify the presence of this species as an ornamental plant at Canaries (1893), Martinique (1882), Brazil (1871), Australia (1875/83) and New Zealand (1865) , it is possible that slaves and marooned slaves had their role in this species propagation at R\u00e9union; in fact, Hedychium spp. are identified among the food plants of marooned slaves from East Africa, Madagascar, and the Mascarene Islands  Table . Concern5) Table . The ana5) Table  and Grub5) Table , did not5) Table . FinallyRegarding the severity of these escapes Table  to MauriThis research was only possible due to the valuable resources already available online, namely, the Herbaria digitalized specimens or the digitalized historical documents at Biodiversity Heritage Library and Internet Archive. However, although the word search tool is extremely useful to accelerate the research inside documents, in some situations the names are not detected, e.g. a lack of a letter due to digitalization quality, letters not perfectly printed or misspelt words  or about the species distribution  or even about the name authority. Moreover lacks of information were identified as the years of introduction of the species , or about the severity of its escapes in certain regions. Although Hedychium spp. are cultivated worldwide, there is a substantial paucity of studies about the presence and spreading of this species in Central and South America, Africa and several oceanic islands. Finally, H. gardnerianum is a serious pest in Azores, Madeira, Jamaica, R\u00e9union, New Zealand and Hawaii and continues to expand its distribution area in South and Central America, Australia and Southern Africa. The species continues to escape from cultivation as the recents escapes in Tenerife and Viti Levu islands and Galicia.In synthesis, this study updated the information about Hedychium spp. too. The same for several specially frequent trouble associations as H. gardnerianum plus Pittosporum undulatum .While in some regions two or three species of the genus are considered invasive (e.g. Brazil) in others although two species are considered escaped from cultivation one wined the invasive status above the other (e.g. Azores); a future analysis of expansion risk of this species should consider all the Hedychium gardnerianum is a validly published name, the authority of the name is Sheph. ex Ker Gawl., the species holotype is the illustration published along with the species name, and the Natural History Museum BM000574691 specimen collected in 1815 is the first dried specimen of H. gardnerianum; (b) This species is native to the Central and Eastern Nepal, Bhutan, Northeast India and North Myanmar; (c) The species was cultivated at Cambridge Botanical Garden since 1818 and the first known herbarium specimen collected in Europe dates back to 1821; (d) Kathmandu  and Khasi Hills (India) specimens are considered two varieties of the same species and the BM000574691 specimen is the lectotype of H. gardnerianum var. speciosum; (e) Specimens, references, and/or pictures support that H. gardnerianum escaped from cultivation at Galicia (Spain), Azores archipelago, Madeira, Tenerife, Cuba, Jamaica, Martinique, Trinidad, Ascension, Mexico, Honduras, Brazil, South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, R\u00e9union, Mauritius, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Hawaii, and Vietnam; and (f) H. gardnerianum is a serious pest in Azores, Madeira, Jamaica, R\u00e9union, New Zealand and Hawaii and continues to expand its distribution area in South and Central America, Australia and Southern Africa.In summary, the analysis of the available information allowed to conclude that: (a)"}
{"text": "The aim of this Special Issue is to highlight the progress in the manufacturing, characterization, and applications of environmentally friendly polymeric blends from renewable resources.Materials from renewable resources have attracted increasing attention in past decades as a result of environmental concerns and due to the depletion of petroleum resources. Polymeric materials from renewable sources have a long history. They were already used in ancient times and later accompanied man along with the development of civilization. Currently, they are widespread in many areas of life and used, for example, in packaging, and in the automotive and pharmaceutical industries.Polymers from renewable resources are generally classified into three groups: (i) natural polymers, such as cellulose, starch and proteins; (ii) synthetic polymers from natural monomers, such as poly(lactic acid), and (iii) polymers from microbial processes, such as poly(hydroxybutyrate). The emergence of new methods and analytical tools provides a new level of understanding of the structure\u2013property relationship of natural polymers and allows the development of materials for new applications.One of the attractive properties of the natural polymers and synthetic polymers produced from natural monomers is their inherited biodegradability. On the other hand, this is related to their moisture sensitivity, which limits their application. Other important limitations of most polymers from renewable resources are their lower softening temperature and mechanical strength. These and many other properties of polymers can be modified and improved through the blending of two or more compounds, for example two or more polymers, polymers and fibers, polymers and nanoparticles etc.A blending approach, which may result in both polymer blends or composites, is an effective way to achieve a desirable combination of properties that are often absent in the individual components. Polymer blends and composites are useful as they can be produced from low-cost raw materials, including industrial waste products, without sacrificing their desired properties; they can also be used to prepare high-performance compounds for broader applications due to biodegradability and reusability of the end products.The final properties can be modified by changing the relative concentration and kind of monomeric units used in the synthesis or by varying the proportion of homopolymers and various additives in a blend composition. Development of effective methods of manufacturing products from blends of renewable polymers and environmental friendly synthetic polymers in a controlled way is the challenge of our time.synthesis of composites based on natural fillers;chemical modification of polymers or fillers in order to improve interfacial interactions;potential applications of the biobased materials.Accordingly, in this Special Issue of Materials, which is aimed at recognizing the current state of knowledge and development in the use of environmentally friendly polymeric blends from renewable sources, the following aspects were investigated:In this Special Issue, 13 original articles have been published on various topics, including the preparation, characterization, and some examples of uses of polymeric materials from renewable resources. This issue includes five articles on polyurethanes blended with various types of additives ,3,4,5, oMost of above papers pay particular attention to the role of eco-friendly fillers, i.e., microcrystalline cellulose, wood flower, lignin, rice straw nanofibers, lavender residues, sugar beet pulp, barley fibers, hemp shives, walnut shells, and curau\u00e1 fibers in the improvement of various properties in the final materials.In the papers of Cz\u0142onka, Str\u0105kowska et al., problems of polyurethane composites with different biofillers were discussed.In the paper \u201cPolyurethane Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Lavender Residue Functionalized with Kaolinite and Hydroxyapatite\u201d , blends In the paper \u201cRigid Polyurethane Foams Reinforced with POSS-Impregnated Sugar Beet Pulp Filler\u201d , blends In the paper \u201cImpact of Hemp Shives Impregnated with Selected Plant Oils on Mechanical, Thermal, and Insulating Properties of Polyurethane Composite Foams\u201d , materiaIn the paper \u201cRigid Polyurethane Foams Based on Bio-Polyol and Additionally Reinforced with Silanized and Acetylated Walnut Shells for the Synthesis of Environmentally Friendly Insulating\u201d , composi\u00ae Kraft Lignin for Liquid Sensing Applications\u201d [In the paper of Gon\u00e7alves, Rudnitskaya, Sales, Costa, Evtuguin  polyureThe papers of Delgado-Aguilar et al. concerned eco-friendly blends derived from polyolefines.The paper of Delgado-Aguilar, Tarr\u00e9s, Marques, Espinach, Juli\u00e1n, Mutj\u00e9, and Vilaseca (\u201cExplorative Study on the Use of Curau\u00e1 Reinforced Polypropylene Composites for the Automotive Industry\u201d ) studiedIn the paper of Serra-Parareda, Tarr\u00e9s, Delgado-Aguilar, Espinach, Mutj\u00e9, and Vilaseca , barleyAnother two papers were devoted to synthetic resin reinforced with various bio-based fillers.In the paper of Chabros, Gawdzik, Podko\u015bcielna, Goliszek, and P\u0105czkowski , modifiIn the paper of P\u0105czkowski, Puszka, Miazga-Karska, Ginalska, and Gawdzik  the proIn the paper of Alc\u00e1ntara, Gonz\u00e1lez, Pareta, and Vilaseca , cellulIn the paper of Wang, Liu, Duan, Xu, Zhang, She, and Zheng  biocharThe papers of Du at al. and Goliszek at al. concern synthesis of sorbents based on natural components.In the paper of Du, Dong, Lin, Yang, and Zhao , quaterThe paper of Goliszek, Podko\u015bcielna, Sevastyanova, Gawdzik, and Chabros  investiThe usage of polymer blends and composites, both prepared by blending, are two strategies used in the \u201cgreen\u201d requirements of many industries. Green chemistry strategies are mainly accomplished by reducing waste production, reducing raw material usage, reducing nonrenewable energy sources and overall energy demand, reducing risks, hazards, and costs. In this Special Issue, the great potential of agricultural and wood residuals, as they are or chemically modified, for the improvement of broad range of polymeric materials is clearly demonstrated. Cheap and abundant resources such as wood, rice straw, hemp, walnut shells, and other types of biomass and their constituents can improve the strength, thermal and some specific properties of final polymeric materials that have a great potential to be used in automotive, construction, and pharmaceutical and environmental protection industries."}
{"text": "Canarieae of the Burseraceae family, composed of trees and shrubs supplied with resin channels. Its uses in folk medicine are related to aromatic properties, which have numerous medicinal applications and are present in reports from traditional peoples, sometimes as the only therapeutic resource. Despite its economic and pharmacological importance in the region, and although the family is distributed in all tropical and subtropical regions of the world, most of the scientific information available is limited to Asian and African species. Therefore, the present work aimed to review the secondary metabolites with possible pharmacological potential of the species Trattinnickia rhoifolia Willd, popularly known as \u201cBreu sucuruba\u201d. To this end, an identification key was created for chemical compounds with greater occurrence in the literature of the genus Trattinnickia. The most evident therapeutic activities in the consulted studies were antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antifungal, anesthetic and antiparasitic. An expressive chemical and pharmacological relevance of the species was identified, although its potential is insufficiently explored, mainly in the face of the NTDs present in the Brazilian Amazon.Plant-derived products may represent promising strategies in the treatment of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). From this perspective, it is observed that the Amazon phytogeographic region contains the tribe  Over the years, natural products have been used as raw material sources in the synthesis of chemical compounds that result in new drugs, a good part of which are used in the treatment of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) . That isIn parallel to the biological variety found in the Amazon Forest, there are NTDs that encompass a group of 17 common infectious diseases in the region, including dengue, rabies, trachoma, buruli ulcer, endemic treponematosis, Hansen\u2019s disease (leprosy), American trypanosomiasis, African trypanosomiasis, cysticercosis, dracunculiasis, echinococcosis, foodborne trematode infection, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis and soil-borne helminth infection, as well as leishmaniasis. Public health problems are also included, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\u2014which causes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)\u2014tuberculosis, malaria and other neglected infections. Thus, it is a heterogeneous group of diseases with serious social consequences, due to their high capacity for morbidity.NTDs affect more than one billion people worldwide, with greater severity in individuals submitted to socioeconomic vulnerability, generally belonging to underdeveloped or emerging countries. As a result, social, public health, productivity and life quality problems are intensified, particularly among marginalized populations. Amid the secondary factors related to the persistence of NTDs, the following stand out: (a) gaps in science and research, for presenting insufficient knowledge, non-related to these diseases, (b) market factors, such as high-cost drugs, in existing or developing vaccines, and (c) gaps in public health, represented by poor access to medicines and treatments as a consequence of failures in administrative planning, even when such services are offered for free .From this perspective, NTDs represent an enormous challenge for Brazil and other nations, since they are considered the infections with the highest levels of occurrence\u2014such as cutaneous or visceral leishmaniases, whether endemic or not. These diseases are heightened by their multiple forms of clinical manifestations, which depend on the pathogenicity of the infecting species. Its characteristics modalize leishmaniasis among its subclinical infections, with localized or disseminated microlesions, whether asymptomatic or not. In addition, wounds can spontaneously heal or progress from milder to more severe forms, which is why the WHO recommends priority treatment for this disease .Leishmaniasis is considered an important public health problem in the world and is one of the six most important infectious and parasitic diseases of NTDs, with an annual incidence of 2 million cases of different clinical forms, representing a risk to 350 million people in developing countries ,2.Sarcomastigophara, order Kinetoplastida and family Trypanosomatidae, which are responsible for morbidity and mortality in several countries in tropical zones. Seven species that cause tegumentary leishmaniasis have already been identified in Brazil, six from the subgenus Viannia and one from the subgenus Leishmania. The three main species are: L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (L.) amazonensis, and more recently, the species L. (V.) lainsoni, L. (V.) naiffi, L. (V.) lindenberg and L. (V.) shawi, identified in states in the North and Northeast regions [Leishmaniases are diseases caused by the protozoan of the genus Leishmania that are marked by great clinical pleomorphism. The parasites that cause them are included in the subkingdom Protozoan, phylum  regions .Leishmaniases have factors that are increased by the virulence and dissemination of the protozoan, which depend on the host\u2013parasite relationship. This is because the manifestation of the disease is not only correlated with the species of parasite involved, but also with the susceptibility of the host, assessed by its immune response . FurtherDue to the incipience of first-line medicines and considering the potential of the Amazon, research in the areas of phytochemistry and ethnopharmacology are increasingly important to expand knowledge in strategic areas related to Research, Development and Innovation (RD and I) about traditional medicines. Hence, it is possible to create prototypes of promising new chemotherapeutic agents with anti-leishmanial activity, with minimized or non-existent side effects.Trattinnickia rhoifolia (T. rhoifolia), an angiosperm tree present in the biogeographic region that comprises Central America that belongs to the Burceraceae family, of the Canarieae tribe [Amid the promising Amazonian plants for such objectives, we highlight the species ae tribe ,8.Trattinnickia rhoifolia is used by traditional peoples to cure sore throats and skin lacerations, as well as to treat and prevent tumors and leukemia. To this end, the most used parts of the plant are the trunk bark, resin and leaves [The species d leaves .Trattinnickia, studies have already been carried out on photochemical mapping in the bark of the species Trattinnickia peruviana, which indicated the presence of lichen xanthone and triterpenes. Furthermore, triterpenes and sesquiterpene lactones were isolated in the resin of the species Trattinnickia aspera [Trattinnickia glaziovii [For the genus a aspera ,8,9. Addlaziovii ,8,9.T. rhoifolia, the focus of this study, triterpenes, monoterpenes, amentoflavones, sterols and sesquiterpene lactones have already been identified in different parts of the plant, such as resin, leaves and in the bark of its trunk [Regarding the species ts trunk ,11.Trattinnickia rhoifolia Willd and consequently of the genus Trattinnickia, which is a promising source for obtaining biopharmaceuticals from the production of secondary plant metabolites and, as a result, represents an opportunity in the field of drug innovation. For this reason, it is essential to know the research that addresses its main characteristics, such as taxonomic, ethnopharmacological and phytochemical studies, in order to direct future biological tests based on the bioactive action of the species Trattinnickia rhoifolia Willd.It is important to present the phytochemical mapping of the species Trattinnickia and the studies on their pharmacological potential. Data collection was carried out from September 2020 to May 2021, using the following databases: CAPES journals, PubMed, Science Direct from Elsevier, Wiley Online Library, Springer-Nature, Taylor and Francis, BMC, Hindawi, Scielo, ACS\u2014American Chemical Society, and Google Scholar, as well as the scientific article and patent databases \u201cThe LENS\u201d and \u201cORBIT Intelligence\u201d.In this sense, this study constitutes, methodologically, an analytical bibliographical review related to the mapping of secondary metabolites found in the genus The inclusion criteria for this work were: original articles and exclusive dissertations of the genus and species studied, with full text available in Portuguese, English or other languages. Exclusion criteria were: abstracts, online sites without scientific sources, incomplete texts, unrelated and repeated articles.Burseraceae, genus Trattinnickia and species Trattinnickia rhoifolia Willd, correlated with secondary metabolites and their pharmacological potential. The articles were selected by reading the titles and abstracts of publications, associated with the Boolean descriptor \u201cAND\u201d, in order to refine the samples.As for the search strategy, the descriptive words used in this work were: family Trattinnickia rhoifolia Willd, mainly due to reports of the use of the resin, bark and leaves of the plant by traditional peoples of the Amazon Region and, in this sense, assisting future studies that seek to understand and perform the chemical mapping of that species, highlighting its high pharmacological potential.Therefore, the innovation present in this study consists in elucidating the potential use of the species Trattinnickia rhoifolia and address the scarcity of studies on the classes of metabolites present in the studied species, which comes from the Burseraceae family.Hence, the review contributes to direct future studies that also prove the importance of evaluating the biological activities of the species Burseraceae family has 19 genera and more than 700 species [Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusiales and Vahliales. Besides, this system suggests the inclusion of Burseraceae in the order Sapindales, class Dicotiledoneae and subclass Rosidae (APG IV 2016) [The  species , composeBurseraceae distributed in South America, only 6 are native . In their turn, the other two (Dacriodes and Protium) were introduced and are representative in the Amazon Region [Burseraceae is the natural production of aromatic oleoresins, which are used regionally in alternative medicinal treatments and in the ethnopharmacology of Amazonian traditional peoples. The plant genera Dacryodes and Protium are popularly known as: \u201calmescla\u201d, \u201cbreu-branco\u201d, \u201cbreu-preto\u201d, \u201cbreu-vermelho\u201d, \u201cbreu-terra\u201d, \u201cbreu-lim\u00e3o\u201d, \u201c breu-manga\u201d, \u201ccara\u00f1a\u201d, \u201ccopal\u201d, \u201ccopal-ouro\u201d, \u201ccopal-negro\u201d, \u201celemi\u201d, \u201cmanila-elemi\u201d, \u201cfrankincenso\u201d, \u201cgugul\u201d, \u201cmaaliol\u201d, \u201cmirra\u201d and \u201cokume\u201d [Of the 19 genera of  \u201cokume\u201d ,11,12.Burseraceae family is concentrated in the oil\u2013gum\u2013resin, from which fractions considered volatile are usually obtained [The mapping of the chemical compounds of the obtained ,12. In pobtained .The manipulation of the resin is historically common among the traditional peoples of the Amazon, who use it in the manufacture of varnishes and paints, along with boat-caulking. The aromatic constituents that are present in the resin, bark and branches of the plant are widely used through combustion, as well as for lighting the homes of traditional Amazonian peoples, as repellents for undesirable insects and also in religious rituals ,11,12,13Burseraceae family focus on the constituents present in its leaves, of which the monoterpenes represent the dominant class of compounds, distributed in limonene, \u03b1-phellandrene, p-cimene and their monocyclic derivatives. Aldehydes, ketones and acids are also present, though less frequently [Cryptococcus neoformans var. Neoformans\u2014a systemic human fungus of high prevalence in immunosuppressive patients [The chemical characterization studies of the equently ,15. In pequently ,13. Therpatients .Burseraceae family. The most common and complex are in the genera Canarium and Commiphora, except in the species Boswellia carterii. In those cases, cadinene is isolated in essential oils obtained from the leaves, as the substance is found in lower concentrations in other parts of some species of this family [Canarium, the elemol group was also isolated, which constitutes the synthesis of germacra (10), 4 diene, widely used to combat Phlebotomus\u2014the genus to which the agents that transmit malaria and leishmaniasis belong [There are similar chemical profiles that identify over 30 sesquiterpenes in the s family ,16. Froms belong ,17,18. TProtium leaves are rich in cariophilia, which is generally ubiquitous, and in sesquiterpenes, described as bactericides for the etiological agents that cause acquired respiratory infections, such as otitis, sinusitis and pneumonia [Burseraceae [Canarieae, isolations of furanosesquiterpenes are described, which are furanogermacrane skeletons, forming 2-acetyl-8-12-epoxygermacra-1, (10), 4,7,11 tetraene and 2-methyl-8-12-epoxygermacra-1, (10) 4,7,11-tetraene. It is noteworthy that the active ingredients of these molecules are sources used in the composition of antimalarials [On the other hand, essential oils from neumonia ,18,19. Sseraceae . In studalarials ,18,19, walarials ,18,20.Burseraceae resins, the existence of tetracyclic and pentacyclic triterpenes is identified. These compounds are responsible for important characteristics, such as oxidation, due to the presence of tetracyclic tirucallane in the C-17 side chain, which is found as elemolic acid. In the scientific literature, the anti-inflammatory activity and the inhibition of the production of nitric oxide are also reported, in addition to in vitro antitumor activity [Canarium schweinfurthii and Dacriodes eludis, species of the tribe Canarieae, in which the study related to the respective compounds proved the existence of anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiplasmodic, antiulcerogenic, anticariogenic, antiviral, anti-HIV, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective and analgesic activities [In activity ,19,20. Ttivities ,21,22,23Burseraceae. Kaempferol, quercetin and their respective derivatives were identified in Protium and Commiphora [Burseraceae. However, coumarinolignoids and propacin have already been identified and isolated from Protium opacum\u2014compounds that have hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory and anticancer activities [Protium helio and P. icicariba stand out [In their turn, flavonoids are essential in plant systematics, but there were few technical-scientific reports found about these compounds in mmiphora ,22,23,24tivities ,25,26. Atand out .Burseraceae focuses mainly on pentacyclic triterpenes. The most abundant are the \u03b1-amyrin and \u03b2-amyrin isomers [Chemical research on the stem of the botanical family  isomers , which h isomers ,13,20, w isomers .P. robustum, P. trifoliatum, P. nitidifolium and P. subserratum, collected in the Amazon region, identified sesquiterpenes in a higher percentage, as well as the following compounds: spatulenol, caryophyllene oxide, Khusimone, \u03b1-copaen-4-ol, and in smaller amounts, \u03b1-cubeben, \u03b1-copaene, trans-caryophyllene, \u03b1-trans-bergamothene, \u03b3-muurolene, \u03b1-muurolene, \u03b3-cadinene [trans-caryophyllene, \u03b1-elemene, \u03b1-gurjunene, germacrene D, \u03b1- and \u03b2-selinene, cis-calamenene, trans-calamenene and cadalene [The studies carried out using stems, branches and bark of the species cadinene ,20, \u03b1-cacadalene ,20,28,29Burseraceae, but coumarinolignoid and propacin have already been identified and isolated from the species Protium opacum [The literature also describes the presence of aromatic compounds such as coumarins, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and, to a greater extent, lignans, which demonstrates the biological potential of the family ,18. TherTrattinnickia rhoifolia Willd is popularly known in the Amazon region as \u201cBreu sucuruba\u201d. Its native origin is not endemic to Brazil, but T. rhoifolia Willd has an Amazon phytogeographic occurrence [Plantae, phylum Tracheophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Sapindales, family Burseraceae, genus Trattinnickia and species Trattinnickia rhoifolia, which has wide ethnopharmacological use by indigenous peoples , digitized base and cylindrical shaft. In addition, it has a grayish rhytidome with depressions and detachment in small woody plaques, which leave light streaks, lenticels are present, 2 mm thick dead brown skin and 1 cm thick bright orange skin. Orange sapwood has transparent exudation with a \u201cbreu\u201d smell [The species u\u201d smell ,12,18.Trattinnickia rhoifolia Willd is more predominant in the upper parts of the species, so that only the aromas attributed to the presence of terpenes are uniform. Due to this characteristic, the resin is used to combat some species of insects from the Psicodidae and Culicidae families. As a result of this practice, there is a reduction in the prevalence of malaria and leishmaniasis in indigenous villages and riverside communities [Trattinnickia are widely known in the Amazon region by popular medicine as repellent, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, expectorant and healing plants [The distribution of the aromatic resin present in the species munities ,30,32,33g plants ,13,20,34Trattinnickia in parasitic diseases such as leishmaniasis [Nonetheless, scientific research that demonstrates its performance is incipient or almost non-existent, as illustrated by the scarcity of studies on the action mechanisms of species of the genus maniasis .Burseraceae family has extensive chemical mapping and demonstration of its pharmacological properties, proven by its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiparasitic and antifungal activities. However, there are few studies regarding the identification of compounds for the genus Trattinnickia  [Studies involving eicosane and nonacosane produced important antiparasitic effects against strains of or cells ,39. In tnthrene) .Trattinnickia rhoifolia, the existence of amentoflavan was identified, also found in oil-resins, 5\u03b1, 6\u03b1 epoxy-\u03b2-sitosterol (IV) and 5\u03b2, 6\u03b2-epoxy-\u03b2-sitosterol (V) [In studies on extracts from the leaves of erol (V) ,46. Besierol (V) .From this perspective, the authors have reported that amentoflavone acts in favor of the inhibitory activity of cAMP phosphodiesterase, among other enzymes. The process of inhibiting these mechanisms results in tissue regeneration ,45. FurtTrattinnickia, which belongs to the Burseraceae family, represents an important ethnopharmacological source widely used by traditional peoples in the Brazilian Amazon due to its cultural and cosmological attributes in the treatment of Neglected Tropical Diseases, related to anti-inflammatory processes and antiparasitic and repellent functions.The extensive bibliographical research revealed that the genus Trattinnickia rhoifolia are similar to the traditional use of the species, which associates the following properties to the \u201cbreu scuruba\u201d: anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, neurological and antiparasitic, all attributed to the phytochemistry of the genus.The reviewed scientific literature indicates that the biological activities of The main classes of secondary metabolites, already characterized both in number of compounds and in pharmacological and environmental importance, are: alkaloids, terpenoids, sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, biflavonoids, oxyphytosterols and volatile oils. However, scientific support is restricted to mappings available for Asian and African genera, and studies on the subject are limited to these continents, even though the family is distributed in several tropical and subtropical regions of the world.Trattinnickia as a multipurpose drug related to its pharmacological groups, there are several limitations in the current literature, especially with regard to studies for the species Trattinnickia rhoifolia Willd. On the other hand, popular knowledge bases are important to recognize that traditionally used extracts of the species Trattinnickia rhoifolia Willd can be effective not only when isolated or in direct use, but can also represent new and promising alternatives, with modulating effects when used in combination with other herbs or drugs.Although the results of this review are very promising for the use of the genus Trattinnickia rhoifolia Willd is essential for further work because of the importance of the results raised here, especially given the pharmacological potential of the group, which should be better explored\u2014especially concerning the use of the species for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, as reported by traditional communities in the Amazon region and presented in this article.Therefore, studying the species"}
{"text": "The article, Indications for fertility preservation not included in the 2017 Japan Society of Clinical Oncology Guideline for Fertility Preservation in Pediatric, Adolescent, and Young Adult Patients treated with gonadal toxicity, including benign diseases written by Masanori Ono, Kimikazu Matsumoto, Narikazu Boku, Nobuharu Fujii, Yumi Tsuchida, Tatsuro Furui, Miyuki Harada, Yoshinobu Kanda, Akira Kawai, Mitsuru Miyachi, Atsuko Murashima, Robert Nakayama, Hiroyuki Nishiyama, Chikako Shimizu, Kazuhiko Sugiyama, Yasushi Takai, Keishi Fujio, Ken\u2011Ichirou Morishige, Yutaka Osuga, and Nao Suzuki was originally published Online First without Open Access.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.With the author(s)\u2019 decision to opt for Open Choice the copyright of the article changed on February 16, 2022 to \u00a9 Author(s) 2021 and the article is forthwith distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article\u2019s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article\u2019s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit The original article has been corrected."}
{"text": "Housing is one of the major determinants of human health and the current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted its relevance. The authors summarize the main issues, including dimensional standards, indoor air quality, safety, accessibility, neighborhoods, and area characteristics. The authors propose an operating scheme in order to implement actions to improve residential wellbeing on a local, national, and international level. Our readers might wonder, why another special issue on housing and health? Is it really necessary to study and work on the relationships between housing and human health? Is it still a relevant issue in today\u2019s world? We are quite sure that the answer is yes, because housing was, is, and will remain a central theme for public health worldwide. We must strengthen our knowledge to ensure the best and healthiest living condition for the entire world population. We therefore strongly need new research on this topic, not just to evaluate the current situation in different countries and contexts, but also to be able to validate new solutions aimed at improving the health standards of housing and making them suitable and affordable for a larger portion of the human population.-Dimensional standards-Indoor air quality-Safety-Accessibility-Neighborhoods and area characteristicsHousing represents a core and traditional topic of public health , despiteRelevant classical issues such as thermal and hygrometric comfort, lighting, noise protection, water supply, and waste disposal have a strong impact on both psychological and physical health of inhabitants. Despite being widely recognized as key factors for healthy living environments at both scientific and legislative levels, these factors are not adequately guaranteed in all dwellings worldwide ,17,18,19Sufficient dimensional area is a key determinant for healthy housing . AccordiIndoor air is an historical and widely recognized health determinant ,48,49,50Despite a lack of reliable epidemiological data on a global basis, home accidents are among the leading causes of death, infirmity, and disability worldwide, in both developing and developed countries ,88,89. TAmong emerging safety issues, we would also include structural problems related to extreme natural phenomena, such as floods, tsunamis, earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activities, and heat and cold waves. In the last few years, several catastrophic events have occurred around the globe, causing many victims ,102,103.per se, the elderly are more fragile and susceptible to the harmful effects of their dwellings; therefore healthy ageing is a goal for an economically and socially sustainable future [The aging population faces increasing morbidity, multi-morbidity, functional limitations, and disability ,109. Alte future ,114,115.e future ,117. Thee future ,119,120.e future . AccessiAs is already widely expressed in international literature, the concept of healthy housing also implies a residential setting that can fulfill the expectations of its residents ,122. In -Research, to consolidate evidence on the main health threats in indoor environments and to create strategies to mitigate their effects, as well as elaborating on guidelines and standards;-Education, to spread research-acquired knowledge not only to health sector workers, but to engineers and architects, lawmakers, public administrators, and the general population (directly or via relevant stakeholders);-Lawmaking, to enforce research-based regulation, as it is recognized as key part of health protection in built environments [ronments ,142,143;-Policy, to provide political and financial support to housing in local, national and international programs;-Evaluation and control, to obtain a constant monitoring of implemented housing campaigns in input, output, and process validated indicators, and control of local health authorities on hygienic standards application.As housing is a leading health determinant, improving living conditions in both economically developed and developing countries may reduce mortality and burden of disease, and increase health quality from a physical, psychological, and social point of view ,50,139. To successfully implement these proposals, which we may call RELPE actions, strong commitment and functional coordination and harmonization is needed at a local, regional, national, and international level, providing the involvement of researchers, educators, public health operators, building designers, urban planners, lawmakers, communities, and representative associations.Housing is a key determinant for human health. We have tried to summarize some of the major factors connecting housing and health, citing the most relevant scientific evidence currently available, that shows a strong relation with social and economic conditions; however, it is often very difficult to assess their independent effect . The COV"}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in the affiliations. Instead of Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China, it should be:1 Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China2 Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China3 Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.YL is affiliated with 1, LW is affiliated with 2, JZ is affiliated with 1, HH is affiliated with 1, HL is affiliated with 1, CL is affiliated with 2, HG is affiliated with 1, YC is affiliated with 3, XC is affiliated with 1.Furthermore, Lin Wang was not included as a co-first author in the published article. This has been corrected, and a new statement has been added to indicate that Yuan Li and Lin Wang contributed equally: \u201cThese authors contributed equally to this work.\u201dThe authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "Rothrauff, Lars Engebretsen, Andrew D. Lynch, Olufemi R. Ayeni, Mark V. Paterno, John W. Xerogeanes, Freddie H. Fu, Jon Karlsson, Volker Musahl, Eleonor Svantesson, Eric Hamrin Senorski, Thomas Rauer, Sean J. Meredith, The Panther Symposium ACL Treatment Consensus Group, was originally published Online First without Open Access. After publication in volume 28, issue 8, page 2390\u20132402 the author decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an Open Access publication. Therefore, the copyright of the article has been changed to \u00a9 The Author(s) 2020 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article\u2019s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article\u2019s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit"}
{"text": "Utricularia includes around 250 species of carnivorous plants, commonly known as bladderworts. The generic name Utricularia was coined by Carolus Linnaeus in reference to the carnivorous organs (Utriculus in Latin) present in all species of the genus. Since the formal proposition by Linnaeus, many species of Utricularia were described, but only scarce information about the biology for most species is known. All Utricularia species are herbs with vegetative organs that do not follow traditional models of morphological classification. Since the formal description of Utricularia in the 18th century, the trap function has intrigued naturalists. Historically, the traps were regarded as floating organs, a common hypothesis that was maintained by different botanists. However, Charles Darwin was most likely the first naturalist to refute this idea, since even with the removal of all traps, the plants continued to float. More recently, due mainly to methodological advances, detailed studies on the trap function and mechanisms could be investigated. This review shows a historical perspective on Utricularia studies which focuses on the traps and body organization.The genus  Utricularia species (bladderworts) are one of the most fascinating carnivorous plants, with tiny traps and seemingly no roots [Utricularia species usually do not follow traditional models of morphological classification. The body organization of Utricularia does not present clearly defined boundaries between ordinary plant organs , or recognizable roots [no roots ,5,6,7,8.no roots ,12,13,14Utricularia were most likely by Conrad Gessner (1516\u20131565), a Swiss physician and naturalist, in his Historia Plantarum, also called Conradi Gesneri Historia Plantarum [Libri Picturati, , there is one of Utricularia which is accessible at the Jagiellonian Library of the Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w [Utricularia vulgaris [Hortus Malabaricus in 1689 [Utricularia reticulata as \u201cNelipu\u201d (Utricularia to be referenced before Carolus Linnaeus (1707\u20131778), the founder of modern taxonomy, who proposed the genus Utricularia and described seven species in his Species Plantarum [U. vulgaris, U. minor, U. subulata, U. gibba, U. bifida, U. caerulea, and U. foliosa. The U. caerulea treated by Linnaeus was a blend of different taxa [U. caerulea by Linnaeus himself [The earliest illustrations of  Gessner 16\u20131565, vulgaris , in whic in 1689 , Hendric\u201cNelipu\u201d A, a Malalantarum : U. vulgent taxa ,20, reprUtricularia was coined by Linnaeus in reference to the traps  which are the carnivorous structures present in all species of the genus from aquatic to terrestrial environments [Utricularia by Linnaeus, many species have been described. In particular, Vahl [Utricularia, mostly by Rafinesque [Utricularia by other authors [The generic name ronments ,22. The ronments . Since tar, Vahl , Brown [ar, Vahl , Smith [ar, Vahl , Saint Har, Vahl ,28,29,30ar, Vahl  contribuar, Vahl . Severalfinesque , who bas authors .Utricularia after dedicating four decades of his life to the bladderworts. Taylor\u2019s [Utricularia species: the Indian U. tayloriana [U. hirta), and the Australian U. petertaylorii [In 1989, Peter Geoffrey Taylor 1926\u20132011), a British botanist who worked at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, published his magnificent monograph about the genus 11, a Briyloriana , synonymtaylorii . To datetaylorii .Utricularia has been highlighted as unique in many studies  of Lentibulariaceae and s , lithophytic , rheophytic , and some aquatic species  have \u201crhizoids\u201d [U. aurea, U. breviscapa, U. inflata), a whorl of floats is found at the inflorescence base, resembling swollen shoots filled with aerenchyma cells and lacunae, and with appendages similar to branched shoots. These structures provide stability to the inflorescence, keeping it above the water table and making it more conspicuous to pollinators [All al roots . Some spal roots ,48). Manhizoids\u201d , which chizoids\u201d ,49. In slinators ,35,50.Utricularia shows organs with intermixed morphological traits  of organ categories , and homologous to shoots. This was especially evident to the authors in the dimorphic leaves of U. dusenii , few anatomical characters typical for roots are present in stolons  and root , the ves e.g., ,8). For . For Utrs , of whiu Taylor  postulaton\u201d, cf. ,54. Simistolons  is best known for his The Origin of Species [The Origin of the Species, Darwin wrote: \u201cI care more about Drosera than the origin of all the species in the world\u201d. That sentence became more understandable when, after fifteen years, he published his Insectivorous Plants [Utricularia traps.The bladderwort\u2019s trap is one of the most complex and intriguing structures among living plants D and is  Species , he pass Species  to the Ss Plants , which wUtricularia are similar in general organization and structure, they arise from different parts of the plant in different species: from the petiole and lamina of the leaves, from the base of inflorescences, and/or from stolons and their branches. The traps are foliar structures shaped as globose or ovoid vesicles (bladders) with a length of 0.2 to 12 mm [U. breviscapa, U. foliosa, and U. gibba), the mature traps are even dark violet, most likely due to the presence of bacteria [Although the traps of to 12 mm ,21,59,60bacteria ,62 or anUtricularia and hypothesized the presence of a polarity from stalk to mouth by analyzing the trap glands. Impressively, by controlling the adaxial\u2013abaxial domains of gene activity for growth orientation in proximodistal and orthoplanar polarity in the primordia of U. gibba, simple shifts in the expression of genes homologous to the adaxial expressed PHV/PHB genes and abaxial expressed FIL and KAN genes [Trap development has been the subject of several studies that attempted to anatomically and genetically understand the processes that result in such a complex structure , usi, usiUtria e.g., ,84,85). ,85. Utria nt roots . Furthernt roots . Recent nt roots ,91,92,93nt roots . Moreovent roots . In thisnt roots ,97. Accont roots , the traUtricularia  are needed to better understand the different observed patterns of seedling development, vegetative structures, and possible adaptations, from an evolutionary and phylogenetic perspective.Despite of some studies on post-seminal development ,104,105,Utricularia lineages and thus explain the differences of traps among the taxa .Utricularia and Genlisea and their evolutionary aspects [Utricularia genomes are comparable to those of other higher plants, with the noncoding DNA and transposable elements being the main responsible for genome size discrepancies [U. vulgaris transcriptome, and some of them are also present in the U. gibba genome [U. gibba, with the heterotopic transfer of the function of root genes to other organs [U. gibba genome indicated the absence of homologs of the WOX5 gene [Utricularia were explored, putative domains of WOX genes were identified . The development of genetically transformed Utricularia, as already proposed for U. gibba [Studies showing the minute sizes of chromosomes  and geno aspects ,100 (Figepancies ,102, it epancies  or morphepancies , are prea genome ,120. Accr organs . SimilarOX5 gene ,122, whiOX5 gene , but theU. gibba , could bUtricularia, particularly with the sampling of different life forms, and the inclusion of Genlisea as the other member of the rootless clade in Lentibulariaceae.However, to overcome this gap, and to advance in these important issues related to morphology simplification and loss of roots in Lentibulariaceae, we need a more complete scenario comprising more genomes and transcriptomes for"}
{"text": "We aim to conduct a scoping review focused on identifying approaches to documentation burden measurement and their characteristics.Electronic health records (EHRs) are linked with documentation burden resulting in clinician burnout. While clear classifications and validated measures of Based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) Extension for Scoping Reviews (ScR) guidelines, we conducted a scoping review assessing MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and CINAHL from inception to April 2020 for studies investigating documentation burden among physicians and nurses in ambulatory or inpatient settings. Two reviewers evaluated each potentially relevant study for inclusion/exclusion criteria.burnout.Of the 3482 articles retrieved, 35 studies met inclusion criteria. We identified 15 measurement characteristics, including 7 effort constructs: EHR usage and workload, clinical documentation/review, EHR work after hours and remotely, administrative tasks, cognitively cumbersome work, fragmentation of workflow, and patient interaction. We uncovered 4 time constructs: average time, proportion of time, timeliness of completion, activity rate, and 11 units of analysis. Only 45.0% of studies assessed the impact of EHRs on clinicians and/or patients and 40.0% mentioned clinician Standard and validated measures of documentation burden are lacking. While time and effort were the core concepts measured, there appears to be no consensus on the best approach nor degree of rigor to study documentation burden.Further research is needed to reliably operationalize the concept of documentation burden, explore best practices for measurement, and standardize its use. We evaluated all relevant literature identified through in-text references among eligible studies. Burden is not specifically represented in Medical Subject Headings (MeSH); therefore, we explored both keyword and MeSH terms for 2 burden-related concepts outlined in the HHS report We selected inclusion and exclusion parameters a priori, and iteratively modified them to exclude studies involving niche clinical systems and those strictly comparing to paper-based documentation . We inclThe term \u201cphysicians\u201d encompassed attending physicians, fellows, resident physicians, and interns; \u201cnurses\u201d referred to registered nurses. We focused on physicians and nurses given our aim of identifying interprofessional measurements of documentation burden. We excluded studies comparing EHR documentation to paper-based systems if they were not focused on measuring burden, but rather on EHR implementation evaluation.After removing duplicates, 2 reviewers  independently screened article titles and abstracts for relevance using Covidence.One author (AJM) performed data charting for all articles meeting full-text inclusion criteria , Embase (n\u2009=\u20091143), Web of Science (n\u2009=\u20091007), and CINAHL (n\u2009=\u2009825). Seven additional manuscripts were identified through in-text references. After eliminating duplicates, 1946 titles/abstracts were screened; of those, 166 were eligible for full-text review. Consensus was achieved for all disagreements concerning the inclusion of full-text articles. Thirty-five studies meeting criteria were summarized in the final analysis .,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Studies were conducted in the United States (n\u2009=\u200931),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Articles were published between 2010 and 2020 with 2018 (n\u2009=\u20098),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Thirty were strictly quantitative studies. While purely qualitative studies were excluded, 5 studies employed mixed methods,,,,,,,,,,,,A diversity of analytical methods was employed. Most studies to which statistical testing were relevant (n\u2009=\u200923) applied parametric (n\u2009=\u200919) as opposed to non-parametric methods (n\u2009=\u200912). Qualitative methods employed in the mixed-methods studies involved informal interviews,effort constructs emerged  gen,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Time spent documenting was assessed in all studies and was measured using 3 key data collection strategies: EHR usage logs (n\u2009=\u200928),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Less than half the studies assessed the impact of documentation burden on clinicians and/or patients (n\u2009=\u200916). Among those studies, authors referenced the temporal relationship between burden and burnout at a higher proportion (68.8%) compared to those that did not extend beyond measuring time and effort alone (50.0%). Outcomes measured included clinical process measures [n\u2009=\u20098 generalizability due to constraints in sample size (n\u2009=\u200919),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,measurement error including the inability of logs to distinguish between \u201cidle and active\u201d time (n\u2009=\u20096),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Two limitations were ubiquitous across included studies : (a) thr,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Six studies cited selection bias derived from both the presence of self-selection and voluntary participation among high-performing subjectsworkflow fragmentation and cognitively cumbersome work \u2014largely align with \u201cproposed core EHR use measures (for practice efficiency)\u201d published by Sinsky and colleagues which indicates burden may be quantified through existing metrics.In this scoping review, we identified 35 studies that explored the measurement of documentation burden among physicians and nurses, underlining the overall paucity of research in the domain. As may be expected, all 35 studies were published post-HITECH Act. Seven effort constructs, 4 time constructs, and 11 units of analysis were uncovered. Our effort constructs\u2014except ,,,,,Historically, TM studies have been considered the gold standard for quantifying the effects of computer systems on task-based clinical workflow and duration.,,,,,burden and a plethora of definitions throughout the literature.,,,,,,,,time and effort, such as workload,,,,burnout is identifiable in controlled vocabularies including, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), in addition to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM) and MeSH.,,time.One major finding of this review was the absence of quantitative studies assessing the reliability and validity of time and effort measures. Of the 35 studies included, only 1 study intended to develop a measure of burden ,Strategy on Reducing Burden Relating to the Use of Health IT and EHRs\u2014aims to evaluate the clinical impact of burden  on clinicians and/or patients;The HHS Report\u2014,,,,,In this review, scribes represented 1 of 3 areas of study concerning proposed interventions to mitigate burden (n\u2009=\u20093);effort constructs, 4 time constructs, and 11 units of analysis  our keywords were limited, and/or (b) our queries were not sufficiently broad or narrow.While this study sought to investigate literature on the operationalization of documentation burden and the development and/or validation of quantitative burden measures, research in this domain has not yet matured. Despite employing broad search terms and queries, the majority of the literature retrieved did not detail how to conceptualize and/or measure burden. We extracted manuscripts using keywords, as extant MeSH terms were unable to capture the phenomenon of study interest; in fact, no term for after scheduled duty hours measure described by Cox and colleagues should undergo rigorous testing and validation across settings and specialties.,,Future research should build upon existing burden evidence, focusing on strengthening objectivity and generalizability. Proposed quantitative measures of burden such as the ,,task value, as indicated by task relationship with burden, a high priority area for future research. Such research would allow the identification of tasks that are of high burden but low value so that EHR design and intervention efforts may target the elimination or mitigation of these tasks.However, promisingly, burden measures identified were not strictly unique to individual professions and workflows, supporting the opportunity for defining interprofessional measures of burden in future work. We propose that burden be examined as a global composite measure, indicative of magnitude and directionality, consistent with the characteristics uncovered in this review. This would require: (a) developing a universally agreed-upon inventory for key EHR tasks and activities weighted for relative value according to burden  that could be linked to clinical outcomes such as \u201cquality, financial or professional satisfaction\u201dDocumentation burden among interprofessional clinical roles remains understudied and under-measured in both inpatient and ambulatory settings. This review suggests that concrete, validated measures of burden in research are lacking, which pales in comparison to burnout literature.This study was supported by the US National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under the training fellowship award 5T15LM007079 and the National Institute for Nursing Research (NINR) under grant numbers 1R01NR016941 and 5T32NR007969.AJM and SCR conceptualized the scope of this review. AJM, JMS, RC, SS, and EL conducted the initial and full-text screenings. AJM drafted the manuscript with significant revisions and feedback from JMS, RC, KDC, and SCR.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association online.The data underlying this article are available in the article and in its online None declared.ocaa325_Supplementary_DataClick here for additional data file."}
{"text": "Phthalates are a group of chemicals used in a multitude of important industrial products , mainly as plasticizers to improve mechanical properties such as flexibility, transparency, durability, and longevity of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The wide occurrence of phthalates in many consumer products, including foods  brings that most people are exposed to phthalates every day, which raises some concerns. Adverse health outcomes from phthalates exposure have been associated with endocrine disruption, deformities in the human reproductive system, increased risk of preterm birth, carcinogen exposure, among others. Apprehension related to the health risks and ubiquitous incidence of phthalates in foods inspires the development of reliable analytical approaches that allow their detection and quantification at trace levels. The purpose of the current review is to provide information related to the presence of phthalates in the food chain, highlighting the health risks associated with their exposure. Moreover, an overview of emerging extraction procedures and high-resolution analytical approaches for a comprehensive quantification of phthalates is presented. Phthalates, generally known as phthalate esters PAEs, , are a fBesides being easily released into the environment, they are rapidly biodegraded and photodegraded, leading to a lower persistence.The most common exposure routes of phthalates are: (i) personal care products ; (ii) food contact plastics  ; (iii) sFrom the described potential routes, food and beverage constitute, undoubtedly, the most important source of human exposure to phthalates ,9. PartiThe phthalates are naturally released into the environment through their production, use, and/or disposal, and therefore can be absorbed by the human body by different routes , as seen in According to Bennett et al. , exposurIn the following sections, we provide descriptive information related to the presence of phthalates in the food chain, highlighting the health risks associated with their exposure. An overview of the emerging extraction procedures and analytical approaches for a comprehensive quantification of phthalates is also discussed. For this purpose, the keywords \u201cphthalates\u201d, \u201cPAEs\u201d, \u201cenvironmental\u201d, \u201cfood\u201d, \u201chealthy risks\u201d, \u201cextraction technique\u201d, and \u201canalytical platforms\u201d were researched in Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar over the period of 2015 to 2021. It should be pointed out that other references were included outside of the established period due to their relevance to this review.As previously mentioned, PAEs are a class of synthetic chemicals mainly obtained from petroleum and added to an enormous number of everyday products. PAEs, linear and branched, are added to improve the properties of plastic materials  . Lately,Due to the widespread use of these types of compounds and their immense applications, there is a potential risk, for both children and adults, of being exposed to phthalates. Phthalates are relatively released from the products into the environment due to the weak chemical bond between phthalates and other chemicals due to their dipolar interactions .Maternal diet and food preparation practices, such as maternal prenatal high-fat milk consumption was associated with higher benzyl butyl (BBz) and DEHP . The preNon-dietary exposure is another source, where they can be emitted from materials into the air and easily partitioned into the indoor and outdoor environment. Different phthalates have been detected, such as DEHP, diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) in soil dust . The draThere are numerous studies where it has been shown that phthalates can alter the endocrine system and induce a plethora of effects such as carcinogens, teratogens, and mutagens ,32.Many phthalates, even at a low concentration, are known endocrine disruptors  that havPhthalate exposure in humans has been linked to metabolic changes, such as increasing obesity problems (metabolic syndrome)  and the Some other studies have concluded there is a relationship between phthalate accumulation  and breast cancer . FurtherSeveral mechanisms have been proposed to explain the increase in blood pressure in pregnancy due to exposure to phthalates, namely an increase in oxidative stress, a decrease in serum thyroxin, and an increase in inflammatory cytokines, which could promote gestational hypertension or preeclampsia development ,45,46,47Due to the generalized exposure of phthalates, as mentioned above, in a great diversity of products, both at a domestic and industrial level, the different international health agencies had to regulate the levels of these chemical contaminants.In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulated the presence of eight compounds, namely DBP, DiBP, BBP, di-n-pentyl phthalate (DnPP), DEHP, di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), DiNP, and diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP) in consumers ,38, restPAEs are a group of chemicals that are widely used as plasticizers ,60,61. IFood contaminants can also occur with the migration of PAEs from packaging to food. In that sense, Arfaeinia et al.  investig2 of DEHP and 0.86 \u00b5g/cm2 of DiNP, plastic filter holders releases maximum leaching of 2.49 \u00b5g\u2009/cm2 of DBP from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and Parafilm\u00ae leached levels up to 0.50 \u00b5g/\u2009cm2 of DEHP. To reduce the high levels of PAEs in these materials, a heat or high-temperature process was applied since there is no covalent bond between the PAEs and plastics. Tienpont et al. [2SO4), and DiBP and DEHP were found at trace concentration (ng/g) in alumina and Na2SO4. These authors also measured the PAEs concentration in the commercial solvents , DCM, and acetonitrile (MeCN)), being DEP (0.01 to 0.03 ng/mL), DiBP (0.002 to 0.21 ng/mL), DBP (0.01 to 0.80 ng/mL), di-n-hexyl phthalate , benzylbutyl phthalate , and DEHP (0.28 to 6.39 ng/mL) found in all solvents. The presence of these PAEs in solvents can be reduced by redistillation and/or by SPE [Special attention should be given to the sample preparation step as the sample can certainly be contaminated with laboratory material such as solvents , sorbents , plastic consumables , glassware, laboratory air, fibers, stir bar, among others ,118. Thit et al.  verifiedr by SPE . The phtr by SPE . Neverthr by SPE , all matEfficient pre-concentration and clean-up procedures are necessary to guarantee the quality of the analytical methods, due to the predictable low concentration of these target analytes in samples, as well as the sample complexity . Table 22SO4 [In the LLE procedure, the sample is put in contact with a solvent with a high affinity to PAEs, followed by phase-separation caused by solvent properties, centrifugation, and removal of moisture by treatment with Na2SO4 . In gene2SO4 ,64,66,992SO4 , MeCN [92SO4 ,91,106, 2SO4 ,77,95,962SO4 ,125. DLL2SO4 ,105, as 2SO4 . The dat2SO4 , as a mo2SO4 ,87 used 2SO4  and 150 2SO4  used dee2) [Other extraction techniques used in the determination of PAEs are Soxhlet and SPE. Nevertheless, these extraction techniques are time-consuming, require solvents, and extensive sample handling , which i2)  as adsorIn contrast to LLE, soxhlet, and SPE, SPME comprises sampling, extraction, purification, concentration, and injection into a single procedure. This extraction procedure is solvent-free, does not need previous sample preparation, and consequently, the risk of cross-contamination from solvents, samples, and glassware was reduced . SPME fi3O4) nanoparticles to extract 10 PAEs from milk. The data obtained, with recoveries ranging from 82% to 112%, and LODs and LOQs lower than 19 and 63 ng/L for all target analytes, supported the successful application of this modified QuEChERS-dSPE approach.QuEChERS-dSPE is an extraction technique that comprises two stages, namely extraction and clean-up. The extraction relies on the partitioning via salting-out extraction where an equilibrium between an aqueous and an organic layer  was endorsed, while the clean-up by dSPE used various mixtures of porous sorbents and salts to eliminate matrix interfering compounds . QuEChERThe selection of the most suitable analytical approaches to separate, detect and identify a class of target compounds depends essentially on their physic-chemical properties and the sensitivity requested. As can be observed in 3) or silylation (-COOSiR3) process of the carboxylic acid group [Gas chromatography is the most used analytical approach for PAEs determination since these target analytes present low molecular weight , relatively low polarity, and thermally stable and appropriately volatility . In the id group . Neverthid group . Generalid group ,100,103.id group ,78,87. Cid group ,97, wateid group ,115,117 id group , but FIDid group ,114,125.id group ,100,127,id group , bromoprid group  have alsid group . Furtherid group ,102,127 id group  have alsid group ,100,112,id group ,78 and tid group ,102,127 id group ,69,103, id group ,100,112 id group ,102,127 In summary, the main advantages of GC-MS are high sensitivity (low LODs), especially by splitless injection, high reproducibility of the generated mass spectra by EI, low cost, ease of operation, requires less maintenance, and the identification of compounds is easier due to the available spectra libraries .GC is possibly the most used analytical platform in PAEs analysis. Liquid chromatography (LC) appears as a suitable alternative due to its potentiality in the analysis of thermally unstable and non-volatiles compounds providing a high selectivity . High-peIn summary, LC-MS offers several benefits in comparison to GC-MS, such as being faster, not requiring derivatization, minimal sample preparation, and facilitating the identification and quantification of a greater diversity of compounds . MoreoveThe wide occurrence of phthalates, mainly PAEs, in many products has contributed to the rising concerns about their effects on human health. Nevertheless, the health impacts of PAEs exposure are not completely elucidated. This fact highlights the need for the development of sample preparation and analytical approaches with the purpose of quantifying these target compounds with more accuracy. The evolution of sample preparation has been focused on quickness, simplicity, automatic, low sample handling, low solvent volume, use of green extractant with the aim to reduce the risk of cross-contamination from solvents, samples, and glassware, and also environmentally friendly. The most common extraction techniques used for the measurement of PAEs are LLE and SPME. Regardless, SPME compared to LLE presents several advantages such as being solvent-free, easy to operate, and comprising sampling, extraction, purification, concentration, and injection into a single procedure. Regarding analytical approaches, GC coupled with MS is the most used for the quantification of PAEs, as a result of their well-known volatility. Satisfactory figures of merit in terms of recoveries, accuracy, LODs, and LOQs, was obtained to demonstrate the success of GC-MS in PAEs determination. Despite this fact, a direct UHLC-MS/MS has also been used in PAEs determination with excellent results.The determination of PAEs in samples represents an inspiring task, not only because of the low concentration of these target compounds but also due to the complexity of the sample and the potential risk of cross-contamination during all steps of the analysis. This problem can be minimized by avoiding extraction techniques that require solvents and only using glassware. However, prior to analysis, all glassware should be submitted to washed soaking in an alkaline solution for 48 h, rinsed with purified solvents, and then calcined at 450 \u00b0C overnight. After all, as mentioned in this review, it is expected that miniaturized and automated extraction techniques and high-throughput analytical approaches will continue to be developed to improve the accuracy of PAEs determination."}
{"text": "Key stakeholders from the cancer research continuum met in May 2021 at the European Cancer Research Summit in Porto to discuss priorities and specific action points required for the successful implementation of the European Cancer Mission and Europe's Beating Cancer Plan (EBCP). Speakers presented a unified view about the need to establish high\u2010quality, networked infrastructures to decrease cancer incidence, increase the cure rate, improve patient's survival and quality of life, and deal with research and care inequalities across the European Union (EU). These infrastructures, featuring Comprehensive Cancer Centres (CCCs) as key components, will integrate care, prevention and research across the entire cancer continuum to support the development of personalized/precision cancer medicine in Europe. The three pillars of the recommended European infrastructures \u2013 namely translational research, clinical/prevention trials and outcomes research \u2013 were pondered at length. Speakers addressing the future needs of translational research focused on the prospects of multiomics assisted preclinical research, progress in Molecular and Digital Pathology, immunotherapy, liquid biopsy and science data. The clinical/prevention trial session presented the requirements for next\u2010generation, multicentric trials entailing unified strategies for patient stratification, imaging, and biospecimen acquisition and storage. The third session highlighted the need for establishing outcomes research infrastructures to cover primary prevention, early detection, clinical effectiveness of innovations, health\u2010related quality\u2010of\u2010life assessment, survivorship research and health economics. An important outcome of the Summit was the presentation of the Porto Declaration, which called for a collective and committed action throughout Europe to develop the cancer research infrastructures indispensable for fostering innovation and decreasing inequalities within and between member states. Moreover, the Summit guidelines will assist decision making in the context of a unique EU\u2010wide cancer initiative that, if expertly implemented, will decrease the cancer death toll and improve the quality of life of those confronted with cancer, and this is carried out at an affordable cost. Key stakeholders from the cancer research continuum met at the European Cancer Research Summit to discuss priorities for the successful implementation of Cancer Mission and Europe's Beating Cancer Plan. The resulting Porto Declaration called for a collective action to develop cancer research infrastructures, foster innovation and decrease inequalities. Here, we present the Summit recommendations for an EU\u2010wide cancer initiative that, if expertly implemented, will decrease the cancer death toll and improve the quality of life of cancer patients and survivors. AIartificial intelligenceBECASpecial Committee on Beating Cancer of the European ParliamentBoBBasket of Baskets CCCComprehensive Cancer CentreCCECancer Core EuropeCEEAOCentral\u2013Eastern European Academy of OncologyDARTData Rich Clinical TrialsDKFZGerman Cancer Research CenterDKTKGerman Cancer ConsortiumDRUPDrug Rediscovery ProtocolEACSEuropean Academy of Cancer SciencesEBCPEurope\u00b4s Beating Cancer PlanECACEuropean Code Against CancerECPCEuropean Cancer Patient CoalitionEFPIAEuropean Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and AssociationsEMBLEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryEORTCEuropean Organisation for Research and Treatment of CancerERNEuropean Reference NetworkESMOEuropean Society of Medical OncologyIARCInternational Agency for Research on CancerIMIInnovative Medicine InitiativeIQNPath International Quality Network for PathologyJRCJoint Research Centre EUMRImagnetic resonance imagingMTBMolecular Tumour BoardNCTNational Center for Tumor DiseasesNGSnext\u2010generation sequencingOECIOrganisation of European Cancer InstitutesQoLhealth\u2010related quality of lifeRCTrandomized clinical trialRTradiation therapyVBHCvalue\u2010based health careWGSwhole\u2010genome sequencingWSIwhole\u2010slide images1The effective implementation of the EU cancer research strategy has been the focus of the European Cancer Research Summit, which took place in Porto in May 2021 and mainly discussed the requirements for distributed and interconnected infrastructures needed to support research on cancer therapeutics, care and prevention . This inAs an integral part of the Horizon Europe Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (2021\u20102027), a set of European Research and Innovation Missions aim to deliver solutions to some of the greatest challenges facing Europe, including cancer. As highlighted by one of the Summit speakers, Guy van den Eede, cancer accounts for more deaths than any other disease in the age group of below 65 in the EU. While this geographical area is home to <\u00a010% of the world\u2019s population, it collects 23% of all cancer cases. On average, only one in two cancer patients survive, and one in two of us will face cancer in our lifetimes. In economic terms, cancer costs the EU almost \u20ac97 billion in 2018. In futuristic terms, several factors, including the EU\u2019s ageing population, will see that all numbers and costs increase unless serious action is taken, such as doing more on prevention, early detection, quality of care and more .In the context of Horizon Europe, both the Cancer Mission , 6, 7 anIn this landscape, policymakers, academic researchers, patient representatives and pharmaceutical industry members contributed to keynote sessions and panel discussions at the European Cancer Research Summit 2021. Rui Henrique, the main organizer, and Julio E.\u00a0Celis, the Chair of the Scientific Advisory Committee, welcomed the Summit participants. The Summit started with a brief glimpse over current developments in the European cancer policy landscape. It continued with distilling the view of the cancer research community on the basic requirements that will enable the implementation of an effective European Cancer Mission. Finally, it focused on the specific recommendations by key stakeholders to establish efficient infrastructures for translational research, clinical/prevention trials and outcomes research. Panel\u00a0discussions complemented the perspectives of key lectures and set the scene for a multivoiced, yet highly collaborative, pan\u2010European initiative to tackle the challenges of cancer for the individual, the health systems and the society.2Stella Kyriakides, opened the session by thanking the cancer community for supporting EBCP, which in partnership with the European Cancer Mission will address current challenges in cancer research, prevention and care. Ms\u00a0Kyriakides highlighted the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and emphasized the need for evidence\u2010based knowledge and its translation into policy and political decisions. The planned EU initiatives for fostering cancer research, prevention and care will financially be supported partly by EU4Health, but, as Ms Kyriakides noted, the clear commitment of all EU member states would be equally crucial. In addition, European Comprehensive Cancer Centres (CCCs) and the European Parliament Special Committee on Beating Cancer (BECA) will have key parts in these efforts \u2013 the concrete contribution of BECA being currently under discussion.The Summit\u00b4s first session focused on current and future European cancer policy plans, in which collaboration among policymakers, scientists and patient organizations is deemed indispensable. The EU Commissioner for Health and Food Safety, Marta Temido, Minister for Health, Portugal, recognized that public health authorities alone could not tackle the major societal challenge of cancer. Ms Temido highlighted the need to invest in research and technology using a research\u2010driven, patient\u2010centred approach and mentioned that BECA would support efforts across the EU. While clinical research and the national cancer plan are key priorities of the Portuguese government, they should also be prioritized by all other EU member states, indicated Ms Temido, who also encouraged EU member states to sign the \u2018Porto Declaration\u2019.Further corroborating the message of Stella Kyriakides on the importance of collaboration, Mariya Gabriel, EU Commissioner for Innovation, Research, Culture, Education & Youth, next informed the audience that the health cluster of Horizon Europe features a Cancer Mission with well\u2010defined goals as a key priority, aiming at improving prevention, diagnosis and treatment. While the COVID\u201019 pandemic caused delays in cancer research and weakened European Research Networks (ERNs), Horizon Europe is expected to restrengthen partnerships in health, such as the partnership on personalized medicine, innovative health initiatives that build on the success of the Innovative Medicine Initiative (IMI), and the European Institute of Innovation and Technology Health. According to the Commissioner, work on the Cancer Mission implementation plan is currently underway; the next is to invigorate EU member states and regional funders. Marie Sklodowska\u2010Curie actions will also help build scientific excellence and cooperation across countries. The new EC Knowledge Centre on Cancer, launched on 30 June 2021, is expected to coordinate the efforts of EU member states  and similar IP portfolios. MB confirms that, to the best of his knowledge, none of the above funding sources were involved in the preparation of this paper. BB has received research funding from 4D Pharma, Abbvie, Amgen, Aptitude Health, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Blueprint Medicines, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Cergentis, Cristal Therapeutics, Daiichi\u2010Sankyo, Eli Lilly, GSK, Inivata, Janssen, Onxeo, OSE immunotherapeutics, Pfizer, Roche\u2010Genentech, Sanofi, Takeda, Tolero Pharmaceuticals. FC declares consultancy role for: Amgen, Astellas/Medivation, AstraZeneca, Celgene, Daiichi\u2010Sankyo, Eisai, GE Oncology, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Macrogenics, Medscape, Merck\u2010Sharp, Merus BV, Mylan, Mundipharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre\u2010Fabre, prIME Oncology, Roche, Sanofi, Samsung Bioepis, Seagen, Teva. SF is a consulting or advisory board member at Bayer, Illumina, Roche; has received honoraria from Amgen, Eli Lilly, PharmaMar, Roche; has received research funding from AstraZeneca, Pfizer, PharmaMar, Roche; has received sponsorship of travel or accommodation expenses by Amgen, Eli Lilly, Illumina, PharmaMar, Roche. SG owns AstraZeneca stock and is a full\u2010time employee of AstraZeneca. PN has had an advisory role at Bayer, MSD Oncology, has received honoraria from Bayer, Novartis and MSD Oncology, and has had travel expenses paid by Novartis. JO has been an advisory board member at Roche, Novartis, Bayer, Merck, Eisai, Astrazeneca, Pierre Fabre Medicament and Bristol\u2010Myers Squibb. He has also received research funding by IPO Porto, Astrazeneca, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT) and Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro (LPCC). AR is an employee of European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations, Brussels, MSD International Business GmbH, Kriens, Switzerland[CvG1], and Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA, who may own stock and/or hold stock options in the Company.RS serves as principal investigator of the ASCO TAPUR study. ASCO receives research grants from the following companies in support of the study: Astra\u2010Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer\u2010Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech, Lilly, Merck, Pfizer, Seattle Genetics. Dr. Schilsky serves as a member of the managing board of Clariifi and as a consultant to Bryologyx, Cellworks Group, EQRx, and Scandion Oncology. The Netherlands Cancer Institute receives research support via EV from Roche, Astrazeneca, Eisai, Novartis, GSK, Clovis, BMS, MSD, Pfizer, Amgen, Bayer, Lilly, Janssen and Seagen. LZ is founder of everImmune, member of the board of directors of Transgene, member of the scientific advisory board of Transgene, EpiVax, Lytix Biopharma. LZ has also had research contracts with: Merus, Roche, Tusk, Kaleido, GSK, BMS, Incyte, Pileje, Innovate Pharma, and Transgene and has received honoraria by Transgene. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare."}
{"text": "Fertilization can significantly affect the quality of crop and soil. To determine the effects of long-term fertilization on crop yield and carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus (C:N:P) stoichiometry in soil, a study was conducted on the terraced fields of the Loess Plateau from 2007 to 2019. Nine fertilization treatments were included: no fertilizer; organic fertilizer (O); organic and nitrogen fertilizers (ON); organic, nitrogen, and phosphorus fertilizers (ONP); organic and phosphorus fertilizers (OP); phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers; potash and nitrogen fertilizers; potash, nitrogen, and phosphorus fertilizers; and potash and phosphorus fertilizers. Under these treatments except for CK and PK, crop yields initially decreased but later increased. The nutrient content and C:N:P stoichiometry increased in soil depth of 0\u201320 cm. The soil available nutrients did not change significantly with the duration of fertilization. The O, ON, ONP, and OP had the most evident effect on the enhancement of soil nutrient content, whereas O and ON had the most evident effect on the increase in soil organic carbon (SOC):total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN):TP. In soil depth of 0\u201320 cm, crop yield, SOC:TN, SOC:TN, SOC:TP, and TN:TP significantly correlated with soil nutrients. This study indicated that long-term fertilization can effectively improve crop yield, soil fertility, and soil C:N:P stoichiometry. Meanwhile, the single application of an organic fertilizer or the combination of organic and nitrogen fertilizers can improve the condition of nitrogen limitation in arid and semi-arid areas. Ecological stoichiometry is the science of studying the energy balance of biological systems and multiple nutrient elements , nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P)) . It provIn agricultural production practices, fertilizers (organic and inorganic) are used to increase the accumulation of C, N, and P in the soil to improve the soil\u2019s ability to supply nutrients to crops . FertiliFertilization is one of the most important methods in agricultural production. Studies have found that soil nutrients and crop growth are affected by frequent fertilization and other factors ,11. FertIn the present study, we chose a typical terraced field plot in the Loess Plateau to conduct a 12-year experiment (from 2007 to 2019) on various fertilization treatments. The objective was to study the changes in characteristics of crop yield, soil nutrient content, and C:N:P stoichiometry with various fertilization methods under different fertilization durations. We hypothesized that (1) long-term fertilization may affect the crop yield and soil nutrient content, (2) the changes in soil nutrient content may alleviate the C:N:P stoichiometry of soil, and (3) the single application of an organic fertilizer or an organic fertilizer combined with an inorganic fertilizer may have an advantage in increasing crop yield and soil nutrients supply.The study site was located at the Ansai Research Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , which is a long-term detection sampling site . The ann2 was selected and divided into 36 small plots of 3.5 m \u00d7 8.57 m. In total, 9 fertilizer treatments were performed, and each treatment was repeated 4 times  software.Effects of the type of fertilization treatment and duration of fertilization on crop yield, SOC, TN, TP, AN, AP, pH, SOC:TN, SOC:TP, TN:TP, and AN:AP were evaluated using two-way ANOVA. One-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the crop yield, SOC, TN, TP, AN, AP, pH, SOC:TN, SOC:TP, TN:TP, and AN:AP responses to the duration of fertilization. Duncan\u2019s post hoc test at The type of fertilization treatment and duration of fertilization had a considerable impact on crop yield . BetweenAt 0\u201320 cm soil depths, the duration of fertilization had a significant impact on SOC, TN, TP, AP, and pH . BetweenIn soil depths of 20\u201340 cm, the duration of fertilization had a significant impact on SOC, TN, TP, AN, AP, and pH . BetweenIn soil depths of 0\u201320 cm, the duration of fertilization had a significant impact on SOC:TN, SOC:TP, TN:TP, and AN:AP . BetweenIn soil depths of 20\u201340 cm, the duration of fertilization had a significant impact on SOC:TN, SOC:TP, TN:TP, and AN:AP . BetweenFor the soil depth of 0\u201320 cm, the correlation matrix showed that crop yield was significantly correlated with SOC, TN, TP, AN, AP, pH, and SOC:TN; SOC:TN with SOC, TN, AN, AP, pH, SOC:TP, and TN:TP; SOC:TP with SOC, TN, TP, AN, AP, TN:TP, and AN:AP; and TN:TP with SOC, TN, TP, AN, AP, pH, and AN:AP a.For the soil depth of 20\u201340 cm, the correlation matrix showed that crop yield was significantly correlated with SOC and TP; SOC:TN with SOC, TN, AN, AP, pH, and SOC:TP; SOC:TP with SOC, TN, TP, and TN:TP; and TN:TP with SOC, TN, TP, AN, pH, and AN:AP b.Increasing crop production is one of the ways to increase agricultural development in arid and semi-arid regions. Fertilization is an important agronomic measure, and appropriate application of fertilizers can promote the growth and development of farming and improve the quality and yield of crops ,21. ThisThis result can be explained as follows. First, N, P, and potassium (K) are essential nutrients for the growth and development of crops. During the long-term growth of crops, the nutrient elements in the soil are consumed in large quantities. The addition of artificial fertilizers compensates for the deficiency of soil nutrients, thereby increasing the absorption and assimilation of soil N, P, and K by plants; this affects the growth and development of crops, further affecting crop yield . Second,Studies have reported that organic fertilizer is released slowly, and it cannot meet the growth needs of crops in the current season. However, the fertilizer effect is long ,23. ThisSoil nutrients can provide the material basis and energy source for the survival of various microorganisms in the soil and the growth of crops . Soil nuA lack of fertilization long term leads to an increase in the soil nutrient content in the soil layer of 0\u201320 cm, which is inconsistent with the conclusion that a lack of fertilization long term leads to a decrease in soil organic matter content . It may At a soil depth of 0\u201320 cm, the application of organic fertilizer or mixed application of organic and inorganic fertilizers had a more enhanced effect on soil nutrient content than the single application of inorganic fertilizer . This isIn this study, it was found that the SOC:TN in 0\u201320 cm soil layer increased after fertilization with the increase in the number of years of fertilization. Studies have found that the main factors affecting the changes in SOC:TN are changes in SOC and soil TN content after fertilization ,31. SOC:SOC:TP in soil can characterize the potential of soil organic matter mineralization to release or absorb and fix P ,32. AddiIn addition, we found that the overall rate of increase in TN was greater than that in TP under O and ON treatments , resultiIn conclusion, we studied nine fertilization treatments for millet in arid and semi-arid areas and found that crop yield and C:N:P stoichiometric ratio in soil were significantly affected by the duration of fertilization. The long-term use of organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, or a combination of both can effectively increase crop yield, improve soil nutrient environmental conditions, and improve C:N:P stoichiometry in 0\u201320 cm deep soil layer. The effect of organic fertilizer and combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on increasing soil nutrient content is more evident. Fertilization using organic fertilizer or organic fertilizer combined with nitrogen fertilizer can effectively alleviate nitrogen limitation in arid and semi-arid areas. Therefore, this study provided supportive data for changes in soil nutrient content and C:N:P stoichiometric ratio after long-term fertilization in arid and semi-arid regions and provided a theoretical basis for efficient soil fertilization in such areas."}
{"text": "Background: Over the last decades, life expectancy in Latin America and the Caribbean showed a rapid increase, which led to a significant increase in the number of people with dementia. Moreover, 9% of the population in this part of the world are aged 65 or older, and by 2050 this percentage is projected to at least double. For this reason, it is essential to estimate the prevalence of dementia in LAC countries with the aim to determine suitable actions to enhance the quality of life of those affected. Methods: Database searches for articles were conducted September 2020 throughout Pubmed, Web of knowledge, Scopus, Lilacs, and SciELO. The inclusion criteria comprised population- or community-based studies, published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese, reporting data on the prevalence of dementia collected in LAC countries. The complete data search retrieved 1719 non-duplicates. Results: A total of 58 studies met the high-quality inclusion criteria, published 1991-2020, including participants in the following countries: Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, Peru, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Ecuador, Trinidad and Tobago, and Jamaica. The most common form of dementia studied was Alzheimer\u2019s disease with prevalence ranging from 5.9% to 23.4%. Estimates differed by age, gender, and education, with oldest, women, and lower-educated adults living in rural areas presenting higher dementia prevalence. Conclusion: This is the first study giving a comprehensive overview of dementia prevalence in LAC countries, which is relevant to estimate care needs and economic costs related to dementia treatment and care."}
{"text": "In \u201cCensus Tract Patterns and Contextual Social Determinants of Health Associated With COVID-19 in a Hispanic Population From South Texas: A Spatiotemporal Perspective\u201d :e29205), one error was noted.Due to a system error, the name of one author, Joseph McCormick, was replaced with the name of another author on the paper, Isela de la Cerda. In the originally published paper, the order of authors was listed as follows:Cici Bauer, Kehe Zhang, Miryoung Lee, Susan Fisher-Hoch, Esmeralda Guajardo, Isela de la Cerda, Isela de la Cerda, Maria E Fernandez, Belinda ReiningerThis has been corrected to:Cici Bauer, Kehe Zhang, Miryoung Lee, Susan Fisher-Hoch, Esmeralda Guajardo, Joseph McCormick, Isela de la Cerda, Maria E Fernandez, Belinda ReiningerIn the originally published paper, the ORCID of author Isela de la Cerda was incorrectly published as follows:0000-0002-5844-8102This has been corrected to:0000-0003-3625-8954The correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on August 18, 2021, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories."}
{"text": "GPs are increasingly confronted with patients with both intellectual disabilities (ID) and mental health disorders (MHD). Currently, the care provided to these patients is found to be insufficient, putting them at risk of developing more severe MHD. Improving the quality of GP care will improve the whole of mental health care for this patient group. Therefore, an overview of the content and quality of care provided to them by the GP may be helpful.To provide an up-to-date literature overview of the care provided by GPs to patients with ID and MHD, identify knowledge gaps, and inform research, practice, and policy about opportunities to improve care.Scoping review.PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and grey literature were searched for publications concerning primary care and patients with ID and MHD. Selected publications were analysed qualitatively.One hundred publications met the inclusion criteria. Five overarching themes were identified: GP roles, knowledge and experience, caregiver roles, collaboration, and a standardised approach. The results show GPs\u2019 vital, diverse, and demanding roles in caring for patients with both ID and MHD. GPs experience problems in fulfilling their roles, and gaps are identified regarding effective GP training programmes, applicable guidelines and tools, optimal collaborative mental health care, and corresponding payment models.The improvement required in the current quality of GP care to patients with ID and MHD can be achieved by bridging the identified gaps and initiating close collaborations between care professionals, policymakers, and organisational managers. Their care provision constitutes both a demand-driven approach in assessment, treatment, and follow-up of symptoms and disorders, and a more proactive approach aimed at prevention by identifying risk factors and providing health education. Adequate primary care, including both of these approaches, is essential for patients with both ID and MHD to prevent diagnostic delay and ensure appropriate and timely referral and early personalised treatment.16,17 reported practices are mostly on a small scale and lack an orientation towards primary care. This is surprising and disturbing, considering GPs\u2019 important position in the mental healthcare system and the growing demands of this patient group.Although studies are increasingly published on expanding knowledge and skills within mental health care and ID care,A scoping review was conducted to enhance the level of knowledge and provide an up-to-date overview of GP care for patients with both ID and MHD, identify knowledge gaps, and inform research, practice, and policy about opportunities to improve care.18 framework for scoping reviews, revised by Khalil et al,19 and describes methods and results in line with the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews checklist.20This review follows Arksey and O\u2019Malley\u2019sThe guiding research question was: what has been described about the care for adult patients with both ID and MHD provided by GPs? The key concepts are defined in Supplementary Table S1.19 First, PubMed, PsycINFO, and EMBASE were explored (date range from January 1994 to September 2019), using search terms pertaining to \u2018primary care\u2019 and \u2018intellectual disability\u2019, informed by an information specialist (Supplementary Table S1). Selected publications were searched for keywords missed in the initial search. This yielded an additional search string for \u2018ID\u2019 (Supplementary Table S1). Second, relevant publications were retrieved from grey literature, using the recommendations from \u2018Grey Matters\u2019.21 Common search terms for \u2018primary care\u2019 and \u2018intellectual disability\u2019 in English and in Dutch were used (Supplementary Table S1). Third, the reference lists were searched for additional relevant publications.Relevant publications were identified using a three-step literature search.adult focused (\u226518 years);originating in Western European and Anglo-Saxon countries, where GPs have a comparable role as gatekeeper for more specialised mental health care;available in full text; andavailable in English or Dutch.Duplicates were removed, and the first author performed a first selection on title and abstract. About 20% were double screened by a second independent researcher. The full texts were then screened by the first author and a second independent researcher. Any judgement differences were discussed to reach consensus within each review pair. When consensus could not be reached, a third reviewer became involved to resolve outstanding conflicts. Publications were included if they concerned adults with an ID, an MHD, and primary care following the prepared definitions. Other criteria were:There was no selection on publication type. Publications on forensic primary care were excluded because they concern a selective group of patients beyond the scope of this review.22 supported by ATLAS.ti software (version 8.4). This process involved repeatedly reading the articles, identifying relevant text fragments, and inductively generating codes related to the research question. All coding was conducted by two researchers independently. Differences in coding were discussed to reach consensus. Codes were then sorted depending on how they were related. From this, major themes were developed and organised. This iterative process was followed critically by the research team, and key findings were discussed relating to the study\u2019s purpose and implications for future research, practice, and policy.A standardised data extraction form was developed to guide data charting for descriptive analysis, including publication year, country of origin, publication type, domain, and the care element(s) described. The selected publications\u2019 content was qualitatively analysed using conventional content analysisn = 39) and primary care (n = 34). The number of yield publications increases steadily over the years. In total, 46 of the publications described a scientific study, none of which were randomised controlled trials. 23\u201326 Primary care databases show a prevalence of MHDs in adult patients with ID ranging from 21%\u201334%.4,23,25\u201327 GPs\u2019 screening of patients with ID or MHD identified 33%\u201371% of patients as having a possible MHD and needing further medical assessment.28\u201331 Severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and psychosis are more prevalent in patients with ID.3,4,23,32,33 Depression and anxiety are recorded less,33,34 equally,4,34 or more often,23 with an earlier age of onset for depression.35 Smoking, alcohol, and other substance use are less prevalent,23,33 but alcohol misuse is more prevalent in patients with ID.23The publications on register-based cohort studies report that people with ID have a higher risk of MHDs than patients without ID.Thematic analysis revealed five overarching themes: GP roles, knowledge and experience, caregiver roles, collaboration, and a standardised approach. The results are narratively presented accordingly. 31,36\u201345 Several GP roles in the care for this patient group are described, however, with varying acceptance, experience, and fulfilment among GPs.42,46,47The publications reveal the GP as the key figure in the identification, initiation, and coordination of treatment of patients with ID and MHD.32,43,44,48,49 in the sense of a \u2018proactive approach\u2019. This comprises general health promotion and targeted education about healthy living or substance use,32,44,49 but also identification of MHD-provoking risk factors and development of prevention strategies.31,43,48,49The GP roles relate, in the first place, to \u2018prevention of MHDs\u2019,diagnostic assessment of MHDs, which is described as challenging for GPs.50 Indications of inaccurate diagnoses48,51 and underdiagnosis in primary care are frequently reported4,31,41,42,48,49,52\u201356 and may result in inappropriate care and progression of the disorder to a more severe stage that is less responsive to treatment.23,52,57\u201359 Overdiagnosis occurs as well, however, leading to unnecessary prescriptions of medication.53,57 Diagnostic failure is seen as related to communication problems, with patients with ID described as less able to label their feelings and communicate their needs,44,53,57,60\u201362 resulting in an atypical presentation of symptoms29,43,44,57,63\u201365 and a more complicated assessment.42,48,52,54,61,66 It is deemed important for the GP to exclude somatic, environmental, and other causes of symptoms before considering an MHD,43,44,48,51,53,64,65,67\u201373 which requires a holistic, multidimensional approach.29,44Second, GPs are expected to fulfil an important role in the 40,44,68 For this patient group the same requirements and treatment guidelines apply as for patients with MHD but without ID,44,57,65,71,73 with the necessity to refer patients with more complex disorders to specialised care.44,68 GPs prescribe psychotropic medication to a higher number of patients with ID (17%\u2013 63%) than other patients.4,74,75 In addition, a higher number of patients with ID are reported with psychotropic prescriptions than with recorded MHDs, indicating off-label prescription.4,39,44,49,75\u201380 Behavioural problems are often described as an indication to start medication,4,39,59,73,74,78,79 specifically in cases of limited access to alternative treatment strategies.4 Prescribed medication is reported as predominantly long-term medication,75 and a large proportion (62%\u201370%) is prescribed without a psychiatrist\u2019s involvement.50,51,81 Medication prescription can be considered part of a multidisciplinary and holistic care plan;65 however, in primary practice, GPs are less likely than psychiatrists to provide psychosocial interventions.72Third, regarding GPs\u2019 \u2018treatment role\u2019, it is indicated that GPs should be able to handle less complex MHDs in people with ID.48,50,65,69,73,82\u201384 It enables the monitoring of treatment responses and possible adverse side effects, leading to early adjustment of the treatment plan.50,73 However, a lack of effective monitoring of psychotropic medication by GPs is often described.28,42,51,55,74,81,85,86 It is stipulated that this relates to GPs\u2019 lack of specific experience and knowledge,51,81,87 uncertainty about who of the involved professionals is responsible for follow-up,47,83,86,88,89 patient problems in communicating and presenting (side) effects of medication,44,49,65 and dependence on observations by, and cooperation with, caregivers.39,44,49,50,62,69,72Finally, \u2018follow up\u2019 by GPs is considered an essential element in the treatment of patients with ID and MHD.24,37,40,42,43,46,50\u201352,58,66,69,81,87,90\u201396 caused by a lack of priority in medical training programmes37,40,43,50,52,58,66,93 and a lack of research concerning this patient group.93 This results in limited evidence-based knowledge43,47,50,65,67,93,97 and reliance on experience-based knowledge instead.50 It is indicated that limited knowledge and experience create feelings of insecurity in GPs when addressing patients with ID and MHD,50 lack of caregivers\u2019 confidence in the GP,52 and insufficient care.37,41,44,52,58,66,81,91,92,97 Although GPs are interested in more training and education regarding patients with ID and MHD,24,37,41,42,44,52,58,66,87,90,91 in practice it is seen as a challenge to engage them, caused by the small size of the population and the variety of competing medical issues.58,70 Publications underline the importance of investment in more research and initiatives for effective training, skill development,37,42,50,58,92,96 and evidence-based guidelines for GPs.42,50,98There is general consensus that GPs generally have limited knowledge about, and experience in, managing patients with ID and MHD,23,43,49,57,62,69,72,99 as a first point of reference, to recognise symptoms of MHDs and seek help.23,43,62,73,99 For this task, it is deemed important that caregivers have some knowledge of associated symptoms; however, this knowledge is often lacking.23,42\u201344,100 Second, patients are frequently dependent on caregivers for joint decision making44 and giving informed consent regarding treatment options such as psychotropic medication.4,49,65,68,72 Third, caregivers have important roles in the execution of the treatment plan regarding medication adherence and identifying and monitoring possible side effects.49,50,73,82 A symptoms checklist is mentioned as a helpful tool for caregivers to provide the GP with the information needed.40,73 Furthermore, it is noted that the referral process can be complex, and support by caregivers can be essential to prevent delay in care.96,100In the publications, it is noted that patients with ID and MHDs are often reliant on formal or informal caregivers for receiving care,29,43,44,53,57,60\u201365 overcoming communication difficulties,43,57,69,72 and providing additional information.57,63,73 It is indicated that the more severe the ID, the more reliant the GP is on caregivers.63 Therefore, GPs should determine the key people in a patient\u2019s life73 and proactively involve them.49,72 However, GPs should also realise that some caregivers may give information from their personal perspective, use different definitions of medical terms than the GP,44 and themselves have limited knowledge about the patient53,62,72,81,94 or limited communication skills.42,44In addition, the GP is reliant on caregivers understanding symptom presentation,43,44,49,50,56,63,64,72,75 level of communicational skills and cognitive functioning,44,86 and obtaining advice on referral,31,72,78 treatment,30,44,48\u201350,72,75,86 or prevention.49 GPs\u2019 options include referral for collegial advice,31,48,72,94 handing the patient over to other professionals,44 or joining a multidisciplinary team giving integrative care to the patient.93,98,101 The latter is described as particularly desirable when the patient has a more severe ID or is in a highly complex situation.39,44,99The publications emphasise the importance of GPs collaborating with other professionals in providing care for patients with ID and MHD. The collaborative partners mentioned are diverse and comprise both medical specialists  and services such as community or addiction services. Described areas for collaboration are the assessment of symptoms,28,39,42,44,93,94,96,98,102 as it is believed to increase the identification of MHDs, improve access to mental health care,98,101 and reduce hospitalisation103 and costs.98,101 However, inappropriate referrals are reported,90,94 resulting from unclear referral options and procedures.44,45,96,100,104 Adequate information exchange between GPs and other professionals, in the form of standardised, timely letters, is underlined as important for sharing essential information38,62,94,105\u2013107 and continuity of care.105,106 Yet, audit studies on referral letters and letters from psychiatrists to GPs show that important information is often missing.62,94,100,105,107 Finally, it is stated that, in multidisciplinary collaboration, the alignment of responsibilities in treatment and follow-up should be clear.44,68,108 Particularly in cross-domain collaboration, it may be unclear who is involved, how responsibilities are shared, and how care is financed.47,83,86,88,89,96,104 It is mentioned that adequate division of responsibilities may depend on the main causal factor(s) of the MHD and may necessitate using care plans and convening case conferences.68 Responsibilities should be clearly stated in writing and reviewed regularly.88 Consequently, suggested preconditions for effective collaboration are accessible referral options, clarity about referral procedures, adequate information exchange between the professionals, and consensus on responsibilities.3,24,39,41,88,94,96,107Effective collaboration is seen as beneficial for the outcome of mental health care in primary care98 organisationally,42 and financially.96,98,101 To improve the quality of collaboration, the roles of both GPs and other involved professionals should be defined more clearly,60,72 existing models should be evaluated,42,109 clinical pathways and/or models should be improved,24,42,109 specialist capacity should be enhanced,41 and payment models should be re-examined to stimulate collaborative care.98,101 Policymakers\u2019 involvement in this matter is seen as important.98,101It is noted as a barrier that, from a historical point of view, primary and secondary care services are separate units culturally,43\u201345,49,50,65,68,83,110 First, standardised screening for MHDs gives GPs the opportunity to consider potential mental health issues at an early stage.44,49 Second, a structured multidimensional approach in the assessment leads to more appropriate and accurate diagnosis, treatment, and referral.44,45,49,65,68 Finally, systematic and standardised medication prescriptions and reviews identify potential medication-related problems at an early stage.43,50,65,83,110In several publications, a standardised approach is seen as a way to improve the quality of care for patients with both ID and MHD.40,43,44,72,73,80 Some publications covered specific guidelines for prescribing and/or monitoring medication for MHDs in patients with ID,39,47,49,54,59,65,67,73,82 and applicable tools for detecting unmet health needs in patients with ID.31,40,49,60,69 It is suggested that GPs are insufficiently familiar with these ID-specific guidelines and tools.51,87Although guidelines and instruments are available to support GPs in applying a standardised approach in the general population, they are often not adapted to patients with ID.To the authors\u2019 knowledge, this is the first scoping review with a focus on patients with both ID and MHD in primary health care. GPs are a key figure in the care for this specific patient group. They have a broad role that can be demanding in the sense that GPs need specific knowledge, experience, and skills for a relatively small patient group. The publications indicate that current GP care is often of an insufficient standard, as reflected in underdiagnosis of MHDs, overmedication, and lack of effective patient follow-up. Gaps are identified regarding effective training programmes for GPs, applicable guidelines and tools, optimal collaborative mental health care, and corresponding payment models. Opportunities for improvement are seen in prioritising and investing in bridging these gaps. This requires the involvement not only of care professionals and scientists, but also of policymakers.19 was used to provide a solid overview of the existing knowledge on GP care for patients with both ID and MHD. Second, only publications from countries where GPs have a gatekeeper role were included. This results in recommendations that can improve not only the quality of GP care, but also the overall mental health care for patients with ID. Finally, to prevent dispersion of the results of an already broad research question, this study focused on adults, thereby giving attention to a vulnerable group that is potentially more overlooked than children.The first strength of this review is that a robust and widely accepted scoping review method21 and checking references lists. Some publications were not accessible for the research team, and publications could have been missed because of the great diversity of possible sources.This review also has limitations. First, a lack of consistency was found in the definition of ID, as many publications did not supply a clear definition of it. This limitation reflects the heterogeneity of the patient group, and results should be interpreted accordingly. Second, the publications retrieved in the grey literature search are presumably not perfectly complete, despite the use of the \u2018Grey Matters\u2019 tool58,70 However, this claim regarding the proportion of patients is debatable. In the Netherlands, it is estimated that 6.4% of the population have a mild ID.1 Research in primary care data shows that no more than 0.56% of GPs\u2019 clients are registered as having an ID.23,34 This could be an indication of GPs\u2019 insufficient recognition and underestimation of the size of the ID population. This underestimation is also present in mental health care and is a reason for concern.7 Identification of an ID is essential both for good care provision and for treatment success in MHDs.14 Helpful ID screening tools have been developed for GPs when they are considering an ID, but further implementation in practice is needed.111,112The results of this review indicate that patients with ID constitute a small group within the GP population, accounting for the low priority of this group in education and research.12,113 It is also suggested that GPs should use the same treatment guidelines for mild or less complex MHDs in patients either with or without ID.44,57,65,71,73 However, research to substantiate this is scarce, and research in addiction care shows that alterations in the treatment programmes for substance use disorders are needed for patients with ID.10 Furthermore, previous research projects have led to practical primary care tools, such as the Psychiatric Assessment Schedule for Adults with Developmental Disabilities (PAS-ADD).31,60 However, these tools are not fully implemented in primary care.The results from this study revealed two strategies to improve care for patients with both ID and MHD: adequate medical training and applicable evidence-based guidelines and tools. This is in line with previous reports and publications concerning general health issues in patients with ID.114 This review had an international focus, and the possibilities of multidisciplinary approaches in primary care differ in the various healthcare systems. Within the ambitions and possibilities of the NHS, the UK sees integrated care systems as an important tool for improving health care and for reducing inequalities between different groups of people,115 and has long-term experience with community learning disability teams. These multidisciplinary teams provide health care and advice to people with ID, GPs, carers, families, and to the wider health and social care community.116 Another example of promising collaboration in daily practice is \u2018The DD Health Home\u2019 in the US. This care model provides integrative routine care to patients with ID and MHD, including primary care and structural follow-up.98 Despite these best practices, there is at present limited scientific evidence on the effectiveness of these collaborative  healthcare services for persons with ID.117 Preconditions for collaborative care, as listed in 118\u2013120 All these disciplines mention adequate reimbursement as a critical barrier to successful collaboration, and reimbursement needs to be prioritised. Additionally, collaboration is more effective when there is a team vision, shared goals, formal quality processes, and shared ICT information systems.118,120 Research in older person care has revealed that GPs are indispensable in multidisciplinary teams regarding networking activities, integration of care, and showing leadership; the researchers stress that GPs should be made more aware of this, for instance, in GP training programmes.121This review identified various kinds of primary care collaborations in which GPs participate, and shows that effective collaboration can improve care; the latter is widely supported and confirmed by the World Health Organization.13,122,123 The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline Mental Health Problems In People With Learning Disabilities: Prevention, Assessment And Management gives special attention to the involvement of people with ID and their caregivers in organising their care. In addition, this guideline covers mental healthcare in a holistic way in different UK settings, and may serve as an example for other countries.124Finally, the results of this review stress the importance of the GP collaborating with caregivers. Remarkably, none of the included publications focused on patients\u2019 needs in their contact with the GP, although research shows that people with ID prefer to be less reliant on caregivers in GP consultation and argue for an improvement of the accessibility of health services.Improvement of care for patients with both ID and MHD needs to be prioritised, justified by the limited quality of care and the substantial size of this patient group. This improvement cannot be achieved by GPs and their collaborative partners alone. It requires adaptations on both the organisational and the political level. However, it remains important to actively engage GPs to ensure that suggested strategies are applicable and feasible in daily practice.Diverse improvement strategies are advisable. First, it is important to invest in effective, frequently recurring post-curriculum training programmes for GPs, focusing on more awareness of this patient group, specific knowledge gaps regarding IDs and MHDs, existing tools and guidelines, and GP roles in multidisciplinary teams. Offering training programmes in an interprofessional setting can support the latter and will additionally promote collaboration between care professionals. Second, ongoing policy changes, such as the move to integrated care systems in the UK, and best practices such as the community learning disability teams in the UK, provide opportunities for further development of optimal collaborative healthcare models for patients with both ID and MHD. Policymakers should re-examine payment models to create incentives for collaborative care, facilitate shared ICT information facilities, and involve potential users in the development of these healthcare models. Third, although the increase in publication over the recent years is a positive sign, more research is still needed on the effectiveness of existing general mental health guidelines and tools to determine whether they are truly applicable to patients with ID or whether specific alterations are needed. Priority should be given to guidelines and tools on MHD assessment, the prescription of psychotropic medication, and patient follow-up. Finally, further research should focus on the needs of caregivers in supporting patients, as well as on the needs of patients with both ID and MHD and how they can enhance their autonomy in GP contacts.This scoping review illustrates GPs\u2019 vital roles in the care of patients with both ID and MHD. Current GP care has generally proved insufficient, and improvement strategies are needed in close collaboration with policymakers and organisational managers. Multidisciplinary approaches in primary care \u2014 like those in the UK and US \u2014 seem promising, but still lack sufficient scientific evaluation. Investment in education, evidence-based guidelines and tools, and collaborative healthcare models is essential. This, supplemented with enhanced ID identification and attention to the needs of patients and their caregivers, may significantly improve the quality of care for this vulnerable patient group."}
{"text": "Figure\u00a06 as published. Figure\u00a06 was misplaced and needs to be corrected. The corrected In the original article, there was a mistake in 1, 2. Instead of \u201cIn the published article, there was an error in affiliation 1Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People\u2019s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China2Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China\u201d,it should be \u201c1Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China2Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People\u2019s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China\u201d.s for Weide Zhong. As well as having affiliation(s) 1, 3, they should also have, 2.In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliationThe authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "COVID-19 is the name of an infectious disease called Coronavurus 2019, one of the causes of respiratory failure; The disease was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and then spread around the world and also creating the 2019-2020 coronavirus pandemic . Due to Creating emotional problems and mental disorders such as stress, anxiety, and fear is one of the inevitable consequences of this disease that can cause stress, depression, and even suicide. Given that students, as a critical element of the educational system, have a unique role in achieving the educational system, it is essential to pay attention to their mental, emotional and physical health ,7,8. Mos Despite the significant advancement of virtual learning globally, due to courses\u2019 practicality in the higher semesters of nursing students, virtual education can have adverse effects on how they learn. On the other hand, nursing internship students, due to their close interaction with the hospital are affected by various conditions such as: Fear of being a Coronavirus carrier and its transmission to the family, high job fatigue, reduced sleep quality, malnutrition, fear of death, lack of proper communication with the family, frustration, Violent Behavior, etc.Also, in some studies, students\u2019 anxiety and the COVID-19 pandemic were higher than the national norm ,14. So, It is also essential to consider new approaches to teach clinical skills. Due to the clinic\u2019s distance, hospital, and eye to eye contact with patients, nursing internship, students have practical skill gaps. Therefore, encouraging students to use educational multimedia, clinical databases may be effective . Finally"}
{"text": "For the formation of a proto-tissue, rather than a protocell, the use of reactant dynamics in a finite spatial region is considered. The framework is established on the basic concepts of replication, diversity, and heredity. Heredity, in the sense of the continuity of information and alike traits, is characterized by the number of equivalent patterns conferring viability against selection processes. In the case of structural parameters and the diffusion coefficient of ribonucleic acid, the formation time ranges between a few years to some decades, depending on the spatial dimension . As long as equivalent patterns exist, the configuration entropy of proto-tissues can be defined and used as a practical tool. Consequently, the maximal diversity and weak fluctuations, for which proto-tissues can develop, occur at the spatial dimension 2.5. The origin of life was a chemical event and life on Earth began some billions of years ago ,2 and, wThe present article considers a pathway for attaining elementary prebiotic processes from a non-equilibrium point of view . Life isReplication: Reactants interact to produce a compound Variation: Spatial patterns  promoting adaptation.The following concepts  are adopStatements (a) and (b) are connected to physical and chemical procedures, where compound  systems .This work is conducted using mathematic and simulation tools; nevertheless, qualitative explanations are offered regularly. Analytic or computational models for environments and prebiotic processes are broadly mentioned and, in this sense, this approach must be considered as a partial contribution to the following complex problem: prebiotic organization and configuration. The substrate where the aggregate of protocells develops is a simple compound, but it is enough to substantiate the notions developed in this work. I emphasize, this work considers only a lineal analysis related to possible final structures (proto-tissues). Explicit solutions and time evolution towards final structures will be performed elsewhere.For simplicity and to maintain basic central ideas, a generic Schnakenberg  reactionmination ). The k As part of the required metabolism, and for simplicity, waste is considered through the loss rate Moreover, the basic spatial solutions of the above equations are assumed as A boundary, a spatial (hyper-) cube, is assumed for mathematical convenience. As usual in reaction\u2013diffusion equations ,28,29,30Here, the wave vector tability ,28,29,30Finally, long-range spatial or temporal (memory) effects ,22,23,24At this stage, for the generation of structures, I assume the realization of the fundamental condition (see Equation (3)) as the following: systems .Equation (5) reveals that the rate of production of compound Finally, semi-analytical solutions of Schnakenberg\u2019s equation, including limit cycles, can be viewed in reference to Noufaey , where EFrom the reaction\u2013diffusion stability, Equations (3) and (4) become an eigenvalue problem ,28,29,30positive . This maFor a finite system of size Equation (5) is necessary, but not sufficient, to satisfy Equation (8).New structures are favored for smaller values of the set n embryo .The generalization of Equation (8) to small spatial dimensions of one or two is direct ), as follows:Equation (8), concerning the generation of new structures from For practical purposes, it is convenient to write the stability parameter Equation (8), for the generation of structures, is straightforwardly reformulated as:Note that Equation (10) formally generates a sphere in the The work thus far has been mostly concerned with the physics and chemistry aspects of the patterns. The next section incorporates the concept of heredity discussed in Temporal continuity, or memory, is, in principle, intrinsically related to reaction\u2013diffusion equations, such as Equations (1) and (2), where the initial conditions formally define the time evolution. However, heredity is not only connected to the continuous history of a system, but is also related to the formation of new structures, diversity, and viability. In this sense, I proceed, as in statistical mechanics, by adopting the notion of equivalent configurations ,13,14,15We are locking, according to pattern diversity, in such a way that some equivalent structures, eventually, are not eliminated (viability) in open systems. This process of selection can include intraspecific competition  for chemAs in statistical mechanics, for the set of integers r-sphere ,13,14,15In the case of a physical interface, such as a smooth rock surface covered by slime ,11, d=2 imension ,39,40,41As long as Moreover, this is useful in making estimations (next section). Concerning the concept of heredity, a large number of equivalent structures Finally, I briefly consider the physical substrate, where a variety of structures can develop. External constraints on a given material can generate cracks under appropriate stress conditions , e.g., cd stress ,48,49. E(a)2/s corresponding to biological molecules, such as ribonucleic acid (RNA) [id (RNA) ,8 at 25 id (RNA) ,11,50.(b)A protocell of size (c)As an estimation, The following parameter values are used in making estimations:At an arbitrary spatial dimension Using the values previously mentioned and Equation (14), the characteristic time: The main graph in surfaces  and relaIf ro-state ,13,14,15In the above expression, the number of configurations is divided by the dimensionless surface to avoid the equivalent of Gibbs\u2019 paradox 12. The Boltzmann\u2019s constant dynamics ,13,14,15dynamics .According to the equipartition principle in thermodynamics ,13,14,15(a)If the spatial dimension is en d~2.5 .(b)In the same way, for a spatial dimension of (c)As a geologic example, in the Atacama Desert of Chile, rock temperatures vary between approximately  0 and 45Accordingly, the following results are obtained from Equation (18) and the inset curve (i.e., In summary, a spatial dimension of iversity .The stability rate obtained . The estWhen variations in the thermodynamic primitive environment are considered, from stability arguments, physical substrates containing proto-tissues with an integer spatial dimension of two or three are associated with thermal fluctuations. In contrast, for fractional dimensions at approximately As stated in the introduction, the question of \u201cwhat is life?\u201d were not touched upon during this work and are difficult to answer. Nevertheless, these ultimate questions were the motivation for the present work. Interesting efforts, some of which are controversial ,55,56,57Finally, several groups are investigating protocell aggregates ,65,66,67"}
{"text": "Correction to: BMC Musculoskelet Disord 22, 212 (2021)https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-04080-4\u201cThe Ergon\u00ae IASTM technique was created at the Department of Physiotherapy of the University of Patras, where it is taught both in undergraduate and postgraduate level as well as in external educational programs. The authors KM, AP, and KF have participated in developing and disseminating this specific program. In the present study, the authors KM, AP, and KF participated exclusively in designing this study and methods, and they were not involved in the application of therapeutic interventions, measurements, and/or data handling\u201d.Following publication of this article , the aut"}
{"text": "Burnout, a reaction to chronic emotional stress, affects health and reduces the quality of service. Reportedly, healthcare professionals are especially vulnerable to burnout. This meta-analysis is aimed at examining the factors associated with occupational therapists' burnout. The results of 2,430 occupational therapists, across 17 peer-reviewed English articles, the most recent published in 2020, were analysed. Results revealed significant associations between related variables and burnout. Marital status, work field, and work hours, job challenges, patient age, position, turnover intention, working type, and work addiction showed significant positive correlation effect sizes in relation to burnout, whereas age, education, engagement, job satisfaction, personal identity, professional identity, rewards, and feeling valued showed significant negative correlation effect sizes. The results of this meta-analysis suggest that strategies to reduce occupational therapists' burnout need to consider organizational as well as psychological aspects. As the quality of services provided in hospitals and the demand for patient satisfaction increase, so are the organizational efforts to control emotional expression when providing services. As a result, such efforts can bring about conflict between the emotional labour of the members of the organization and the role they play and may lead to burnout by reinforcing a negative attitude toward the job and organization \u20133. BurnoHealthcare professionals are reported to be particularly vulnerable to burnout , 7. OccuPsychological exhaustion among occupational therapists is a critical problem that necessitates counteractive measures because it threatens their psychological well-being and is difficult to reverse. Therefore, it is important to develop preventive measures to reduce the incidence of burnout and its promotional factors in order to prevent individuals from becoming psychologically exhausted . StudiesHowever, since it is difficult to present comprehensive results on the factors that affect burnout through a single study, it is necessary to synthesize and analyse the results of previous studies related to burnout among occupational therapists. For this reason, findings from different studies on burnout are often reported together. For instance, Park and Shin  performeSuch studies are suitable for presenting implications according to the variables investigated in the study, such as gender, age, and career; however, they are insufficient for a comprehensive and systematic scientific verification of the variables that affect the burnout of occupational therapists. In addition, individual studies are conducted in different populations, using different tools, sampling methods, and statistical methods, and the characteristics of these individual studies may result in association found in these individual studies may contradict each other. For example, previous studies on the effect of gender on possession showed conflicting results, and for this reason, Purvanova and Muros  conducteMeta-analysis is a research method that is aimed at analysing and integrating several individual studies conducted on the same topic . It usesThe articles to be included in the meta-analysis of factors affecting burnout among occupational therapists were selected through a search of electronic databases ProQuest, PubMed, CINAHL, EBSCOhost, and Science Direct . The keyword combination \u201coccupational therapist\u201d and \u201cburnout\u201d was used. Through this process, a total of 344 articles were identified, which were then reviewed according to the following selection criteria: first, study participants were occupational therapists; second, the dependent variable was burnout; third, article was published in academic journals; fourth, article provided necessary data for calculating the effect size; fifth, article was published in English. The article selection process is presented in The coding variables included author, publication year, burnout, burnout-related variables, participant characteristics , and burnout measurement tools. To check the direction of coding in each article, a coding standard was set, and articles with a different direction from the standard were recoded. The coding was as follows: gender, male \u201c0\u201d, female \u201c1\u201d; position, staff \u201c0\u201d, supervisor \u201c1\u201d; work field, small hospital \u201c0\u201d, large hospital \u201c1\u201d; marital status, unmarried \u201c1\u201d, married \u201c0\u201d; working time, full-time \u201c0\u201d, part-time \u201c1\u201d. Variables with only one effect size, specifically recession effect, control, community, fairness, and problem-solving, were coded as other. The three subdomains of burnout were coded for Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and others were coded as two or more subdomains. A research assistant and the researcher performed coding for five articles , and the reliability between the coders was calculated for each coding variable. Reliability was calculated by dividing the coincidence frequency by the sum of the coincidence and disagreement frequencies and multiplying by 100. The reliability between the coders was 93.75% to 100%. Consensus was reached through discussions between researchers on inconsistent variables. One study, namely, Kim et al. , reporteThe Quality Assessment and Validity Tool for Correlational Studies developed by Estabrooks et al.  was usedZ, exceeding 2.58 (99% confidence level). There were no outliers with residuals above 2.58, and all effect sizes were thus included in further analyses.Since extreme effect size values can cause a decrease in the reliability of the effect size, in this study, outliers were analysed to calculate a reliable effect size, and the effect size showing an outlier was excluded from the analysis. Outliers were evaluated through a review of residuals, and the criterion for judgment was the standardized residual value, N, which is aimed at establishing the stability of meta-analysis results, and examined the funnel plot. At a significance level of 0.05, the fail-safe N, which refers to the number of articles to be added for the effect size to be meaningless, was 228. Rosenthal [p = 0.78), which indicated absent publication bias.To verify the publication bias, Rosenthal  evaluateosenthal  suggestep value derived through this test was used as a reference value for the test of heterogeneity [Q-test yielded a Q value of 1701.075 (p < 0.001), which means that the included studies in this meta-analysis were heterogeneous. Based on these results, a random effect model was employed in this study.To calculate the effect size, an effect size calculation model should be selected. There are two calculation models, a fixed effect model and a random effect model. Depending on which model is selected, the estimation and the precision of the effect size vary. The choice of model depends on whether the articles to be analysed are heterogeneous or homogeneous. In this study, a heterogeneity verification test was used, and the ogeneity . The resZ-transformation was performed [The first step in a meta-analysis that presents the aggregated results of individual research results is the calculation of the effect size for each individual study. In the individual studies related to burnout among occupational therapists, there were cases in which the applied study design involved the comparison of burnout between groups  and cases where a correlation coefficient was derived . To present comparison results between groups and for synthesizing all related research results, the standardized mean difference effect size was first calculated, and then, Fisher's erformed . The efferformed .The characteristics of the 17 included studies are described in Samples' ages generally ranged from 20 to 60 years; however, five studies did not report age, and four studies reported the mean age of their samples (32.0\u201344.5 years). Samples possessed an extensive range of years of experience, between 0 and 28 years, with four studies reporting only the mean years of experience (7.5\u201317.4) and three studies reporting no data on experience. Out of the 17 studies, 3 reported only one burnout-related variable, while the rest reported two or more related variables.Z = 0.452, 95%CI = 0.307\u20130.597), marital status , patient age , position , turnover intention , working type , work addiction , work field , and working hours . Among the positive significant effect sizes, the effect size of marital status, work field, and work hours was small, and that of job challenges, patient age, position, turnover intention, working type, and work addiction was medium. The variables with significant negative effects on burnout were age , education , engagement , job satisfaction , personal identity , professional identity , and feeling valued . All negative significant effect sizes were medium.The overall effects of related variables on burnout are presented in This study is aimed at verifying the effect size of variables related to occupational therapists' burnout through a meta-analysis. To achieve this, quantitative relations between burnout and its associated variables reported in previous studies were analysed.Occupational therapists' burnout has been the subject of several studies, and many factors including challenges to professional identity, the emotionally demanding nature of mental health practice, lack of professional mentoring, and a lack of awareness of the value of the profession have been presented , 39, 40.Overall, marital status (unmarried), work field , work hours, job challenges, patient age, position, turnover intention, working type (part-time), and work addiction were associated with a higher level of occupational therapists' burnout. Conversely, age, experience, education, engagement, job satisfaction, personal identity, professional identity rewards, and values were associated with a lower level of occupational therapists' burnout.Significant associations among personal variables were with marital status, position, age, and education, although there was no large effect size. Maslach and Jackson  reportedAdditionally, significant associations among the organisation-related variables were with patient age, work field, work hours, working type, and reward. The effect size of reward was medium, while the others were small. Reward refers to the compensation that employees receive for the time and effort given to the organisation . The effIn addition, significant associations among the psychological variables were with job challenges, turnover intention, work addition, engagement, job satisfaction, and personal value; the effect sizes of job challenges, job satisfaction, professional identity, and turnover intention were medium. Research on job challenges seems to have yet to reach conclusions. While job challenges can be positively related to ill-health (stress and burnout) as well as well-being (motivation and job satisfaction), as they lead to lower commitment to achieve goals, they also demand satisfaction, which motivates employees to work hard . The resThe strength of this study was first a meta-analysis of the factors associated with burnout among occupational therapists. Among the personal variables related to burnout, those that had a positive association were marital status and position, and those with a negative association were age, education, and experience. All of the organisation-related variables, except for reward, were found to be associated with high level of burnout. Among the psychological variables, higher job challenges, work addition, and turnover intention were found to be associated with high level of burnout, while higher levels of engagement, job satisfaction, personal and professional identity, and feeling valued were found to be associated with low level of burnout. Among the related variables, psychological variables showed a relatively large effect size. As can be seen from the results, among the variables that affect burnout in occupational therapists, the number of personal variables was small and the effect size was also relatively small, whereas the number of related organisational and psychological variables and their effect size were relatively large. These results suggest that a strategy to reduce burnout in occupational therapists is needed. Occupational therapists' burnout can affect not only their quality of life but also the quality and effectiveness of treatment services. It is expected that intervention programs and policies to reduce the burnout of occupational therapists can be designed considering the factors found to be significantly associated with burnout among this population."}
{"text": "Dear editor,Currently, scurvy is an uncommon disease, but it still exists, especially in groups at risk for hypovitaminosis. The authors report the case of a male patient, 63 years, hypertensive, diabetic, with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis for five years. He complained of asymptomatic lesions with progressive increase in the last two months, mainly in the lower limbs. In addition, he reported weakness, episodes of epistaxis, and reported food intake limited to sandwiches and other carbohydrates, denying consumption of fruits and vegetables. On physical examination, he had purpuric areas, plaques and isolated, mostly punctiform with perifollicular location, affecting the lower limbs , upper lScurvy is caused by ascorbic acid (vitamin C) deficiency; vitamin C is found in fresh fruits and vegetables. Ascorbic acid plays an important role in the formation of collagen and extracellular matrix, leukocyte function, iron absorption, folic acid metabolism, and other enzymatic processes. Anomalies in the collagen structure disrupt the integrity of the hair, connective tissue, and blood vessels, leading to the characteristic skin manifestations of scurvy. The initial complaints, after one to three months of deficiency, are usually weakness, malaise, arthralgia, anorexia, and emotional liability. Capillary frailty predisposes to purpura, more frequent in the lower limbs, petechiae, ecchymosis, gingival bleeding, epistaxis, and bone hemorrhage. The diagnosis of scurvy is clinical, confirmed by low serum levels of vitamin C. Symptoms usually occur with plasma concentrations below 0.2\u202fmg/dL. The prognosis for scurvy is excellent. Scurvy is probably underdiagnosed, although its manifestations are relevant to various medical specialties. It is remembered as a disease of ancient times, studied in high school and in history books, and not as a real diagnostic possibility. Attention should be paid to those patients with risk factors for nutritional deficiency, so that the classic findings of scurvy, an easily treatable disease, can be identified early.None declared.Paulo Ricardo Martins Souza: Approval of the final version of the manuscript, drafting and editing of the manuscript, effective participation in research orientation, intellectual participation in propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of studied cases, critical review of the literature, critical review of the manuscript.Let\u00edcia Dupont: Approval of the final version of the manuscript, design and planning of the study, drafting and editing of the manuscript, critical review of the literature, critical review of the manuscript.Felipe Eduardo Rodrigues: Drafting and editing of the manuscript, critical review of the literature.None declared."}
{"text": "The resulting societal challenges are manyfold, including changes in consumption patterns, patterns of work and retirement, healthcare issues, and prevalence of chronic diseases and disabilities. Among the latter, mental health is of paramount importance. Indeed, already \u201chealthy\u201d or \u201cnormal\u201d aging is accompanied by an age-dependent cognitive decline. Moreover, many older adults experience mental disorders, including but not limited to depression, anxiety, or dementia. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of physiological changes that occur during brain aging is crucial.The rise in life expectancy together with decreasing replacement fertility are causing rapid aging of western societies. In Germany, for example, 47% of the population are expected to have an age of 50 + already in 2035 physiological brain aging including changes in energy provision [This issue of rovision , the agerovision , 14, agirovision , 17 as wrovision , 16, 17 rovision , 15.Physiological aging is associated with a number of challenges to brain homeostasis including the intensification of oxidative stress, compromised bioenergetics, increased levels of pro-inflammatory substances, low-grade immune activation, modified functional properties of main immune cells of the drain, changes in the glymphatic system (responsible for the life-long waste collection), vascular aging, and arterial stiffness, etc. , 14, 17.At the same time, the aging brain possesses remarkable resilience and adaptivity, allowing it to cope with the listed above problems. Indeed, already one of the very first epidemiologic studies, which was published in Cambridge in 1889 and included 900 oldest old , concluded that the brain is preserved much better than many other physiological systems and represents one of the highlights \u201cin the centenarian landscape\u201d . In thisAlthough aging per se is not considered as a disease, it is a major risk factor for cerebrovascular  and neurodegenerative  diseases, which are associated with high morbidity and mortality , 3, 15. Importantly, the brain seems to age in a sex-specific manner, with gender being among the susceptibility predictors for several age-related disorders. AD, for instance, has a higher 1.6\u20133:1) prevalence in women compared to men, whereas PD has a higher (3.5:1) prevalence in men compared to women :1 preval, 15, resFinally, many articles of this special issue compare aging of brain architecture and function  between humans and commonly used laboratory animals (rats and mice) \u201315, 17."}
{"text": "In the original article, we neglected to include the funder Ricerca Finalizzata Grant (RF-2010-231-8508) to Elisabetta Ferraro.In the published article, Stefania Gorini was not included as an author and she should have the affiliation Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.Stefania Gorini was not included as an author in the published article. The corrected Author Contributions Statement appears below.RB and EF designed the experiments. RB, AB, LD, MR, SM, and SG performed the experiments and analyzed data. RB, AB, LD, MR, SM, and EF interpreted the data. AT, MC, and AM contributed to the development of the study by the provision of study material and data interpretation. AM, MM, PC, ML, and EF wrote the manuscript and provided the financial support. EF conceived the study. All authors contributed to the manuscript revision, read, and approved the final version of the manuscript for submission.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "In the original article, an author name was incorrectly spelled as Fangrui Mo. The correct spelling is Fanrui Mo.In the original article, there were some errors in the affiliation list. For affiliation 2, instead of \u201cDepartment of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China\u201d, it should be \u201cDepartment of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China\u201d.For affiliation 5, instead of \u201cDepartment of Cardiology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China\u201d, it should be \u201cDepartment of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China\u201d.Further, Dr. Xiehui Chen should also be listed as a corresponding author.The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "The ranges of variability of elements and stable isotope ratios had slightly different results, according to the three geographical origins considered. In particular, Umbria samples presented significantly lower content of metals potentially dangerous for human health. The results of this first exploratory work highlight the possibility of characterizing tobacco from Umbria, and suggest widening the scope of the survey throughout Italy and foreign regions, in order to be used to describe the geographical origin of tobacco in general and verify the origin of the products on the market.Umbrian tobacco of the Virginia Bright variety is one of the most appreciated tobaccos in Europe, and one characterized by an excellent yield. In recent years, the Umbria region and local producers have invested in introducing novel practices (for production and processing) focused on environmental, social, and economic sustainability. Due to this, tobacco from Umbria is a leading commodity in the global tobacco industry, and it claims a high economic value. The aim of this study is then to assess if elemental and isotopic compositions can be used to protect the quality and geographical traceability of this particular tobacco. For the first time the characteristic value ranges of the stable isotope ratios of the bio-elements as a whole (\u03b4 Nicotiana genus (Solanaceae family) and the general term for any product prepared from the cured leaves of the tobacco plant. Besides its hedonistic use, tobacco plays an important role in other sectors, and has been increasingly investigated in the last few years [Tobacco is the common name of several plants of the ew years . Its alkew years , refinedew years ,4 and haew years , and tobew years . Last buew years ,9,10,11.Nicotiana tabacum leaves. Even if many studies have been conducted to characterize Nicotiana tabacum from the genetic and molecular points of view  tobacco production ). In Itaw e.g., ,16), to , to Nicod plants ,18,19,20d plants ,22,23. 13C/12C, 15N/14N) and the site-specific deuterium content of nicotine can provide useful information on the geographical origin of tobacco. Similarly, Binette and colleagues [2H/1H and 15N/14N ratios can be useful for identifying foreign counterfeits of Canadian cigarettes. To date, the elemental composition of tobacco has been investigated mainly to assess the presence of toxic elements that can be inhaled or absorbed through cigarette smoke [In order to support the quality assessment, the chemical characterization has to be coupled with analytical techniques that enable the characterization and traceability of the provenance of tobacco, and that can objectively guarantee it. In this area, however, up to now, very few studies focused on the development of analytical methods able to trace the geographical origin of tobacco ,25. Stablleagues  found thte smoke ,22,23. Ote smoke , indeed,te smoke  found diNicotiana tabacum have never been extensively explored for their characterization and the verification of their origin. Therefore, the aim of this study is to fill in this gap and start exploring and determining the characteristic value ranges for elements and the stable isotope ratios of the main cultivated tobacco variety (Virginia Bright). In particular, the investigation focuses on Virginia Bright from Umbria, where it has been cultivated for centuries, and where the cultivation is strictly linked to these territories. Furthermore, in recent years in this area, tobacco producers have changed their way of manufacturing, giving particular attention to environmental, social, and economic sustainability along the entire production chain, from cultivation to processing, in order to obtain products of higher quality. The aim was then to assess if the combination of elemental and isotopic compositions, as already successfully applied in the field of food traceability, can be used to protect the quality and geographical traceability of tobacco from Umbria. In particular, this paper contributes to the creation of the very first isotopic and elemental database, also including toxic elements, for Umbrian Virginia Bright tobacco, comparing the obtained data with data of Virginia Bright samples coming from other geographical regions.To date, the stable isotope ratios of H, C, N, O, and S, and the elemental composition of 18O and basically higher values of Be, Pd, Cd, In, and Bi, whereas the African samples showed basically higher values of Rb, Ba, and La. The Argentinian samples presented a higher value of Li, while Brazil had higher values of Mg and Rb. \u03b434S was higher for the United States samples, and lower for the Umbria samples. Hungary showed basically higher values of Mn. Such data were checked using the non-parametric Kruskal\u2013Wallis approach (p < 0.05) to detect statistically significant differences according to the geographical origin. It is interesting to note that, as regards the specific characteristics of tobacco with different geographical origin, despite the geographical proximity of Umbria and Veneto, the Umbrian samples presented statistically different values of \u03b42H, \u03b413C, \u03b418O, \u03b434S, Li, Mo, and Bi  from Veneto. The different \u03b42H, \u03b413C, and \u03b418O values can be explained by the latitude effect. Indeed, mean latitude in Umbria is 43\u00b0, whereas Veneto is at a higher latitude of around 45.5\u00b0. According to Dansgaard [2H and \u03b418O values as latitude increases. A similar effect, albeit smaller compared to that of \u03b42H and \u03b418O, occurs also in \u03b413C, and is related to the water stress and light irradiance conditions. Indeed, in warmer climate regions, plants tend to close their stomata under conditions of water stress and high light irradiance, which results in an enrichment in \u03b413C values by a few \u2030 [The isotopic and elemental data variability of tobacco from Umbria, Veneto, and other geographical origins are reported in the ansgaard , the lat a few \u2030 .34S, Li, Mo, and Bi, the content differences by geographical origin can be related to the different geological origin of the areas considered, as well as to the pedological characteristics of the soil and the proximity to the sea [As regards \u03b4 the sea ,34.p < 0.05) between the Umbrian samples and those from Poland and Africa. The results of previous works suggest the usefulness of these parameters in food authentication [It is noteworthy that the concentration of rare earth elements (RREs) in the Umbria samples is generally lower than that of the products from other locations, probably reflecting the different distributions of RREs in the growth soils. The concentrations of RREs are in agreement with the values already reported in other studies on vegetal matrices ,36, conftication .p < 0.05) in Umbria compared to Poland, Veneto compared to Spain, Greece compared to Africa, and Bulgaria compared to Hungary. Furthermore, the Umbria samples were statistically different (p < 0.05) on the basis of the content in Tl (from those of Africa), Th and U (from those of Spain and Poland), and Pb and Te (from those of Bulgaria and Poland).The content of Be, Na, Mg, Cr, Ni, Ga is statistically different between Umbria and Spain, Africa, Hungary, Greece, and Poland. Ge, As, Rb, and Ag resulted as statistically different . Further details about the distribution of the data within each group are shown in the According to d values) was found for \u03b42H, \u03b418O, Li, Na, and \u03b413C (in decreasing order) and for Mo and Bi in the opposite direction. It is interesting to note that the main differences between the Umbria and Veneto samples pertain to the isotopes and the content of elements like Na and Li, which are alkali metals already used for the geographical traceability of food products [34S, Be, Ce, Tm, Mg, and Te, in an inverse relationship. It is noteworthy that many of the elements having a higher impact on the differences between the Umbria and \u201cother\u201d samples belong to the rare earths. In particular, in the comparison between Umbrian and Veneto samples, the highest positive effect  in all the elements, except for As, Mo, Pd, Ag, Sn, Pb, Bi, U, Cr, In, Cd, K , Li, Na, Cu, Zn, Sr, Sb, and Rb  when compared to Veneto tobacco. Metals and elements are acquired by the growing tobacco plant from soil, fertilizers, and industrial pollution. In addition, metals and elements also derive from tobacco curing treatments and processing  Technical Report, 2012). Therefore, the amounts of metals and elements in tobacco products vary widely, depending on the geographical location in which the tobacco leaf is grown, as well as on the treatments administered during the processing . In particular, it should be noted that the content in elements that are potentially dangerous for human health  is significantly lower in Umbrian tobacco. Furthermore, Umbrian data for Al, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, and Pb were lower overall, whereas Cu and Ni contents were quite similar to data reported by the World Health Organization for cigarette tobacco , therefore indicating a high-quality product in this respect. The same situation was recorded for the Veneto samples, whereas in the case of the \u201cother\u201d group, the content in these elements varies much more, as expected due to the different origins. This point is particularly important, as the World Health Organization recommends regulatory authorities to test cured tobacco in particular for its content in As, Cd, Pb, and Ni, in order to limit human exposure to these particularly toxic elements.More generally, Umbrian tobacco is distinguishable from tobacco with other geographical origins (both the Veneto and \u201cother\u201d groups) by the value of the isotopic ratios of \u03b4the area . Indeed,Due to the encouraging results of the univariate analysis, a multivariate, unsupervised statistical approach was applied by combining the 59 variables together, in order to highlight the factors that contribute to the differentiation between the Umbrian tobacco and tobacco from Veneto and other geographical origins. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on data, and the relative score plot is shown in The plot shows that the three classes of samples are partially separated in a projection, which accounts for almost 50% of the variance , with 38% variance explained for the first PC and 10% for the second PC). The isotopic and elemental composition of the Umbrian (blue triangles) and Veneto samples (green squares) are generally different from those of most samples of \u201cother\u201d origins (red dots). In particular, the majority of the samples of \u201cother\u201d origin fall into the region of the PCA, with positive values of PC1. The distribution of the \u201cother\u201d origin samples is much more spread than that of the Umbria and Veneto samples, confirming a more varied isotopic and elemental composition, due to the different geographical provenances. In order to identify the most influential variables that are driving the separation in the multivariate space, the random forest (RF) approach was applied. The outcomes of this analysis were validated with the \u201crandom region\u201d scheme described in the Material and Methods section. The overall efficiency of the classifier is shown in The variables with the most predictive power are reported in 34S, La, Y, Co, Na, Pb, Er, As, Bi, and \u03b42H, showed a consistent role in the models aimed at distinguishing the three groups, suggesting their usefulness as markers of geographical origin. Many of the most important variables in the model are REEs, and their potential use as food tracers has already been determined [In particular, Rb and Tl in primis, followed by Mo, Mn, \u03b4termined ,37,40. ISixty-three samples of Virginia Bright tobacco leaves were analyzed. Of these, 20 samples were from Umbria, 10 from Veneto, and 33 from other geographical origins . Each saBefore the elemental analysis, an aliquot of about 0.5 g was acid-digested after the addition of 4 mL of ultrapure, 67\u201369% nitric acid , by means of a microwave single-reactor chamber  equipped with 15 mL quartz vessels, following a multi-step temperature program as described in Bertoldi et al. . Mineral13C, \u03b415N, and \u03b434S in one run, and 0.2 mg in silver capsules for \u03b418O and \u03b42H analysis. The analyses were carried out using an Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer  equipped with an elemental analyzer  for the 13C/12C, 15N/14N, and 34S/32S ratio determinations. The 2H/1H and 18O/16O ratios were measured using an IRMS  coupled with a pyrolyser . The isotope ratios were expressed in \u03b4\u2030 versus VPDB (Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite) for \u03b413C, VSMOW (Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water) for \u03b418O and \u03b42H, air for \u03b415N, and VCDT (Vienna Canyon Diablo Troilite) for \u03b434S, according to the following formula:sampleR is the isotope ratio measured for the sample, and referenceR is the isotope ratio of the international standard; superscript i denotes the mass number of the heavier (higher atomic mass) isotope. The delta values were multiplied by 1000 and expressed in units per mil (\u2030). Sample analysis was carried out in duplicate. The isotopic values of \u03b413C, \u03b415N, and \u03b434S were calculated against in-house working standards  42 and two flours for \u03b434S), which were themselves calibrated against international reference materials: L-glutamic acid USGS 40 , fuel oil NBS-22 , Vienna, Austria), and sugar IAEA-CH-6 (IAEA) for 13C/12C; L-glutamic acid USGS 40 and potassium nitrate IAEA-NO3 (IAEA) for 15N/14N; and barium sulphates IAEA-SO-5 and NBS 127 (IAEA) for 34S/32S. The isotopic values of \u03b42H and \u03b418O were calculated against USGS 54  and USGS 56  standards.Around 4 mg of sample was weighted in tin capsules for the analysis of \u03b413C/12C and 15N/14N, 0.3\u2030 for 18O/16O of bulk, 0.4\u2030 for 34S/32S, and 1\u2030 for 2H/1H.The precision of measurement, expressed as one standard deviation when measuring the same sample 10 times, was 0.1\u2030 for 2). To minimize polyatomic interference, a collision cell was used for Na, Mg, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, and Eu analysis, while the reaction cell was used for Ca, Ga, and Se analysis.The analysis of 56 elements  was carried out with an inductively coupled plasma\u2013mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), the Agilent 7500ce  equipped with quartz torch, micromist nebulizer, Ni cones, and an octopole reaction system . Al-, Ca-, Cs-, K-, Fe-, P-, and Rb-certified standard solutions were purchased from CPI International . ICP-MS calibration standard 4 solution and Sc-, Rh-, and Tb-certified standard solutions were provided by Aristar BDH . Multi-element calibration standard 1 and 3 solutions, Hg standard 2A solution, and tuning solution  were from Agilent Technologies . A solution of Sc, Rh, and Tb was used as added online internal standard to correct eventual instrumental signal drift during time.++/Ce+ %) were minimized, following the manufacturer\u2019s specification and using an Li, Y, Ce, and Tl solution.Before analysis, the sensitivity, resolution, and P/A  factor were optimized, whereas the oxide ratio (CeO/Ce %) and double-charged ratio  for each element was calculated as three times the standard deviation of the signal obtained for 10 blanks analyzed in a sequence. All data were higher than the calculated DL, except for Ir, Pt, and Au, which were always below 1.5 \u00b5g/kg, and therefore are not further reported or discussed. Repeatability was determined by preparing and analyzing five samples in duplicate, and by calculating the average coefficient of variation with results below 10% for all quantified elements. Accuracy was obtained by analyzing a certified reference material in each batch, and by calculating the average recovery for each element. Recoveries ranged between 79% and 112%, and were considered satisfactory for the scope of this research.d effect size [Samples\u2019 values were analyzed with R , relying on the following packages for data handling, visualization, and analysis: tidyverse , FactoMiect size . Two mulect size . PCA wasect size  and clasThe variable importance in the model was assessed by comparing the ranks of the variable importance in the 500 training/test splits.2H, \u03b413C, \u03b415N, \u03b418O, and \u03b434S, Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hg, Ho, Ir, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, P, Pb, Pd, Pr, Rb, Re, Sb, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Th, Tl, Tm, U, V, Y, Yb, and Zn) of Virginia Bright tobacco samples collected in Umbria, Veneto, and in other geographical areas were investigated. It was confirmed that the main factor influencing the isotopic and elemental signatures of tobacco is its geographical origin. In particular, Umbrian tobacco is characterized by an isotopic and elemental profile that makes it different from tobacco of different origins. Umbrian tobacco showed significantly higher values of \u03b42H, \u03b413C, and \u03b418O, and lower values of \u03b434S, Ag, Al, As, Be, Bi, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Ho, In, La, Mg, Mn, Nd, Pb, Pr, Rb, Sm, Sn, Th, Tl, Tm, U, V, Y, and Yb. It is worth noting that Umbrian tobacco has a significantly lower content in elements that are potentially dangerous for human health, like As, Pb, Sn, Be, Cr, and Tl. The proposed machine learning approach has shown strong potential for the geographical classification of tobacco from Umbria on the basis of its isotopic and elemental fingerprint.In this study, the isotopic and elemental profiles (\u03b4The study, if enhanced with a greater number of samples that are representative of the production, will make it possible to develop an analytical model of traceability of tobacco, which can be used to verify the geographical origin of this product on the market."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in the affiliations.Instead of\u201cDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia\u201d it should be \u201cDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia.\u201dAnd\u201cDepartment of Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India\u201d should be \u201cCentre for Materials Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India.\u201dIn the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliations for Avin Ee-Hwan Koh. They have two affiliations, which are \u201cDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.\u201d And \u201cDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "Polygala paniculata  characteristics for evolutionary studies of legume\u2013rhizobia symbiosis, written by Yuji Tokumoto, Kayo Hashimoto, Takashi Soyano, Seishiro Aoki, Wataru Iwasaki, Mai Fukuhara, Tomomi Nakagawa, Kazuhiko Saeki, Jun Yokoyama, Hironori Fujita and Masayoshi Kawaguchi, was originally published Online First without Open Access. After publication in volume 133, issue 1, page 109\u2013122 the author decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an Open Access publication. Therefore, the copyright of the article has been changed to \u00a9 The Author(s) 2021 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.The article Assessment of The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) vaccines have become available; now, everyone has the opportunity to get vaccinated. We used Google Trends (GT) data to assess the global public interest in COVID-19 vaccines during the pandemic. For the analysis, a period of 17\u00a0months was chosen . Interest in user queries was tracked by keywords . The geographic analysis of queries was also carried out. The interest of users in the vaccine is significantly increasing. It is focused on the side effects of vaccines, and users pay attention to vaccines\u2019 developers from different countries. The correlation between the scientific publications devoted to vaccine development and such requests of users on the internet is absent. This study shows that internet search patterns can be used to gauge public attitudes towards coronavirus vaccination. Safety concerns consistently high follow an interest in vaccine side effects. This data can be used to track and predict attitudes towards vaccination of populations from COVID-19 in different countries before global vaccination becomes available to help mitigate the adverse effects of the pandemic. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a new human virus that causes COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). The human population does not have the necessary immunity to protect themselves against the transmission of the virus and disease Google Trends (GT) is one of the essential tools for cataloguing internet queries, and this indexed information is available The use of GT in various diseases outbreak is nothing new and has previously been used in infectious diseases such as influenza and Zika virus Corona Vaccine, Corona Vaccine Development, COVID-19 Vaccine Development, China Corona Vaccine, Corona Chinese Vaccine, US Corona Vaccine, UK Corona Vaccine, Korea Corona Vaccine, Russian Vaccine, Sputnik v, Moderna Vaccine, Pfizer Corona Vaccine, AstraZeneca Vaccine, 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease, 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infection, 2019 Novel Coronavirus, 2019nCoV Disease, 2019nCoV Infection, 2019nCoV, 2019nCoV-co, Coronavirus Disease 2019 Virus, Coronavirus Disease 2019, Coronavirus Disease-19, Covid 19, COVID19 Virus, COVID-19 Virus, COVID19, COVID-19, COVID-2019, SARS2, SARS-CoV-2, Vaccina, Vaccine, Vaccines, Vaccination, Wuhan Corona Virus, Wuhan Seafood Market Pneumonia Virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, Coronavirus.To assess the status of inquiries related to the coronavirus vaccine, we used \u201cWorldwide\u201d as the search range, \u201c01/19/2020-07/04/2021\u201d as the time range, \u201dAll categories\u201c as the category, and \u201dWeb Search\u201c as the search type. The English terms were selected after searching Naver (the Korean search engine) where we evaluated their popularity. The final selection included the following 39 keywords or possible combinations: We tracked overall interest in keywords on the Internet and then compared interest in terms by country over a selected period. The data is downloaded from the Internet in \u201c.csv\u201d format. The countries with the highest volume of queries always have the highest rankings. The number of queries received is scaled from 0 to 100, depending on the topic's relationship to all searches across all topics. GT uses a relative popularity metric, meaning that the maximum number of queries for the selected period will always be 100. Google's normalized trend data is a useful metric for assessing the popularity of topics as measured by the number of published medical studies. The number of publications was assessed using the PubMed service with the same keywords selected earlier.COVID-19 Vaccine and COVID-19 Vaccine Development . However, for terms like the Coronavirus Vaccine, the Development of a Coronavirus Vaccine, the dynamics are opposite .From August\u00a01st\u00a0till\u00a0December 31st, 2020, the relative search volume for 21 of the 31 search terms significantly increased compared to the period\u00a0from February 1st\u00a0till\u00a0July 31st, 2020. However, nine search terms showed a significant increase in the same period . From Jaelopment A, 1B. Hoopposite A, 1B.TabUS Corona Vaccine, UK Corona Vaccine, Indian Corona Vaccine) periodically observed surges of interest. For example, an increased interest in Russian Corona Vaccine was manifested in the summer of 2020, and interest in UK Corona Vaccine grew in the winter of 2020\u20132021 (Korean Corona Vaccine were not significant (not shown in the figure).Considering the type of Covid-19 vaccines, the period from Jan 2020 to Jun 2021 showed a stable interest in all vaccines  of the Russian Corona Vaccine requests come from Russia. After excluding countries that are interested in a vaccine of only one origin, we got Fig. 3.Total (100%) of the The annual trend analysis revealed an upward trend for most of the branded vaccines reviewed .Fig. 4ThSputnik v , Sinovac Vaccine . For AstraZeneca Vaccine there was a power-law trend growth , for Pfizer Vaccine there was exponential growth . For Moderna Vaccine there was exponential growth too .To calculate the trends, a shorter time was used: from May 24, 2020, to Jul 04, 2021 . A polynomial growth is noted for Sputnik v and AstraZeneca by countries  was observed in countries such as Argentina, Venezuela, Bolivia, Cuba, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Paraguay, Russia (listed in descending order of the number of requests from 98 to 91%).In countries such as Turkmenistan and Belarus, the users were interested only in the AstraZeneca Vaccine.Countries like Fiji, Barbados, Malta, Jamaica, St Kitts & Nevis, Solomon Islands, Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Vanuatu, British Virgin Islands, Isle of Man, St Lucia, Papua New Guinea, San Marino, Timor-Leste, Grenada, Malawi, Bahamas, Belize, Guernsey, Dominica, Suriname, Bermuda, Jersey, Brunei, Somalia, Bhutan, Rwanda, Seychelles, Eswatini, Sint Maarten, Faroe Islands, Gambia, South Sudan, Lesotho, Gibraltar, Sierra Leone, Andorra, Aruba, Liberia, Cayman Islands, Sudan, Togo, Afghanistan, Madagascar, Senegal, Mali, Guam, Haiti, Macao, Mozambique, Mauritania, Congo \u2013 Kinshasa, Tajikistan, Cote d'Ivoire, Benin, Yemen were only interested in the More than 90% of search queries were for this vaccine in countries such as Trinidad & Tobago, United Kingdom, Ethiopia, Zambia, Ireland, Canada, Namibia, Australia, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Cambodia, Nigeria, Botswana, Kuwait, St Helena, St Vincent & the Grenadines, Denmark, Egypt, Iraq, Oman, Uganda, United States, China, Kosovo, Vietnam, Maldives, Singapore, Estonia, Mauritius, Kenya, Jordan, Cyprus, South Africa, New Zealand, Taiwan (listed in descending order of the number of requests from 99 to 90%).COVID-19 vaccine, Coronavirus vaccine according to PubMed monthly data for 2020 , Covid 19 (+39.51%), COVID19 (+38.71%), COVID19 Virus (+20.49%). In addition, the number of requests for the term COVID19 Virus Vaccine increased significantly (+28.47%). The dynamics of weekly recommendations showed a significant increase in interest in the terms COVID-19 Vaccine and COVID-19 Vaccine Development. On the contrary, the number of requests decreased significantly for the Coronavirus Vaccine for the Development of a Coronavirus Vaccine, the number of requests decreased significantly. This is due to the growing awareness of the population about the disease and related terminology.From Jan 19, 2020, to Jan 19, 2021, relative searches for 31 keywords showed a significant upward trend in the number of global searches for terms such as Coronavirus Vaccine from China, USA, UK, Russia, Korea from February 2020 to March 2020, when WHO announced the coronavirus pandemic on March 11. A surge of interest in the Russian vaccine was noted in July-August. In early August, the registration of the world's first coronavirus vaccine was announced in Russia. The growing interest in the vaccine from the UK is since the authorities announced the start of vaccination against coronavirus in early December.There has been a significant increase in the number of requests globally for the terms Sputnik v vaccine. This vaccine prevails in the requests from the countries: Argentina (98%), Venezuela (97%), Bolivia (96%), Cuba (95%), Uzbekistan (94%), Kazakhstan and Paraguay (93%), and Russia (91%).We analyzed vaccine requests where users indicate the country of origin of vaccine development. The example of China shows that the more popular query is the one that includes the name of the country followed by the terms. The geographical distribution of requests for national vaccines was reviewed. It turned out that only the Chinese vaccine is interested in such countries as Kuwait, Singapore, Malaysia, Portugal, Egypt, Brazil, Mexico, France, and Zimbabwe. Only South Korea is interested in the Korean vaccine. 87% of requests for a UK vaccine came from the United Kingdom. Overall, 52% of recommendations for a vaccine from the United States came from the United States, that is, Americans are more interested in vaccines from other countries. Belarus and Turkmenistan are exclusively interested in the AstraZeneca Vaccine. This vaccine dominates among user requests from Trinidad & Tobago, United Kingdom, Ethiopia, Zambia (99%), Ireland, Canada, Namibia, Australia, Saudi Arabia (98%), Malaysia, Cambodia, Nigeria (97%), Botswana, Kuwait, St Helena (96%), St Vincent & the Grenadines, Denmark, Egypt, Iraq (95%), Oman, Uganda, United States, China (94%), Kosovo, Vietnam (93%), Maldives, Singapore, Estonia (92%), Mauritius, Kenia, Jordan (91%), and Cyprus, South Africa, New Zealand, Taiwan (90%).Users of countries of Barbados, Malta, Jamaica, St Kitts & Nevis, Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, British Virgin Islands, Isle of Man, St Lucia, San Marino, Timor-Leste, Grenada, Bahamas, Belize, Guernsey, Dominica, Suriname, Bermuda, Jersey, Brunei, Somalia, Bhutan, Rwanda, Seychelles, Eswatini, Sint Maarten, Faroe Islands, Gambia, South Sudan, Gibraltar, Sierra Leone, Andorra, Aruba, Liberia, Cayman Islands, Sudan, Togo, Afghanistan, Madagascar, Senegal, Mali, Guam, Haiti, Macao, Mozambique, Mauritania, Tajikistan, Yemen, some countries of Oceania and Africa are exclusively interested in the For Sputnik v and Sinovac vaccines, a polynomial increase in the number of requests was noted. For Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, an exponential increase in the number of requests was noted. For the AstraZeneca vaccine, there was a power-law trend growth.COVID-19 Vaccine Good.Comparison of publication activity with the number of requests showed no correlation between scientific research and user requests. The analysis showed that users from United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Ireland, South Africa, Israel, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Malaysia were exclusively interested in the vaccine's side effects. User interest in vaccine side effects prevailed in countries such as the United Kingdom (74%), the United States (69%), Australia (64%), Philippines (57%), and Canada (56%). Users from India were the most supportive of the vaccine, with 55% searching for the term WHO has launched an international campaign entitled \u201cManaging the COVID-19 infodemic: Promoting healthy behaviors and mitigating the harm from misinformation and disinformation\u201d to draw the attention of governments to counter the spread of misinformation. One of the main current concerns is the spreading of unconfirmed data about vaccines and vaccination, which could seriously undermine the international strategy to combat SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the need for new effective and efficient infodemiological methods is more urgent than ever. The relationship between Internet inquiries, media reports, and evidence of morbidity is multifactorial and requires further study. Nevertheless, the main trends in Internet search queries during a pandemic can serve as an additional component of epidemiological surveillance.Rovetta Our research used GT, which shows the search behavior of people using the Google search engine. Future research should consider exploring the same topic on a different search engine including social networks to reach a more diverse user audience.While analyzing the number of requests, we deal not with the absolute, but with the relative number of requests. In addition, this tool does not consider repeated searches from the same user in a short period, distorting the results' objectivity. The limitation of the study is the lack of GT data about China because of the general unavailability of Google in China.Interest in vaccines produced by different countries and companies varied in time and space. For example, the bursts of interest were timed to the announcement of the vaccine registration in Russia (August 2020), and to the announcement of the start of vaccination in the UK (December 2020). There was a geographical differentiation of interest in vaccines produced by a specific country or pharmaceutical company. All applied vaccines are of particular interest to users. We were investigating the use of search engines to gauge user interest in COVID 19 vaccines. Our results demonstrated the potential for using GT as a complementary tool to help understand Internet searches that can determine the demand for vaccines from different countries or companies and the geographic distribution of these demands.This study shows that Internet search patterns can be used to gauge public attitudes towards coronavirus vaccination. Interest in vaccine side effects is consistently high, followed by safety concerns. The flow of inquiries about side effects especially increased in December, when the vaccination company began in Russia, Germany, France, Spain, Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Italy, Turkey, and other countries. This data can be used to track and predict attitudes towards vaccination of populations from COVID-19 in different countries before widespread vaccination becomes available to help mitigate the adverse effects of the pandemic.The search queries can reflect the interests of users in the field of unreliable information. For example, the testing period for coronavirus vaccines is not yet very long; therefore, due to a lack of knowledge, fakes arise . In addition, the information provided to the public can be politically charged. Statistical processing of information shows more reliable results with an increase in the amount of processed data.The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper."}
{"text": "Trials in health care are prospective human research studies designed to test the effectiveness and safety of health care interventions, such as medications, surgeries, medical devices and other treatment or prevention interventions. Statistics is an important and powerful tool in trials. Inappropriately designed trials and/or inappropriate statistical analysis produce unreliable results and a lack of transparency when reported, with limited clinical use.This systematic literature review aimed to identify, describe and synthesise factors contributing to or influencing the statistical planning, design, conduct, analysis and reporting of trials.Information sources were retrieved from the following electronic citation databases: PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and CINAHL and the grey literature repository: OpenGrey. 90 articles and guidelines were included in this review. A narrative, thematic synthesis identified the key factors influencing the statistical planning, design, conduct, analysis and reporting of trials in health care.We identified three analytical themes within which factors are grouped. These are: \u201cwhat makes a statistician?\u201c, \u201cthe need for dynamic statistical involvement and collaboration throughout a trial \u2013 it's not just about the numbers\u201d, \u201cand the \u201caccountability of statisticians in ensuring the safety of trial participants and the integrity of trial data\u201d. While important insights emerged about the qualifications, training, roles, and responsibilities of statisticians and their collaboration with other team members in a trial, further empirical research is warranted to elicit the perceptions of trial team members at the centre of statistics in trials. Such interventions include drugs, cells , surgical procedures, medical devices, behavioural treatments, radiological procedures, and interventions for preventative care . Findings from trials have the potential to change clinical practice, and the care patients receive. For this reason and to minimise harm to patients, trials must be planned, data collected, and analysed for efficacy and safety, to the highest standard. This is best practice for adherence to sound ethical principles.a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical data\u201d  and the School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Systems, University College Dublin, Ireland. The funding source had no involvement in the study design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data in the report's writing or in the decision to submit the article for publication.Marina Zaki: Conceptualisation, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data Curation, Writing- Original draft preparation, Writing- Review and Editing, Visualisation, Project Administration. Lydia O'Sullivan: Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data Curation, Writing- Original draft preparation, Writing- Review and Editing, Visualisation. Declan Devane: Conceptualisation, Methodology, Writing- Original draft preparation, Writing- Review and Editing, Supervision, Funding Acquisition. Ricardo Segurado: Writing- Review and Editing, Supervision. Eilish McAuliffe: Conceptualisation, Methodology, Investigation, Writing- Original draft preparation, Writing- Review and Editing, Visualisation, Supervision, Project Administration, Funding Acquisition.\u2612 The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u2610The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:"}
{"text": "Sandra Frisenda was not included as an author in the published article. The corrected Author Contributions Statement appears below.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.TR, HN, PS, RV, MA, and LB: conceived and designed the research. SF, TR, HN, KR, BK, and LB: performed the experiments. KR and BK: contributed the reagents. TR, SF, PS, RV, MA, and LB: collected and provided the clinical data. TR, HN, BK, PS, MA, and LB: interpreted the data. TR, HN, MA, and LB: performed the statistical analysis. TR, HN, PS, and LB: wrote the initial draft. All authors critically revised and approved the manuscript and are accountable for the accuracy and integrity of the work."}
{"text": "This description interestingly suggests that \u201centrenchment\u201d or \u201csituated fixation\u201d of a course of action  could hinder the progress and learning experience of a person, namely\u2014his/her inability and/or unwillingness to adapt to a new context, and/or his/her inflexibility and insistence to stay on course without any intent to change. One example of cognitive entrenchment is observed in professional football, wherein it has been argued that some football coaches are cognitively entrenched within their expert schemas, resulting in their demised game plans and strategic acumen. We advance the study of cognitive entrenchment by proposing an alternative viewpoint, which we term as the \u201cperceived zone of certainty and uncertainty.\u201d This proposition counters the perspective of cognitive entrenchment by arguing that it is cognitive appraisal, judgment, mental resolute, and determination of a person in cognitive certainty of his/her success or failure, or the cognitive uncertainty of success or failure, that would explain the notion of inflexibility and/or unwillingness to adapt, and/or insistence to stay on course without any attempt to deviate. Moreover, we rationalize that certainty of success or failure would closely associate with a feeling of comfort, whereas uncertainty would associate with his/her feeling discomfort. In this analysis, we strongly believe that willingness to change and adapt, reluctance and insistence to remain on course, and/or inclination to embrace flexibility may not necessarily relate to the concept of cognitive entrenchment; rather, inflexibility and/or reluctance to change for the purpose of adaptation has more to do with the desire of a person to seek a state of comfort. Finally, our conceptual analysis of cognitive entrenchment also considers an interesting theoretical concept, which we termed as \u201cperceived optimal efficiency.\u201d Perceived optimal efficiency, similar to cognitive relevance theory, is concerned with the relationship between minimum investment of time, effort, cognitive resources, etc., and an optimal best outcome. The issue for discussion, from our point of view, is related to the extent to which the certainty of success or failure would associate with perceived optimal efficiency.Possessing expert schemas is a positive feat that may yield different types of adaptive outcomes . Limited schemas, in contrast, may deter progress of a novice learner, limiting his/her capability to flourish. Taken as a whole, it may be concluded that expert schemas are more advantageous than novice schemas, differentiating learners in terms of expert and novice. Having said this, however, more recently, researchers have argued that possessing expert schemas could serve as deterrence. Recently, researchers have acknowledged a theoretical concept known as  Reconsidering the Trade-off Between Expertise and Flexibility: A Cognitive Entrenchment Perspective\u201d . This cognitive behavior  may eventually result in automaticity, enabling the student to successfully solve similar problems without any difficulty. Automaticity, reflecting rote learning, memorization, and excessive practicing, may be viewed as an indication of deep, meaningful understanding of a subject matter, making it somewhat difficult to discount. In this sense, being able to utilize a cognitive strategy without apprehension and/or any indication of uncertainty would, for some, connote evidence of expertise.Recently, an article has been published, titled \u201ce\u201d Dane, , which ie\u201d Dane, . Cognitie\u201d Dane, , p. 583.status quo than to change course, given the probability of his/her uncertainty of success, etc. On this basis, expertise instills confidence, mental resolute, and self-determination, convincing a person to maintain and sustain his/her course of action. Novice schemas, in contrast, could also act as sources of motivation, potentially compelling a person to consider changing his/her course of action in order to improve. From this brief account, we contend that inner satisfaction, gratification, and/or fulfillment of inner needs may explain \u201csituated fixation\u201d  or change  of a person to his/her own knowledge, understanding, skills, etc. This theoretical account is poignant as it suggests that there are potential reasons, which may account for cognitive thinking, action, and behavior of a person\u2014for example, the willingness to change vs. the insistence to stay on course.Automaticity, success, and ease may all combine to explain and account for cognitive entrenchment . This theoretical premise is logical as it suggests that a person may feel more inclined to stay on course when he/she is well-versed and knowledgeable about a subject matter. Largely, in terms of observation and explanation, a person may feel more at ease with the seek a state of comfort  and, by the same token, to avoid a state of discomfort . For example, a university student may choose to remain on course with a specialization  despite the objection of his/her family, or the willingness of a musician to change genre may arise from his/her perception of comfort  or a desire to seek comfort. With this premise in mind, we rationalize that there are a number of cognitive determinants that could associate with the seeking of comfort of a person\u2014for example, cognitive appraisal, judgment, decision-making, and determination of \u201ccertainty\u201d of a successful course of action. In contrast, likewise, we propose that a perceived sense of uncertainty would intimately link to a state of discomfort. In the latter section of this article, we discuss an important proposition that we term as the principle of cognitive certainty and uncertainty, which considers cognitive appraisal, judgment, and decision-making of a situated context in terms of comfort and discomfort.The focus of this article is for us to introduce and discuss an alternative perspective that may counter the propositions of cognitive entrenchment Dane, , 2011. Wcognitive load imposition , is different from novice schemas, or inexperience and limited knowledge, skills, and/or understanding of and in a subject matter. A novice learner in this case, for example, would exhibit superficial understanding  and have difficulties in comprehension and/or adaptation to a new context or a similar situation.Relating to the study of nt Dane, , which int Dane, , cognitint Dane,  places e Benner, . Expertinature of schema. The nature of schemas, in this case, delves into the complexity, or quantity and quality, of the schemas of a person  . Interestingly, the work of Piaget  to a balanced cognitive state of thinking , importantly, reflects the cognitive growth of a person. In relation to academic learning, say, a student may use group discussions, debates, individual exploration, group work, teacher scaffolding, etc., to resolve his/her cognitive conflict  the perceived difficulty of a person to adapt, make changes, and/or resolve a new context or situation, and (iii) the reluctance of a person to accept change, criticism, and/or advice.Situated fixation may limit the flexibility of a person to progress and grow cognitively and/or non-cognitively . Many observers have noted that despite his stellar track record , Jos\u00e9 Mourinho has somewhat declined to the point where some journalists and pundits have referred to him as a man of yesterday (source: https://www.the42.ie/is-jose-mourinho-now-yesterdays-man-5140367-Jul2020/). In a recent article published online, for example, Tannoury . This collective insight, interestingly, reflects a potential example of cognitive entrenchment for Jos\u00e9 Mourinho, detailing his inability, inflexibility, and/or unwillingness to adapt to the \u201cmodern game\u201d of football. An article of Grech , likewise, has provided an in-depth analysis of demise of Jos\u00e9 Mourinho and in particular, his personal experience of cognitive entrenchment. Concurring with assessment of Liliane Tannoury, Paul Grech argues that the modern game in football has evolved and the training methodology of Jos\u00e9 Mourinho , which served so well has become obsolete.Upon inspection, there is credence to acknowledge and accept the \u201cnegativity\u201d of cognitive entrenchment, which may apply to different contexts. One non-academic example of cognitive entrenchment recently discussed relates to professional football coaching. Those who follow European football would know the name Jos\u00e9 Mourinho, who is considered to be one of the most revered and decorated coaches of all time   may limit the inclination and/or willingness of a person to engage in inventive, innovative, and/or creative acts. Cognitive entrenchment, according to Dane , 2011, mstatus quo  may arise from a belief of a person that such \u201cdeviation\u201d would cause chaos and result in a perceived state of uncertainty. Moreover, cognitive entrenchment may instill and/or strengthen the confidence and state of mental resolute of a person, assisting to account for a perception of comfort.Valid and positive reasons for the enactment of cognitive entrenchment in both educational and non-educational contexts are plausible. This consideration is poignant as it posits the possibility that one may purposively \u201cfixate\u201d to a course of action for meaningful reasons. One interesting reason, for example, may relate to the internal desire of a person to experience a \u201cstate of comfort\u201d rather than discomfort. To date, to our knowledge, very little has been inquired into the extent to which seeking of comfort of a person could account for his/her cognitive entrenchment. As a possibility, unwillingness to change from the perception of comfort of a person , stagnated progress, and limited, if any, growth. Taking into account the theory of flow of Cs\u00edkszentmih\u00e1lyi ,b, we coIt is natural for us to want to seek a state of comfort and, by the same token, to avoid a state of discomfort. In academic and/or in school contexts, for example, we contend that a comfort zone is intricately linked to a perceived positive school climate, and/or a classroom climate, espousing the perceptions, feelings, and experiences of emotional support, social safety, academic scaffolding, etc. , as we previously discussed, is a potential example, which could substantiate our rationalization. In this analysis, the inflexibility of Jos\u00e9 Mourinho  and his unwillingness to change  may relate to a personal need for comfort\u2014that he is more \u201ccomfortable\u201d to use defensive techniques, which have brought him so many successes in the past.One underlying premise of our examination and focus of inquiry entails the plausibility that cognitive entrenchment, or the situated fixation of a person to a well-versed course of action, could intimately relate to a state of comfort. For example, in-depth knowledge of a subject matter may instill a perception of stability, confidence, and optimism in a person, all of which are positive characteristics of comfort. Deviating from a well-versed course of action , in contrast, could give rise to a perception of uncertainty, unsureness, and pessimism, coinciding with a sense of discomfort. The case of Jos\u00e9 Mourinho . In this analysis, we do not view the notion of cognitive entrenchment, or the situated fixation of a person to a course of action, as being negative and/or detrimental\u2014for example, a person's unwillingness and/or reluctance of a person to change a course of action, and/or his/her indication of difficulty to adapt to a new context or situation. Our proposition, in this case, considers the potential positivity or positive \u201creasons\u201d for the seeking of a person to remain fixated to a course of action. One sound and logical reason, as we described, is associated with the desire of a person to seek a state of comfort and, by the same token, to avoid a state of discomfort. In other words, situated fixation to a well-versed course of action  may continue to bring success, resulting in a perceived state of comfort . Deviating from a well-versed course of action, in this analysis, could instill unsureness and uncertainty , giving rise to feelings of angst, pessimism, and helplessness. In this sense, striving to achieve a perceived state of comfort would serve as reinforcement, whereas avoidance of discomfort would serve as deterrence to remain on course without any change .perceived zone of cognitive certainty would align with a state of comfort, whereas a perceived zone of cognitive uncertainty would align with a state of discomfort. Foremost from this consideration is the importance of the assessment, judgment, and rationalization of a person, which could warrant and provide justification for the position of cognitive entrenchment . On this basis, our consideration entails the question of whether one is certain , or uncertain, that a continuing course of action would bring success .Our conceptualization for development, taking into account the theoretical concept of comfort (and discomfort) White,  considerWe prefer the terms \u201ccertainty\u201d  and \u201cuncertainty\u201d  as these nomenclature, we believe, would reflect the cognitive maturity of a person, detailing his/her understanding, skills, and experiences of judgment, assessment, and decision-making. For example, there are two possibilities: (i) the ability of a person to make sound and accurate judgment and assess whether a current course of action, drawn from existing schemas, would result in successful outcome(s), and (ii) the mental fortitude, state of confidence, and rationalization of a person to weigh his/her decision regarding the course of action.From our point of view, the cognitive maturity of a person may consist of his/her individual assessment, judgment, and decision-making prior and during the course of an action. Our conceptualization, in particular, considers the extent to which assessment and judgment of a state of certainty or uncertainty  could, in fact, account for and/or influence the situated fixation of a person to a course of action. We interestingly make attempts to unify and relate the following: (i) the zone of cognitive certainty with a perceived sense of comfort , and (ii) the zone of cognitive uncertainty with a perceived sense of discomfort .theory of probability  is thoughtful, timely, and purposive, serving as evidence of the state of cognitive growth and life wisdom of a person.From the preceding sections, the testament of cognitive certainty of success, or failure of a person, may intimately relate to his/her assessment and judgment, and, more importantly, reflect the process of decision-making. The resolute or irresolute attitude of a person, for that matter, entails some form of risk-taking, which, in this case, consists of a 50\u201350 probability chance . Risk-taking, however, is more than just a \u201cpresent-moment\u201d sense of determination and decision-making. Rather, despite its nomenclature, risk-taking entails the personal characteristic \u201cconsidered weighing\u201d of a person, which we define it as being his/her Cognitive certainty, as we proposed, refers to the assessment, judgment, and rationalization of a person of a context or situation at hand, and whether his/her continual course of action would yield a positive outcome  or a negative outcome . This proposition, importantly, emphasizes the cognitive appraisal, mental resolute, and self-determination of a person to take risks and make sound, logical decisions. Risk-taking is an anticipatory feat that could have profound contrasting influences on a person\u2014for example, in terms of positivity, the risk-taking of a university student may facilitate and/or improve his/her mastery of a subject matter, resulting in a state of cognitive certainty, confidence, resolute, and optimism. By the same token, of course, risk-taking may also produce negative returns , giving rise to a state of cognitive uncertainty, pessimism, and low confidence.Details pertaining to the nature of certainty and uncertainty are shown in i. There is cognitive certainty that a positive outcome  would be achieved with the continuation of a course of action .ii. There is cognitive uncertainty that a positive outcome  would be achieved with the continuation or a change in the course of action of a person .Our conceptualization contends the possibility that a person could, in fact, transpose or \u201cfluctuate\u201d between a state of cognitive certainty and a state of cognitive uncertainty. A context at hand  and the subsequent approach of a person to this context, based on his/her existing schemas, may result in two contrasting positionings\u2014that is: a negative position , which depicts the position of cognitive uncertainty of a novice vs. a positive position , which depicts the position of cognitive certainty of an expert. We posit that it is not a clear-cut 50\u201350% chance or probability of risk-taking and self-determination between cognitive certainty and cognitive uncertainty but, rather, as shown, an overlap between the two states. Consider the context of academia in which a university student uses his/her acquired knowledge, life wisdom, and the experiences of other students to change from a state of cognitive uncertainty to that of cognitive certainty. Over time, of course, his/her resolute, decisiveness, and cognitive certainty that Psychology, as a major, would bring positive returns  could change to one irresolute, indecisiveness, and cognitive uncertainty. In another context, likewise, a Year-9 student may indicate a state of cognitive uncertainty when learning a topic in Algebra where, over time, with continuing practice and improvement in mastery of using different pedagogical approaches, he/she is able to change his/her mental resolute, conviction, and belief in one of the cognitive certainties. Thus, from our rationalization, we stipulate the following possibilities:A perceived zone of cognitive certainty. Cognitive certainty, or a perceived zone of cognitive certainty, is positive and may, in fact, equate to that of a perceived state of comfort. We define cognitive certainty as an \u201cenvisaged state of decisiveness of a person, reflecting his/her confidence, mental resolute, and self-determination that a chosen course of action would yield either success  or failure .\u201d Moreover, we speculate that expertise, unlike novice knowledge, could instill confidence, an appropriate level of motivation, and mental resolute, which, in effect, would determine the cognitive certainty of a person.i. Expertise is advantageous as this would assist a person to remain unchanged during the course of an action, which, in turn, could result in his/her achievement of success or his/her recognition of potential failure. On this basis, we postulate that expert learners with their in-depth knowledge and understanding would more likely associate with a state of cognitive certainty than that of cognitive uncertainty. Importantly, from our point of view, a state of cognitive certainty of success  or a state of cognitive certainty of failure  would indicate some form of \u201cfinalization,\u201d giving rise to perceived feeling of comfort of a person. In other words, from our proposition, a state of cognitive certainty is more \u201cdefinitive\u201d and \u201cconclusive,\u201d whereas a state of cognitive uncertainty is indefinite and inconclusive, giving rise to a feeling and experience of discomfort, angst, pessimism, etc.A perceived zone of cognitive uncertainty. Cognitive uncertainty, or a perceived zone of cognitive uncertainty, is negative and may equate to a perceived state of discomfort. We define cognitive uncertainty as \u201can envisaged cognitive state of indecisiveness of a person, reflecting his/her lack of confidence, hesitation, ambivalence, and questionable thoughts that a course of action would yield either success  or failure .\u201d Moreover, we speculate that cognitive uncertainty reflects the weak mindset of a person, which may espouse a low level of self-belief, mental resolute, and self-determination in terms of decision-making. We speculate that, unlike expert learners, a novice learner is less certain, less resolute, and less confident in his/her cognitive appraisal of a course of action.ii. Moreover, unlike that of cognitive certainty, we propose that cognitive uncertainty may closely align with the perceived feeling of discomfort of a person. Importantly, of course, the limited knowledge and understanding of a subject matter could cause a perceived sense of indecisiveness, reflecting a state of hesitation, ambivalence, and questionable thoughts about the extent to which a person could succeed. In this analysis, from our point of view, a person is more likely to perceive a state of discomfort when he/she adheres and/or expresses a state of cognitive uncertainty. In the context of schooling, a secondary school student who has limited content and procedural knowledge of Algebra, for example, is more likely to express a state of cognitive uncertainty  and, correspondingly, a feeling of discomfort .vice versa, correspondingly reflecting a state of cognitive certainty or a state of cognitive uncertainty. What is of interest, however, is the possibility that cognitive certainty and cognitive uncertainty may situate and coexist within a dynamic spectrum.From our examination, cognitive certainty is positive and may equate to the feeling of comfort, whereas cognitive uncertainty is negative and may equate to the feeling of discomfort. We propose that, progressively, with changing knowledge, skills, and experiences, decisiveness (or indecisiveness), mental resolute, and determination may change, which could result in a shift from a state of cognitive certainty to that of cognitive uncertainty, or from a state of cognitive uncertainty to that of cognitive certainty. A person, likewise, may alter and shift his/her feeling of comfort to that of discomfort, or Natural tendency would indicate that, perhaps, we all desire the personal feeling and experience of comfort in life. Comfort, unlike that of discomfort, is positive  and produces and/or causes an improvement in different types of adaptive outcomes . Cognitive certainty of success, or cognitive certainty of failure, is conclusive and more definitive, which may account for a feeling of comfort. Cognitive uncertainty of success, or cognitive uncertainty of failure, in contrast, is inconclusive and indefinite, giving rise to a feeling of discomfort, doubt, apprehension, etc. Importantly, from our point of view, both cognitive certainty and cognitive uncertainty may, in fact, associate with the theoretical concept of entrenchment Dane, , 2011. Tdifference in knowledge, skills, and understanding  could act as a central driver, which in turn would help govern the mental resolute, self-determination, and state of decisiveness of a person. Moreover, in accordance with our proposition, there are two contrasting zones that a person may purposively choose: the zone of cognitive certainty, potentially giving rise to a state of comfort, which is positive vs. the zone of cognitive uncertainty, potentially giving rise to a state of discomfort, which, of course, is negative.Our proposition, indeed, offers an alternative insight into the potential positivity of the cognitive entrenchment of a person Dane, , 2011. Doptimal best practice  the communicative principle of relevance. The cognitive principle of relevance, interestingly, indicates that internal cognitive processes of a person  are guided by his/her consideration of efficiency  in order to successfully achieve optimal bests in different academic subjects, which then would enable him/her to enter university and enroll in a desired course. \u201cHow much expenditure is enough?\u201d is a personal question that reflects justification, logical decision-making, and sound reasoning . Justification, logical decision-making, and sound reasoning are cognitive attributes that may, importantly, associate with the theoretical concept of perceived optimal efficiency.A desirable feat, of course, would entail and dictate the maximization in an accomplished outcome for the least amount of investment and/or expenditure of time, effort, cognitive resources, etc. An undesirable feat, in contrast, would equate to the minimization in an accomplished outcome for the most amount of investment and/or expenditure of time, effort, cognitive resources, etc. This testament reflects two comparative possibilities: expenditure of time, effort, etc. is \u201cmore\u201d than the outcome that would be accomplished vs. the accomplished outcome is \u201cmore\u201d than the expenditure of time, effort, etc. We argue that, in this analysis, it is more desirable to have a case where the accomplished outcome is more or greater than the expenditure of time, effort, etc. Our theorization of perceived optimal efficiency , we contend, suggests that there is an intricate association between a state of cognitive certainty and a perceived state of efficiency. We argue that, in particular, there is the potential \u201cequivalency\u201d and/or association between optimal efficiency and cognitive certainty.i. The equivalency of optimal efficiency and cognitive certainty is interesting as it considers the possibility and the theoretical tenet that an increase in cognitive certainty could also equate to an increase in efficiency, and, by the same token, a decrease in efficiency  would equate to a decrease in cognitive certainty . From our point of view, we acknowledge that there are two possible emphases\u2014namely: (i) self-awareness of the significance of efficiency and/or the insignificance of inefficiency  could serve as an important source of information, guiding, motivating, and/or facilitating a person to be resolute and more decisive in his/her decision-making, and (ii) personal resolute, conviction, and decisiveness in justifying a course of action in terms of success of failure , which would give rise to his/her understanding and self-awareness for a need to show efficiency.ii. Inefficiency and state of cognitive uncertainty. Cognitive uncertainty of success or failure, unlike cognitive certainty, is ambivalent and reflects, importantly, a state of indecisiveness, lack of personal resolve and confidence, and self-doubt of a person about his/her belief to maintain and/or to sustain a course of action. Cognitive uncertainty , we contend, suggests that, perhaps, there is an equivalency and/or an intricate association between a state of cognitive uncertainty and a state of inefficiency\u2014for example, inefficiency is equivalent, or analogous, to a state of cognitive uncertainty.The equivalency of inefficiency and a state of cognitive uncertainty, similar to that of the equivalency of optimal efficiency and cognitive certainty, is interesting as it considers two comparative patterns: an increase in cognitive uncertainty would correspond with an increase in inefficiency and likewise, a decrease in inefficiency could equate with a decrease in cognitive uncertainty. This consideration, we contend, may indicate the following understanding between inefficiency and cognitive uncertainty: (i) the indifference of a person to a state of efficiency  may reflect his/her lack of motivation and state of disorganization, which then could give rise to his/her indecisiveness, lack of confidence and personal resolve, and/or self-determination in decision-making, and (ii) a state of indecisiveness, lack of confidence and personal resolve, and/or strong conviction to be certain  could, in effect, negate and/or limit a person from achieving a state of efficiency.In summary, the preceding sections emphasize a potential relationship between cognitive certainty  and perceived optimal efficiency . Moreover, of course, referring to our earlier discussions e.g., , the equpositive life qualities\u2014such as contentment, ease, and satisfaction. A state of Y, in contrast, is undesirable and would indicate the personal experience and feeling of various negative life qualities\u2014for example, discontentment, angst, dissatisfaction, etc.Expert knowledge and skills are integral to the accomplishment of a desirable state of X, which is positive, motivational, and proactive. A state of X, which reflects the intersection between cognitive certainty , efficiency , and perceived comfort  may indicate the personal experience and feeling of various Remaining on course without any deviation is encouraged as this cognitive fixation, we contend, would facilitate and strengthen the conviction, personal resolve, and state of decisiveness of a person in his/her decision-making and self-belief that success is definitive. Utilizing existing understanding, knowledge, experiences, etc., likewise, may help advance the progress of a person and/or minimize expenditure of personal resources , resulting in a state of efficiency and/or comfort. This theoretical contention, we contend, may explain the case of Jos\u00e9 Mourinho and his \u201ccognitive fixation\u201d to a specific training methodology, which has brought him immense accomplishments. For example, the personal objective to achieve a state of X , as shown in The study of cognitive entrenchment Dane, , 2011, tOur consideration of expert and novice schemas is somewhat different, resulting in our offering of an alternative viewpoint on the theoretical concept of cognitive entrenchment Dane, , 2011 orOur research development into the advancement of the potential positivity of cognitive entrenchment Dane, , 2011 isFrom the preceding sections, it is evident that continuing research development is needed to advance the study of cognitive entrenchment Dane, , 2011, wThe level of willingness, or unwillingness, to change a course of action  .The level of mental resolute, confidence, and self-determination of a person in the belief that remaining on course without any deviation for change would yield success .The willingness of a person vs. his/her reluctance to take risks during the course of learning .Levels of perceived comfort and discomfort .ClA, to assist in the identification of \u201coverlapping\u201d of responses between the willingness to deviate, his/her level of mental resolute, confidence, self-determination, and perceived comfort. In our recent non-experimental study that involved Taiwanese university students, for example, we used cluster analysis to explore the nature of optimal best practice  remain steadfast in an in-class intervention ? In a similar vein, could the use of pesuasive feedback encourage personal resolve and conviction of cognitive certainty? It would be of interest then for educators and researchers to consider in-class interventions, which could potentially influence the willingness of a person to change a course of action from T1 to T2. This \u201cexperimental\u201d change, denoted as \u0394 (willingness to change) T2) could, in this case, indicate a state of cognitive entrenchment, whereas, in contrast, the willingness of a person to change, consequently as a result of the persuasive feedback of the teacher would reflect a state of \u201ccognitive dis-entrenchment.\u201dAn experimental design is unique and quite appropriate for some contexts, especially given that this methodology would allow researchers to gauge causal effects and causal flows Rogosa, . Experim1 on Variable B at T2\u2013that is, T1 Var A \u2192 T2 Var B) . It is also valid to consider multiple time points of data collection of the academic performance of a student in a subject matter and his/her corresponding indication of expenditure of time and effort\u2014for example, mathematics quiz (MQ\u2013T1) and expenditure of effort (E-T1) at T1 and mathematics quiz (MQ\u2013T2) and expenditure of effort (E\u2013T2) at T2. A comparison of MQ\u2013T1 and MQ\u2013T2 [i.e., to measure \u0394MQ\u2212T2) and an increase in \u0394E\u2212T2) would, in this case, indicate a state of inefficiency.It is often difficult, for various reasons , to undertake experimental studies in a school or in university. Researchers and educators have consequently resorted to the use of longitudinal, non-experimental designs, which could facilitate and enable the study of growth patterns  Bong, . Such loFinally, as one of our reviewers noted, our attempt to establish a new cognitive framework, which would provide a counterargument to the case of cognitive entrenchment Dane, , 2011, iHP and BN contributed equally to the articulation and write-up of this manuscript.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "The present review summarizes the studies carried out on this topic in the last five years. According to the new definitions, among all the compounds included in the group of prebiotics, polyphenols are probably the most important secondary metabolites produced by the plant kingdom. Many of these types of polyphenols have low bioavailability, therefore reaching the colon in unaltered form. Once in the colon, these compounds interact with the intestinal microbes bidirectionally by modulating them and, consequently, releasing metabolites. Despite much research on various metabolites, little is known about the chemistry of the metabolic routes used by different bacteria species. In this context, this review aims to investigate the prebiotic effect of polyphenols in preclinical and clinical studies, highlighting that the consumption of polyphenols leads to an increase in beneficial bacteria, as well as an increase in the production of valuable metabolites. In conclusion, there is much evidence in preclinical studies supporting the prebiotic effect of polyphenols, but further clinical studies are needed to investigate this effect in humans. Because microbiota plays such an essential role in human health, it has become a well-researched field over the past 20 years. However, there is evidence about the identification of microorganisms, since 1677, when Antonie van Leeuwenhoek described them as \u201canimalcules\u201d. The relevance and significance of comprehending the interrelationship between host and their resident bacteria populations are extremely necessary to improve the quality of life, prevent the risk of disease, or even treat specific pathologies . MicrobiLactobacillus, Bacillus, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Ruminococcus, Eubacterium, Faecalibacterium, and Roseburia. The second phylum is Bacteroidetes, about 23%, comprising Bacteroides and Prevotella, followed in descending order by the phyla Actinobacteria, about 3% Verrucomicrobia 2% [The human microbiota is composed of bacteria, fungi, archaea, viruses, and protozoans and can be found in many areas of the body; as it colonizes the skin, mouth, vagina, gastro-enteric tube, and/or respiratory system . Over 70robia 2% .Human microbiota differs from individual to individual and is influenced by several endogenous and exogenous factors that can affect the constitution and stability of the microbiome. For example, endogenous factors such as age, genetics, birth gestational date, mode of delivery at birth, infant feeding method, weaning period, hormonal changes, health status; and exogenous factors such as diet, the use of medications, especially antibiotics, exercise frequency, climate, geographical region, pollution level, and the level of stress management ,14,15,16Over the last years, gut microbiota gained more attention, and multiple studies have been performed considering the interaction between the human diet and the intestinal microbiome. All these studies comprise elaborate research, and their applicability to the human microbiota has progressed considerably in terms of food analysis, the interaction between certain bacterial strains, and interaction between specific food compounds ,17.The key roles of the gut microbiota are very important and accomplish essential functions for the host. Among its major roles are: maintaining the structural integrity of the endothelial barrier, influencing the growth of the immune system, providing antimicrobial protection, impacting the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, and playing an important role in the synthesis of several vitamins such as vitamin K, biotin, cobalamin, folates, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and thiamine ,7,18,19.In addition to the studies conducted on the intestinal microbiota, there are two essential branches related to intestinal microbiota characterization: prebiotics and probiotics. In the case of prebiotics, these are defined as a selective substrate used by the microorganisms offering many benefits to the host such as protective effects on the gastrointestinal (GI) system, central nervous system, immune system, and cardiovascular system. On the other hand, probiotics are defined as living microorganisms, which also provide health benefits such as preventing bowel diseases, improving the immune system, and alleviating postmenopausal syndrome ,24,25,26Over 25 years ago, prebiotics were identified as a class of compounds with the ability to modulate the gut microbiota, conferring health advantages to the host. Since then, the definition of prebiotics has changed. For example, in 1995, prebiotics were defined by Gibson et al.  as \u201ca noIn line with the last definition, a new class of prebiotics that meet the criteria to be categorized as prebiotic substrate , are the polyphenols. The polyphenols\u2019 most essential health benefits are associated with their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Regarding their role as a prebiotic substrate, the advantages of polyphenols are attributed to the ability of the intestinal microbiota to metabolize phenolic compounds ,30,31,32Polyphenols are described as plants\u2019 secondary metabolites, usually found in foods such as cereals, fruits, vegetables, wine, coffee, tea, and many other derived foods. One of the most common issues regarding the properties of the polyphenols is related to their bioavailability, a parameter influenced by multiple factors, such as food processing, food interaction, dietary intake, distribution, food content, and environmental factors. The quality and the number of benefits offered by polyphenols to the host health have a significant impact, improving the quality of life through their ability to influence the modulation of the gut microbiota ,34,35.This work aimed to review the latest studies that identified and discussed the role of polyphenols as prebiotics in gut microbiota modulation. In addition, we have presented the approaches applied for investigating the relationship between gut microbiota and various human pathologies, especially those connected with the GIT.The majority of prebiotics have carbohydrates as a major component, but there are also other classes such as polyphenols, minerals, and polyunsaturated fatty acids that exert the same prebiotic properties . PrebiotPolyphenols are a large heterogeneous collection of compounds found naturally in vegetables, fruits, cereals, tea, coffee, dark chocolate, cacao powder, and wine. However, they all have a structural unit in common, hydroxylated aromatic rings or phenolic rings . ConsideThe definition of prebiotics is similar to the definition of dietary fibers. However, the definition of prebiotics is differentiated by the selectivity for certain species. Natural sources of carbohydrate-based prebiotics comprise two main categories: dietary fibers and sugar alcohols. In the case of dietary fibers, these include nondigestible starch polysaccharides (with resistant starch), nonstarch polysaccharides, and sugar alcohols (represented mainly by sorbitol and mannitol), which are derived from simple sugars .Regular fruit and vegetable consumption is part of a healthy diet and brings many benefits through their content of phytochemicals, including polyphenols, polysaccharides, and terpenoids. The main ways in which these phytochemicals bring benefits are through their nonabsorbed fraction that acts as a prebiotic and their absorbed part that induces stress resistance mechanisms. The phytochemical class has a broad range of effects, mainly by modulating gut microbiota and maintaining its homeostasis .By comparison with other compounds, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, phytochemicals are not required for physiological functions , but they can induce biological effects. For instance, after absorption, phytochemicals can improve gut barrier integrity by inducing the expression of tight junction proteins by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the lumen of the epithelial cells .The evidence of the positive effects of the phytochemicals is constantly growing, especially about polyphenols, as the intake through diet is high, and they play a significant role in gut microbiota modulation. Due to their bioavailability, their effects are closely connected with the food matrix, depending on whether they are consumed as isolated compounds or with the whole food . MoreoveOverall, population statistics present an estimated intake of 900\u20131000 mg/day polyphenols, but this can differ depending on the geographic location and sociodemographics of the targeted group. Among the most frequently consumed sources are: tea, coffee, red wine, fruits, and vegetables. In terms of types of phenolic compounds, procyanidins, flavanols, anthocyanidins, flavonols, and flavanones were among the most frequently identified .The reciprocal interrelation between gut microbiota and polyphenols is a well-known subject of interest, as it can modulate host health. The key factors of this interrelation are the bioactive metabolites. The effect of polyphenols on the intestinal microbiota is achieved by influencing the growth and metabolism of bacteria and by interfering with the cell function of the cell membrane. The majority of the polyphenols can hinder biofilm formation and significant effects via the hindering of bacterial quorum sensing. For example, the flavonol and flavones classes in the Staphylococcus genus can hinder bacterial helicase activities while increasing membrane cytoplasm permeability. Another example is the flavanone-rich citrus extract in combination with the isolated flavanones, as they stimulate a reduction of biofilm formation by inhibiting the quorum-sensing signal mediated by acyl-homoserine lactone. These flavanones can reduce the synthesis of acyl-homoserine lactone and its metabolites ,60,61.Bifidobacteriaceae and Lactobacillaceae and, on the other hand, by reducing the number of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and Helicobacter pylori [Polyphenols exert their beneficial effects as prebiotic substrate, on the one hand, by increasing the growth and settlement of the probiotic bacterial families such as r pylori ,62, a mer pylori .Akkermansia muciniphila, and F. prausnitzii, observed in mice trials, that had red grapes in their diet. Furthermore, after 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and quantitative PCR on cecal, and fecal samples, an increase of A. muciniphilla, together with a decreased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes phylum were observed [Recent studies demonstrated the beneficial effect of polyphenols by stimulating bacteria such as observed ,65. Moreobserved .Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Clostridiales, Ruminococcus. Berries are another well-studied fruit group that is well correlated with the prebiotic effect of polyphenols, and it was demonstrated that berries can decrease the expression of IL-1\u03b2, cyclooxygenase-2, nuclear factor k-light chain enhancer of activated B cell, myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde, and prostaglandin E2, and increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities [The fruit group represents a specific polyphenol group that is widely studied, and the evidence confirms their prebiotic effects. Red grape extract or grape seeds were observed to have many benefits by increasing tivities ,68.Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bacteroides, and decrease Clostridiales, Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, Oscillospira [The main sources of polyphenols are carrots, broccoli, beetroot, cauliflower, and potato peel. However, the polyphenol quantity is compared to the fruit group. For example, polyphenols from carrots are much more beneficial to human health when the carrots are consumed entirely, not only as carrot extract. Polyphenols from carrots can increase the growth of llospira . In the llospira .Prevotella, Bacteroides, Enterococcus, and Bifidobacterium in several studies on human gut microbiota [Cloacibacillus, Klebsiella, Alistipes, Akkermansia, and Victivallis, and decreased levels of Blautia coccoides, Bacteroidetes, Subdoligranulum, Anaeroglobus, and Bifidobacterium were also observed [Other food groups with an elevated polyphenol content that have a prebiotic effect through interaction with the gut microbes are the beverages, cereals, pulses , and nuts groups. In the case of the beverages group, there are well-studied compounds such as red wine polyphenols and tea polyphenols. Red wine polyphenols enhanced the concentration of the genera crobiota . After iobserved . In regaobserved  as the mobserved ,74.Bidifobacteria, such as F. prausnitzii, Lactobacillus sp., A. muciniphila [L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. delbrueckii, and to decrease the abundance of C. perfringens and Ruminococcus gnavus [For the cereal polyphenol group, compounds such as hydroxycinnamates acid, ferulic acid, coumaric acid were identified. These compounds have the property to enhance the growth of iniphila . The puliniphila . The moss gnavus . The nuts gnavus ,77.It is well known that polyphenols have beneficial effects on host gut microbiota, and on host health implicitly, as it can be observed in Hydroxycinnamic acids represent a major contribution from total polyphenol consumption and have effects on cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and colorectal cancer ,80,81. GFrom all plant estrogens, isoflavones have been studied the most, and more precisely, isoflavones from soy and soy products. Other isoflavone sources are green beans, mung beans, and red clover. Isoflavones comprise as main compounds genistein, daidzein, glycitein, and have many beneficial effects in several cancer types, such as breast, and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, menopausal symptoms, and bone loss ,92,93.Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus-Enterococcus spp [F. prasnitzii, which is a butyrate producer. It has been shown that the stilbenes class has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiplatelet aggregation, cardio-protective, aging delay effects, and enhances a higher gut microbiome diversity [Penicillium spp., HIV, S. aureus, C. botulinum, and hydrolyzable tannins have bacterial activity against H. pylori, by lowering their viability.Initially known for their coloring properties, anthocyanins are a group of polyphenols with health benefits, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, improve weight management, neuroprotection, and can stimulate the growth of ccus spp ,96,97,98ccus spp ,101,102.iversity ,105,106.iversity ,109,110.Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus lysodeikticus, S. aureus, and Bacillus megaterium [On the other hand, nonabsorbable tannins can reach the colonic microbiota, exerting a prebiotic effect, modulating gut microbiota composition and function, and promoting beneficial bacteria\u2019s growth ,112,113.gaterium ,116,117.Many compounds are produced after the bacterial metabolism of macronutrients and micronutrients in the gut, and the most studied are SCFAs after fermentation of dietary fiber. About 5\u201310% or more of the diet is made of dietary fiber, a nutrient that includes polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and resistant starch. In the small intestine, they are degraded by the host enzymes. After they pass to the distal gut, they serve as substrates for microbial carbohydrate-active enzymes .Bioactive compounds such as polyphenols can improve both gut health and overall health status, but the gut microbiota must be abundant and diverse for this to happen. Polyphenols are found as glycosides and complex oligomeric structures in plant foods. These intricate structures are metabolized sequentially in the human body . For exaPhenolic compounds are generally found conjugated to glycosides, glucuronides, and organic acids, which can be hydrolyzed by gut microbiota, resulting in aglycones. Consequently, after absorption from the colon, follows transformation into phase II conjugates (sulfated and glucuronidated conjugates) in the intestinal tissues and the liver. Conjugated compounds are excreted into the gut as biliary constituents via enterohepatic recirculation, and before being reabsorbed or transformed, microbial enzymes deconjugate these compounds. Fecal microbial enzymes, \u03b2-glucosidase, \u03b1-rhamnosidase, esterase, \u03b2-gluronidase, catalyze the deconjugation in the gut. Reactions such as ring and lactone fission, dehydroxylation, reduction, decarboxylation, demethylation, isomerization are also reactions induced by the gut microbiota. Microbial transformations are influenced by phenolic structure, flavonoid and nonflavonoid factors, polymerization degree, and spatial configuration ,120.One of the most common polyphenol groups is the flavonoid group. Flavonols, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, isoflavones, and anthocyanins are all members of this category. They all have the same structure: two benzene rings (ring A and B), linked by a heterocyclic pyrone C-ring. In foods, they are found as glycosides, O-glycosides, and C-glycosides, flavan-3-ols, which are not conjugated. Flavan-3-ols can form either proanthocyanidins or condensed tannins as a whole, and either procyanidins, prodelphinidins, or propelargonidins, when they are solely made up of one compound, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epiazfelechin. Simple phenolics derived from the A and B rings are released after the gut microbiota broke down the C-ring in different positions. The resulting type of phenolic compounds is affected by the hydroxylation pattern and the position of the B-ring. Thus, in phenolic compounds as flavonols, flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins, rendering hydroxyphenyl-propionic acids and hydroxyphenyl acid, the C-ring cleavages are produced at 1\u20132 and 4\u201310 bonds or 1\u20132 and 3\u20134 bonds. In flavanones and isoflavone groups, the resulting metabolites show that C-ring cleavage is produced at either position 1 and 2, or 4 and 10. The following steps of flavonoid metabolism carried out by gut microbiota are: demethylation and dehydroxylation reactions. The majority of the resulting metabolites are acid of aldehyde phenolics with one, two, or three hydroxyl and methyl ester radicals, for example, 3--propionic acid from the flavonol quercetin and equol from the isoflavone daidzein ,122.The other group of phenolic compounds is the nonflavonoid group, which, compared to the flavonoid group, has a higher heterogeneity in structure and a higher polymerization level. Compounds such as benzoic acids, hydroxycinnamates, and stilbenes represent this group. Depending on their chemical complexity, they are absorbed to a greater or lesser extent in the small intestine . The mosFurthermore, the gut microbiota also transforms gallic acid and ellagic acid . Gallic Gut microbiota can transform dietary lignans and produce mammalian phytoestrogens, such as enterodiol and enterolactone. The gut microbiota can act on lignans through reductions, demethylation, dehydroxylation, and lactonization reactions. A complex pathway with several precursors, metabolites, diverse conjugation patterns, and different bacteria species is required to obtain the final product, enterolactone, from lignans ,132.Another class of nonflavonoid phenolics, respectively stilbenes, based on a C6-C2-C6 polyphenolic structure, has as a main compound studied, namely trans-resveratrol. The gut microbiota can transform resveratrol O-glucosides such as trans-piceid into resveratrol aglycone through deglycosylation. After absorption, piceid and resveratrol are conjugated in the form of sulfate and glucuronide derivates of the primary circulating metabolites. The first bacterial trans-resveratrol metabolite is dihydro-resveratrol, followed by 3,4\u2032-dihydroxy-trans-stilbene and 3.4\u2032dihydroxydihydro-stilbene ,134.One of the simplest groups of nonflavonoid compounds are hydroxycinnamates, including p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, and their esters with quinic, malic, and tartaric acid. All of these compounds are nutrient substrates for the gut microbiota. Hydroxybenzenes  are, after decarboxylation, the final hydroxycinnamate metabolites ,136.The hydroxybenzoic acids, which are predominantly found in fruits, are the most prevalent microbial metabolites obtained in the gut from phenolic compounds, both flavonoids and nonflavonoids. Microbial decarboxylase enzymes convert phenolic compounds, including gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, and vanillic acid to pyrogallol, catechol, and O-methylcatechol when a free hydroxyl group is present at the 4-position. These metabolites can be further conjugated with glycine with an increased urinary concentration of hippuric acid, but most of them are rapidly absorbed in the GIT .In vitro studies on polyphenols have demonstrated through extraction, digestion, fermentation, and other types of chemical and microbiological methodologies that they can influence the resident bacteria, increasing or decreasing their population. In addition, food or food groups that are abundant in polyphenols have been analyzed in vitro in order to check their capacity to influence resident microbiota, with or without their other leading roles, as antioxidants and anti-inflammatories. Detailed information on the in vitro studies published so far can be found in Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Bacteroides, and Eubacterium, and decreasing the number of Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, or Bacillus. The mechanism of in vitro studies still needs more understanding, but their high production of SCFAs has been identified in many studies and it can offer a direction for the prebiotic-like effect of polyphenols [Several common phenolic compounds have been observed following the studies conducted on berries. After their extraction and chemical characterization through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), compounds such as anthocyanins, flavonols, caffeic acid derivates, ellagic acid derivates, or ellagitannins were identified. A study done in 2020 by Baenas et al.  analyzedyphenols .Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Polyphenols were able to be used as a carbon source by these beneficial bacteria. Another review paper, done in 2018 and based on human clinical trials, tested grapes and red wine polyphenols, which showed modifications in the bacteria ratio from gut microbiota. There was an increase of Enterococcus, Prevotella, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides uniformis, Eggerthella lenta, Blautia coccoides-Eubacterium rectale groups, as well as a decrease of Actinobacteria, Clostridium spp., C. histolyticum group. In the case of dealcoholized wine intake, an increase in the Fusobacteria, Firmicutes population was noted, and a decrease in the Actinobacteria population [Another type of food with high quantities of polyphenols are grapes. They can be found mainly in the fruit as such, but also in wine or wine by-products, such as grape pomace. The most common polyphenols identified in grapes are quercetin, anthocyanins, anthocyanosides, anthocyanidins, catechins, and proantocyanidins. Previous studies conducted on the fruit, wine, wine industry by-products, and grape extracts have demonstrated the ability of polyphenols to influence the intestinal bacteria, with significant stimulation of the genera pulation ,139,140.Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Dorea, and Lactococcus. In 2019, research evaluating the possible absorption of polyphenols and the antioxidant capacity of a mango by-product snack showed that a snack containing mango peel and mango paste provided a higher amount of polyphenols compared to mango as such [Mango peel is another high-polyphenol food with a prebiotic effect. The main polyphenols are gallates, gallotannins, flavonoids, ellagic acid, gallic acid, mangiferin, and muclurin derivates. In vitro digestion and fermentation were performed on mango peel, and it was demonstrated that it has a high quantity of indigestible fiber that can be fermented, resulting in a considerable quantity of SCFAs. Additionally, it could enhance the growth of  as such ,142,143.Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus-Enterococcus spp., and at the same time increases the production of SCFAs and inhibits the proliferation of Bacteroides and C. histolyticum groups. In 2020, Xu et al. [Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio, and in 2013, Kerperman et al. [Klebsiella, Enterococcus, and Akkermansia, while inhibiting the growth of Bifidobacteria, B. coccoides, Anaeroglobus and Victivallis [Tea is one of the most popular beverages and is high in polyphenols. Tea has many varieties, such as green, black, and oolong, with the main polyphenolic compounds being catechins, theaflavins, and thearubigins. In 2018, Sun et al. , describu et al. , also den et al. , showed tivallis ,146,147.s in vitro studies, including digestion and fermentation, have demonstrated the polyphenols\u2019 ability to enhance the growth of Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroides fragilis group, Clostridia, Bifidobacteria, and lactobacilli. Catechol, gallic acid, coumaric acid, and protocatechuic acid have been identified as the main metabolites of pomegranate urolithins. The stability of phenolic compounds during in vitro digestion was also observed. This could be associated with the food matrix, not only with the initial phenolic composition [Another food with a high prebiotic-like effect that can offer many health benefits is pomegranate or different parts of it, such as the pulp, peel extract, or juice. Previouposition ,149,150.Among polyphenol-rich foods, pineapple is another good candidate. In 2021, an in vitro study done on UV\u2013C irradiated pineapple snack bars, performed by Del juncal-Guzman et al. , there wBifidobacterium compared to a high-fat diet [Human gut microbiota has a very complex structure. Due to the fact that clinical trials are not conducted on a number of subjects, it is hard to demonstrate the exact effect of polyphenols in the human body. Therefore, the majority of the viable data translated to humans are obtained from studies performed on animals, usually mice see . In 2019fat diet ,156,157.Bacteroides individuals with a reduction in Bifidobacterium and an increase in Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcus, and Collinsella. On the other side, in low-Bacteroides individuals they responded with a decrease in Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcus, and Collinsella, and an increase in Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Bifidobacterium [Another type of fruit rich in polyphenols is cherries. As mentioned before, they are concentrated in anthocyanins, flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, and neochlorogenic acid. In 2017, Mayta-Apaza et al. , identifacterium .Lactobacillus, and butyrate-producing bacteria, and a decrease in E. coli and Enterobacter cloacae were observed in metabolic syndrome subjects. This effect resulted consequently in the reduction of metabolic syndrome risk markers. In another comparative study where similar changes were identified, the results supporting the prebiotic role of polyphenols were obtained from nine participants in a clinical study. Red wine, dealcoholized red wine, and gin were administrated for 20 days, and the first two interventions led to an increase of Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, and Eggerthella lenta. Bifidobacteria growth was linked to an increase in metabolites derived from wine anthocyanins. Following gin administration, there were no observed modifications [Grapes are a rich source of polyphenols, and the wine industry is a good resource for extracting them, using mainly the pulp of the grapes. Moreover, the wine industry generates impressive quantities of grape pomace, a valuable source of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols. Ten subjects with metabolic syndrome and ten healthy subjects were included in a clinical study. Red wine was administered to both groups. A significant increase in fecal bifidobacteria, ications ,159,160.ications , done onications .Myrciaria jaboticaba or jabuticaba. The main compounds found are Castalagin, vescalagin, procyanidin A, and ellagic acid. In 2021, Fidelis et al. [Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria increased. In another study done in 2021, by Trindade et al. [A fruit rich in polyphenols and recently studied for its profile of bioactive compounds is s et al.  studied e et al. , in diete et al. ,163.Gynostemma pentaphyllum were administrated. After the administration, an increase of Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium was observed in the treatment group. Additionally, a significant increase in Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio following the consumption of Gynostemma pentaphyllum and notoginseng was observed. The consumption of Gynostemma improved the growth of F. prasnitzii as well. Green tea polyphenols also have an important impact on gut microbiota. Ma et al. [Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroides, Alistipes, and Faecalibacalum were identified as the biomarkers for intestinal redox state, revealing a beneficial impact of tea polyphenols [Tea polyphenols represent one of the most important groups containing bioactive compounds, which can influence the gut microbiota. Whether it is green tea or herbal tea, both can increase and decrease bacteria. A study done in 2015 , analyzea et al. , analyzeyphenols ,164,165.Cyclocarya paliurus and the polyphenols bound to dietary fiber, specifically carrot dietary fiber. Song et al., in 2020, [Cyclocarya paliurus flavonoids in the gut microbiota and on liver clock genes of a circadian rhythm disorder, in a study conducted in mice. It was shown that these types of flavonoids can improve the imbalance of microbial structure in the gut caused by circadian rhythm disruption, and also Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was significantly decreased in the intervention group. The last described type of polyphenols is the one analyzed in a bound form with dietary fiber, in this case, carrot dietary fiber. In 2020, an in vitro and in vivo study done on polyphenols bound to dietary fiber highlighted that they may contribute significantly to dietary fiber\u2019s fermentation and antioxidant properties through several actions, such as improving gut structure and balance and producing SCFAs [The last two types of polyphenols described in in 2020,  describeng SCFAs ,168.Besides the aforementioned polyphenolic groups, there are also isothiocyanates \u2014the most abundant polyphenolic compounds found in cruciferous plants . It was This review concludes that, through recent studies and their integration in the category of prebiotics since 2016, polyphenols can be used to modulate the intestinal microbiota, a role added to their main properties, which are antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Numerous studies, both in vitro and in vivo, show the interrelationship between polyphenols and gut microbiota. These compounds, not only by their structure but also by the resulting metabolites, are a substrate for probiotics, resulting in the growth of beneficial bacteria and the reduction of pathogenic bacteria, thereby maintaining host intestinal homeostasis.However, it is necessary to develop more studies focusing on the polyphenols\u2019 effects in clinical trials, specifically on their metabolic pathways, the evidence observed mainly in the animal in vitro studies. Using advanced techniques such as omics technologies: metabolomics, genomics, metagenomics, trans-genomics, or proteomics; a better understanding of the polyphenols\u2019 action in the living organisms and their consequent metabolites could be provided. Additionally, their prebiotic effect could be clearly defined and used therapeutically.In conclusion, by summarizing the latest studies that highlight the prebiotic role of the polyphenols, they have the ability to influence both the modulation of the gut microbiota and the host\u2019s general health through their beneficial effects deriving from different mechanisms and impacting multiple organs and systems."}
{"text": "PLOS ONE Editors have been unable to verify the identities, affiliations, contributions and contact email addresses for several of the authors listed on this article [The  article .PLOS ONE Editors were unable to verify the updated affiliations.In response to follow-up queries, corresponding authors Zhendong Zheng and Ji J. Yuan stated that there was an error in the original listed affiliations; specifically, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Georgetown University Medical Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, and University Hospital, University of British Columbia were incorrectly included. Revised affiliation information was provided, but the PLOS ONE Editors retract this article.In light of the above concerns, the JJY did not agree with retraction. ZZ did not respond directly to the retraction decision. GL, HW, TBL, DZS, ZS, SZ, PAP, MLT, GMG, PTM, RSD, AJJ and YMR could not be reached."}
{"text": "To better understand nutrition, food chemistry, and medicine, it is important to investigate biologically active constituents, which requires a detailed knowledge and coverage of the composition of compounds of nutritional and nutraceutical character. The categorization of substances and thus the implementation of specific and dedicated databases have now emerged, based on both analytical data and collected data derived from the literature through a standardized and harmonized approach .Food composition databases aim to produce, collect, and present data in a standardized format to \u201cspeak a common language\u201d, which allows the comparison of data from different national databases to foster an exchange and collaboration between countries ,3. SimulThe development of databases of nutrients, bioactive compounds, metabolites and dietary sypplements are key tools for human health and public nutrition and represent resources for a broad range of applications in different fields, i.e. food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, epidemiology and medicinal areas ,10,11,12The initial construction of a dataset of specific nutrients, bioactive compounds, or bioactive compounds\u2019 class and their inclusion in a specified and standardized database should be monitored. Moreover, an update and expansion of the database for a more comprehensive source of data and information is encouraged. Databases dedicated to particular and characteristic categories of foods are also promoted: traditional, certified, and recipe databases ,14,15,16Hoteit el al. , aiming Beltr\u00e1 et al.  studied First and foremost, the design and construction of food databases require the exact identification of foods from an adequate food nomenclature and a precise description of the foods. There is a general consensus on the importance of the nomenclature, description, and classification of foods and food groups. A coherent food description system is essential for comparing and/or exchanging data from different databases, and the data of the same nature from different organizations and countries. Moreover, matching procedures for linking different databases should be encouraged .Food composition and other dedicated databases, as well as metabolomic databases and biomarker repositories, represent a unique data resource for nutritionists, dietitians, and researchers for several applications, i.e., dietary assessments, exposure studies, food labeling, epidemiological studies, and clinical trials. Concerning dietary assessment, Witkowska et al.  reportedApplications and the utilization of databases from nutrition- and medicine-related fields in other contexts are explored, and current research trends are defined. Delgado et al.  describe"}
{"text": "Among invertebrates, jumping spiders are one of the few groups whose representatives have camera-like eyes, and the only group whose representatives have fovea. The latter is present in the camera-like eyes of representatives of some groups of vertebrates, including humans. Based on the literature data, a comparative analysis of the camera-like eyes of jumping spiders and humans was carried out, in the course of which the similarities and differences in the properties and functions of their basic components were identified. The presented data are necessary for the formation of knowledge about jumping spiders as model animals for studying the functioning of the visual system. Bagheera kiplingi Peckham and Peckham, 1896 [All vertebrates, including humans, and some invertebrates have camera-like eyes. However, not all vertebrates have fovea in their eyes, as in humans. Among invertebrates, it is found only in jumping spiders ,4,5,6,7.am, 1896 , are pream, 1896 ,12.As a rule, jumping spiders have four pairs of camera-like eyes of two species: one pair of principle eyes\u2014antero-median and three pairs of secondary eyes\u2014antero-lateral, postero-median and postero-lateral. Each pair of eyes, in addition to features in location, shape, size and structure, has such individual characteristics as the value of the spatial resolving power, color perception, size of the field of view, light perception and the ability to perceive the depth of space. All of them are necessary for jumping spiders to perform different visual tasks, but it is impossible to combine them in one pair of eyes, for example, as in humans, due to their small size ,14. The Portia fimbriata Doleschell, 1859, is 12.5 cycles/degree and has no analogues among animals with eyes of comparable size [max \u2248 377 nm) and green (\u03bbmax \u2248 530 nm) parts of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum, as in Menemerus confusus Koch, 1878 [max \u2248 626 nm) part of the spectrum, as in Habronattus pyrrithrix Chamberlin, 1924 [max \u2248 480\u2013500 nm) part of the spectrum, as in Maratus sp. Karsch, 1878 [max \u2248 430 nm), yellow-green (\u03bbmax \u2248 530 nm) and yellow-red (\u03bbmax \u2248 560 nm) parts of the spectrum [P. fimbriata [Metaphiddipus aeneolus Curtis [M. aeneolus [Hasarius adansoni Audouin, 1826, use their principle eyes to perceive the depth of space due to a unique monocular cue for animals\u2014defocusing images of observed objects on the retina [The principle eyes of jumping spiders are characterized by a high value of the spatial resolving power, color perception, a narrow field of view, a low value of the sensitivity to light and the ability to perceive the depth of space in the same way as the fovea of the human eye, where cones are mainly located ,15,16,17ble size ,20. In mch, 1878 , whereasin, 1924 , and tetch, 1878 . In humaspectrum . Dependiaeneolus . The priaeneolus ,15,16. Je retina . In jumpe retina . Humans e retina ,30.M. aeneolus [Evarcha blancardi Scopoli, 1763 [M. aeneolus [Epiblemum sp. Hentz, 1832 [Epiblemum sp. [max \u2248 535\u2013540 nm) part of the spectrum, as in M. confusus [max \u2248 370 nm) and blue (\u03bbmax \u2248 480 nm) parts of the spectrum, as in H. adansoni [max \u2248 510 nm) part of the spectrum [Trite planiceps Simon, 1899, is estimated to be approximately 330\u00b0 horizontally [In comparison with the principle eyes, the secondary eyes of jumping spiders are characterized by a low value of the spatial resolving power, color perception (only postero-median eyes), a wide field of view, a high value of the sensitivity to light and the ability to perceive the depth of space  as well as the peripheral region of the retina of the human eye, where the rods are mainly located ,15,16,17li, 1763 , in posttz, 1832 , and in emum sp.  . The retina of the principle eyes of jumping spiders and the fovea of the human eye provide the realization of two identical functions: central (form) vision, which is characterized by high spatial resolving power, and color perception. The retina of the secondary eyes of jumping spiders and the peripheral region of the human retina also provide the realization of two identical functions: peripheral vision, which is characterized by a wide field of vision, and light perception. It should be noted that in jumping spiders, the retina of one of the three species of secondary eyes\u2014postero-median eyes\u2014is able to perceive colors ,15,17,66Thus, the retina of jumping spiders and humans has more different properties and performs more of the same functions .I. completa, do not have a pupil, in contrast with light-loving species, such as P. magnifica [T. planiceps [P. magnifica [Depending on the light conditions of the habitats of jumping spiders, the pupil in their eyes is absent or expressed to varying degrees . So, shaagnifica . In the agnifica . Judginglaniceps  and P. magnifica , the pupagnifica . In thesagnifica ,38, in hagnifica . In the agnifica ,38. As magnifica . In humaagnifica ,71,72. Tagnifica . The pupagnifica ,72,74. Tagnifica ,75,76.In jumping spiders and humans, the pupil provides light penetration into the eye ,42. In hThus, the pupil of jumping spiders and humans has more different properties and performs more different functions .M. harfordi [T. planiceps [M. aeneolus [Phidippus johnsoni Peckham and Peckham, 1883 [M. harfordi [T. planiceps [P. magnifica [M. aeneolus and P. johnsoni [M. aeneolus [M. harfordi [P. johnsoni, or 1.41, as in M. aeneolus, in antero-lateral eyes\u20141.43, as in P. johnsoni, or 1.45, as in M. aeneolus, and in postero-lateral eyes\u20141.49, as in P. johnsoni, or 1.51, as in M. aeneolus [In jumping spiders, the lens adheres to the cornea and, judging by photographs of eye sections, for example, harfordi  and T. planiceps , occupielaniceps . The lenlaniceps ,68,78,79aeneolus , Phidippharfordi , T. planlaniceps  and P. magnifica , in the johnsoni ,38,40. Tharfordi . In jumpharfordi . The lenaeneolus ,27,79.In jumping spiders and humans, the lens performs several identical functions: light-refracting, light-guiding, shaping, supporting and protective ,15. In jThus, the lens of jumping spiders and humans has more different properties and performs more of the same functions .P. magnifica and S. americana, in the principle eyes, epithelial cells are oriented differently and do not form structured layers [P. magnifica [S. americana [M. harfordi [P. magnifica [In the principle and secondary eyes of jumping spiders and human eyes, the vitreous body lies behind the lens and, in comparison with it, occupies a significant part of the eye cavity  1,27,40,4027,40.d layers . It can agnifica , all epimericana , they aragnifica . In thesagnifica ,40. Theragnifica . In humaagnifica ,80. In bagnifica .In jumping spiders and humans, the vitreous body performs several identical functions: shaping, supporting, protective and light-conducting ,66,72. IThus, the vitreous body of jumping spiders and humans has more of the same properties and performs more of the same functions .A comparative analysis of the principle and secondary camera-like eyes of jumping spiders and human camera-like eyes, carried out on the basis of literature data, made it possible to identify the similarities and differences in the properties and functions of their basic components. The outer shell of the eyes and the vitreous body have more of the same properties, while the inner shell of the eyes, the pupil and the lens\u2014on the contrary\u2014have more different properties. The outer and inner shells of the eyes, the lens and the vitreous body perform more of the same functions, while the pupil\u2014on the contrary\u2014more different functions. In general, of the five components considered of the principle and secondary camera-like eyes of jumping spiders and human camera-like eyes, the outer shell of the eyes, the lens and the vitreous body show more similarities, the inner shell of the eyes and the pupil\u2014more differences."}
{"text": "As a common mental disease, depression seriously affects people\u2019s physical and mental health. According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, depression is one of the main reasons for suicide and self-harm events in the world. Therefore, strengthening depression detection can effectively reduce the occurrence of suicide or self-harm events so as to save more people and families. With the development of computer technology, some researchers are trying to apply natural language processing techniques to detect people who are depressed automatically. Many existing feature engineering methods for depression detection are based on emotional characteristics, but these methods do not consider high-level emotional semantic information. The current deep learning methods for depression detection cannot accurately extract effective emotional semantic information.In this paper, we propose an emotion-based attention network, including a semantic understanding network and an emotion understanding network, which can capture the high-level emotional semantic information effectively to improve the depression detection task.The semantic understanding network module is used to capture the contextual semantic information. The emotion understanding network module is used to capture the emotional semantic information. There are two units in the emotion understanding network module, including a positive emotion understanding unit and a negative emotion understanding unit, which are used to capture the positive emotional information and the negative emotional information, respectively. We further proposed a dynamic fusion strategy in the emotion understanding network module to fuse the positive emotional information and the negative emotional information.We evaluated our method on the Reddit data set. The experimental results showed that the proposed emotion-based attention network model achieved an accuracy, precision, recall, and F-measure of 91.30%, 91.91%, 96.15%, and 93.98%, respectively, which are comparable results compared with state-of-the-art methods.The experimental results showed that our model is competitive with the state-of-the-art models. The semantic understanding network module, the emotion understanding network module, and the dynamic fusion strategy are effective modules for depression detection. In addition, the experimental results verified that the emotional semantic information was effective in depression detection. As defined in the free dictionary, depression refers to the act of depressing or state of being depressed. Depression is usually regarded as one type of mood disorder; the main clinical feature of depression is the significant and persistent mood depression. The depressed patients\u2019 emotion can range from gloomy to grief, low self-esteem, and even to pessimism, which may cause suicidal attempts or behaviors . The WorWith the development of the internet in people\u2019s daily life, people began to share their feelings and problems on social media ,4 such aThe goal of depression detection is to classify a person or a post as depressed or not. The performance of depression detection on social media can help with the clinical treatment of depression. This problem needs to be solved. The posts of patients with depression usually contain strong emotions. We give three examples of the textual posts left on Reddit, including two depression-indicative posts and one standard post as follows.Example 1: \u201cToday, I feel so horrible, it makes me want to die I made a fool of myself at work, felt so stupid after the meeting so I left work, told the boss I\u2019m sick. Spent the remaining afternoon in bed.\u201d Label: depressionExample 2: \u201cThat feeling when you hate who you are as a person but can\u2019t get yourself to change because you are so used to being like this for the past several years. I\u2019ve become a shitty person. The thought of change seems impossible to me at this point.\u201d Label: depressionExample 3: \u201cLooking for cool ways to tell parents my wife is pregnant.\u201d Label: nondepressionhorrible, die, and stupid, express strong negative emotions of the author. The words hate and shitty in example 2 also express the author\u2019s strong negative emotions. Example 3 shows the post of a regular user. It does not contain strong negative emotions. As previously mentioned, emotional semantic information usually provides us useful clues for depression detection.Examples 1 and 2 contain strong emotional information made by the patients with depression. From example 1, the words, including . The percentage of negative emotion words was similar. In addition, we calculated the percentages of emotion words in the depression-indicative posts and the standard posts. The depressed users used more negative words than the nondepressed users. At the same time, they used less positive words in their posts than the nondepressed users. It can be concluded from the statistical results that the emotional semantic information may play an effective role for the depression detection task.We also counted the proportion of the positive words and the negative words that appeared in the depression-indicative posts and the standard posts of the Reddit data set , respectDetecting depression automatically has made some progress. Many existing models detect depression based on the feature engineering such as bag of words ,8, latenBefore introducing our model and to understand our paper more conveniently, we give several definitions of concepts, including high-level emotional semantic information, semantic understanding network (SUN), emotion understanding network (EUN), and dynamic fusion strategy.High-level emotional semantic information denotes the emotional semantic information that is captured by deep learning.SUN is a deep learning method that is used to capture the contextual semantic information in the text for depression detection.EUN is a deep learning method that is used to capture the emotional semantic information in the text for depression detection.Dynamic fusion strategy denotes a fusion strategy that can fuse positive emotional information and negative emotional information dynamically.To extract the emotional information effectively, we propose an emotion-based attention network (EAN) for depression detection. Our EAN model mainly contains two modules, including a SUN and an EUN. The SUN module is used to capture the contextual semantic information, which has been widely used in NLP. The EUN module is used to capture the emotional information because the emotional information plays an important role for depression detection as previously mentioned. As shown in The main contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows:We propose a new deep learning framework for depression detection. We also design a special module to explicitly extract the high-level emotion information for depression detection in our framework.We take into consideration the positive emotion information and the negative emotion information simultaneously. At the same time, we apply a dynamic fusion strategy to fuse the positive emotion information and the negative information.We conduct experiments on the Reddit data set for depression detection. The experiments show our model can get state-of-the-art or comparable performance. The ablation study also verifies the effectiveness of the components proposed in our model.In this section, we review the related work about depression detection on social media.In recent years, with the development of social media, more and more people are willing to post their thoughts, emotions, or life details on social media, including Reddit, Twitter, and so on. Park et al  showed tDe Choudhury et al  collecteMost of the existing methods for depression detection are based on feature engineering. LIWC is usually used to extract individual psychological states, such as positive and negative emotions, pronouns, and so on. Therefore, LIWC was often used for the depression detection task ,12-14. KShneidman  presenteDifferent from traditional feature engineering-based methods, deep learning methods mostly apply end-to-end models. Yates et al  proposedAccording to previous research on depression detection, it can be concluded that the emotional information is important in the task of depression detection. In addition, deep learning can take high-level semantic information into account, but the current deep learning methods for depression detection still lack effective extraction of the emotional semantic information. Thus, we propose a deep learning model to consider the high-level emotional information that is captured by the deep learning method for depression detection, which is named the EAN.The structure of this paper is organized as follows. The Introduction section introduced the background and related work. The Methods section shows the details of the proposed model. The Results section gives the experiments in this paper. The Discussion section shows the conclusions and future work.As a newly developed social media, Reddit has become a widely popular web-based discussion forum. Reddit users can discuss a variety of topics on this web-based platform anonymously. The topics discussed on the platform can be arranged in more than a million discussion groups. Due to the large amount of discussion text, Reddit attracts many researchers to conduct their studies with the data on the Reddit platform. Pirina and \u00c7\u00f6ltekin  built a We preprocessed the Reddit data set, such as removing the stop words. We then counted the occurrence number of each word for the depression-indicative posts and the standard posts. We sorted the words according to the statistics and show the top of the word lists in As shown in Depression-indicative postsAll text: i\u2019m, like, feel, want, get, know, even, really, people, life, i\u2019ve, one, time, think, would, never, depression, me, can\u2019t, go, going, things, don\u2019t, much, friends, make, good, it, still, could, back, anyone, years, anything, always, every, got, someone, fucking, help, day, see, something, work, ever, need, feeling, everything, talk, yearPositive: friends, good, work, help, better, happy, job, love, hard, friend, family, care, wanted, best, sleep, sure, self, mind, understand, new, mental, hope, social, money, high, remember, working, reason, okay, close, real, together, great, normal, deal, believe, change, enjoy, birthday, honestly, nice, motivation, advice, loved, therapist, happiness, fun, boyfriend, saying, bigNegative: depression, depressed, bad, fucking, nothing, alone, hate, shit, stop, lost, worse, anxiety, fuck, tired, sad, die, suicide, kill, relationship, wrong, pain, suicidal, problems, old, sorry, cry, lonely, therapy, hurt, stupid, constantly, issues, sick, crying, problem, afraid, weird, reddit, hospital, worst, hang, illness, dead, scared, dark, broken, shitty, broke, miserable, diedStandard postsAll text: like, i\u2019m, know, friend, would, feel, really, friends, want, time, get, one, even, said, always, never, told, got, family, go, things, me, think, best, make, mom, going, people, years, talk, also, still, back, something, much, see, say, could, i\u2019ve, dad, tell, since, don\u2019t, started, us, me, it, made, help, parentsPositive: friend, friends, family, best, sister, help, friendship, work, brother, good, new, sure, love, wanted, saying, together, advice, father, close, money, boyfriend, kids, care, hard, better, mad, understand, job, basically, happy, great, deal, child, high, moved, believe, fun, social, mind, baby, conversation, eventually, reason, married, big, change, spend, real, normal, niceNegative: bad, wrong, nothing, old, hang, problem, stop, hurt, upset, sorry, shit, issues, lost, alone, cut, angry, hate, problems, worse, depression, weird, sick, constantly, anxiety, sad, tired, annoyed, broke, bitch, scared, died, hell, afraid, crying, cancer, toxic, ignore, pregnant, lose, difficult, wait, fault, depressed, horrible, awkward, selfish, reply, fuck, confused, redditIn this section, we introduce the proposed model for depression detection briefly, which is called the EAN, as shown in The SUN was used to capture the contextual semantic information in the text for depression detection. There are three layers in the SUN module, including the word encoding layer, context encoding layer, and attention mechanism (Att) layer. We will introduce these three layers in more details.w1, w2, ..., nw}, where n denotes the length of the text, and iw denotes the word in the text. In NLP tasks, words are usually mapped to the form of word vectors. Inspired by it, we also encoded every word into d-dimension word vector. We applied the pretrained Global Vectors for Word Representation (GloVe) .Where midhuber , and theH1, H2, ..., nH]. The Att is used to assign higher weights on the important words. We applied the Att to capture the important words in the depression-indicative posts for the depression detection task. The operations of the Att are based on the following equations:The input of the Att layer is H = . It can be trained during the training. We can get the output emoh of the EUN module with the following formula:The goal of the emotion fusion layer is to fuse the positive emotional information and the negative emotional information for depression detection. We get the positive emotional information atth from the SUN module and the emotional semantic information emoh from the EUN module. In this section, we applied a concatenation operation to fuse the contextual semantic information atth and the emotional semantic information emoh as the final representation finalf:As previously described, we get the contextual semantic information Accordingly, the final classification decision for depression detection is formulated by the softmax function:The cross-entropy loss was used for depression detection in our model. The training goal was to minimize the loss.The unit size of Bi-LSTM in our experiments was 64. We applied the pretrained 300-dimension word embedding (GloVe) in the word encoding layer. In addition, the optimization function was Adam, and the batch size was 128. Following Tadesse et al [We applied the standard metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score, to evaluate the effectiveness of our model for depression detection. F1 is defined as follows:We compared the results of our model with many state-of-the-art methods on the Reddit data set. We compared it with the baselines, including LIWC, LDA, unigram, bigram, LIWC + LDA + unigram, LIWC + LDA + bigram , LSTM, BLIWC: Tadesse et al  extracteLDA: Tadesse et al  extracteUnigram: Tadesse et al  extracteBigram: Tadesse et al  extracteLIWC + LDA + unigram: The model is based on the aforementioned characteristics, including LIWC, LDA, and unigram, for depression detection.LIWC + LDA + bigram: The model is based on the aforementioned characteristics, including LIWC, LDA, and bigram, for depression detection.LSTM: LSTM was proposed by Hochreiter and Schmidhuber . We applBi-LSTM: The Bi-LSTM was proposed by Graves et al . We applBi-LSTM + Att: The model is based on Bi-LSTM and the Att.EAN: This model is proposed in this paper, which considers emotional semantic information based on deep learning.As shown in The results based on bigram (bigram and LIWC + LDA + bigram) were higher than unigram (unigram and LIWC + LDA + unigram). It can be concluded that contextual information can improve the results of the model. The results based on Bi-LSTM were higher than LSTM. it can be concluded that considering bidirectional contextual semantic information is necessary. The results based on Bi-LSTM + Att were higher than Bi-LSTM; it can be proven that the Att is effective for the depression detection task. The proposed EAN model got the higher results because we took into consideration both the contextual semantic information and the emotional semantic information.In this section, we analyze the effectiveness of the two modules (SUN and EUN), the effectiveness of different emotional semantic information, and the effectiveness of the dynamic fusion strategy.To verify the effectiveness of SUN and EUN, we designed a series of experiments. SUN means the proposed EAN model without the EUN module. EUN means the proposed EAN model without the SUN module. As shown in P value, ACC value, and F1 value. From the experiments, our proposed EAN model obtained the best result compared to the three aforementioned baseline models. It also verified the effectiveness of each proposed module in our framework.To verify the effectiveness of different emotional semantic information, we designed a series of experiments, including without emotion (SUN), without positive emotion (SUN + negative), and without negative emotion (SUN + positive). As shown in To verify the effectiveness of the dynamic fusion strategy, we designed a series of experiments including the EAN model with the concatenate fusion strategy, the EAN model with the fixed fusion strategy, and the EAN model with the dynamic fusion strategy. The EAN (concatenate fusion) model applies the concatenate operation in the emotion fusion strategy. The EAN (fixed fusion) model applies the fixed fusion operation in the emotion fusion layer. The \u03b8 in equation 10 is fixed at 0.5. The EAN (dynamic fusion) model is the model proposed in this paper. As shown in In this section, we designed a series of experiments to verify the effectiveness of the proposed EAN model, including the two modules in the EAN model, the different emotional semantic information, and the dynamic fusion method.Some visualization results of the \u03b8 to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed dynamic fusion strategy intuitively are shown in Depression attracts more and more attention from people and organizations now. With the development of computer technology, some researchers are trying to use computers to automatically identify people who are depressed. In this paper, we proposed an EAN model to explicitly extract the high-level emotion information for the depression detection task. The proposed EAN model consists of the SUN and the EUN. In the proposed model, we took into consideration the positive emotion information and the negative emotion information simultaneously. At the same time, we applied a dynamic fusion strategy to fuse the positive emotion information and the negative information. The experimental results verified that the emotional semantic information is effective in depression detection.According to WHO statistics, depression is one of the main causes of suicide in the world. We will focus on the relationship between depression and suicide. We will try to combine suicide detection with depression detection in our future work to improve the performance of both tasks by multitask learning. In addition, the future work will be combined with self-reported depressive symptoms or clinical diagnosis. Hopefully, our study can provide some technical supports in the field of health care."}
{"text": "Instead of \u201cFaculty of Sciences, University of Masaryk, Brno, Czechia\u201d, it should be \u201cDepartment of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia\u201d.In the published article, there was an error in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "The second and third authors, Biao Lu and Yu Liu, were not listed as co-first-authors in the article as published originally.The Author Contributions statement, published originally read \u201cFL and RC conceived the study design, managed the study, conducted the data analysis, and wrote the manuscript. CS helped with the data analysis and editing of the manuscript. LX, BL, YL, YZ, HW, XH, PH, QZ, YLL, KY, KW, ZG, ZL, JY, HXZ, HZ, ZJ, YJL, NW, CY, JYY, LY, FH, and QY are site investigators and conducted the study in each participating center. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version\u201d. The corrected Author Contributions statement is as follows: \u201cFL and RC conceived the study design, managed the study, conducted the data analysis, and wrote the manuscript. CS helped with the data analysis and editing of the manuscript. BL and YL contributed to the design of the study protocol, training of trial investigators. LX, BL, YL, YZ, HW, XH, PH, QZ, YLL, KY, KW, ZG, ZL, JY, HXZ, HZ, ZJ, YJL, NW, CY, JYY, LY, FH, and QY are site investigators and conducted the study in each participating center. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "These authors should be included because they organized and led the collection of the field data, and they also reviewed and approved the manuscript.Following publication of the article , it was The author list has been corrected in the published manuscript and the correct author list can be found in this correction article. Likewise, the \u2018Authors\u2019 contributions\u2019 statement has been updated in the original article and can be seen in this correction:Authors' contributionsMB, SI, and DD designed the field collection protocols; MB, PM, SI, DD, FG, EG, SC, HT, MM, and MY oversaw the collection of data; MB, GY, EA, DG, SY, AW, AG, EE, TA, DE, SD, MYoh, and WL collected the field data; DY conducted the laboratory work; SI, SZ, and MB analyzed and interpreted the data; MB, SI, and SZ wrote the first draft of the manuscript. DD, MY, and GY provided a critical revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.The authors thank you for reading this correction and apologize for any inconvenience caused."}
{"text": "In the originally published article, affiliations 1 and 4 were presented incorrectly.Affiliation 1 was presented as \u201cDepartment of Head Neck and Thyroid Surgery, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China\u201d; it should be \u201cDepartment of Head Neck and Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China\u201dAffiliation 4 was presented as \u201cDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China\u201d; it should be\u201cDepartment of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "Unprecedented and unforeseen highly infectious Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a significant public health concern for most of the countries worldwide, including Nepal, and it is spreading rapidly. Undoubtedly, every nation has taken maximum initiative measures to break the transmission chain of the virus. This review presents a retrospective analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal, analyzing the actions taken by the Government of Nepal (GoN) to inform future decisions. Data used in this article were extracted from relevant reports and websites of the Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) of Nepal and the WHO. As of January 22, 2021, the highest numbers of cases were reported in the megacity of the hilly region, Kathmandu district , and Bagmati province. The cured and death rates of the disease among the tested population are ~98.00 and ~0.74%, respectively. Higher numbers of infected cases were observed in the age group 21\u201330, with an overall male to female death ratio of 2.33. With suggestions and recommendations from high-level coordination committees and experts, GoN has enacted several measures: promoting universal personal protection, physical distancing, localized lockdowns, travel restrictions, isolation, and selective quarantine. In addition, GoN formulated and distributed several guidelines/protocols for managing COVID-19 patients and vaccination programs. Despite robust preventive efforts by GoN, pandemic scenario in Nepal is, yet, to be controlled completely. This review could be helpful for the current and future effective outbreak preparedness, responses, and management of the pandemic situations and prepare necessary strategies, especially in countries with similar socio-cultural and economic status. Federal, provincial, and district-level daily cases of COVID-19  in Nepal from January 23, 2020, to January 22, 2021, were obtained from the Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP), GoN,The MoHP of Nepal confirmed the first and second cases of COVID-19, respectively, in January and March, in an interval of 2 monthsn = 144,278) has the highest number of confirmed cases in Nepal, followed by province no. 1  and Lumbini   followed by Lalitpur , Morang , and Rupandehi  districts and lowest in Manang (n = 20), Mugu (n = 37), Mustang (n = 43), and Humla (n = 44) districts  . As depiistricts .n = 72,396), followed by the age group of 31\u201340 years  (n = 458) , over half  were observed in senior adults (\u226560 years). One early study among the Nepalese children suggested that male children were more commonly infected than female children  ; howevern = 458) . A highen = 458) , 14. Oven = 458) . The enhn = 458) , 16. Amon = 184) followed by hypertension (n = 117), renal disease (n = 107), diabetes (n = 77), liver disease (n = 44), and cardiovascular disease (n = 36) , 623 (31.37%), 721 (36.30%), and 642 (32.32%) were with no report of comorbidities, with single comorbidities, and with multiple comorbidities, respectively. In cases with single comorbidities, the highest incidence was reported in respiratory disease ((n = 36) . SimilarGeographically, Nepal is divided into three distinct ecological zones, mountain, hilly, and low-plain land from north to south. Politically, Nepal is divided into 7 provinces, 77 districts, and 753 local bodies. There were multiple peaks of active cases of COVID-19 in Nepal: active cases rapidly increased from early May to early July 2020, then increased slowly up to late July and increased at a higher rate again up to the end of December, and then decreased sharply . The spaNepal has adopted many readiness and response-related initiatives at the federal, provincial, and local government levels to fight against COVID-19. Initially, the government had set health desks and allocated spaces for quarantine purposes at the international airport and at the borders, crossing points of entry (PoE) with India and ChinaThe GoN underestimated both the short and long-term impacts of border closure,As per the cabinet decision on March 25, 2020, Nepal established a COVID-19 response fund, developed a relief package,14. Furthermore, the NPHL organized the training of trainers for laboratory staff in collaboration with the Medical Laboratory Association of Nepal11, 13. Early testing and timely contact tracing are crucial restrictive policies to control the spreading of the SARS-CoV-2 virus  and \u201cStandards for Home Quarantine\u201d were imposed for all provinces76 B.S. a-2 virus ; however,,,,,,,,,Ministry of Health and Population engaged in developing, endorsing, improving, and disseminating contextualized technical guidelines, standard operating procedures (SOPs), tools, and training in all other critical aspects of the response to COVID-19, for instance, surveillance, case investigation, laboratory testing, contact tracing, case detection, isolation and management, infection prevention and control, empowering health and community volunteers, media communication and community engagement, rational use of personal protective equipment (PPE), requirements of drugs and equipment for case management and public health interventions, and continuity of essentials services,,,via the involvement of celebrities, doctors, and experts of microbiology and infectious diseases on physical distancing and the importance and use of masks and sanitizers to prevent the COVID-19 contagion. In addition, camping programs were launched by the involvement of youth volunteers of the community in central NepalMinistry of Health and Population and supporting organizations, such as United Nations Development Program (UNDP), UNICEF, and World Vision managed crucial supplies of PPE, facemasks, gloves, and sanitizers to ensure the protection of frontline workers and supporting staffs,,,,,Government of Nepal received funds from the World Bank ($29 million), the United States of America ($1.8 million), and Germany ($1.22 million) to keep people protected from COVID-19 through health systems preparedness, emergency response, and research. In addition, support from UNICEF and countries, including China, India, and the USA, in the form of emergency medical supplies and equipment were received within January 2020 to March 2020. Private companies, corporate houses, business organizations, and individuals have also contributed to the prevention, control, and treatment fund of coronavirus ($13.8 million), established by GoN to cope with COVID-19. The Prime Minister Relief Fund is also expected to be utilized. The GoN allowed international NGOs to divert 20% of their program budget to COVID-19 preparedness and response; for instance, the Social Welfare Council has allocated $226 millionThe GoN has formed a committee to coordinate the preparedness and response efforts, including the MoHP, Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation, Ministry of Urban Development, Nepal Army, Nepal Police, and Armed Police Force. The Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) includes the Red Cross Movement and civil society organizations . Under the joint leadership of the office of Resident Coordinator and the WHO, the HCT has initiated contingency planning and preparedness interventions, including the dissemination of communications materials to raise community-level awareness across the country,,However, despite these robust efforts implemented by GoN, few lapses existed. Examples are the following: issues of inconsistent implementation of immigration policies usually at Indo-Nepal borders,,,,,There is no doubt that GoN has taken major initiatives to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. The MoHP, together with associated national and international organizations are closely monitoring and evaluating the signs of outbreaks, challenges, and enforcing the plan and strategies to mitigate the possible impact; however, many challenges and difficulties, such as management of testing, hospital beds, and ventilators, quarantine centers, frontline staffs, movement of people during the lockdown, are yet to be solvedTo strengthen its coordination mechanism, the government formed a team to monitor conditions and measures applied to control the outbreak; a COVID-19 coordination committeeFinally, this study only focuses on analyzing COVID-19 data extracted from the MoHP database for 1 year. Furthermore, we did not quantify the effectiveness of the strategies of GoN and the role of non-governmental organizations and authorities to combat COVID-19 in Nepal.n = 144,278), all of the 77 districts were affected. The cases showing highly COVID-specific symptoms were low (<1%) in comparison with the reports across the globe (This study provides an insight into the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic from the Nepalese context for the period of first-wave from January 2020 to January 2021. Despite the several initiatives taken by the GoN, the current scenario of COVID-19 in Nepal is yet to be controlled in terms of infections and mortality. A total of 268,948 confirmed cases and 1,986 deaths were reported in one year period. The maximum number of cases were reported from Bagmati province (he globe , which mhe globe . Consisthe globe , 23, thehe globe . SpatialBased on this assessment, in addition to the WHO COVID-19 infection prevention and control guidanceBB: Conceptualization, writing, and original draft preparation. KB, BB, and AG: data curation. BB, RP, TB, SD, NP, and DG: writing, review, and editing. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.KB and AG were employed by Nepal Environment and Development Consultant Pvt. Ltd., in Kathmandu, Nepal. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "Olcay K\u0131ro\u011flu. Instead of \u201cPharmacovigilance Specialist, Balcali Hospital, Faculty of Medicines, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey,\u201d it should be Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey.In the published article, there was an error in the affiliation for author The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "The thermal strain can be measured using subjective methods without the use of sensitive equipment. The purpose of the present study was the development and validation of an observational - perceptual heat strain risk assessment (OPHSRA) method.This cross-sectional study, in 2019, was performed. At first, an observational-perceptual questionnaire was designed using effective items in producing heat strain. Then, the reliability and validity of the questionnaire were examined. Later, 201 male workers were asked to perform the routine tasks for 90\u2009min under various climatic conditions after resting in a cool room. At the end of the activity, the tympanic temperature of the subjects was accurately measured. Also, the designed questionnaire was completed by researchers and participants. Then, the effect coefficients of the items were calculated and used for developing the novel index. At final, the index validity was investigated.R2\u2009=\u20090.69).The values of the content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI), and Cronbach\u2019s coefficient alpha (\u03b1) of the designed questionnaire with 16 questions were equal to 0.793, 0.913, and 0.910, respectively. The results indicated that environmental, job, administrative, and clothing items assessed by the questionnaire with the coefficients of 0.860, 0.658, 0.783, and 0.566 had significant effects on the thermal strain, respectively. These coefficients were exploited to develop the index. The result revealed that the OPHSRA index justified 69% of the variations of the tympanic temperature (The novel index developed by the questionnaire had an acceptable validity. Therefore, this index can be used for estimating the risk of thermal strain in a variety of thermal conditions. Heat is one of the very common physical harmful agents in a variety of public and occupational environments, such as cement, steel, casting, and food produce industries. Heat exposure becomes a threat to people\u2019s health . ProlongThe efforts to quantify the risk of heat-related health effects have resulted in the development of more than one hundred heat stress indices . The resEffective items in producing heat strain were identified by a literature review through a search in known databases and interviews with the experts of occupational health. Then, those were reviewed and the repetitive and irrelative items were omitted. Improper items for designing the qualitative question were also eliminated. In final, 37 items remained in the study. Those were classified into six groups, including personal, environmental, job, administrative, clothing, and lifestyle items based on the balance theory of job design . Based oIn this phase, a number of questions were generated for assessing the identified effective items. These questions were divided into three parts of observational, descriptive, and perceptual questions. Moreover, several responses were designed for each question. For quantifying the items, equivalent scores for each response were determined using subject-matter expertise, and later, those were modified based on the opinions of several experts. The draft questionnaire of the observational-perceptual heat strain risk assessment (OPHSRA) index included these questions. To develop the questionnaire, it was administered by the researchers. After developing the questionnaire, it can be administered by other people. The descriptive and perceptual questions are also answered by the workers.For evaluating the content validity, the questions were reviewed by ten experts with a research history on heat stress, including two professors, two associate professors, five assistant professors, and one Ph.D. candidate. They received an electronic mail, including the aims of the study and the draft questionnaire. The reviewers assessed the questions in terms of necessity using a 3-point Likert scale and in terms of relevance, clarify, and simplicity using the 4-point Likert scale. Lawshe and Waltz and Basel methods were applied to estimate the content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI), respectively. The values of CVR and CVI greater than 0.79 and 0.62 were accepted, respectively , 22. TheFor evaluating the reliability, the revised draft questionnaire was completed by 200 staff occupied in warm and dry and warm and humid areas, detailed below. Observational questions were also filled out by researchers, as experts. After, coefficients of Cronbach\u2019s alpha (\u03b1) and McDonald\u2019s omega were calculated for all questions and each group of questions. Moreover, the item-total correlation (ITC) coefficient of each question was computed, and the questions with ITC less than 0.3 were omitted. The ITC refers to the correlation between the item and the total scale. The minimum acceptable value of \u03b1 was equal to 0.70 .After preparing the final questionnaire in the English language, a back-translation was performed. For this purpose, a blind translator was asked to translate the questionnaire back into the Persian language. Then, an expert panel, including two English language specialists, two Persian language specialists, and three occupational health specialists with a research history on heat stress, compared the original and translated versions of the questionnaire and examined any discrepancies. If applicable, the panel redrafted the questions and answers until their concept, meaning, and quality became the same.Two hundred Iranian male staff  participated in the present study. It was tried that the subjects are selected from different industrial parts with a variety of climatic occupational conditions. For this purpose, the researchers attentively inspected the parts of these industries and elected the duties desired for performing the study. Then, the medical records of individuals working in these duties were investigated and the subjects with inclusion criteria were entered into the study. In the steel industry, these parts included forging, spark, induction melting, steelmaking, isolation, machining, refractory, technical support, engineering post, preventive maintenance, foundry, sandblast, metal waste separation, and administrative. In the petrochemical factory, the parts consisted of the warehouse, cookery, gardening, loading gantry, steel drum production, weighbridge, bitumen production, hydrocarbon, preventive maintenance, research and development, and administration. Inclusion criteria were career length higher than 1 year, no having mental, infectious, pulmonary, cardiovascular, hypertension, renal, hyperthyroidism, digestive, and diabetes diseases, non-use of medications to affect heart rate and blood pressure such as beta-blockers, phenothiazines, diuretics, anticholinergics, antispasmodics, psychotropics, antihistamines, antihypertensives, amphetamine, and decongestants, and non-use of coffee, caffeine, and alcohol from 12\u2009h before the study. Furthermore, their tympanic membrane and auditory canal were medically screened. Exclusion criteria included unwillingness to impressive cooperation and body temperature higher than 39\u2009\u00b0C during the activity.The aim of the present study was the development of an observational-perceptual index. The lowest correlation between the developed index and tympanic temperature was assumed as 0.2. Then, the sample size was computed based on the confidence level of 95% and a test power of 80% Eq. .1\\documeZ\u03b21\u2009\u2212\u2009 is equal to 0.84 for a test power of 80%, and W is equal to 0.203 for the lowest correlation coefficient of 0.2. Hence, the minimum sample size was obtained as 194 individuals.Where In this cross-sectional study, data were gathered in the spring and summer seasons of 2019. Firstly, the subjects were asked to rest on a bed in a cool place around their workplace for 30\u2009min. During this time, the steps of the study were explained to them and the demographical data of the subjects were collected. Also, their tympanic temperature was properly measured based on the standard of ISO 9886. After that, the participants were asked to return to their workplace and perform the routine tasks for 90\u2009min. The researchers completed the observational questions during this time. At the end of 90\u2009min, the tympanic temperature of the subjects was immediately and accurately measured based on the standard of ISO 9886. Simultaneously, they were asked to answer the descriptive and perceptual questions in the questionnaire. Moreover, environmental climatic parameters of dry temperature, wet temperature, globe temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity were recorded based on standards of ISO 7243 and ISO 7726. In the steel industry, the tasks performed by participants included refractory installation, metal waste separating, painting, welding, cutting, building, overhead crane operatory, overhead crane controlling, excavator driving, forklift driving, furnace operatory, casting operatory, pot operatory, sandblasting, molding, administrative activities, managing, monitoring, repairing, isolation operatory, and metalworking. In the petrochemical factory, the tasks performed by subjects consisted of cookery, cleaning, loading operatory, gardening, bitumen production operatory, hydrocarbon production operatory, drum carrying, welding, cutting, painting, pressing, administrative activities, managing, monitoring, forklift driving, repairing, building, and warehousing.The thermometer of Braun (IRT 6530 model with an accuracy of 0.1\u2009\u00b0C) was used to measure the tympanic temperature. The WBGT meter (TES 1369B model with an accuracy of 0.1\u2009\u00b0C) was applied for measuring the environmental climatic parameters of dry temperature, wet temperature, globe temperature, and relative humidity. Moreover, the developed questionnaire of OPHSRA was exploited to subjectively evaluate the effective items in producing heat strain through observation, description, and perception.The indirect effect coefficients of the items on thermal strain (variations of tympanic temperature) were calculated by structural equation modeling (SEM). Each of these coefficients was multiplied by the score of the related item, and resultant values were summed together for calculating the total score of the novel index.Gathered data were analyzed by the software of statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 18. The normality of variables was examined using skew and kurtosis curves. Based on the results, all items had the normal distribution. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to calculate the effect coefficients of the items. At first, the factor loadings of items of each factor, as direct effect coefficient, were computed using the Varimax method. Then, the regression method was used to calculate the score of each factor, in which factor loadings were multiplied by the data of each item. Later, a theoretical model was drawn using computed scores of the factors in AMOS software. The fitness of the designed model was evaluated using fit indices. Then, the novel index was developed by the indirect effect coefficients of the items in the model. Also, given the relationships between some of the items, it may be redundancy between them. In AMOS, modification Indices identified these redundant items. Co-variation was done between the measurement errors of redundant items based on the suggestion of the software for constraining the redundancy effects and increasing the fitness of the model. Finally, receiver operator curves (ROC) analysis was applied for categorizing the score of the novel index. Boundaries of risk levels included tympanic temperatures of 37.5, 38.0, and 38.5\u2009\u00b0C . In ROC In total, 36 proper items affecting the heat strain were identified and classified into six groups. Those included personal items of skin color, body resistance, and effective diseases, environmental items of air temperature, air humidity, radiant temperature, thermal conduction, air velocity, wind direction, air pollution, and noise, job items of physical activity, mental workload, body movement, and body posture, administrative items of heat adaptation planning, heat exposure duration, work-rest cycle, shift work, work location (indoor or outdoor), heat control measures, access to cooling facilities, and access to cool rest room, clothing items of material, size, weave, thickness, color, ventilation, type (underwear use and covered body surface area), and personal protective equipment, and lifestyles items of smoking, salt consumption, drinking water, sleep situation, and work experience in a warm environment. Then, a draft questionnaire was designed for assessing these items.In examining content validity, six items were eliminated, and 14 questions were revised. Furthermore, 14 items were omitted after evaluating the reliability of the questionnaire. The list of removed items is available in Table This study results from a field survey involving 111 male employees of a steel factory (hot-dry ambiance) and 90 of a petrochemical factory (hot-humid environment). The values of the mean (standard deviation) of age, height, and weight were equal to 36.62 8.24) years, and 1.76 (0.06) meters, and 80.52 (14.91) kilograms, respectively. Table\u00a0 years, aOPHSRA index was developed by the indirect effect coefficients of the items, as follow:Where Q1 to Q16 are the scores of the questions in the final questionnaire . It is ip\u2009<\u2009\u00a00.001), 0.915  (p\u2009<\u2009\u00a00.001), and 0.890  (p\u2009<\u20090.001), respectively. Moreover, the validity of OPHSRA was investigated using the linear regression analysis between the developed index and tympanic temperature. Figure\u00a0Figure\u00a0In the present study, 37 effective items in producing thermal strain were identified and categorized into six groups, including personal, environmental, job, administrative, clothing, and lifestyle items. Zheng et al. identified ten items and classified them into three groups, including work, environment, and worker, for evaluating the safety under hot and humid conditions . McLellaThis study was performed in the various climatic and occupational conditions so that the results revealed that the extensive ranges of scores related to observational, descriptive, and perceptual questions with normal distribution were collected. Therefore, this index can be applied for assessing the qualitative thermal strain risk of people occupied in different environments. In the model of the present study, environmental, administrative, job, and clothing items had significant effects on the thermal strain, respectively. Of these factors, the highest impact was related to the environmental items. In total, the main five items, including conductive heat, convective heat, radiant heat, sweat evaporation, and metabolism, impress on heat storage in the human body . TherefoBased on the results, the fitness of the presented model was confirmed, and the diagnostic accuracies of ROC curves were at acceptable levels. Furthermore, the validity of the developed index was investigated using linear regression analysis. The results indicated that the OPHSRA index could justify 69% of the variations of tympanic temperature. In the study of Dehghan et al. , this vaIn total, the results of the present study showed that the designed observational perceptual questionnaire had acceptable validity and reliability. This questionnaire evaluates the environmental, job, administrative, and clothing items using 16 items. Based on the results, the novel index developed by this questionnaire showed an acceptable validity in the prediction of thermal strain. Therefore, this index can be used for estimating the risk of thermal strain and preventing the occurrence of heat-related illnesses in a variety of thermal conditions. However, it is suggested that validation of this index is investigated in other industries and the female workers. Its validity can also be studied in non-work environments."}
{"text": "Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis remained at a stable level in all analyzed countries. Conclusion: Vaccine schedules differ among the countries, so does the epidemiological situation of selected diseases. Morbidity on measles was the most disturbing phenomenon: the incidence rate increased in almost 40% of all countries, regardless of the obligation to vaccinate. The increasing incidence of VPCD may be due to anti-vaccine movements, the activity of which is often caused by mistrust and spreading misinformation. In order to better prevent the increase in morbidity, standardization of vaccine schedules and documentation should be considered in the EU countries.Introduction: Despite the widespread availability of vaccines, the incidence of vaccine-preventable childhood diseases (VPCD) started to grow in recent years. The aim of the study was to compare the annual incidence of selected VPCDs in the EU (European Union) and EFTA (European Free Trade Association) countries in the period of the last 5 years , and the country-specific vaccine schedules. Methods: VPCD incidence rates in Europe were based on \u201cThe Surveillance Atlas of Infectious Diseases\u201d by the ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control); vaccination schedules were based on ECDC reports. Results: The obligation to vaccinate was not universal, and it generally only applied to two preparations: the MMR  vaccine and the one against polio. During the study, the situation associated with mumps did not change or improve in individual countries; the median incidence amounted to 30 cases. The median incidence associated with rubella amounted to 1 case, but in a few countries, it grew very rapidly, i.e., in Germany, Italy, and Romania; in Poland, the incidence was clearly decreasing, from 5923 to 1532 cases. The most dynamic situation concerned measles. The total median was 2.4 cases per 100,000 population; the only one country with falling incidence was Germany. The diseases associated with  The introduction of vaccines against measles, rubella, mumps, polio, chicken pox, rotavirus diarrhea, as well as meningococcal and pneumococcal infections , bore the greatest importance in reducing infant and child mortality . UnfortuThe evidence on the effectiveness of vaccination and its importance for public health is the eradication of smallpox and the almost complete eradication of polio. In the early 1950s, polio epidemics caused paralysis in over 15,000 people in the USA alone. Following the introduction of the trivalent inactivated vaccine (IPV) in 1955 and the oral vaccine (OPV) in 1963, the number of cases of polio in the USA plummeted to fewer than 100 in the 1960s and fewer than 10 in the 1970s [Nevertheless, modern medicine is still struggling with VPCD, and the World Health Organization (WHO) has raised the alarm that some of them have again become a real threat to the health and life of newborns and children in all WHO regions . The objThe analysis encompassed the EU , Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Ireland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom (UK)) and EFTA countries . The years selected for analysis were 2014\u20132019 , excluding 2020 when the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease\u20142019) pandemic broke out, and a reduction in the vaccination coverage and decline in the total number of vaccines administered were observed worldwide .For our analysis, we have chosen a few viral and bacterial acute diseases with high epidemic potential, qualifying acute diseases as developing suddenly and lasting a short time, often only a few days or weeks, and accompanied by distinct symptoms that require urgent or short-term care. The analysis covered measles, rubella, mumps, polio, chickenpox, rotavirus, and bacterial: invasive meningococcal and pneumococcal infections. Data were collected and compiled on the basis of:Based on \u201cThe Surveillance Atlas of Infectious Diseases\u201d by the ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), the information contained in the dataset provided through ATLAS is made available by ECDC collating data from the Member States collected through The European Surveillance System (TESSy) ,9.https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/data-national-14-day-notification-rate-COVID-19) (access on 30 June 2021)Converted the incidence for rubella, mumps, Streptococcus pneumoniae (Belgium only) into cases per 100,000 population; the populations were estimated based on a recent ECDC report , polio, chicken pox, and rotavirus diarrhea. Depending on the disease, the data for different years were available: 2015\u20132019 for measles, 2014\u20132018 for mumps, 2014\u20132019 for rubella, 2014\u20132018 for Streptococcus pneumoniae, and 2014\u20132017 for Neisseria meningitidis. For each disease and country, the infection cases from the available years were summed up and then presented as the number of cases in the period per 100,000 population.For rubella  as well as meningococcal and pneumococcal infections, the total amounts of reported cases were summed up for each countryLong-term VPCD incidence rates  were obtVPCD Incidence Rates in Europe:Due to the lack of data on the national incidence, the incidence rates of chickenpox and rotavirus were not analyzed . No dataBased on shared databases, ECDC reports .Vaccine schedule in Switzerland .Vaccination Schedules for Measles, Mumps, Rubella Polio, as Well as Meningococcal and Pneumococcal Infections:p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.To compare the mandatory vs. non-mandatory policy to the annual incidence observed  we used a generalized linear regression model. Calculations were performed using Statistica 13.3 . The incidence associated with the discussed infectious diseases varied greatly with no evident pattern or clear trend. Among the countries under study, only in Luxembourg and in Malta, the incidence rates observed for each of the diseases under study were low. In Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Sweden, the situation was stable. In France, Italy, Germany (excluding measles), Romania, and the UK (excluding rubella), high incidence persisted .The most dynamic situation concerned measles. The median was 2.4 cases per 100,000 population, and the only one country with falling incidence was Germany: in 2015 it was 246, and there were 51 cases per 100,000 population in 2019. In half of the studied countries, increased incidence was found: in Bulgaria, Czechia, France, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and the UK, where the increase was multiplied, and in Italy, Lithuania, Poland, and Romania, where the increase was bigger. The highest change in incidence was found in Italy, from 25.6 to 162 cases per 100,000 population, and in Bulgaria, with 0 and 111.9 cases per 100,000 population . The higDuring the study, the situation associated with mumps did not change or improve in individual countries. High incidence rates were constantly observed in Belgium, Czechia, Finland, Germany, Italy, Poland, and the Republic of Ireland. There has been a decline in Slovakia , and growth in Spain  . The 5-yThe median incidence associated with rubella amounted to below 1 case per 100,000 population, but in a few countries, it grew rapidly, i.e., in Italy and Romania. In Poland, the incidence was clearly decreasing, from 15.6 to 4.0 cases per 100,000 population , but theAccording to ECDC data, Europe has remained polio-free since 2002 .Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis remained at a stable level in all the studied countries; however, this level was different. The highest was in Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Netherland, and Sweden (S. pneumoniae) and in Lithuania (N. meningitidis)  and the Netherlands  . The 5-yherlands . AccordiS. pneumoniae, and N. meningitides infections in studied countries.We found no simple correlation between mandatory vs. non-mandatory policy and the observed incidence of measles, mumps, rubella, N. meningitidis, Rotavirus and Varicella-Zoster Virus, were mandatory, while in 19 of the countries under study there was no compulsion in this regard. In Latvia, all vaccinations were mandatory except for N. meningitidis  and the one against polio) and only to a limited extent. Countries with the highest numbers of mandatory vaccinations were in Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Hungary, Latvia, Poland, and Slovakia, where all of the discussed vaccines, except for the vaccinations against ngitidis .The most common vaccination was the one against polio, which was mandatory in 11 out of 31 countries: Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Malta. The MMR vaccine, against measles, mumps, and rubella, was mandatory in 9 out of 31 countries, both inside and outside the EU, namely, in Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia .The pneumococcal vaccination was mandatory in 7 out of 31 countries . Meanwhile, the meningococcal vaccination was only imposed in France, and all 31 countries recommended these vaccinations .The MMR vaccination, against measles, mumps, and rubella, was administered in all 31 countries and in France; additionally, monovalent vaccines against measles, mumps, and rubella were used in 6-month-old children in specific circumstances. Vaccination with two doses of MMR was mandatory in all countries, and additionally, in Germany, Czechia, and France, it was possible to re-vaccinate a child at a later age if a dose had been omitted before. In 18 out of 31 countries, the first dose is given at 12 months . The earliest, one dose was routinely administered in Austria and Switzerland (9 months), in Denmark in risk groups (9 months), and in France in specific circumstances (6 months), while it was the latest in Sweden and Iceland (18 months) .As for the polio vaccine, the first dose was given to babies at 2 or 3 months of age, and only in Poland was it given only at the age of 4 months. The number of doses in different countries varies greatly. Currently, in two countries (Slovenia and Switzerland), three doses were administered. In 13 countries , four doses were administered, and Malta allows an additional, optional fifth dose. In 12 countries , five doses were applied, and Germany grants a sixth, non-mandatory dose. In three countries, there were six doses. In France, babies were given three doses, followed by booster vaccinations every 5 years. Inactivated polio vaccines (IPV) are employed in all countries studied and, in the UK, attenuated live vaccines (OPV) were additionally used. Currently, in Europe, the vaccines employed were designed to work solely against polio, and there were also combined vaccines against polio and other diseases .Pneumococcal vaccines were administered in all countries except for Estonia. The first dose was given at 2 or 3 months, whereas in Romania, the first dose was given only after the child turns 1 year of age. The majority of countries provided three doses, while Cyprus and the UK administer two doses .Meningococcal vaccination was carried out in 19 out of 31 countries (61.3%); however, they were mandatory only in France. Depending on the type of vaccine administered (against various serotypes), immunization schedules in different countries varied greatly regarding the number of doses administered. The MenB  vaccine was administered in eight countries , and the number of doses in these countries ranged from one to four. MenC  was administered in 14 countries, and there were usually one or two doses. MCV4  was administered in four countries , and there were usually 1\u20133 doses, depending on the country. In Switzerland, ACWY  vaccine was administered for 2-year-olds, which constituted additional vaccination .Vaccination against rotavirus was conducted in 16 out of 31 countries, but they were mandatory only in Latvia and recommended in the remaining countries. Additionally, in Spain, the vaccination was recommended for babies born prematurely, and in the Netherlands to children from the exposed groups. The vaccination was not conducted in Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Hungary, Iceland, Malta, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, or Slovenia. Currently, all the countries mentioned make use of oral live attenuated vaccines. In five countries, vaccinations in children were started at 6 weeks , and in Poland between 6 weeks and 6 months. In 10 countries , children were vaccinated at 2 months of age, while in Italy from 3 to 7 months, and in the UK, it is performed at 8 weeks of age. The number of doses ranged from one to three, and usually, there were two doses .Varicella zoster virus was currently employed in 11 out of 31 countries, additionally in Poland and Czechia (for exposed groups) and in Belgium and Switzerland (only to people without immunity). In three countries , the vaccine was mandatory. The number of doses administered, depending on the country, amounted to one or two  and countries bordering the EU, Ukraine, Bosnia, and Herzegovina, remain at high risk of a sustained polio outbreak .Old Union, Spain, France, or Italy. However, it is difficult to escape from the historical context, as the vaccination obligation applies mainly to the countries of the former Eastern Bloc: Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia, Poland and Slovakia, and, exceptionally, France. On the other hand, in Bulgaria, Czechia, France, Italy, Romania, and the UK, vaccination coverage was very low in 2018, less than 90%, and in Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Lithuania, and Spain, it was only slightly better, below 95% [The most disturbing situation concerns measles. Almost 40% of the countries studied report an increasing incidence of the disease, and this growth applies to countries where vaccination is mandatory, such as Bulgaria, Czechia, France, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia, as well as the ones where vaccinations are only recommended, such as Lithuania, Romania, Spain, and the UK. The situation also has no relation to the historical context, i.e., high incidence occurs in both countries of the former Eastern Bloc, among others, Lithuania, Poland, and Romania, as well as in the so-called elow 95% . We founelow 95% . FurtherMigration may be another reason for the wide variation regarding the measles incidence rate. For example, Italy\u2014where high incidence rates were reported for measles, mumps, and rubella\u2014is a country with a large number of foreign residents who arrive from outside the EU, including, among others, North Africa . UnfortuThe above elements, which could have an impact on the effectiveness of surveillance of the VPCD, do not explain the situation observed in Poland, where the 5-year incidence of rubella and mumps was several times higher than in the EU. It was also high in the closest EU neighbors\u2019 countries. This might also be caused by the relatively recent introduction of the MMR vaccine for all children in Poland (2004).Therefore, compliance with the vaccination schedules applied is perhaps important; however, vaccination schedules for measles, rubella, mumps, pneumococci, and meningococci in Europe and other countries studied are very similar, and relatively minute differences concern the schedule of administration of the preparations (ages at which subsequent doses are administered/number of doses) and reimbursement\u2014the level of co-payment for the vaccine and its administration and the obligation or voluntary administration of the vaccine\u2014which is especially true of pneumococcal and meningococcal vaccines.Neisseria meningitidis, was characterized by a great diversity throughout the European Union, possibly related to the high variability of their serotypes, which additionally vary in different populations. In Europe, invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, is one of the main causes of meningitis or invasive inflammatory diseases of various organs in children and community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Currently, the number of serotypes of these bacteria is estimated at over 90, which implies enormous problems in the practical application of the available vaccines [S. pneumoniae serotype in Denmark [S. pneumoniae isolates in Sweden are contained in the PCV13 vaccine [The epidemiology of two diseases caused by encapsulated bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae and vaccines . The thrvaccines . Serotyp Denmark . Only 17 vaccine .S. pneumoniae cases has been a significant problem in Slovenia for many years. National Vaccine Recommendations Program against S. pneumoniae was introduced in 2015, but vaccination coverage is still moderate (49\u201355%). Unfortunately, in addition, there is an increased number of cases caused by penicillin-resistant strains, possibly due to the overuse of antibiotics [A high number of ibiotics .Neisseria meningitidis, causing invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), has 13 serotypes. Serotype A is responsible for the majority of the illnesses, and it is also accountable for cyclical epidemics of meningitis in North Africa every 5\u201310 years and, in the past 25 years, in China and Russia. Serotype A was also responsible for individual IMD outbreaks in Europe until the mid-twentieth century. Diseases caused by serotype B are rarer; however, its long-term outbreaks are characterized by high morbidity and mortality [ortality . At the ortality . Accordiortality .It is estimated that socioeconomic factors determine the health of the population to the extent of 40% in the USA , and alsThe anti-vaccine movement is not a new phenomenon. As early as the late nineteenth century, there were protests in the UK and the USA against the mandatory smallpox vaccination, arguing that mandatory vaccination was a violation of the right to take care of one\u2019s body in any way one choose .At times, the reason for fear and aversion to vaccinations lay in political decisions; however, the contemporary reason for the lack of trust in vaccination may also be the shortcomings of the procedures concerning controlling scientific integrity, associated with the publication by Andrew Wakefield falsifying the relationship between MMR vaccine and autism as well as enteritis in children. It was when one of the biggest myths regarding vaccination was born, which has been constantly reproduced since its inception in 1998 and fervently cited in discussions, despite the fact that the publication was later withdrawn and debunked repeatedly. The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety found no link between the vaccine and autism spectrum disorder. The publication of Wakefield\u2019s article caused a long-standing health crisis. The Lancet published an apology and evidence that the study was based on false data. Andrew Wakefield was found guilty of violating professional ethics and removed from the British Medical Register. Even though the myth has long been refuted, distrust of vaccination has begun to spread around the world. Opponents of vaccination, despite the evidence and indisputable facts, continue to use Wakefield\u2019s conclusions in their anti-vaccination campaigns .Anti-vaccination movements make use of modern channels of communication, such as social media, and, since 2019, social media accounts run by Vaccine-Hesitant Men (or anti-vax) are followed by at least 7.8 million more people than before . AccordiSocial attitudes towards vaccination can be divided into three categories: there are people who are vaccinated willingly (in the UK and the USA: 70\u201390% of the population), dogmatic opponents of vaccination who will not change their views, and undecided people who ask valid questions, and it is this group of people that should be focused on, educated, and informed .Catalogue of interventions addressing vaccine hesitancy, a practical tool for public health organizations and immunization stakeholders [The anti-vaccine movement is perhaps one of the reasons for the growing incidence of measles. ECDC recognized the seriousness of the problem and prepared a document entitled eholders .It should be considered to standardize the calendars and documentation confirming vaccinations at the EU level, which is especially vital in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. The electronic version of such a document would allow access to information concerning past vaccinations, both for EU citizens traveling within the EU, as well as for newly arrived immigrants.Moreover, the situation in Poland  and in Lithuania (N. meningitidis) indicates that the response of the epidemiology of VPCD to any changes in vaccination is a long-term one. This is a public health component that takes time to show, and the situation can only improve after many years of intensive work on an effective vaccination schedule. The epidemiological situation of Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands (IPD) proves the importance of an appropriate selection of serotypes for vaccine production."}
{"text": "African Journal of Disability 9(0), a669. https://doi.org/10.4102/ajod.v9i0.669, the author\u2019s affiliation was given incorrectly in the \u2018Affiliation\u2019 section. The correct affiliation should be \u2018School of the Arts, Faculty of Humanities, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa\u2019 instead of \u2018School of Visual Arts, Faculty of Humanities, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa\u2019.In the version of this article initially published, Du Plessis, R., 2020, \u2018The life stories and experiences of the children admitted to the Institute for Imbecile Children from 1895 to 1913\u2019, This correction does not alter the significance of the study findings or the overall interpretation of the study results. The publisher apologises for any inconvenience caused."}
{"text": "The quick spread of invasive arthropod species worldwide, sometimes boosted by global warming and urbanization ,2,3,4, oEucalyptus citriodora and the related molecule p-menthane-3,8-diol) [Further, bites from bloodsucker insects and mites can be avoided using repellents. In this scenario, discovering novel and effective products to repel mosquitoes, ticks and tabanids, just to cite some hot examples, is a challenge for public health ,12,13,14,8-diol) .In this framework, the present Special Issue is dedicated to the development of effective and eco-friendly insecticides, acaricides, repellents and antimicrobials, including products of natural origin . Research efforts shedding light on the modes of action, behavioural modifications and non-target effects of the above-mentioned natural products have been welcomed. It has been recommended to the authors to include a positive control in the experiments , as well(a)Laboratory evaluation of the insecticidal, acaricidal and/or antimicrobial activity of plant essential oils ,19.(b)Isolation of pure constituents from plant extracts, and assessment of their insecticidal ,21,22, a(c)Synthesis and characterization of novel semisynthetic insecticides, along with their in vitro evaluation on insect cells .(d)Exploitation of invasive plant species as sources of effective insecticidal products .(e)Evaluation of the impact of selected plant-borne compounds on the behaviour of key insect pests, with special reference to aphids .(f)Development of botanical-based insecticidal formulations (including nanoformulations) characterized by an improved bioactivity and stability over time ,30.Herein, contributions on the following topics have been included:Finally, the Special Issue ends with two reviews. The first summarized current knowledge on the use of diatomaceous earths in crop protection, stored product, and urban pest control, presenting a number of challenges for future research . The secIn conclusion, despite the relevant research efforts undertaken in this field for discovering new insecticides, acaricides and repellents of natural origin, the road to their large-scale use in the real world appears long and windy, complicated by costly and complex authorization requirements , and wit"}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 4. Instead of \u201cDepartment of Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China\u201d, it should be \u201cDepartment of TCM Oncology, Putuo District Central Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "The aim of this article is to present results of theoretical study on the properties of C\u22efM bonds, where C is either a carbene or carbodiphosphorane carbon atom and M is an acidic center of MX Crystals [Undoubtedly, one can get an impression that there has been a kind of race that has been going on for over a dozen years related to the introduction of various names for various interatomic contacts. The current situation with this nomenclature has recently been well captured by Alkorta, Elguero, and Frontera in a review article in Crystals . Thus, iCrystals ,14,15,16Crystals ,20,21,22Crystals ,32,33,34Crystals ,44,45,46Crystals ,53,54,55Crystals ,61,62,63Crystals ,70,71,72Crystals ,76,77,78Crystals ,80,81. ACrystals ,18,19,20Crystals ,28,29,30Crystals ,32,33, aCrystals ,88,89,90Crystals ,92,93. UDue to their specific electronic structure, carbenes occupy particular position in organic chemistry ,102,103. singlet  Figure R2 covalep orbitals and have the same spins. In the singlet state, both electrons form a lone pair on one of the perpendicular p orbitals. Due to the presence of the often readily available electron lone pair, carbenes in the singlet state are good Lewis bases; i.e., they feature strong nucleophilic properties. Indeed, the nucleophilic properties of carbenes are well known and are often used in organic and organometallic synthesis [In the triplet spin state, both electrons occupy perpendicular ynthesis ,102,103.ynthesis ,110,111,ynthesis ,113,114,ynthesis ,117,118,ynthesis ,120,121,ynthesis ,124,125,ynthesis ,127,128,ynthesis ,130,131,ynthesis , halogenynthesis ,135,136 ynthesis ,134), anynthesis . Moreoveynthesis ,138,139,ynthesis ,102,139.ynthesis ,121, arep orbital perpendicular to the plane of the molecule, leading to the electrophilic properties of a given carbene [p orbital on the carbene carbon atom of singlet carbenes [ carbene ,144,145. carbene . A practcarbenes . It is wcarbenes ,144,145.p orbital on the carbene carbon atom  and their amine analogues ,171,172.It is understandable that so far, the vast majority of theoretical studies on beryllium and magnesium bonds have used as Lewis bases small molecules containing either some atoms with good electron-donating properties or \u03c0 bonds ,30,31,32\u03c0 bonds ,92,93, e\u03c0 bonds ,93. It iIn order to unite these two thematic areas, this article describes the result of theoretical research on a large group of dimers with a beryllium bond, magnesium bond, or zinc bond between various Lewis acids of the MXium bond  with theAs mentioned in the Introduction, this article describes research on systems containing a beryllium bond, a magnesium bond or a zinc bond, where the role of Lewis acids is played by the MXMeXsp orbital of the metal atom with one of the orbitals of X. Due to lower electronegativity of the metal atom, this atom is endowed with a partial positive charge  does not, suggests that q(M). Although the linear relationship between the value of q(M) is computed utilizing the Hirshfeld method, it is much better than in the case of NBO- and especially QTAIM-based charges  to 0.2 (blue)) for all MX (59 pm) . Therefo in MgF2 . The fac charges .Carbenes and CDPsImidazol-2-ylidene, imidazolidin-2-ylidene, tetrahydropyrymid-2-ylidene, cyclopropenylidene, and  large variation in the negative values on the C atom in  atom in the carbenes or the C(0) atom in the CDPs. On the other hand, strong positive potential concerns mainly hydrogen atoms in strongly polar N-H bonds. While the characteristics of the negative potential distribution around the carbon atom are similar in carbenes \u22efM interactions in the dimers formed by , which Very high bond strength of C(0)\u22efM in the  is often treated as a measure of the strength of this interaction . If so, It should also be interesting to check the quality of the linear relationship between the values of The positive values  of the Lell type . Howeverovalency . On the A very important QTAIM parameter often used to describe the A\u2013B bond strength  is the s A and B ,183,184.strength . It is wThe quality of the obtained linear correlations clearly depends on both the correlated parameters and the type of the metal atom in the MX0.732 au , thus caMost of the QTAIM-based parameters are determined at critical points , and therefore these parameters are local, i.e., they provide information about the properties at a particular point in space. One way out of this limitation is the NCI method ,193, whiof atoms . In ordeg and Zn .not followed by the presence of the respective bond paths. It has been shown that the presence or absence of a bond path generally has little to do with the interaction strength [The subfigure (a3) shows that the zinc bond in the cyclopropenylidene\u22efZnBrstrength ,196,197.Summing up, it can be concluded that the analysis based on the NCI method shows that the zinc bond is the strongest, and although the beryllium bond should only be slightly weaker than it, the latter is related to the presence of additional areas of weaker interaction in the antibonding regions of the Be atom. The high strength of the C\u22efZn bond (competing even with the Zn-Br bond) is reflected in high values of Geometries of monomers and dimers were fully optimized on the nctional  of Densinctional ,200,201 nctional ,205,206,en shown  to be onen shown . NBO-basen shown ,181 atomen shown  implemenen shown ,183,184 en shown  methods en shown .To date, the vast majority of theoretical studies on beryllium and magnesium bonds have used as Lewis bases small molecules, and the research on zinc (spodium) bonds is very rare. On the other hand, the research on carbenes and carbodiphosphoranes is mostly experimental. This article presents the results of theoretical research on the properties of beryllium, magnesium, and zinc bonds in a large group of dimers formed by the MXThe general characteristics of the presented dimers showed that the dissociation energies of the C(2)\u22efM intermolecular interaction have wide range, from 10 to 53 kcal/mol, and this interaction is the strongest for the BeBrImportantly, it has been shown that the investigated systems are characterized by very high charge transfer effect from the carbene or carbodiphosphorane molecule to the MXTheoretical studies based on the QTAIM and NCI methods have shown that the zinc bond is not very different from the beryllium bond; both should be of similar strength, while the magnesium bond should be weaker. Both are also characterized by a high degree of covalence. The determined values of the delocalization index show, however, that the zinc bond should be definitely stronger than the beryllium and magnesium bonds.A large number of tested dimers as well as parameters characterizing both the interacting subsystems and the C\u22efM bond itself allowed for the study of many linear relationships between the parameters. In general, they are good as long as systems with different M metal atoms are treated separately. The linear correlations for the zinc atom are usually slightly better than for the other atoms.In addition to the dominant C\u22efM interaction, some of the studied dimers also have various additional interactions, such as, e.g., the N-H\u22efF, N-H\u22efC and F-H\u22efN hydrogen bonds, or N-H\u22efH-Mg dihydrogen bond. In the latter case, it may be extremely short, such as 1.44 \u00c5 in (NHA side result of the presented research is that the atomic charges obtained by the QTAIM method are highly unreliable. While more reliable than these, the NBO-based atomic charges also appear to be questionable. In contrast, the Hirshfeld atomic charges appear to be chemically sound."}
{"text": "Fresh and processed food products are rich in bioactive molecules, including polysaccharides, vitamins, carotenoids, peptides, antioxidants, phenolics, phytosterols, and novel lipids. Bioactive molecules in food could prevent several diseases . Thus, consumer awareness is growing about the health-promoting impact of food bioactive molecules. Health claims are essential added-value features, wherein health-enhancing potential of bioactives depend on their chemical structure. On the other hand, the investigation of the structure-function relationship of food bioactive molecules is of importance. In this regard, Molecules is delighted to highlight the importance of food bioactive molecules and their effect on health. In this Special Issue of Molecules, researchers are invited to contribute original research and up-to-date reviews. Fresh and processed food products  are rich in bioactive molecules, including vitamins, carotenoids, polysaccharides, proteins, peptides, antioxidants, phenolic compounds, sterols, and bioactive lipids ,4,5,6,7.Consumer awareness is growing about the health-enhancing effects of food bioactive molecules from plant and animals sources. Health claims are important value-added features for consumers, wherein authorities accept health claims in functional foods based on scientific evidence. The health-promoting impacts of bioactive compounds depend on their chemical structure; therefore, novel analytical techniques have been developed to elucidate the structure of active molecules ,15,16,17To give a recent view of the interest raised in the international research context within this topic, a search throughout the Scopus database was carried out using a string TITLE-ABS-KEY . The search returned 87,471 documents covering the time range from 1884 to 2022. In the last ten years (from 2011\u20132020), the search returned 48,842 documents .Apart from the published documents, approx. 30,600 were research articles, 1160 conference papers, 10,500 reviews, and 2800 book chapters. The documents annually published on \u201cfood *\u201d, \u201chealth *\u201d, and \u201cdisease *\u201d are notably increased from 3537 contributions in 2011 to 7370 contributions in 2020. This measurable indicator reflects the importance and interest in \u201cfood *\u201d, \u201chealth *\u201d, and \u201cdisease *\u201d as a topic in the scientific community. The documents are related to the subject areas of Medicine, Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology, Nursing, Immunology and Microbiology, Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmaceutics, and Environmental Science. Scientists from the USA, UK, China, India, and Australia emerged as main authors.This Special Issue of Molecules is entitled Advances in Research on Food Bioactive Molecules and Health. In this regard, Molecules is delighted to highlight the importance of food bioactive molecules and their effect on health. Researchers from different fields, including food chemistry, biochemistry, natural products, phytotherapy, pharmacology, medicine, and biotechnology, are expected to disseminate their results in this issue. In this Special Issue of Molecules, researchers are invited to contribute original, unpublished research and up-to-date review articles that analyze and describe bioactive molecules in fresh and processed food products; their stability during food processing and storage; and the mechanisms of their digestion, bioactivity (in vitro and in vivo), and metabolite formation. In addition, the impact of food bioactive molecules in preventing and treating diseases is of interest.Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) novel analytical techniques in the structure elucidation of food bioactive molecules; (ii) chemistry and functionality of food bioactive molecules; (iii) factors affecting the structure-function relationship of food bioactive molecules; (iv) the effect of industrial and biotechnological processing on food bioactive molecules; (v) modification of food bioactive molecules to enhance their health-promoting effects."}
{"text": "Food security and nutrition have been prominent elements of the international development agenda. Over time, however, development priorities and challenges have oscillated, and the investment required has not been sustained. A broader consensus has emerged: one that guarantees food security and, in all its aspects, reduces hunger and malnutrition to promote strong economies, human and planetary health, and sustainable development. Our moral imperative is to positively change food systems to ensure that the food we produce is accessible, sustainable, safe, healthy, and equitable for everyone. Therefore, this special issue about Food Systems and Nutritional and Food Security focuses on connecting the importance of food systems to change nutrition and food security around the globe.In this context, attitude and knowledge of health, food, and nutrition can be one of the keys to facing food insecurity in several countries. Health and nutritional education are imperative to fight malnutrition ,2,3,4. KAdequate and healthy diets imply choosing and consuming balanced and adequate foods on nutrients and amount, variety, and sustainable aspects. Therefore, achieving the main social, economic, environmental, cultural, and security goals ,14,15,16During these past two years of the COVID-19 pandemic, the world has faced new food security and safety challenges. Firstly, food sales worldwide became more complex, and farmers faced many overstocked products leading to food loss . On the"}
{"text": "The Positivity Workbook for Teens: Skills to Help You Increase Optimism, Resilience, and a Growth Mindset, the authors Goali Saedi Bocci and Ryan M. Niemiec deliver a self-improvement book for teens struggling with adolescence. The book is adapted from Martin Seligman's PERMATM model\u2014a leading theory in positive psychology\u2014which holds that flourishing is based on five pillars of well-being: positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment . In Chapter 1, Identifying Positive Emotions, the reader reflects on the ten core positive emotions  how negative affect and cognitions can be modified through adaptive coping and behavior; and (b) how problem behaviors can be modified through adaptive affect and cognitions. In Chapter 3, Forecasting Your Mood, the reader considers several upcoming life events, within the framework of past successes and past failures.Part 1, Happiness (Zest Booster!), the authors discuss hedonic (pleasure-based) and eudaimonic (meaning-based) routes to happiness. In Chapter 5, Optimism (Hope Booster!), the reader is introduced to several different framing styles  associated with optimism and well-being. In Chapter 6, LOL and Live Fully (Humor Booster!), the authors tout the benefits of laughter in our lives . In Chapter 8, What Motivates You?, the authors focus on intrinsic motivation\u2014i.e., the undertaking of an activity for its inherent satisfaction  and strengths specific to the heart . In Chapter 13, Overcoming Boredom, the authors promote curiosity as an antidote for boredom. The authors have the reader focus their attention. This act is core to mindfulness, a practice with numerous health benefits  Tribe, draws on the strengths of love, kindness, and teamwork, and helps the reader nurture positive relationships (\u201cR\u201d of PERMATM). In Chapter 14, Next-Level Bully Management, the authors warn the reader to think before they act, and make decisions from a place of inner peace. In Chapter 15, Are You My Friend or Frenemy?, the authors advise the reader to nurture their deep friendships, and be generous in expressing gratitude.Part 3, Your Key Relationship Strengths, the authors discuss honesty, love, forgiveness, kindness, humility, fairness, social intelligence, and zest. The reader reflects on what changes they can make to cultivate these strengths, with respect to their relationships with others. In Chapter 17, Stop Comparing Yourself to Others!, the authors suggest (a) setting social media limits, (b) engaging in noncompetitive activities, (c) focusing on the future, (d) practicing gratitude, and (e) remembering your character strengths. In Chapter 18, Getting Off (or On) the Social Media Bandwagon, the authors beg the reader to go \u201cscroll-free\u201d for a week, and record their observations in a journal. In Chapter 19, Combatting Loneliness and Isolation, the authors prescribe caring and knowing as a cure for loneliness.In Chapter 16, Cultivating What Matters Most, draws on gratitude, appreciation of beauty, and social intelligence, to help the reader find more meaning in their life (\u201cM\u201d of PERMATM). In Chapter 20, Savor Special Moments with Family, the reader reflects on pleasant memories shared with family, and uses them as fuel to fuel the future. In Chapter 21, Build an Attitude of Gratitude, the authors have the reader write a letter to someone important in their life, and thank them for their support and influence. This practice\u2014expressive writing  writes about three beautiful things they came across that day, (b) creates a portfolio of things that trigger inspiration, and (c) adds beauty to their personal environment . In Chapter 25, Cultivating Spirituality and the Sacred, the reader considers (a) the purpose of their life, (b) the meaning of spirituality, and (c) what connects them to the sacred in their life. Chapter 26, Overcoming Jealousy, Envy, and FOMO, is tailored for the teen that overloads themselves\u2014trying to keep up with their peers\u2014and is driven by the fear of missing out (FOMO).In Chapter 23, s Bluth, . In ChapYour Goals, Your Life, draws on perseverance, perspective, and zest, to help the teen along the path to their accomplishments (\u201cA\u201d of PERMATM). In Chapter 27, Your Best Possible Self, the teen envisions themselves one year in the future, having reached their full potential or a milestone. They ask themselves, What character strengths are needed to make this a reality? In Chapter 28, Hope for Your Goals, the teen picks a goal, and using pathways thinking, conceives several different routes to take them there. In Chapter 29, Taming Your Inner Critic, the authors introduce the teen to loving-kindness meditation, a practice potent in promoting positive emotions (Fredrickson et al., Part 5, Healthy Body, Healthy Mind, taps self-regulation, prudence, and perseverance, to link a healthy body to a healthy mind. In Chapter 30, Promoting Good Health, the authors introduce the Five Pillars of Good Health (Niemiec, Part 6, Niemiec, : exercisThe Positivity Workbook for Teens is a self-improvement book for teens struggling in the throes of adolescence. It is grounded in the teachings of positive psychology (Seligman, TM structure offers a sound foothold. In sum, The Positivity Workbook for Teens is an engaging self-help program for teens, their families, and their counselors.The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication.The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "In \u201cCommunity Mitigation of COVID-19 and Portrayal of Testing on TikTok: Descriptive Study\u201d :e29528), one error was noted.Due to a system error, the name of one author, Hao Tang, was replaced with the name of another author on the paper, Alessia Pellicane. In the originally published paper, the order of authors was listed as follows:Corey H Basch, Jan Mohlman, Joseph Fera, Alessia Pellicane, Alessia Pellicane, Charles E BaschThis has been corrected to:Corey H Basch, Jan Mohlman, Joseph Fera, Hao Tang, Alessia Pellicane, Charles E BaschIn the originally published paper, the ORCID of author Hao Tang was incorrectly published as follows:0000-0002-8220-6584This has been corrected to:0000-0003-3002-1374The correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on June 29, 2021, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories."}
{"text": "In the published article, the affiliations of the author Bach Xuan Tran is not correct. Instead of having affiliations \u201cInstitute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam\u201d and \u201cBloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA\u201d, they should have \u201cInstitute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam\u201d and \u201cBloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 6 and 8. Instead of \u201cDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.\u201d it should be \u201cDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.\u201d And \u201cDepartment of Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai India.\u201d should be \u201cCentre for Materials Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India.\u201dIn the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliation for Avin Ee-Hwan Koh. The correct affiliations should be \u201cDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.\u201d And \u201cDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.\u201dThe authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "In the published article, an author name was incorrectly written as \u201cCherdsak Duang.\u201d The correct spelling is \u201cCherdsak Duangchan.\u201dIn the published article, there was an error in affiliation 1. Instead of \u201cCollege of Nursing, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States\u201d it should be \u201cCollege of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.\u201dIn the published article, there was an error in affiliation 2. Instead of \u201cUniversity of Illinois Cancer Center, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States\u201d it should be \u201cUniversity of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.\u201dIn the published article, there was an error in affiliation 3. Instead of \u201cSchool of Public Health, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States\u201d, it should be \u201cSchool of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.\u201dThe authors apologize for these errors and affirm that they do not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "Bilal U, Alazraqui M, Caiaffa WT, et al. Inequalities in life expectancy in six large Latin American cities from the SALURBAL study: an ecological analysis. Lancet Planet Health 2019; 3: e503\u201310\u2014In this Article, due to a linkage error with the Panama City data, life expectancy data, P90\u2013P10 gaps, and associations with education have been corrected for Panama City in the Summary, table 2, the Results, where appropriate in the Discussion, in figures 1 and 2, and in the appendix. Additionally, support from the SALURBAL investigators has been added to the Acknowledgments section. These corrections have been made as of Jan 3, 2020."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in the order of the authors in the author list. Instead of \u201cAnna Kostera-Pruszczyk, Anna Potulska-Chromik, Ma\u0142gorzata \u0141ukawska, Marta Lipowska, Dorota Hoffman-Zacharska, Beata Olchowik, Magdalena Figlerowicz, Karolina Kanabus and Edyta Rosiak,\u201d it should be \u201cMa\u0142gorzata \u0141ukawska, Anna Potulska-Chromik, Marta Lipowska, Dorota Hoffman-Zacharska, Beata Olchowik, Magdalena Figlerowicz, Karolina Kanabus, Edyta Rosiak and Anna Kostera-Pruszczyk.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "Luigi Orsenigo passed away in May 2018, leaving all of us with a major loss. This special issue in his honour brings several contributions in the areas in which Gigi contributed in a significant way in the course of his career: the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, innovation and industrial dynamics, evolutionary theory and modelling.After graduating in Economics at Bocconi University, Luigi obtained a Ph.D. from the Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU), University of Sussex. Over the course of his career, he has been affiliated with Bocconi University, the University of Brescia and the Open University. At the moment of his death, Luigi Orsenigo was R.M. Phillips Professor of Economics of Innovation at SPRU and Professor of Applied Economics at IUSS (Institute for Advanced Studies) at Pavia. He had also been Fellow of Cespri first, and ICRIOS later, both at Bocconi University. For a long time, he has served as Editor of the Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Advisory Editor of Research Policy and Associate Editor of Industrial and Corporate Change, the main journals devoted to economics of innovation and industrial change. He also has been advising several Italian and international institutions on matters of innovation and industrial policy, including the European Commission and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).Luigi has been the author of four books and has published many articles on major international journals. The bibliography at the end of this introduction includes his main contributions. In 2012, he has been awarded the Schumpeter Prize for the book \u201cInnovation and the Evolution of Industries. History Friendly Models\u201d, together with F. Malerba, R. Nelson and S. Winter, Cambridge University Press.in this Special Issue reconstructs Luigi\u2019s intellectual development and also provides personal memories.Since his graduation from SPRU Luigi has consistently developed a series of lines of research that have span over a set of areas that are broad but interconnected. One of us, Franco Malerba, In this Special Issue we want to honour Luigi\u2019s memory with contributions that are related to his research. The papers are written by some of the key co-authors of Orsenigo and reflect his main areas of research.file rouge during his life, concerns innovation and the evolution of the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, with the role of science playing a prominent role. Among the many papers and book written by Luigi on this topic, here we want to mention \u201cThe Emergence of Biotechnology. Institutions and Markets in Industrial Innovation\u201d, Pinter Publishers, London, 1989; \u201cTechnological Change and the Dynamics of Networks of Collaborative Relations. The Case of the Bio-pharmaceutical Industry\u201d, (with F. Pammolli and M. Riccaboni), Research Policy, 2001; \u201cThe Economics of Biotechnology\u201d, , Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2006.A first area of major research by Luigi Orsenigo, a real Luigi has been interested in the biotechnology revolution and the changes that have consequently occurred in the pharmaceutical industry. Due to this revolution, an industry dominated by a stable core of large firms moved to a market structure in which a division of scientific, innovative and production labour has taken place between large incumbent firms and innovative start-ups. This major change and the evolution that followed is also related to a new role that science has taken place in the pharmaceutical industry and to the new relevance of universities and university spin-offs. This new scientific knowledge base changed the type of competition among large incumbents and entrants and led to the rise of networks of collaborations in R&D among actors of different types. Luigi also examined the changes in the industry in the most recent period, in which some of the new entrants have become also integrated pharmaceutical companies, while at the same time some of the large pharmaceutical companies developed their own in-house capabilities in science and biotechnology. In all these dynamics, the high appropriability conditions that characterize the pharmaceutical industry, in which patents play a major role, have fostered and also limited technological change, competition and economic development, in various and complex ways.Exploring Network Dynamics in Complex Fields of Science: The Formation of Ties to Knowledge Translatorsstart from Luigi\u2019s interest in the analysis of the relationship between individual scientists, knowledge evolution and the structure of the pharmaceutical industry. In a sample of 9543 cancer clinical trials over the period 2002\u20132012 they examine how changes in networks are influenced by the structure of networks as well as the behaviours and characteristics of key individual scientists. Using temporal exponential random graph models, they examine whether the mechanisms of preferential attachment, multi-connectivity, and homophily drive the formation of new collaborative relations to investigators who have knowledge in basic and clinical research. Results indicate that, first, the fragmentation of the network remains high, due to a considerably increasing number of investigators in the network and, secondly, that this fragmentation limits opportunities for knowledge transfer. Homophily in research fields and country of investigators\u2019 affiliation as well as heterophily in terms of publication output are drivers for tie formation to these knowledge translators.Two papers in this Special Issue focus on the pharmaceutical industry and on the role of scientists and R&D and knowledge networks. Bastian Rake, Pablo D\u2019Este and Maureen McKelvey in The Network Origins of Schumpeterian Innovation investigate the evolving division of innovative labour in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals from 1981 to 2012, with particular reference to the roles of large and small firms. Relying on topological methods they find that, while a regime of polarization through preferential attachment driven by large pharmaceutical companies dominated the early stages of the biotechnology revolution, in recent years the evolution of the collaborative network has been shaped by roles\u2019 transitions between originators and developers of innovative ideas. In particular, starting from the early 2000s, the emergence of general purpose research technologies and the scientific and technological transformations in genomics have led to a promiscuity of roles, as small and large firms act both as originators and developers, in a less polarized network. The authors then propose a parsimonious model of network formation and evolution able to account for some of the features of the processes underlying the evolution of the network.Fabio Pammolli, Massimo Riccaboni and Alessandro Spelta in Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1995; \u201cTechnological Regimes and Sectoral Patterns of Innovative Activities\u201d , Industrial and Corporate Change,1997 and \u201cTechnological regimes and Schumpeterian patterns of innovation\u201d , The Economic Journal, April, 2000. In these and other contributions the view that the specific properties of the technology of an industry in terms of opportunity, appropriability and cumulativeness conditions and of the knowledge base affect the industrial patterns of innovation is proposed. In particular, a technological regime in which opportunity conditions are high, the appropriability of innovation is low and the cumulativeness of innovation lead to a sectoral pattern supportive to new firms, turbulent industrial dynamics and a changing hierarchy of major innovators (Schumpeter Mark I); on the contrary, a technological regime characterized by medium or high technological opportunities, high appropriability and cumulativeness are conducive to a more stable and concentrated industrial pattern of innovation (Schumpeter Mark II). These relationships have been discussed at the theoretical level and in several contributions tested empirically for many technologies, industries and countries.A second area of Orsenigo\u2019s research regards the factors affecting the diversity in the patters of innovative activities across industries and the role of the learning environment in affecting these patterns. In several of his work, Orsenigo used the concept of technological regime as one key factor affecting market structure in an industry. Among his various contributions on the issue, one could mention \u201cSchumpeterian patterns of innovation\u201d, , in Regimes reloaded! A reappraisal of Schumpeterian patterns of innovation, 1977\u20132011 revisit this concept and perform a quasi-replication of the original empirical exercise. By using more recent data and an expanded dataset of innovations in several industries and countries compared to the original ones of the 1990s and early 2000, they confirm that that the distinction between Schumpeterian Mark I and Mark II patterns of innovation and their explanation in terms of technological regimes has still a major validity and yields relevant insights concerning on the connection between inventive activities and industrial dynamics.In this special issue, Roberto Fontana, Arianna Martinelli and Alessandro Nuvolari in Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol.5, n.1, 1996; \u201cIndustrial Dynamics: Stylized Facts, Empirical Evidence and Theoretical Interpretations\u201d , Industrial and Corporate Change, 1997, \u201cTechnological Entry, Exit and Survival\u201d , Research Policy, 1999; \u201cThe Persistence of Innovative Activities: A Cross-Country and Cross-Sectors Comparative Analysis\u201d (with E. Cefis), Research Policy, 2001. Industrial dynamics has been identified by Luigi as one of the fundamental aspects of change in the economies and the typical example of Schumpeterian competition. In his empirical work, Luigi has examined the processes that lead to the entry and exit of innovators across a broad range of technologies and the persistence of those firms that continue of innovate over time. Moreover, the analysis has been conducted at the micro level over a long period of time and has used patent data at the firm level across different technologies and different countries. The main findings are that the entry and exit processes are technology specific and that a lot of persistency of innovative activities is usually present. However persistency is not very high in the aggregate and declines as time goes by.A third area of inquiry has concerned industrial dynamics, and particular firms\u2019 persistence in innovative activity and the entry and exit of innovators. Among Luigi\u2019s papers, we would like to highlight \u201cThe Dynamics and Evolution of Industries\u201d , Along these lines, in this Special Issue Elena Cefis, Franco Malerba and Orietta Marsili present a paper initially discussed with Luigi, \u201cRevolving door effect\u201d or \u201cSchumpeterian gale of creative destruction?\u201d. The authors claim that two basic patterns of exit can be identified from the literature: the revolving door and the gale of creative destruction. In the first, the liability of newness is a driver of the exit process, while in the second it is the displacement of non-innovators. The authors test these two patterns of exit on the population of Dutch firms exiting in 2018. They find confirmation that exit is industry specific: in fact, these two patterns characterize different types of industries. In industries in which innovation does not play a major role, the revolving door effect is the typical pattern and exit is concentrated among the adolescent and small firms. On the contrary, in industries in which innovation is relevant, exit takes place both among infant as well as mature firms and does not necessarily involve only the smaller firms. In particular, in a highly innovative environment, the exit of mature firms is driven by the innovation of young firms as a case of gale of creative destruction.The Economic Journal, 1988, a model with firms heterogeneous in their behaviour and with feedback loops driving the diffusion process. The model shows that diffusion is a dynamic process with a dynamic coupling between the behaviour of individual agents and the environment in which they operate.As an evolutionary economist, Luigi has often emphasized the widespread and persistent heterogeneity of firms in innovation and diffusion. On this theme, Luigi published \u201cInnovation, Diversity and Diffusion: A Self-Organisation Model\u201d, (with G. Silverberg and G. Dosi), In this Special Issue, firms\u2019 heterogeneity is at the base of the paper by Stefano Brusoni, Lorenzo Cassi and Simge Tuna \u201cReinventing the tire: knowledge integration between technical change and strategy making\u201d. In the article, heterogeneity is examined in terms of the different strategies that Pirelli and Michelin (two of the tire industry\u2019s major companies), followed to exploit robotized modular manufacturing, a radical process innovation. Of the two firms, Pirelli, the technological follower, was more successful because it had a more nuanced strategy due to its superior knowledge integration capabilities. By examining the structural characteristics and evolution of inventors\u2019 networks in the two companies, the authors are able to take into account knowledge integration capabilities. Pirelli leveraged a more connected, cohesive and structured skills than Michelin and developed and deployed a more complex strategy that could better fit the characteristics of the new process technology.Industrial and Corporate Change, 1999. \u201cInnovation and Market Structure in the Dynamics of the Pharmaceutical Industry and Biotechnology: Towards a History-Friendly Model\u201d , Industrial and Corporate Change, 2002. History friendly models represent a second generation of evolutionary models that focus on the evolution of industries, the dynamics of technologies and industrial change and pay attention to the specificities and histories of industries. In these models a dialogue between empirical analyses of industries, appreciative theorizing derived from these analyses and formal models is developed. The result is that history-friendly models are empirically-grounded, based on a specific empirical evolution of an industry, and aim to capture the causal arguments of the appreciative theory in a stylized and simplified form. The building of the model provides a vehicle for checking out the consistency and relevance completeness of the arguments presented in the appreciative theory. Like most evolutionary models, history-friendly models take the form of computer simulations, and are \u201cagent-based modelling\u201d.One last area in which Luigi has been involved in the last part of his life has been the development of a second generation of evolutionary models: history friendly models. Please see in this respect the book \u201cInnovation and the Evolution of Industries: History Friendly Models\u201d , Cambridge University Press, 2016; and the articles \u201cA History-Friendly Model of the Evolution of the Computer Industry\u201d, , The Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2007). Another model looks at the presence of a variety of market segments that allow entrants to compete in environmental niches that are rather separate one from another .Some of history-friendly models however do not concern industry evolution but examine specific topics in innovation and industrial dynamics. Among these topics, some models analyse the role of demand. A model examines the role of experimental users able to nurture a new technology that may then improve over time and challenge the dominant technology , the advancements of our understanding of the dynamics of industries in general, and of biotechnology in particular, so much pushed and led by Luigi are not only impressive but agenda setting. Remarkable above all is Luigi\u2019s ability to putting empirical regularities into a dynamic instead of a static approach in a clever way, developing a sense for, and understanding of the endogenous forces of change, and striping the complexity of real world phenomena down to a set of dynamic mechanisms and forces. That requires a sound understanding of economic theory, a good sense of scientific ingenuity, as well as a superb competence to creatively put together pieces of puzzles. Luigi quite obviously demonstrated such abilities in a superb way and his contributions to advancing the theory and empirics of industrial dynamics and evolution have been outstanding and path-breaking.So far, this Introduction has been mainly centred on Luigi\u2019s scientific and scholarly work. In the following pages we expand the scope of the tribute to Luigi, by including the talk given by one of us at the opening of the Conference in honour of Luigi Orsenigo in 2018. The Conference gathered his friends, colleagues and former students, and represented a significant testimony of his work, personality and social life.Innovation and the Evolution of Industries:History Friendly Models\u201d\u00a0, Cambridge University Press, 2016Leveraging Science for Innovation. Swedish Policy for University-Industry Collaboration (with M. Jacob), 1990\u20132005, SNS, Stockholm, 2007The Economics of Biotechnology (with M. Mc Kelvey (eds.)), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2006Tra continuita\u2019 e cambiamento. La storia dell\u2019Agip Petroli (with G. Sapelli and P. Toninelli), Bologna, Il Mulino, 1993The Emergence of Biotechnology. Institutions and Markets in Industrial Innovation, Pinter Publishers, London, 1989Booksb)Eurasian Business Review\u00a0(2019) 9:1\u201323History friendly models: retrospective and future perspectives ,\u00a0Industrial and Corporate Change, 2019Spinoffs in context ,\u00a0Journal of Economic Policy, 2016Industrial Policies for Biotechnology: Limits and New Perspectives, , Business History, Special Issue on \u201cMaking Sense of Today\u2019s Structures, by Re-introducing Evolutionary  Theory to Business History\u201d, 2015The Evolution of the Pharmaceutical Industry\u201d Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 2013A Simulation Model of the Evolution of the Pharmaceutical Industry , Long Range Planning, 2013Are Switching Costs Always Effective in Creating First Mover Advantage? The Moderating Role of Demand and Technological Regimes , Journal of Economics and Statistics, 2013Innovation and market structure in the evolution of the pharmaceutical industry: a history friendly model, , The Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2012Technological regimes and demand structure in the evolution of the pharmaceutical industry , Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 2010User-producer relations, innovation and the evolution of market structures under alternative contractual regimes , Research Policy, 2010In Defence of the Linear Model: An Essay , Capitalism and Society, Berkeley Electronic Press, 2008Technological Revolutions and the Evolution of Industrial Structures. Assessing the Impact of New Technologies upon Size, Patterns of Growth and Boundaries of Firms, , Health Partnerships Review, 2008Beyond market failures: IAVI and the organizational challenges of vaccine development (with S. Brusoni and E. Cacciatori), International Journal of Biotechnology, Special Issue on The Evolution of the Life Science Industries (ed. with J. Tait), 2008Editorial, International Journal of Biotechnology, 2008Special Issue on The Evolution of the Life Science Industries (ed. with J. Tait), Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation, 2008Public Policies and Changing Boundaries of Firms in a \u201cHistory Friendly\u201d Model of the Co-Evolution of the Computer and Semiconductors Industries , ), Industrial and Corporate Change, 2008The Italian Connection: the origins of Giovanni Dosi\u2019s thinking and a note on some lost, or never written, manuscripts , European Planning Studies, 2008, pp. 337\u2013357A Critical Assessment of Regional Innovation Policy in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (with A.Rosiello), Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 2007Testing Gibrat\u2019s Law: A Bayesian Approach to the Study of Firms\u2019 Growth (with E. Cefis and M. Ciccarelli), The Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2007Demand, Innovation and the Dynamics of Market Structure: the Role of Experimental Users and Diverse Preferences , European Journal of Development Research, 2007The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) in a Changing Landscape of Vaccine Development: A Public \u2013 Private Partnership as Knowledge Broker and Integrator , Revista de Economia, 2003History Friendly Models of Industrial Evolution: Aims, Applications and Pitfalls, International Journal of Technology Management, 2003Variables Influencing Industrial Funding of Academic Research in Italy: an Empirical Analysis (with G. Bruno), Revue d\u2019Economie Industrielle, 2002The Intensity of Competition After Patent Expiry in Pharmaceuticals. A Cross-Country Analysis (with L. Magazzini and F. Pammolli), Industrial and Corporate Change, 2002Innovation and Market Structure in the Dynamics of the Pharmaceutical Industry and Biotechnology: Towards a History-Friendly Model , Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 2001History-Friendly Models: An Overview of the case of the Computer Industry , Research Policy, 2001The Persistence of Innovative Activities: A Cross-Country and Cross-Sectors Comparative Analysis (with E. Cefis), Small Business Economics, 2001The (failed?) development of a biotechnology cluster. The case of Lombardy, Research Policy, 2001Technological Change and the Dynamics of Networks of Collaborative Relations. The Case of the Bio-pharmaceutical Industry (with F. Pammolli and M. Riccaboni), Sistemi Intelligenti, 2000Mente e societ\u00e0: soluzione di problemi e organizzazioni , International Journal of Industrial Organization, 2000Competition and industrial policies in a \u201chistory-friendly\u201d model of the evolution of the computer industry , Industrial and Corporate Change, Special Issue on \u201cThe Codification of Knowledge\u201d (eds: P. Cohendet and W.E. Steinmueller), 2000Knowledge, Innovative Activities and Industry Evolution , The Economic Journal, April, 2000Technological regimes and Schumpeterian patterns of innovation , Industrial and Corporate Change, 1999A History-Friendly Model of the Evolution of the Computer Industry , International Journal of Biotechnology, 1999The evolution of the forms of organization of innovative activities in biotechnology (with P. Barbanti e A. Gambardella), in Research Policy, 1999Technological Entry, Exit and Suvival , Journal of Management and Governance, 1998The Dynamics of Knowledge and the Evolution of an Industry Network , The International Journal of Industrial Organization, 1997Technological Persistence and Heterogeneity of Innovative Activities, Sectoral Patterns of Innovation and International Specialization , Industrial and Corporate Change, Special Issue on Technological Regimes and the Evolution of Industrial Structures, edited by G. Dosi, F. Malerba and L. Orsenigo, 1997Technological Regimes and Sectoral Patterns of Innovative Activities , Industrial and Corporate Change, Special Issue on Technological Regimes and the Evolution of Industrial Structures\u201d, edited by G. Dosi, F. Malerba and L. Orsenigo, 1997Industrial Dynamics: Stylized Facts, Empirical Evidence and Theoretical Interpretations , , Industrial and Corporate Change, edited by G. Dosi, F. Malerba and L. Orsenigo, 1997Special Issue on Technological Regimes, Industrial Demography and the Evolution of Industrial StructuresCahiers de Economie et Sociologie Rurale, 1996Technological regimes, patterns of innovative activities and industrial dynamics. A survey of empirical evidence and of some theoretical models, Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol.5, n.1, 1996The Dynamics and Evolution of Industries , Research Policy, 1996Schumpeterian patterns of innovation are technology-specific , The Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 1995Choice and action , Small Business Economics, 1995Technological Regimes, Selection and Market Structures , Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1995Schumpeterian patterns of innovation , Biotechnology Review, Special Issue of The International Journal of Technology Management, 1993Scientific gatekeepers and industrial development in biotechnology (with N. Buratti and A. Gambardella), Industrial and Corporate Change, 1993Technological Regimes and Firm Behaviour\u201d, , Ekonomiaz, 1992Regularidades en las actividades de innovacion: una investigacion preliminar para cuatro paises europeos, CSC Ricerche, n. 112, Roma, 1995Competenze tecnologiche nei settori ad alta tecnologia, , Centro Studi Confindustria, Business and Economic History, 1992The evolution of strategy and structure of a state-owned company: the case of Agip Petroli (1960-1990) (with G. Sapelli and P. Toninelli), L\u2019impresa, no. 4, 1989Concorrenza e collaborazione tra imprese nel processo innovativo: il caso della biotecnologia, The Economic Journal, Vol. 98, December 1988Innovation, Diversity and Diffusion: A Self-Organisation Model (with G. Silverberg and G. Dosi), Rivista Trimestrale di Scienze dell\u2019 Amministrazione, n.2, 1988Tecnologie emergenti e politica industriale in Italia (with P.Adams), Politica ed Economia\u201d, Agosto 1987Modelli di diffusione dell\u2019innovazione, Papersiii)Technological Regimes and Demand Structure in the Evolution of the Pharmaceutical Industry , in\u201c: Andreas Pyka, Esben Sloth Andersen (eds.) Long Term Economic Development, Demand, Finance, Organization, Policy and Innovation in a Schumpeterian Perspective, Springer, 2013Intellectual Property Rights: Legal and Economic Challenges for Development,\u00a0Initiative for Policy Dialogue, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014IPRs, Public Health and the Pharmaceutical Industry. Issues in the Post-2005 TRIPS agenda\u201d (with B. Coriat), in M. Cimoli, G. Dosi, K.E. Maskus, R. L. Okediji and J. H. Reichman,\u00a0The Palgrave Encyclopedia for Strategic Management, Macmillan, London, 2013Pharmaceuticals, in M. Augier and D. Teece (eds.), Capitalism and Society 3.1 (2008)Technological Revolutions and the Evolution of Industrial Structures. Assessing the Impact of New Technologies upon Size, Patterns of Growth and Boundaries of Firms\u201d, ,\u00a0The Development Agenda: Global Intellectual Property and Developing Countries\u201d, Oxford University Press, 2008IPRs, technological and industrial development and growth: the case of the pharmaceutical industry (with F. Laforgia and F. Montobbio), in N. Netanel (ed.), \u201cBusiness Performance in the twentieth Century: A Comparative Perspective, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2008Innovate or Die? A critical review of the literature on innovation and performance (with S. Brusoni and E. Cefis), in Y. Cassis and A. Colli (eds), The Elgar Companion to Neo-Schumpeterian Economics, Elgar, Cheltenham, 2007\u201cHistory Friendly\u201d Models of Industrial Evolution, in H. Hanusch and A. Pyka (eds.), Promoting innovation, productivity and industrial growth and reducing poverty: bridging the policy gap London: Routledge,. (2008)The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) in a changing landscape of vaccine development: a Public Private Partnership as knowledge broker and integrator  in Chataway, J.C., Mackintosh, M. and Wuyts, M. (eds.) The Genesis of Clusters of Innovation, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006Clusters and Clustering in Biotechnology: Stylised Facts, Issues and Theories. From Clusters to network structures and their dynamics, in P. Braunerhjelm and M. Feldman (eds.), New Frontiers in the Economics of Innovation and New Technology. Essays in Honour of Paul A. David, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2006A history-friendly model of innovation, market structure and regulation in the age of random screening in the pharmaceutical industry , in C. Antonelli, D. Foray, B. H. Hall and W.E. Steinmueller (eds.), Knowledge Accumulation and Industry Evolution. The Case of Pharma-Biotech\u201d\u201d, Oxford University Press, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006The Dynamics of Knowledge Accumulation, Regulation and Appropriability in the Pharma-Biotech Sector: Policy Issues (with G. Dosi and M. Mazzucato), in G. Dosi and M. Mazzuccato (eds.), Knowledge Accumulation and Industry Evolution. The Case of Pharma-Biotech\u201d, Oxford University Press, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006Entry, Market Structure and Innovation in a History-Friendly Model of the Evolution of the Pharmaceutical Industry , in G. Dosi and M. Mazzuccato (eds.), Revue del\u2019OFCE, 2006Biotechnologies et industrie pharmaceutique. Un mod\u00e9le \u00e9volutionaire conforme \u00e0 l\u2019histoire\u00a0, Knowledge Accumulation and Industry Evolution. The Case of Pharma-Biotech, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006Heterogeneity in Firms\u2019Growth in the Pharmaceutical Industry (with E. Cefis and M. Ciccarelli), in G. Dosi and M. Mazzuccato (eds.), Flexibility and Stability in the Evolving Economy, Oxford University Press, 2005Changing Boundaries of firms in the evolution of the computer industry: towards a history-friendly model , in M. McKelvey and M. Holmen (eds.), Saggi di economia evolutiva, Franco Angeli, Milano, 2005Prefazione, in F.M. Lombardi and F. Squazzoni (eds.), Imprese e Storia, 31, gennaio-giugno 2005Modelli \u201chistory-friendly\u201d della evoluzione industriale, \u201cMultidisciplinary Economics\u201d, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2005History Friendly Models of Industrial Evolution: An Overview, in P. De Gijsel and H. Schenk, The Economic Dynamics of Modern Biotechnology, Edward Elgar, London, 2005Reflections and Ways Forward (with H. Kettler e M. McKelvey), in M. McKelvey, A. Rickne and J.L. Hellman, Sectoral Systems of Innovation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004Pharmaceuticals Analyzed through the Lens of a Sectoral Innovation System (with M. McKelvey and F. Pammolli), in F. Malerba (ed.), Informacion Comercial Espanola\u201d, 2004Los \u201cmodelos amistosos de la istoria\u201d en el analisis de la evolucion de las industria: objetivos y aplicaciones, Handbook of Economic Sociology, Cambridge (Mass.), Russell Sage, 2004Technology and the Economy (with G. Dosi and M. Sylos Labini), in N. Smelser and R. Swedberg, The SMS Blackwell Handbook of Organizational Capabilities. Emergence, Development and Change, Blackwell, Oxford, 2003Firm Capabilities, Competition and Industrial Policies in a History-Friendly Model of the Computer Industry , in C. Helfat (ed.), The Economics of Choice, Change and Organization. Essays in honour of R. Cyert, Edward Elgar London 2001\u201cA behavioral and evolutionary model of the dynamics of the computer industry\u201d , in M. Augier and J. March (eds.),\u00a0Economia e Politica Industriale, 2001Modelli History friendly della evoluzione delle industrie: il caso dell\u2019industria dei computer , \u201cSimulating organizational societies.\u201d, Cambridge (Ma.), MIT Press, 2001Product Diversification in a \u201cHistory-Friendly Model of the Evolution of the Computer Industry , in E. Larsen and A. Lomi (eds.), The Competitive Renaissance of the US Industry, Washington DC, The National Academy, 2000The Determinants of Research Productivity in Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology: Implications for Public Policies , paper prepared for the STEP Board Conference on Technological and Non-technological Factors in Industry Performance, Washington D.C., 19,997; D. Mowery (ed.), The Sources of Industrial Leadership, edited by D. Mowery and R. Nelson, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999The Pharmaceutical Industry and the Revolution in Molecular Biology: Exploring the Interactions Between Scientific, Institutional and Organizational Change (with R. Henderson and G. Pisano), in Organizational Innovation and Organization of Innovative Activities in a Global Economy: the impact on competiveness and growth, in Rubenson, K. and Schuetze H. (eds.)., Transition to the knowledge society, University of British Columbia Press, 1999The organisation of innovative activities in Europe, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999Technological Entry and Diversification in Europe, the USA and Japan: 1978\u201391 , in A. Gambardella and F. Malerba F.(ed) Conoscenza tecnologica. Nuovi paradigmi dell\u2019innovazione e specificit\u00e0 italiana (edited by C. Antonelli), Edizioni Fondazione Agnelli, Torino, 1999Le relazioni universit\u00e0-industria in Italia (con E. Cancogni), in Evoluzione industriale e alta tecnologia in Italia: entrata tempestiva, declino e opportunita\u2019 di ricupero, Il Mulino, Bologna, 1996Le biotecnologie in Italia: una occasione perduta? (with A. Gambardella), in Bussolati, c., Malerba, F. e Torrisi, S., Technological Innovation, Multinational Corporations and New International Competitiveness, London, Harwood, 1995.Technological innovation and international competitiveness in Italy , in J. Molero (eds.), Gerarchie, potere, mercato, edited by\u00a0M. Magatti, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1995.Tra gerarchie politiche e mercati: il caso delle imprese a partecipazioni statali in Italia (acciaio e petrolio) , in Economics of Technology, Amsterdam, North Holland, 1994Macrodynamics and Microfoundations: an Evolutionary Perspective (with G. Dosi), in O. Grandstand (ed.), Learning and Technological Change, London, Macmillan, 1993Innovative learning and institutions in the process of development: on the microfoundations of growth regimes (with F. Chiaromonte and G. Dosi), in R. Thompson (ed.),\u00a0Evolutionary Approaches to Economics, London, Kluwer, 1993Evolutionary Regimes and Industrial Dynamics , in L. Magnusson (ed.), Archipelago Europe. The Islands of Innovation in Europe, London, Routledge, 1993Archipelago Europe - Islands of Innovation. The case of Italy, in Commission of the European Communities, FAST - MONITOR Project, FOP 243, Prospective Dossier N.1: Science, Technology and Economic Cohesion in the Community, Vol. 20\u201321, Bruxelles, 1991; published in U. Hilpert and D. Hickie (eds). Technology and Competitiveness. The dynamics of created advantages, London, Pinter Publishers, 1992The dynamics of competition in a science-based technology: the case of biotechnology, in D. Foray and C. Freeman (eds.), \u201cInnovazione tecnologica e servizi alle imprese\u201d, edited by C. Filippini, F. Angeli, Milano, 1992L\u2019accumulazione delle capacita\u2019 tecnologiche nell\u2019industria italiana (19869-84) , in Conferenza nazionale sul commercio estero. L\u2019internazionalizzazione dell\u2019impresa, Atti, Vol. II, Roma, 1992La competitivita\u2019 tecnologica internazionale dell\u2019industria italiana negli anni ottanta , in Ministero del Commercio Estero e Istituto Nazionale per il Commercio estero, Technology and Productivity. The Challenge for Economic Policy, OECD, Paris, 1991Microeconomic dynamics and macro regularities: an \u201cevolutionary\u201c approach to technological and institutional change (with F. Coricelli e G. Dosi), in State Policy and Techno- Industrial Innovation, London, Routledge, 1991State Policies on Techno-Industrial Innovation in Weaker Economies. The Case of Biotechnology in Britain and Italy (with W. Faulkner), in U. Hilpert (ed.) Struttura, risultati e problemi dell\u2019industria chimica in Italia, Milano, SC Sviluppo Chimica, 1991L\u2019 evoluzione dell\u2019industria chimica italiana negli anni \u201880 (with G. Mussati e A. Soru); La piccola e media industria chimica in Italia: i risultati dell\u2019indagine\u201d (with A. Soru); \u201cLe grandi multinazionali chimiche in Italia (with A. Soru), in CeRIC-Federchimica,\u00a0Innovazione tecnologica e teoria economica, edited by M. Amendola, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1990Teoria evolutiva e innovazione industriale: gli anni \u201880 , in Alle origini dell\u2019imprenditorialita\u2019, a cura di G. Mussati, Milano, Etas Kompass, 1990Processi di formazione di nuove imprese e dinamica industriale: uno schema di riferimento concettuale (with Marco Vivarelli), in Evolving Technology and Market Structure, Ann Arbor, Michigan University Press, 1990Technological Regimes and Patterns of Innovation: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation of the Italian Case , in M. Perlman and A. Heertje (eds.), Il settore dei servizi nella societa\u2019 e nell\u2019economia italiana. Matrice 1970-1988., edited by R. Fiori and F. Stellatelli, Milano, CESDIT, 1989Crescita del terziario per l\u2019industria, processi di esternalizzazione e innovazione, in Tecnologia: collaborare e\u2019 d\u2019obbligo, edited by G. Mussati, Confindustria, Comitato Nazionale Piccola Industria, Sipi, Roma, 1989Processi innovativi nelle piccole e medie imprese, in Industria italiana e alte tecnologie\u201d\u00a0edited by F. Onida and R. Malaman, Milano, F. Angeli, 1989I pattern di sviluppo della biotecnologia: il quadro di riferimento internazionale nei primi anni \u201880, in \u201cTechnical Change and Economic Theory.\u201d, Frances Pinter, London,1988Coordination and Transformation: An Overview of Structures, Behaviour and Change in Evolutionary Environments (with G.Dosi),in G. Dosi, C. Freeman, R. Nelson, L. Soete and G. 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{"text": "In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliations for Ayyad Zartasht Khan. As well as having affiliations \u201cDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway, Department of Surgery, S\u00f8rlandet Hospital Arendal, Arendal, Norway, Department of Ophthalmology, S\u00f8rlandet Hospital Arendal, Arendal, Norway,\u201d he should also have the following affiliation: \u201cInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "Joachim Robert Kalden, Born 23, 1937 in Marburg; \u2020passed away February 6, 2021 in Erlangen.The VIII European Workshop for Rheumatology research held in Corfu, Greece, in the spring of 1988, gave the opportunity to a handful of experts on Autoimmune Rheumatic disorders (ARDs), from different European counties, to constitute a group with a main goal to transform EULAR from a physical medicine and orthopaedics society to a contemporary League, supporting research towards understanding the pathogenesis and development of novel therapies for ARDs. This group consisted of Professors Ravinder Maini, JR Kalden, LBA van de Putte, Allan Wiik, I Lundberg, Lars Klareskog, J Smolen, P Youinou, and myself. I invited these experts for further discussions towards the materialisation of our goal, in a follow up meeting. For everyone\u2019s convenience, this meeting was held close to the Athens airport, in the Astir palace hotel in Vouliagmeni, Attiki, Greece. Among these experts, a leading role was held by the now late Joachim Robert Kalden, a Lupus expert and subsequently a member of the leading group that introduced anti-TNF therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Professor Kalden developed in Erlangen a world-renowned and respected centre for diagnosis, understanding the pathogenesis of lupus and application of novel therapeutic interventions in ARDs. In addition to research, Johan has edited, in collaboration with other colleagues, three books: (1) Progress in Immunology: Vol. VII: Proceedings of the 7th International Congress of Immunology Berlin 1989; (2) Rheumatoid Arthritis: Recent Research Advances in 1992; and (3) Der IL-1-Rezeptor-Antagonist im Zytokin-Netzwerk: Funktion und Stellenwert in 2013. Furthermore, he shared his knowledge and accomplishments with pleasure, everywhere he was invited to speak.These memoirs came to my mind when I heard from Prof J Smolen that our beloved colleague and one of the founders of research centres in Europe for the study of ARDs, lost the war after a prolonged fight with SARS-COV2.We will remember him as a well-organized personality, a thoughtful investigator, a didactic teacher, and sincere mentor for the development of younger colleagues as clinicians, therapists, and researchers.We, his friends and colleagues, lost a great friend, an advisor in difficulties, and a joyful companion to have a glass of wine with good food. The Aegean Sea and islands will miss a lover of their unique bright light, blue sky and waters. Johan, we will always remember you."}
{"text": "Author Contributions appears below.Julian Maier was not included as an author in the published article. The corrected \u201cMI, ML, GL, MB, HS, and DL designed the study. MI, JM, MH, KJ, and DL conducted the experiments. MI, MB, HS, and DL analyzed data. MI and DL wrote the manuscript with significant input from all other authors.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Artificial intelligence (AI) is a new technical discipline that uses computer technology to research and develop the theory, method, technique, and application system for the simulation, extension, and expansion of human intelligence. With the assistance of new AI technology, the traditional medical environment has changed a lot. For example, a patient\u2019s diagnosis based on radiological, pathological, endoscopic, ultrasonographic, and biochemical examinations has been effectively promoted with a higher accuracy and a lower human workload. The medical treatments during the perioperative period, including the preoperative preparation, surgical period, and postoperative recovery period, have been significantly enhanced with better surgical effects. In addition, AI technology has also played a crucial role in medical drug production, medical management, and medical education, taking them into a new direction. The purpose of this review is to introduce the application of AI in medicine and to provide an outlook of future trends."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 1. Instead of \u201cCollege of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China,\u201d it should be \u201cShenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.\u201dIn the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliation for Chen Chen. As well as having affiliation 1, they should also have \u201cCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.\u201dThere was another error regarding the affiliation for Guo-Li Song. As well as having affiliation 1, they should have \u201cShenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China\u201d and \u201cShenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth] plays an important role in preserving poor smallholders' major source of income in the tropics and subtropics by improving food and feed security, particularly protein intake. In the meantime, protein deficiency is frequent in tropical and subtropical regions due to rapidly increasing human populations and the high cost of animal-origin proteins. As a result, pulse crops should be their primary source of protein. Among these, PP is the most important pulse crop utilized as a food component in rain-fed agricultural conditions with the lowest costs, and it is the best source of protein supplements in typical cereal-based diets to fill the nutritional deficit. Despite this, it is the world's least-used pulse crop. Therefore, the primary goal of this review was to provide and synthesize scientifically confirmed and up-to-date information on the dietary usage of pigeon pea for food and feed. Protein, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and essential amino acids are all present in reasonable amounts in both mature and immature PP seeds. PP has the most potential for usage as food and feed, and its nutrients are comparable to those of soybeans and maize. PP's green leaves, roots, seeds, and pods are high in phenolic compounds, which have anti-inflammation, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and antidiabetic properties, as well as the ability to cure diseases like measles, smallpox, chicken pox, sickle cell anemia, fever, dysentery, hepatitis, and antimalarial medications for the body. Furthermore, the addition of pigeon pea and its by-products improves ruminant and nonruminant animal feeding performance significantly. In general, PP products such as dried grain, fresh , and green pods are used as a low-cost (low-cost) source of high-quality and quantity of protein food and feed for tropical and subtropical populations' livelihoods.Pigeon pea (PP) [ Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth] is the most prevalent fast-growing and adaptable pulse crop [2, with India accounting for 92% of that [In tropical and subtropical climates, pigeon pea (PP) [lse crop . Cajan plse crop . The tot of that . It is a of that , 5. It h of that . PP prov of that . PP is a of that . PP is w of that , and it  of that .PP seeds contain about 20\u201322 percent protein and appreciable amounts of essential amino acids and minerals . It is tIn addition to its food and feed value, PP's green leaves, roots, seeds, and pods contain a large number of phenolic compounds, which offer a number of health benefits , 24. FurThis narrative review is based on theories and empirical findings, with saturated information extracted. Experiments and scientific findings were utilized to filter data and focus on recent publications. The period of search for this script is from June 01, 2021, to October 30, 2021. The script's literature search focused primarily on the dietary use of pigeon pea for food and feed. The information provided by Google Scholar, as well as peer-reviewed major indexers such as Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, was used to extract useful information during this review script. Thus, key words such as \u201cpigeon pea cultivation,\u201d \u201cnutritive profile of pigeon pea,\u201d \u201crole of pigeon pea as food,\u201d \u201crole of pigeon pea as feed,\u201d and \u201ctherapeutic uses of pigeon pea\u201d were used to find journal articles, papers, books, and symposia. The next section of this script will go through some concepts and experimental settings from the perspectives of PP production, pigeon pea nutritional profile, and dietary usage of pigeon pea for food and feed, and pigeon pea medicinal uses.PP was first grown in India, but it is the world's least utilized pulse crop. It does, however, provide certain benefits for smallholders in the tropics and subtropics . India, The early-blowing variants of PP, as shown in For a village production system, three to four PP seeds might be placed on a single hill, and the plants would generate a large number of twigs on both sides of the bund. In other words, a field with a track record of strong soil fertility and drainage should be selected for periurban commercial cultivation. For soil shortages, a 100\u2009kg/ha diammonium phosphate application and other soil adjustments are recommended prior to sowing. Plant PP seed, as shown in PP is a good source of carbs, proteins, fats, and minerals, and it makes a significant contribution to human and animal nutrition. Carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, vital amino acids, and vitamins are abundant in both mature (dry) and immature seeds of PP . PP seedThe main carbohydrates contained in PP are soluble sugars, starch, and dietary fiber. According to a study by , the comProteins are the second most important component of PP, with 21.7\u2009g/100\u2009g of protein in ripe (dry) seeds, as shown in In mature and immature PP seeds , palmitiAccording to Dietary inhibitors such as phytolectins, polyphenols, and enzyme inhibitors are found in small levels in the mature seed of PP . AccordiPP is consumed in a variety of ways as a food . MeanwhiPP's leaves, seeds, and roots are used for a variety of therapeutic purposes . For exaPigeon pea seed extract has also been found in clinical investigations to aid in the reduction of red blood cell sickling, suggesting that it may be beneficial for people with sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell anemia can be treated with pigeon peas. Many sickle cell disease patients in Chhattisgarh utilize pigeon pea to decrease erythrocyte sickling . The PP According to multiple studies, the leaves, seeds, and roots of PP have a significant degree of anti-inflammation and antibacterial characteristics , 80, as Several studies have found that PP and its by-products are excellent fodder (forage) species that are necessary for animal feed . The PP On the other hand, sheep selected fresh PP plants (forage) from eight browse forge species , and theIn chicken and pig feeds, the whole seed, pods, pod husks, hay, and milling by-products of PP could be a superior replacement for soybeans and maize . SimilarAccording to Whiteman and Norton , adding According to Singh and Kush , PP planThe purpose of this narrative review was to discover the nutritional and phenolic components of pigeon pea, as well as their relevance in human and animal nutrition. In the meantime, protein deficiency is frequent in tropical and subtropical regions, owing to a rapidly growing human population and the high cost of animal-origin proteins. As a result, pulse crops should be their primary source of protein. PP is the most important pulse crop utilized as a food component under rain-fed agricultural circumstances, and it is the most important source of protein supplements in traditional cereal-based diets to fill the nutritional deficit. Protein, carbs, minerals, vitamins, and fundamental amino acids are all present at reasonable levels in both mature and immature PP seeds. PP has the most potential for usage as a food and feed source, and its nutrients are comparable to those of soybeans and maize. In addition to its dietary value, PP's green leaves, roots, seeds, and pods contain a large number of phenolic compounds, which have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and antidiabetic properties, as well as the ability to treat diseases such as measles, smallpox, chicken pox, sickle cell anemia, fever, dysentery, hepatitis, and antimalarial medications. Furthermore, the addition of PP and its by-products improves the performance of ruminant and nonruminant animal nutrition significantly. In addition to the foregoing explanations, PP contains antinutritional substances that may have an adverse effect on nutrient bioavailability. Chemical soaking and cooking techniques, on the other hand, may help mitigate these antinutritional effects. Smallholder farmers in the tropics and subtropics use PP and its by-products, such as dry grain, green pods and pod husks, and hay, as a low-cost source of edible proteins for food and feed. As a result, significant emphasis should be put on the production and utilization of PP in traditional cereal-based diets in order to fight protein deficiency in developing countries."}
{"text": "Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents one of the most frequent human cancer entities and is still amongst the \u201ctop killers\u201d in human cancer, although fundamental progress has been made in recent years in CRC prevention, early diagnosis, basic and translational research, and (targeted) therapy. The current Special Issue, \u201cColorectal cancers: from present problems to future solutions\u201d, presents 13 highly timely articles, 9 original articles and 4 reviews, which give insights into, and highlight, the latest developments within the scientific, translational and clinical CRC community, presenting views and work of several internationally highly recognized experts in the field. To this end, the special issue covers exciting novel discoveries in basic and mechanistic research that help to understand CRC carcinogenesis, progression and metastasis, tumor cell heterogeneity, and novel microenvironmental components in CRC. It also covers clinical parameters that modify CRC characteristics and therapy response, and tools and models with a high innovative potential to open new chapters in the differential diagnosis of CRC heterogeneity and response to therapy. causes of CRC carcinogenesis, progression, metastasis, and/or CRC interaction with the (micro-) environment. In an exciting review, Nobel Laureate Harald zur Hausen and Ethel-Michele de Villiers give an intriguing overview on a potential, completely novel class of infectious agents, which might open new avenues to our understanding of indirect carcinogenesis, but also further chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, as (co-) caused by bovine meat and milk factors (BMMFs) [Several articles present advances or novel, in part provocative, hypotheses on  (BMMFs) . BMMFs r (BMMFs)  systemat (BMMFs)  in CRC.  (BMMFs)  extends  (BMMFs) .tumor cell heterogeneity is certainly still one of the most unresolved problems we are facing when it comes to  cancer individual diagnosis, prediction, risk classification, and therapy. Ideally, we would like to aim at scenarios and early diagnostic tools that enable us to predict, for every single patient, the likelihood to develop later progressive disease or metastasis, before this actually happens macroscopically. Therefore, methods to identify metastatically \u201cdangerous\u201d tumor cell clones in any primary tumor, or within single disseminated tumor cells that can be identified in, e.g., the blood of cancer patients, would open tremendous opportunities for a more individualized risk prediction and (preventive) therapy stratification. In an interdisciplinary consortium of molecular translational oncology researchers, optical physicists, and chemists, the groups of H.A. Wagenknecht, C. Cremer, and our own group recently succeeded in establishing a first-in-field approach for quantitative single-cell, single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) at the nanoscale, within resected human CRC tissues [The issue of  tissues . We spec tissues  present  tissues . These cclinical characteristics (age and gender), can have an impact on clinical courses and outcomes in CRC, and, potentially, response to therapy. During recent years, it has been observed that sporadic CRC has been increasing, also, in younger patients. In an attempt to address potential causes for this, in a large multinational cohort of over 2100 newly diagnosed CRC patients, Himbert et al., together with many colleagues involved in the ColoCare study, analyzed patient, demographic, and lifestyle characteristics, compared between age of onset younger than, or over, 50 years [Two further articles of this Special Issue show actual clinical study data, illustrating how, up to now rather neglected 50 years . Althougmodelling colorectal cancer. A highly interesting article by Jens Hoffmann and his group [Translational, and re-translational, research in CRC, and its success and impact for clinical consequences will, ultimately, also depend on the availability of the right models that are able to reflect the situation within a CRC patient as authentically as possible. Therefore, two articles in this special issue introduce novel, and timely, means of is group  introducis group  introducTaken together, with this Special Issue, \u201cColorectal Cancers: From Present Problems to Future Solutions\u201d, we hope to present an exciting compilation of articles, by well-known international experts, which can deepen discussions and ideas amongst colleagues in all kinds of disciplines working at CRC and beyond. I hope it can encourage, and intensify, even more translational and interdisciplinary collaborations, aiming at an ultimate understanding of strategies to defeat, and prevent, colorectal cancer, its progression and metastasis, and all the suffering and death resulting from it."}
{"text": "Following the publication of this article , the firPLOS ONE Editors retract the article.In light of the data ownership issues, the CJW, YQL, LLL, YRG, and RHB agreed with the retraction. LW, LYZ, and MXZ either did not respond directly or could not be reached."}
{"text": "Nature Communications 10.1038/s41467-021-25027-2, published online 06 August 2021.Correction to: The original version of this Article contained an error in the author list affiliations, which was previously given as Charles Langmuir is from \u2018State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chines Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China\u2019 and the \u2018Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA\u2019. The correct version states that Charles Langmuir is from the \u2018Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA\u2019. This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article."}
{"text": "NOT by single effect/mechanism/pathway), these Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides by themselves can activate, rejuvenate, and improve T cells. \u201cPersonalized Adaptive Neuro-Immunotherapy\u201d is a novel method for rejuvenating and improving T cells safely and potently by Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides, consisting of personalized diagnostic and therapeutic protocols. The patient\u2019s scarce and/or dysfunctional T cells are activated ex vivo once by pre-selected Neurotransmitters and/or Neuropeptides, tested, and re-inoculated to the patient\u2019s body. Neuro-Immunotherapy can be actionable and repeated whenever needed, and allows other treatments. This adoptive Neuro-Immunotherapy calls for testing its safety and efficacy in clinical trials.T cells are essential for eradicating microorganisms and cancer and for tissue repair, have a pro-cognitive role in the brain, and limit Central Nervous System (CNS) inflammation and damage upon injury and infection. However, in aging, chronic infections, acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, cancer, chronic stress, depression and major injury/trauma, T cells are often scarce, exhausted, senescent, impaired/biased and dysfunctional. People with impaired/dysfunctional T cells are at high risk of infections, cancer, other diseases, and eventually mortality, and become multi-level burden on other people, organizations and societies. It is suggested that \u201cNerve-Driven Immunity\u201d and \u201cPersonalized Adoptive Neuro-Immunotherapy\u201d may overcome this problem. Natural Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides: Glutamate, Dopamine, GnRH-II, CGRP, Neuropeptide Y, Somatostatin and others, bind their well-characterized receptors expressed on the cell surface of na\u00efve/resting T cells and induce multiple direct, beneficial, and therapeutically relevant effects. These Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides can induce/increase: gene expression, cytokine secretion, integrin-mediated adhesion, chemotactic migration, extravasation, proliferation, and killing of cancer. Moreover, we recently found that some of these Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides also induce rapid and profound decrease of PD-1 in human T cells. By inducing these beneficial effects in na\u00efve/resting T cells at different times after binding their receptors ( T cells are essential for eradicating infectious organisms and cancer, immune response to injury, organ repair, and for various other health-promoting missions . T cells-left side), the T cells of numerous people in various abnormal conditions (-right) are scarce and/or exhausted, senescent, impaired, biased, and often also suffer from altered stemness and therefore do not function properly.However, in contrast to T cells of healthy subjects  are characterized by low proliferation in response to antigen stimulation, progressive loss of effector function (cytokine production and killing function), expression of multiple inhibitory receptors such as PD-1, Tim3, and LAG3, and metabolic alterations from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis , 9\u201316. ET cell senescence or biological aging is a process that results from a variety of stresses, and leads to a state of gradual deterioration of functional characteristics and irreversible growth arrest , 16\u201318.T cell stemness is characterized by the capacity of T cells to self-renew, and be multipotent. T cell stemness combines the ability of a T cell to perpetuate its lineage and give rise to differentiated cells, and to interact with its environment to maintain a balance between quiescence, proliferation, and regeneration , 19.-right and in further detail in its legend, due to word limit of this paper).Individuals who have scarce and/or exhausted, senescent, altered and dysfunctional T cells are very susceptible and at high risk of morbidity and mortality, and become a harsh multi-level clinical, physiological, and economic burden on many other people, organizations, and societies , hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and other microorganisms, and in cancer , 9\u201316.+ T cells are important for protective immunity against intracellular microorganisms and tumors, but in chronic infections or cancer, the CD8+ T cells are exposed to persistent antigen and/or inflammatory signals, leading to a gradual deterioration of their function, a state called \u201cexhaustion\u201d. Tex are characterized by progressive loss of effector functions (cytokine production and killing function), expression of multiple inhibitory receptors (such as PD-1 and LAG3), dysregulated metabolism, poor memory recall, homeostatic self-renewal, homeostatic proliferation, and distinct transcriptional and epigenetic programs , and these cells suffer from anergy, exhaustion, senescence, and impaired stemness , 14, 15.Thus, the T cells of cancer patients are often dysfunctional and unable to eradicate the cancer cells efficiently, due to many different reasons. On top of the above-mentioned division into general categories, the reasons and factors that limit and/or impair the T cells of cancer patients can be divided into distinct families, each containing multiple specific members, as discussed in detail in . Among tFactor family 1: Lack of antigen processing, T cell recognition and TCR signaling; Factors family 2: Negative immune modulation; Factors family 3: Non-accessibility of tumor to T cells; Factors family 4: Immune editing, equilibrium and escape . Due to On these grounds, an effective and safe rejuvenation of scarce, exhausted and dysfunctional T cells, and induction of multiple beneficial T cell functions in cancer patients, remain an urgent desired clinical goal.+CD25+ and CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), synergistic decreased function of effector T cells (Teffs) and antigen presenting cells (APCs), and a shift of the Th1 to Th2 cytokine responses  have impaired adaptive immunity characterized by a greater vulnerability to viral infections and deficient responses to vaccinations, along with decreased number and/or activity of T cells and natural killer cells (NKCs) .low/CCR4+ Tregs, and memory Tregs, and reduced CD56+CD16- (putative immunoregulatory) NKC counts (+ T cells of MDD patients are characterized by higher frequencies of CD4(+)CD25(high)CD127(low/-) cells, higher FOXP3 mRNA expression, and less diverse TCR V\u03b2 repertoires ,5. Be patient-friendly and painless, do not necessitate hospitalization or any other procedure or treatment, and allow continuation of everyday life during therapy,6. Be applicable to many people in very different ages and abnormal conditions, who suffer from scarce, sub-optimal and dysfunctional T cells,7. Allow repeated and timely therapy whenever needed, and for as long as needed, and as such allow even prolonged periodic treatment over months and years, for people with chronic T cell dysfunction,8. Be flexible and contain several build in options and modalities, allowing higher degree of freedom and action,9. Contain preliminary personalized ex vivo diagnostic cellular functional tests that can be done at any time, using small quantity of the patient's own T cells , and reliable biomarkers. These ex vivo tests should be able to evaluate the present condition of the patient's T cells, and measure their ex vivo responsiveness to the planned adoptive cellular therapy. As such, these diagnostic tests could evaluate and predict the person\u2019s potential benefit from tentative treatment and to tailor personalized regimen,a priori the antigen/s expressed on the disease-causing cells or microorganisms. Therefore, the method should not be limited to, or suitable only for, cases in which either the tumor antigens or the antigens of infectious organisms (e.g. the spike protein of Covid-19) are known and can be used.10. Be independent of a prerequisite of knowing 11. Not depend on, and not utilize, the T cell receptor (TCR) and its associated proteins, for avoiding both further Activation-Induced Cell Death (ACID), T cell exhaustion, and the risk of autoimmunity,12. Not manipulate the T cells genetically,in vitro for prolonged periods, for not losing some essential traits/capabilities. It is especially important that the therapeutic method would not impair T cell ability to migrate and home to, and penetrate into, various organs and tissues which either contain disease-causing cells or infectious organism, or are injured and require T cell help for healing,13. Not park/culture the T cells in vivo activity is dependent on cytokines or growth factors and need such subsequent support in vivo. Thus, the therapeutic method should preferably be free of any detrimental side effects of systematically-administered cytokines (e.g. IL-2), and of any cytokine storms,14. Not use T cells whose 15. Not perform any pre conditioning procedure prior to the therapy itself , and do inject any drug before, during, or after the infusion of the adoptive transfer of the patient's rejuvenated and improved T cells,ex vivo process of T cell rejuvenation, activation and amplification, prior to the inoculation of the patient's improved T cells into his body,16. Not change, inactivate or even suppress transiently any natural receptors, ion channels, or other proteins expressed on the T cell surface during the in vivo cytokine storms and competition over natural ingredients and space. Settle with much less T cells injected repeatedly over few weeks or months17. Not necessitate single infusions of billions of improved T cells each time, for avoiding 18. For conditions which are NOT cancer, use and adoptively transfer rejuvenated and improved T cells which can be \u201cfriendly\u201d to, and communicate with, other cells, rather than very aggressive T cells which may damage, or compete with other cells for natural resources and space, in lymphoid organs, and in other tissues and organs, and which may also cause autoimmunity,19. The new immunothreapy should stand on its own, as a mono therapy, for saving, prolonging, and improving life, but must not interrupt or compete with any other efficient treatment/drugs from which the person can benefit from, and which may overcome T cell exhaustion and allow better T cell function. Thus, any other prior, simultaneous, in between, or later safe and effective treatment would be possible, as long as they do not harm T cells and do not induce immunosuppression.20. On top of being used on their own, it would be advantageous if the diagnostic and therapeutic methods and protocols of the new immunotherapy could be used also as \"add on technologies'', and allow improvement of other adoptively-transferred therapeutic T cells.T cell immunotherapies , 35 haveIn line with this scientific and clinical revolution, there is an enormous number of scientists and clinicians working on T cell immunotherapies, and a meteoric rise of companies developing and utilizing them, primarily for cancer, but also for some infectious diseases. Current adoptive/cellular T cell therapies include mainly the following types: donor lymphocyte infusions, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, T-cell receptor-engineered T cells, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, and virus-specific T cells. These T cell immunotherapies are reviewed in many papers, among them , 35.While each of these potent T cell immunotherapies has their own clear focus, advantages, and successes, primarily for some types of cancer, to the best of my knowledge none can rejuvenate and rescue T cells from exhaustion and senescence whenever needed and for whoever needs it, and that manage to improve multiple T cell functions simultaneously, among them increase migration, homing and extravasation into tissues .I\u2019m also not aware of adoptive T cell immunotherapies that fulfil all, or at least most, of the 20 suggested criteria specified in the preceding section, and are suitable for broad use for all, at least most conditions of scarce, exhausted, suboptimal, and dysfunctional T cells.How can we safely and potently rejuvenate, activate, and improve scarce, exhausted and/or senescent T cells whenever needed and fulfil the 20 suggested criteria for optimal solution defined in the previous section?ex vivo natural Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides , many of which are specified below in the next chapters, in the cited papers, and in language , 37, 46,\u201359, manyi.e. \u201ctalks\u201d directly to T cells in various parts of the body via Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides, that in turn bind to their specific receptors in T cells (as well as many others cells) and induce on their own multiple direct, rapid, potent, timely and beneficial effects. I further hypothesize that T cells need Neurotransmitters, Neuropeptides and their receptors, and the direct, rapid and potent effects they induce, for performing multiple health-guarding T cell tasks, and for communicating with the brain and with other body systems and organs.My idea and suggestion are to try to mimic and translate into therapeutic terms, what I hypothesize that the nervous system most probably normally does in everyday life: Neurotransmitters are traditionally defined as endogenous chemical substances used by the nervous system to transmit messages, either between neurons, or from neurons to muscles, or from neurons to gland cells. In addition, many Neurotransmitters induce direct effects on T cells and other immune cells, as well as on different cell types which express their receptors.i.e. peptides, produced and released by neurons through the regulated secretory route, and acting on neural substrates. Once again, T cells and other immune cells ought to be added as target cells that are affected directly by Neuropeptides.Neuropeptides are traditionally defined as small protein-like molecules, via its own functional Neurotransmitter/Neuropeptide receptors that are highly expressed in these cells , induce multiple direct and potent beneficial effects on resting/na\u00efve T cells  CD3+ T cells of healthy subjects purified from their blood, which are in normal number and condition (+ T cells of few patients with Head and Neck cancer - Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC)   and of f (HNSCC) .de novo gene expression , evident at various time points after their binding to their receptors in T cells, the above-mentioned Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides can on their own improve dramatically many essential T cell functions.Together, by inducing all these direct and beneficial effects  that bind to the T cell\u2019s PD-1 and by doing so keep T cells in an inactive/suppressed mode, and prevent T cell reactivity against themselves. Monoclonal antibodies that target either PD-1 or PD-L1 can block this binding and boost the immune response against cancer cells. These drugs have shown a great deal of promise and success in treating certain cancers.****+ peripheral T cells of few elderly people aged 79\u201386 years, suffering from HCC and a kaleidoscope of comorbid conditions. We also tested the effects of these Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides on CD3+ na\u00efve/resting T cells of additional healthy subjects. In all cases, the CD3+ T cells were purified from small blood samples.In our most recent study (submitted paper) we studied the direct effects of Dopamine, Glutamate, GnRH-II, CGRP or Neuropeptide Y  induced the following effects: A. Decreased significantly both the percentage of PD-1+ T cells and the level of PD-1 expression per cell , B. Increased, up to seven fold, the number of alive T cells that proliferated in vitro in response to human HCC cells (either HepG2 or Huh7 cell line), C. Increased significantly killing of human HCC cells in vitro by the T cells (up to 2 fold increase).We found all the following significant findings: 1. The HCC patients had 5\u201310 fold less T cells than healthy subjects, 2. The patient\u2019s T cells were abnormal, Moreover, we found that few unexpected combinations of Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides induced even stronger effects than the single Neurotransmitters/Neuropeptides, and that Dopamine D1-5R agonists, of which D4R was the best, also decreased PD-1 and increased T cell numbers.via their own receptors in T cells, and by inducing multiple beneficial effects. Yet, once again, we found significant inter-individual variability with regard to the effects of these Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides on human T cells.Together, these findings demonstrate that Dopamine, Glutamate, GnRH-II, Neuropeptide Y and CGRP, each on its own or in combinations, can activate, rejuvenate, and improve T cells, even when they are scarce and suboptimal T cells of elderly people with cancer and several diseases, and that they do so in low physiological concentration, single exposure and direct manner\u2014Personalized Adoptive Neuro-Immunotherapy\u201d, drawn schematically in Based on the all the experimental findings in hand so far and the corresponding publications , 36\u201345, I propose that the \u201cPersonalized Adoptive Neuro-Immunotherapy\u201d has the ability to rejuvenate, activate and improve T cell number, condition, migration and function. By doing so, this novel type of adoptive cellular therapy may hopefully increase survival, improve life quality, and prevent multiple harsh multi-level implications , proliferative response to cancer, killing of cancer, ability to recruit other immune cells to the site of disease or injury, and most probably additional advantageous effects not revealed yet.T adhesion to extracellular matrix glycoproteins, chemotactic migration, homing, extravasation into solid organs, gene expression, cytokine secretion, expression of key proteins , is essential and beneficial for all involved sides, and can be translated into therapeutic terms , according to the needs of the entire body either in health or disease;2. Direct, accurate, real-time, and beneficial T cell activation, which is dictated by the brain and other parts of the nervous system, in a coordinated and orchestrated manner, and which takes place whenever needed, and wherever needed (via natural Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides and their respective receptors expressed in T cells, which can take place independent of the TCR and specific foreign antigens. Thus, the activation of T cells via Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides is not antigen-specific, and as such it can be safer, broader, and maybe even better in few contexts, since it is not expected cause neither TCR-mediated autoimmunity against self antigens, nor TCR-mediated T cell exhaustion upon repeated exposure to tumor antigens or infectious antigens.3. Rapid, transient and advantageous T cell activation Whole body control, orchestration, coordination and adaptation, allowable by the direct real-time information conveyed to, and received from, T cells and other immune cells, in either health or disease.I humbly propose that we may have the ability to protect, improve, and even save many people\u2019s lives, by using and actually mimicking the natural \u201clanguage\u201d by which the brain \u201ctalks\u201d to T cells, for new and potentially very safe and effective mode of therapy\u2014The \u201cPersonalized Adoptive Neuro-Immunotherapy\u201d (If the \u201cPersonalized Adoptive Neuro-Immunotherapy\u201d turns out to be indeed safe, effective and patient-friendly, an enormous number of people whose T cells are malfunctioning, as well as their relatives, health caregivers, healthy services, hospitals, insurance companies, and entire societies, could benefit from it (Moreover, I foresee that repeated periodic strengthening of T cells of people at risk, especially in older age, can become almost routine, generic, and broad spectrum method of immune-protection, not limited each year only to few selected microbial organisms. The current Covid-19 pandemics teach all of us a devastating and warning lesson: relying only on vaccinations to already identified viruses and other infectious organisms, is not sufficient, and can lead to disastrous worldwide implications.The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication.The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "Callyspongia  encompasses a group of demosponges including 261 described species, of which approximately 180 have been accepted after taxonomic reviews. The marine organisms of Callyspongia are distributed in tropical ecosystems, especially in the central and western Pacific, but also in the regions of the Indian, the West Atlantic, and the East Pacific Oceans. The reason for the interest in the genus Callyspongia is related to its potential production of bioactive compounds. In this review, we group the chemical information about the metabolites isolated from the genus Callyspongia, as well as studies of the biological activity of these compounds. Through NMR data, 212 metabolites were identified from genus Callyspongia , belonging to classes such as polyacetylenes, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, polyketides, simple phenols, phenylpropanoids, nucleosides, cyclic peptides, and cyclic depsipeptides. A total of 109 molecules have been reported with bioactive activity, mainly cytotoxic and antimicrobial  action. Thus, we conclude that polyacetylenes, terpenoids and steroids correspond to the largest classes of compounds of the genus, and that future research involving the anticancer action of the species\u2019 bioactive metabolites may become relevant.The genus  Callyspongia Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1864, belonging to the family Callyspongiidae and the order Haplosclerida, is structured in six subgenera: Callyspongia  Duchassaing and Michelotti, Callyspongia  Carter, Callyspongia  Schmidt, Callyspongia (Euplacella) Lendenfeld, Callyspongia  Ridley, and Callyspongia (Spinosella) Vosmaer indole-3-carboxylic acid (116a) indole-3-carboxylic acid (116b) acetic acid (209); acetic acid (210); and the callypyrones A (211) and B (212). Except for substances 211 and 212 that were isolated from an EtOAc/MeOH 1:1 of Callyspongia diffusa . Ot. Ot5) annd 32\u201338 . In addictively, .Callyspongia sp. and have driving Th1 polarization and antiproliferative effect against HL-60  and HCT-15  . \u03b2-. \u03b2-60) alminthic , antimutlminthic , angiogecompound  was founlminthic , antifunium spp. , antidiacompound  was founium spp. , analgesium spp. ,106, antium spp. , anti-inium spp. ,113,114,ium spp. ,113,114,ium spp. , and immium spp. .105) was evaluated as a potential compound for anti-HIV action, by inhibiting type 1 of this virus with an infection vector to 1/3 at 200 nM in a 96-well plate .169 ; c; c196) ictively) ,145. Bas0 5.3 \u03bcM . Bastadiof IMPDH , while bXF 22RV1 . Other cctively) . Lastly,Callyspongia is composed of various species of sponges, in which 261 have been described and approximately 180 accepted by reviews of taxonomists [Callyspongia sp. species were also considered in the bibliographic survey, but their non-identification makes the distinction between them impossible, allowing only a speculative approach based on localities of origin of these sponges. However, these results suggest that there are still many Callyspongia sponges that can be studied.The genus onomists ,4. AlthoCallyspongia was published in 1981 [Callyspongia species. Still, during this period, two species of Shiphonochalina have been taxonomically reclassified and are currently known as Callyspongia lindgreni  [Callyspongia siphonella  [The first study about the isolation of metabolites from  in 1981  and the  in 1981 ,63. Analruncata) ,33 and Cphonela) ,61,62,63Callyspongia, in which 103 are categorized in two classes, polyacetylenes (1\u201347), and terpenoids and steroids (48\u2013104), in agreement with previous studies that present substances of this class as characteristic in the genus. In this sense, because of the greater number of isolations in different species, polyacetylenes could be classified as chemical markers for Callyspongia [In total, 212 metabolites were identified from yspongia ,27.54\u201388) were also extensively documented, being the first isolated metabolites according to the investigations of this review [Callyspongia siphonella. In addition, most of isolated compounds were collected from sponges of Red Sea regions, China, Japan, Indonesia, and Australia. This fact highlights the potential for further research in regions where the genus is less explored, such as Brazil, Ecuador, and Barbados, for example. It is also important to note that in some studies, no trace was found on the place of origin of the marine material studied [The sipholane triterpenoids , and the isolation of compounds from beings that establish symbiotic relationships with Callyspongia species [Molecules abolites ,42 and tabolites , F [4,22abolites . The unarization , identifrization , Mass Sprization ,147  have been reported as bioactive . In this sense, the results are in agreement with the data that prove the relevance of the metabolites in the genus with anticancer action [Some of the 212 metabolites reported herein were described in original reviews and articles as biologically relevant. Among these compounds, 109 molecules . The species were classified by nomenclature and researched individually. Additional information was obtained by searching for the term \u201cCallyspongia\u201d accompanied by keywords specific to the articles, such as the species name, the collection site, the name of the isolated metabolites and the types of biological activity. In addition, the data of biological activities of metabolites were searches by the name of the structures accompanied by the terms \u201cbiological\u201d, \u201cactivity\u201d and \u201cbiological activity\u201d.The selection of articles proceeded using inclusion criteria, i.e., the characterization of molecules by NMR as the primary criterion and the presence of biological activity as the secondary. The articles were identified by means of a summarized reading of the published content. The investigations reached a total of 973 articles, of which, 145 were considered compatible with the inclusion criteria, and selected for the review.Through NMR data, 212 metabolites were identified from genus Callyspongia , which were classifying into the following groups: polyacetylenes, polyketides, terpenoids and steroids, simple phenols and phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, nucleosides, cyclic peptides and cyclic depsipeptides, and miscellaneous .Callyspongia genus are producers of several classes of primary and secondary metabolites, mainly polyacetylenes and lipids. In addition, many of these compounds are biologically active and have activities that may prove to be promising in fighting diseases. Thus, this literature review gathered essential information for the emergence of new research on the species of the genus.Sponges of the"}
{"text": "The authors wish to make the following corrections to the paper : During 1Thi Tuong Vy Phan 1\u00a0phanttuongvy4@duytan.edu.vnCenter for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Hai Chau, Danang 550000, Vietnam; We apologize for this unintentional mistake, which, however, does not affect the results of this manuscript and the conclusions drawn from them."}
{"text": "During original publication of Jaeschke, K., Hanna, F., Ali, S., Chowdhary, N., Dua, T., & Charlson, F. . the disDisclaimer:The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this Article and they do not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated."}
{"text": "The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The following affiliation of all three authors had not been included and was added retrospectively: Shriners Hospitals for Children, Northern California, Orthopedics, Sacramento, CA, USA.The original article has been corrected."}
{"text": "In \u201cPrecision Public Health Campaign: Delivering Persuasive Messages to Relevant Segments Through Targeted Advertisements on Social Media\u201d :e22313) the authors noted one error.In the originally published manuscript, the order of authors Ingmar Weber and Hanya M Qureshi was reversed. This has been corrected to reflect that Hanya M Qureshi is the paper\u2019s third author and Ingmar Weber is the paper\u2019s fourth author. The author affiliations have been renumbered accordingly.The full list of authorship and affiliations in the originally published version appeared as follows:1, PhD; Haewoon Kwak1, PhD; Ingmar Weber2, PhD; Hanya M Qureshi3, BAJisun An1School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore2Qatar Computing Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar3Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United StatesThe full list of authorship and affiliations has been updated as follows in the corrected version:1, PhD; Haewoon Kwak1, PhD; Hanya M Qureshi2, BA; Ingmar Weber3, PhDJisun An1School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore2Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States3Qatar Computing Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, QatarThe correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on October 5, 2021, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories."}
{"text": "Saudi Arabia, a prominent Arabian country, has 35. 3 million persons living in 2.2 million square kilometers, undergone serious threats recently due to the COVID-19 pandemic. With the built-in infrastructure and disciplined lifestyle, the country could address this pandemic.This analysis of COVID-19 cases in Saudi Arabia attempts to assess the situation, explore its global percentage share, percentage of population affected, and local distribution from the beginning of infection until recently, tracing historical developments and changes.This analysis made use of data released by the Ministry of Health on a daily basis for a number of parameters. They are compiled on an excel sheet on a daily basis: the dataset has undergone rigorous analysis along with the trends and patterns; proportion to the world statistics and geographic distribution.COVID-19 spread rapidly in the country with periodic variations, during June-August, 2020. But, recoveries accelerated in the period, thus bridging the gap of increasing infections. In comparison with the world statistics, the country proportions are lower, while the percentage of population affected is similar. It appears that the intensity varied across all 13 administrative areas.COVID-19 transmission since March 2020 is considered to be widespread, creating excess burden on the public health system, delineated into stages . Control measures are set, stage-wise, without impinging upon normal life but to ensure that the proportion of globally affected persons is lesser than the population share: credit goes to the Ministry of Health. Area-wise spread depends largely on population density and development infrastructure dimensions. Ultimately, the disciplined life in compliance with law and order paved the way for effective program implementation and epidemic control. The COVID-19 pandemic spread rapidly across the world, including Saudi Arabia, which led to a severe health emergency . There aThe epidemic period combined with health emergencies created tensions in family units, especially under poor conditions of infrastructure and crowded living arrangements due to restrictions on family and social life, interpersonal contact, and affective gestures adhering to the strict discipline of social distancing and face masks . This leSaudi Arabia, a large country in terms of geographic area, is divided into five planning regions, 13 administrative areas, and 118 governorates. It borders five Arabian Gulf countries and a few other Arab countries, and accommodates a combined native and foreign population of 35.3 million across 2.2 million square kilometers. This predominantly urban country built residential, commercial, educational, medical, and other infrastructure to encourage community living, which expedites the possibility of faster infection , 21. FloAgainst this backdrop, this research aims at an epidemiological analysis of COVID-19 cases reported on a daily basis to highlight changes, patterns, and trends over a period from March 21, 2020 to November 22, 2021. With the limitations of the national-level data available for analysis, this research elucidates the path of COVID-19 infection in the country, from its very beginning until recently. Such an elaboration, which has not yet been attempted, might enlighten researchers, policymakers, and practitioners to track historically and to learn lessons from a successfully implemented infection control program. Not only does this elaboration exposes the Saudi Arabian experience to global readers, but also it gives data and insights to the rest of the world, especially the Arab countries.This empirical study adopting ex-post facto approach is based solely on daily status reports of the Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia published since March 21, 2020. Calculations were done to determine:a. daily changes in infectionb. daily differences between reported and recovered casesc. daily changes in active cases and critical casesd. case fatality rate e. new and active cases, recovery and mortality as a percentage of globalf. infections, recoveries, and deaths per 100,000 populationwww.worldometers.info) as a denominator, indicators such as (a) daily reported cases, (b) total cases and total recoveries, (c) total deaths, (d) critical cases, (e) active cases, and (f) vaccinations are calculated for a base population of 100,000.Data published contained city-wide data till November 28 2020; thereafter it was by the 13 administrative areas till September 25, 2021; and at national level totals there. There were reports of global figures too till September 25, 2021. It was owing to the substantial decline in infection that these changes in the data structure are enacted by the Ministry of Health. Furthermore, adopting population size  on daily reports of COVID-19 cases published on the Website and through social media platforms (Facebook) by the Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. These reports from March 21, 2020 to November 22, 2021 are compiled on an Excel worksheet for consolidated analyses and illustrations.Results of this analysis are presented under various headings: epidemiology, proportion to world statistics, percent of the population affected, and spread by administrative area.A total of 392 cases of COVID-19 recorded on March 21, 2020, increased to 549,518 on November 22, 2021 showing a rapid spread in a population of 35.3 million; unexpected and un-afforded to the public health system. Fortunately, there were reductions in reported infection per day from 4,757 on June 18, 2020 to 220 on November 28, 2020; 328 on February 28, 2021; 1,161 on June 7, 2021 and 39 on November 22, 2021 . Along wTwo of the important indicators are active cases and critical cases: the former, as reported, increased from 22,444 on June 3, 2020, to 63,026 on July 13, 2020, but declined sharply thereafter. While the increase from June 3 to June 19 was sharp, it slowed down thereafter, reaching 45,157 on July 22, 2020; 23,687 on August 23, 2020; and 8,487 on October 19, 2020; 1,894 on January 16, 2021; and 2,296 on September 25, 2021. On November 28, 2020, there were 5,018 active cases , which declined to 2,584 by February 28, 2021; 2,581 on March 4, 2021 but thereafter increased to 9,376 on June 7, 2021. While the rapid increase in active cases noted during March 21-June 12, 2020 could be considered as part of the first phase, those noted in 2021 could be explained as part of the second phase. The total number of infections and recoveries has been varied but bridged the gap since October 2020. Moreover, the gap widened and shortened depending upon the daily reports. On the contrary, dwindling changes in the critical cases were recorded on a daily basis until the end of January, and started to climb up thereafter. For example, on June 3, 2020 there were 1,321 critical cases that increased to a peak of 2,295 on July 4, 2020, decreased to 352 on January 30, 2021 and thereafter increased to 1,579 on June 7, 2021. The same started falling slowly, thereafter, reaching a figure of 52 on November 22, 2021.Increases in the daily number of infected cases were in multiples of hundred during the early days of COVID-19. For example, on March 24, 2020, the number of new cases was increased by 154. But on July 3, 2020 the highest daily increase was reported as 810, which reduced from August onwards. On the contrary, there were reductions too, for example, on April 8, 2020, there was a reduction of 135 cases. Along with the spread of infections, mitigation also took place resulting in recoveries from the episodes. As of February 28, 2021, 368,305 cases have been recovered out of a total number of infections of 377,383 cases reported, representing a 97.6% recovery rate, leaving 6,494 (1.7%) deaths, which shows a prevalence of 0.7%. During the early days, that is, March and April 2020, daily recoveries were lower than reported cases, which is the reason for a huge increase showing negative recovery-reported case statistics. For example, on March 24, 2020, this difference was 196, with 9 recoveries out of 205 cases. On May 4, 2020, this figure of recovery-reported cases reached \u22121,303 and on June 12, 2020 it reached a peak of 2,911 cases, adding up to active cases. On the other hand, there were recoveries exceeding new cases from May 12, 2020 onwards but were zigzagging: the highest on July 14, 2020 with a difference of 5,026 cases .The case fatality rate, calculated as total deaths to 1,000 total infected cases, reached 16.3 on June 7, 2021. It was recorded as 15.1 on April 6, 2020, which declined to 5.4 by May 23, 2020. However, case fatality was recorded at a high of 17.3 during January 6\u2013February 16, 2021, and 8,826 on 22 November, 2021 depending mostly on the positive cases and deaths reported. The total number of deaths reached 7,471 on June 7, 2021 with a daily mortality of 16. The highest number of deaths of 58 was reported on July 5, 2020.Saudi Arabia, the largest country in the Arabian Gulf and second largest in the Arab World, has an area and population that are both 0.4% of the world. Saudi Arabia started with 0.2% of the world's COVID-19 cases on March 21, 2020, which increased to 1.5% by June 20, 2020, but declined to 0.02% by November 28, 2020, 0.01% by February 28, 2021, and even less than that thereafter, following various phases of intervention over that period . RecoverThere are a total of 549,518 infected cases, as of November 22, 2021 ; higher rates of infection but almost all recovered . Thus, having a very narrow gap between infected and recovered persons . It is tSome of the administrative areas, especially major commercial, educational, residential, and developmental zones, reportedly have a higher number of COVID-19 cases . In RiyaCOVID-19, the most critical health issue humans have ever experienced over the last decade, vary across countries in intensity raising global issues by creating severe health and socioeconomic concerns, thus precipitating global disruption and emergencies affecting other aspects of life, including travel, material, and financial resources, and psychosocial wellbeing , 33\u201335. Chronologically, risk assessment was followed by suspension of religious, recreational, sports, and commercial gatherings and thereafter public transport regulations leading to a partial curfew. There were enforced restrictions of inter-regional and international and national movements, local curfews based on daily reports, and national level lockdown. Connections are maintained through e-services. Repatriation of citizens, isolation of districts, remote teaching procedures, and rules carrying reprimands for the violation of control measures were also introduced. The private sector and expatriates were offered financial and welfare support along with special terms during Ramadan. Control measures were lifted slowly, step by step, depending upon the locational volume of spread. Mass testing strategies were initiated and, thereafter, normal living was regained in Saudi Arabia. There were a few other control measures put in place during the second wave too, although the spread was less intense. Slowly, there were reductions in the spread and thereby control measures were removed in the Kingdom. By this time, immunization programs gained momentum and it became mandatory for movement, especially in public places and offices. As an outcome, by September 2021, almost all control measures were withdrawn, observing a noticeably low spread of COVID-19. There exist restrictions on international travel and the entry of non-immunized people into the country. This is based on the lessons gained about the onset of the disease carried to the country by frequent travelers of the Eastern Region.Mortality, measured as case fatality, was observed to be high, which increased rapidly until January 2021: such higher mortality rates might have resulted from population age distribution, the age of infected persons, life expectancy, comorbidity, treatment-seeking behavior, and other risk factors . HoweverCOVID-19 spread to more than 200 locations in Saudi Arabia, and thus gripped the country for a period, which was addressed through medical and legal intervention. This reduced not only the gap between infection and recovery but also the proportion to global infection, recovery, and mortality. While the global figures continue to increase rapidly, the share of Saudi Arabia declined, which may be credited to the mitigation efforts.Population size and density are potential sources of COVID-19 infection , especiaThere were increases in the overall total cases and mortality, which are attributed to the waves of this epidemic on a global basis. But, threats are limited as revealed by the affected persons as a percentage of the population. Thus, population rates are more meaningful than the absolute numbers for understanding the impact of COVID-19 on societies. These rates show the extent COVID-19 impacts the population regarding distribution, economy, behavior, and cohesiveness, directly and indirectly. These achievements of continued decline are geared by strenuous efforts of healthcare intervention including daily detection tests and vaccination.Saudi Arabia has gone through highs and lows; based on population size, urban growth, infrastructure in place, and economic sectors. For example, a high spread of disease reported in administrative areas such as Riyadh, Makkah Al-Mokarramah, and the Eastern Region corresponds to this view. The second set of administrative areas are Al-Madinah Al-Monawarrah, Aseer, Al-Qassim, and Jazan. The other areas had few infected cases. These variations across administrative areas could directly relate to urbanization, social and religious festivities, commercial activities, and livelihoods despite effectively implementing various containment measures all over the country , 23, 39.COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia witnessed increases and decreases epidemiologically, in terms of new cases, mortality, active cases, and critical cases, delineating phases of early infections , heightened spread , fast decline , stabilization , second-wave , and full control (October 2021 onwards). While country statistics show remarkable control, credit goes to the committed efforts of the Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, and disciplined adaptations by the public. Overall, the percentage of population affected is low, comparatively, but should be kept in view for continued efforts to control the virus. Mitigation along with infection control strategies should go hand in hand in a strengthened manner.Geographically, administrative areas with higher pressures of population migration and socioeconomic development are more affected, especially the major cities such as Riyadh, Jeddah, Makkah, Buraydah, Dammam, and Madina. Finally, it is the disciplined life in compliance with a law and order situation under a government of utmost accountability that enabled the achievement of goals and targets in time.This research has many limitations, especially those related to data. Still, with this available data on the national scenario, the overall situation is explained for the global audience. It would have been more insightful had there been detailed data on age and sex specificity of infections, recoveries, and mortality. Such details could also be beneficial for analysis across geographic locations.The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary materials, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.AS: initiation, concept development, data compilation, analysis, and writing. RA-K: advisory in data compilation and methodology, reviewing and revising, and enabling supportive mechanisms. IE: assisting in data compilation, helping in analysis and literature review, and reviewing and suggesting improvements. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University, Riyadh, for its funding of this research through the Research Group No. RGP-329.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 1, instead of \u201cDepartment of Obstetrics, Qingdao Jinhua Hospital, Qingdao, China\u201d, it should be \u201cDepartment of Obstetrics, Qingdao Jinhua Gynecology Hospital, Qingdao, China\u201d.In the published article, there was an error in the affiliation order. The affiliation order should be1 Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China,2 Department of Obstetrics, Qingdao Jinhua Gynecology Hospital, Qingdao, ChinaIncorrect Author OrderIn the published article, there was an error in the order of authors. The author order should be1#*, Lijuan Qi2#, Jinhua Fu2, Shuqin Bi2, Lin Li1 and Yinghui Fu2Long Zhao#Long Zhao and Lijuan Qi contributed equally to this work.The corrected Author Contributions Statement appears below.LZ, LQ, and JF: conception and design, data analysis, and interpretation. LZ: administrative support. LQ, SB, YF, and LL: provision of study materials or patients, collection and assembly of data. All authors: manuscript writing and final approval of the manuscript.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "Molecular medicine is emerged with the progression of life science, representing the third medicine revolution after clinical anatomy and experimental medicine in the last centuries. As a multidisciplinary field, molecular medicine integrates physics, chemistry, biology, and medical technology, which aims at deciphering the structural, molecular, and cellular mechanisms that drive pathogenic process and at developing molecular tools and interventions for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of human diseases. A milestone in molecular medicine is the launch of Human Genome Project (HGT) in 1990, promoting the advance of diverse subdisciplines including epigenetics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. As a result, many new pathogenic factors are uncovered in recent years, such as gene mutations in inherited disease, posttranslational modification in aging, and noncoding RNAs in cancer. Assisting by translational medicine, the cutting\u2010edge academic theories and technologies of molecular medicine have been developed into products that improve human health, such as nivolumab  for the treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer, Adalimumab  for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and artificial intelligence\u2010driven platform  for drug discovery.MedComm to meet the current and future demand, providing a home for this field.With the progress of technologies and the continuous efforts of researchers, there is an advance in our understanding of molecular and translational medicine. However, many challenges are still to be faced. For example, the regulatory network consisting of proteins and nucleic acids is far from understood. Existing targeted therapies for diseases are unable to meet clinical needs. Precise diagnostic technologies, especially for early disease diagnosis, are also inadequate. Growing publications have suggested that this field is a rapidly expanding realm of research. Based on a PubMed Advanced Search (All Fields: \u201cmolecular medicine\u201d), the total number of papers published in 1985 was 47 and increased to 12\u00a0260 in 2002, and further reached to 60\u00a0452 in 2018. However, high\u2010impact journals in this field are limited, as a result, the published articles are vastly decentralized. Furthermore, governments and foundations around the world are increasingly providing financial support to the research in molecular medicine, including molecular diagnosis, molecular pathology, signal transduction, targeted intervention, drug discovery and delivery, and other clinical techniques for managing human diseases. It is expected that more and more important discoveries will be achieved in the near future. However, the limited capacity of existing journals cannot ensure the timely publication of relevant works with an increasing rate. Thus, we are launching MedComm is a peer\u2010reviewed, online open access journal that publishes the pioneer works of medicine on the basis of novelty, timeliness, and significance on human health. Notably, MedComm is a multidisciplinary journal, covering disciplines including but not limited to clinical medicine, molecular biology, cell biology, pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, and pharmacy. Areas of interest contain basic researches that advance the understanding of pathogenesis, such as clinical epigenetics, genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, noncoding RNA, microenvironment, and cellular signal transduction. Researches that improve the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases, such as early disease diagnosis, liquid biopsy, high\u2010definition imaging, gene therapy, cell therapy, immunotherapy, chemical genomics, drug discovery, artificial intelligence in medicine, regenerative medicine, medical nanotechnology, drug delivery, and gene editing, are also interested by MedComm. All the major human diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, autoimmune disorders, and other pathologies, are within the scope of MedComm. It has a wide range of authors and readership, including researchers engaged in basic and applied research related to molecular medicine and translational medicine, clinicians concerned with pathogenic mechanism, as well as students in medicine, life science, and drug discovery.MedComm will aperiodically provide news, views, and highlights to comment on the latest medical progress, which timely address controversial topics in medicine.We aim to establish a leading forum for medical research. Research articles section, letters section, and reviews section are open for authors to submit their pioneer works, viewpoints, and summaries in the frontiers of medicine. We will also invite experts to publish cutting\u2010edge reviews in this field. In addition, MedComm is composed of high\u2010impact scientists from all over the world, and welcomes researchers to submit valuable works to MedComm. We promise fast review followed by fair and prompt decisions. Once a manuscript is accepted, our editorial staffs will provide high\u2010quality support to ensure your article is the best that it can be.The editorial team of MedComm provides a platform for students, scientists, and clinicians interested in clinical, basic, and translational medicine to share their discoveries and viewpoints in this field. We are committed to operating the MedComm innovative and timely, aiming to offer valuable and helpful information to you and the community.With advances in high\u2010throughput sequencing and high\u2010resolution analysis technologies, novel pathogenic mechanisms, biomarkers, and targets are continuously revealed, followed by the emergence of new techniques for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of human disease."}
{"text": "Twitter data exhibits several dimensions worth exploring: a network dimension in the form of links between the users, textual content of the tweets posted, and a temporal dimension as the time-stamped sequence of tweets and their retweets. In the paper, we combine analyses along all three dimensions: temporal evolution of retweet networks and communities, contents in terms of hate speech, and discussion topics. We apply the methods to a comprehensive set of all Slovenian tweets collected in the years 2018\u20132020. We find that politics and ideology are the prevailing topics despite the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic. These two topics also attract the highest proportion of unacceptable tweets. Through time, the membership of retweet communities changes, but their topic distribution remains remarkably stable. Some retweet communities are strongly linked by external retweet influence and form super-communities. The super-community membership closely corresponds to the topic distribution: communities from the same super-community are very similar by the topic distribution, and communities from different super-communities are quite different in terms of discussion topics. However, we also find that even communities from the same super-community differ considerably in the proportion of unacceptable tweets they post. Social media, and Twitter in particular, are widely used to study various social phenomena, see for example  . We then outline individual research methods applied. Network analysis is used to construct retweet networks, detect communities, and study their evolution through time (subsection Evolving retweet communities). Machine learning is applied to train and evaluate a hate speech classification model (subsection Hate speech classification). Methods of content analysis are used to detect topics discussed in the tweets (subsection Topic detection). In the next section, Results and discussion, we combine the results of individual methods to reveal some interesting insights gained from the collected Twitter data.For this study, we collected a set of almost 13 million Slovenian tweets in the 3\u00a0year period, from January 1, 2018 until December 28, 2020. The set represents an exhaustive collection of Twitter activities in Slovenia. The tweets were collected via the public Twitter API, using the TweetCaT tool  and 4,597,865 retweets .A retweet network is a directed graph. The nodes are Twitter users and the edges are retweet links between the users. An edge is directed from the user We form a sequence of network snapshots, with a sliding window of 1\u00a0week, to study the evolution of a retweet network. The snapshots are overlapping, where each snapshot comprises an observation window of 24\u00a0weeks (about 6\u00a0months). We employ an exponential edge weight decay, with half-time of 4\u00a0weeks, to eliminate the effects of the trailing end of a moving network snapshot. This provides a relatively high temporal resolution between subsequent networks, but we later select just the most relevant intermediate timepoints.The set of network snapshots thus consists of 133 overlapping observation windows, with temporal delay of 1\u00a0week. The snapshots start with a network at Informally, a network community is a subset of nodes more densely linked between themselves than with the nodes outside the community. A standard community detection method is the Louvain algorithm ,Build a new network where a pair of the original nodes is linked if their total Co-membership across all the Louvain trials is above a given threshold (90% by default),Identify the disjoints sets which then represent the detected communities.As a result of using Ensemble Louvain, nodes without a clear community membership  are isolated and excluded from further analyses. The resulting communities are of approximately the same size as produced by individual Louvain trials, but with drastically improved stability and reproducibility . The only non-political community is Sports. All the remaining, smaller communities, are represented as Rest.Hate speech classification is approached as a supervised machine learning problem. Supervised machine learning requires a large set of examples labeled for hate speech, and typically involves a considerable initial effort to produce such labeled examples. The labeled examples are then used to train classification models to distinguish between the examples of hate and normal speech ,Offensive\u2014tweets include offensive generalization, contempt, dehumanization, or indirect offensive remarks,Violent\u2014the author threatens, indulges, desires or calls for physical violence against a target; this also includes tweets calling for, denying or glorifying war crimes and crimes against humanity.During the annotation process, and for training the models, all four classes were considered. However, in this paper we take a more abstract view and distinguish just between the normal, acceptable speech, and the unacceptable speech, i.e., inappropriate, offensive or violent.The hate speech annotation schema is adapted from OLID , between the annotators and the models, and then compare if a model comes close to the inter-annotator agreement.Several machine learning algorithms were used to train hate speech classification models. First, three traditional algorithms were applied: Na\u00efve Bayes, Logistic regression, and Support Vector Machine with a linear kernel. Second, deep neural networks, based on the Transformer language models, were applied. We used two multi-lingual language models, based on the BERT architecture . In subsection Evolution of offensive topics we focus on the three prevailing topics, and show the evolution of acceptable and unacceptable tweets posted by the top communities.The topic detection method we apply requires to set the number of topics in advance. We experimented with different preset values to find an appropriate level of detail where no obvious topics are neither merged nor split across multiple topics. This experiment resulted in six topics, each defined by a probability distribution over constituent words. In general, a tweet discusses several topics with different probabilities. For easier interpretation of the results, we selected just the most probable topic assigned to each tweet.local Ljubljana, year, price, municipality, road, city, Slovenia, car, water, vehicle, center, Maribor, Euro, apartment, shop, house, registration, firefighter, mayor;sports match, year, Slovenia, show, win, season, movie, team, book, city, Ljubljana, league, Maribor, award, interview, concert, weekend, game;health measure, human, mask, virus, government, epidemic, Slovenia, infection, country, coronavirus, doctor, week, health, number, case, work, life, help, school;family child, year, human, school, life, woman, head, hand, parent, world, thank you, man, word, language, end, thing, mother, book, family;politics government, party, state, year, money, Slovenia, minister, media, president, election, work, salary, law, parliament member, human, Jan\u0161a, \u0160arec, court, politics;ideology Slovenia, country, human, year, Slovenian, nation, border, migrant, war, communist, government, Europe, Jan\u0161a, power, army, world, media, justice, leftist.In Table\u00a0A topic is defined by the probability distribution over words, and we provide the top most probable words for each topic. Each topic is assigned a shorthand label to adequately characterize it and to facilitate further analyses. We assigned the topic labels manually, on the basis of the most probable words, and by inspecting several tweets for each topic. The six detected topics are listed below:Figure\u00a0In this subsection we turn attention to the topic distribution per community. We focus just on the top four communities, already identified in Fig.\u00a0Figure\u00a0P and Q, is defined by the Jensen\u2013Shannon divergence  Lin :\\documenC, at timepoint t. We denote by C across the five timepoints C changes over time by computing the distances between subsequent timepoints Ci and Cj by computing the distance between their cumulative distributions Let Results with the differences in topic distributions are in Table\u00a0The right-hand side of Table\u00a0Similarities between the communities in terms of topic distributions are consistent with the formation of super-communities. A super-community is a set of communities that are densely linked together by the external influence links, i.e., retweets  tweets posted by the three communities.The three communities are very different in size and in their Twitter activities. Figure\u00a0Out of the six topics detected, we first consider the two prevailing topics, politics and ideology, taken together. Figure\u00a0The change of the government in Slovenia in 2020 coincides with the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic. In Fig.\u00a0In contrast to the politics and ideology, the health topic draws relatively low number of unacceptable tweets. However, as the pandemic progressed, and increasingly more unpopular public measures were taken, so has the volume of unacceptable tweets increased.This paper concludes a trilogy on the analysis of a comprehensive Slovenian Twitter data corpus, from the 2018\u20132020 period. In the first part  and in other languages (Zollo et\u00a0al."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 1. Instead of \u201cDepartment of Rare and Head and Neck Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China.\u201d, it should be \u201cKey Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Rare and Head and Neck Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China.\u201d.In the published article, there was an error in author order. Instead of \u201cJun Cao, Mengdi Zhang, Bin Wang, Long Zhang, Meiyu Fang and Fangfang Zhou\u201d, it should be \u201cJun Cao, Mengdi Zhang, Bin Wang, Long Zhang, Fangfang Zhou and Meiyu Fang\u201d.In the published article, there was an error in corresponding author order. Instead of \u201cLong Zhang L_Zhang@zju.edu.cn; Fangfang Zhou zhoufangfang@suda.edu.cn; Meiyu Fang fangmy@zjcc.org.cn\u201d, it should be \u201cMeiyu Fang fangmy@zjcc.org.cn; Long Zhang L_Zhang@zju.edu.cn; Fangfang Zhou zhoufangfang@suda.edu.cn\u201d.The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher."}
{"text": "After publication of this work , we noteThe author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.AML designed and coordinated the study, YS oversaw mosquito collections, dissections and rearing, CP conceived and conducted PCR assays, data entry and data analysis, ND assisted with fieldwork design and statistical analysis, and SJL conceived of, and worked on the optimization of the PS-PCR assay."}
{"text": "Business and government sites are planned for later.In 2004 the Sausalito, California\u2013based Natural Capital Institute began developing the World Index for Social and Environmental Responsibility (WISER) to bring together the more than 1 million organizations working to improve environmental and human health. WISER has launched a website targeted specifically at nonprofits at WiserEarth provides tools and a platform for NGOs, funding sources, and individuals to network and develop awareness of each other\u2019s work. Individuals can post personal profiles, and NGOs are given space to build a web presence.Visitors can post events and job openings, or participate in discussion forums on such topics as holistic health, sustainable agriculture, and climate change. The website features 44 main areas of focus, termed \u201cportals,\u201d which are further subdivided into 372 more specific topics. Among the portals are agriculture and farming, greening of industry, fisheries, pollution, poverty eradication, and sustainable development. Each portal page links to organizations, users, resources, jobs, and events associated with that topic. The page devoted to organizations allows visitors to browse for information a number of ways including by country, type of organization , area of focus, and activity type .A news section features rundowns of the latest updates to the website, postings by the media and press center, new multimedia offerings, volunteer openings, and a calendar of upcoming events around the world. Each day the site spotlights a different portal, organization, resource, and event."}
{"text": "Drs. Speiser, Cerottini, and Romero  correctlThe authors also point out that in their experience, they found that the majority of T cells generated with the heteroclitic Melan-A M26 peptide were tumor reactive, citing their studies in vitro , and in In our study , we anal"}
{"text": "Medicinal plants and culinary herbs have been used since ancient times. Essential oils (EO) are a mixture of numerous compounds, mainly terpenes, alcohols, acids, esters, epoxides, aldehydes, ketones, amines and sulfides, that are probably produced by plants as a response to stress . Their uEOs have been used in foods as flavoring, as well as preserving agents, due to antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Their main active components are: thymol, carvacrol, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde and linalool , althougStudies on the biological activities of essential oils have become increasingly important in the search for natural and safe alternative preservatives and health promoters. Another relevant use of EOs is their incorporation as feed supplements: for ruminants to modify ruminal metabolism in order to mitigate methane and ammonia emissions  and for in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of EOs [There is an abundance of scientific literature on the study of s of EOs ,6,12,13,s of EOs ,15 and ts of EOs ,16, or ts of EOs . Actual"}
{"text": "Dinib, Manzoor Hussaina, David Soleimani\u2010Meigoonib, and Ali S. MeigoonibShahid B. Awan,a Department of Physics, Jinnah Campus, Lahore, Pakistan;University of the Punjab,b Department of Radiation Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.University of Kentucky,The institutional affiliation for co\u2010author Manzoor Hussain is missing. The affiliation of Manzoor Hussain is University of the Punjab, Department of Physics, Jinnah Campus, Lahore, Pakistan. With this correction, the institutional affiliations of all the authors will be as follows:ii)Pd103 source is shown in the following Table. It should be noted the graphical representation of the 2D\u2010aniotropy is does not need any correction.Table iii)On the legend of Fig. In this erratum, we present the corrections for three typographical errors that occurred in the above noted publication on pages 123, 130 and page 138, respectively."}
{"text": "Ishwar Chandramouliswaran  was not included as an author in the published article. The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the content of the article.The original article has been updated.IH: Manuscript writing, figure design. TD, JK, AK, and WK: Manuscript and figure revision, approval of final manuscript. IH, TD, JK, IC, AK, and WK: Management and project support for Cancer Genomics Cloud Pilots.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "The affiliation for the ninth author is incorrect. Muhammad Bashir Bello is not affiliated with #7 but with #6, Laboratory of Vaccine and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaThere are errors in"}
{"text": "The institutional affiliation for co\u2010author Manzoor Hussain is missing. The affiliation of Manzoor Hussain is University of the Punjab, Department of Physics, Jinnah Campus, Lahore, Pakistan. With this correction, the institutional affiliations of all the authors will be as follows:a,b Sharifeh A. Dinib, Manzoor Hussaina, David Soleimani\u2010Meigoonib, and Ali S. MeigoonibShahid B. Awan,a Department of Physics, Jinnah Campus, Lahore, Pakistan;University of the Punjab,b Department of Radiation Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.University of Kentucky,P103d source is shown in the following Table. It should be noted the graphical representation of the 2D\u2010aniotropy is does not need any correction.Table On the legend of Fig. In this erratum, we present the corrections for three typographical errors that occurred in the above noted publication on pages 123, 130 and page 138, respectively."}
{"text": "IJERPH focuses on maternal and child health (MCH), with research that highlights the role of environmental influences on MCH across a range of settings. Importantly, the issue focuses on a broad range of environments, including chemical, natural, built, and social. MCH encompasses health status and well-being of women, infants, children, adolescents, and their families. Their well-being determines the health of the next generation, and can help predict future public health challenges for families, communities, and the healthcare system. However, MCH racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in morbidity and mortality are significant problems worldwide. These differences are likely the result of many factors which are influenced by a variety of environmental factors, including concentrated poverty which increases exposure to environmental toxins [This Special Issue of l toxins , social l toxins , exposurl toxins ,4, neighl toxins , and insl toxins ,7,8. In l toxins . Income l toxins , and theEarly experiences are biologically and behaviorally embedded, impacting neurodevelopment and health long term ,14,15,16Several other papers focus on the importance of the social and physical environments, particularly with respect to childhood obesity prevention and treatment for malnutrition. During the last three decades, the U.S. obesity rate has doubled in adults and tripled in children and adolescents . The widThe papers within this issue demonstrate the worldwide concern regarding physical social and biological environmental influences on the health of the MCH population, with contributions from various points across the U.S., and from Australia to Pakistan, Japan, Taiwan, and China, and back to European countries, namely Poland, Italy and Austria. The wide range of issues illustrated in this issue confirm the public health seriousness of these environmental influences, as well as the timely publication of this Special Issue on Maternal and Child Health."}
{"text": "Future Science OA, 3(4), FSO246 (2017), there was a misspelling in affiliation 1. This was published incorrectly as: Department of Cardiology, Renming Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China. The correct affiliation is: Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China.In the Review by, Peng Zhong & HE Huang, \u2018Recent progress in the research of cold-inducible RNA-binding protein\u2019, which appeared in October 2017 in Future Science OA would like to sincerely apologize for any inconvenience or confusion this may have caused our readers.The authors and editors of"}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 38. Instead of \u201cFaculty of Social and Management Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria,\u201d it should be \u201cDepartment of Pure and Applied Psychology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria.\u201d Also, the affiliation of F\u00edvia A. Lopes is \u201cLaboratory of Evolution of Human Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil\u201d instead of \u201cDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Languages History and Geography, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.\u201dFahd A. Dileym was not included as an author in the published article. The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "Eight authors were not included in the author byline and inadvertently listed only in the Acknowledgements. Please see the full list of added authors as well as an updated byline below:Jean-Baptiste Adrien should be listed as the eighth author and affiliated with Emergency Department of Hospital Center Basse-Terre, Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, France. The contributions of this author are as follows: Substantial contribution to conception of clinical procedures and acquisition of data through patients care and filling in the study form in Guadeloupe, revising the article critically for important intellectual content, and final approval of the version to be published.Andr\u00e9 Cabi\u00e9 should be listed as the ninth author and affiliated with University Hospital Center Fort de France, Fort de France, Martinique, France. The contributions of this author are as follows: Substantial contribution to conception of clinical procedures and acquisition of data through patients care and filling in the study form in Martinique, revising the article critically for important intellectual content, and final approval of the version to be published.Stephanie Guyomard should be listed as the tenth author and affiliated with Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France. The contributions of this author are as follows: Substantial contribution to conception of the biological procedures and acquisition of data through blood samples analysis and interpretation of biological results in Guadeloupe, revising the article critically for important intellectual content, and final approval of the version to be published.Cecile Herrmann-Storck should be listed as the eleventh author and affiliated with University Hospital Center Pointe \u00e0 Pitre, Pointe \u00e0 Pitre, Guadeloupe, France. The contributions of this author are as follows: Substantial contribution to conception of the biological procedures and acquisition of data through blood samples analysis and interpretation of biological results in Guadeloupe, revising the article critically for important intellectual content, and final approval of the version to be published.Patrick Hochedez should be listed as the twelfth author and affiliated with University Hospital Center Fort de France, Fort de France, Martinique, France. The contributions of this author are as follows: Substantial contribution to conception of clinical procedures and acquisition of data through patients care and filling in the study form in Martinique, revising the article critically for important intellectual content, and final approval of the version to be published.Claude Olive should be listed as the thirteenth author and affiliated with University Hospital Center Fort de France, Fort de France, Martinique, France. The contributions of this author are as follows: Substantial contribution to conception of the biological procedures and acquisition of data through blood samples analysis and interpretation of biological results in Martinique, revising the article critically for important intellectual content, and final approval of the version to be published.Rafaelle Th\u00e9odose should be listed as the fourteenth author and affiliated with University Hospital Center Fort de France, Fort de France, Martinique, France. The contributions of this author are as follows: Substantial contribution to conception of the biological procedures and acquisition of data through blood samples analysis and interpretation of biological results in Martinique, revising the article critically for important intellectual content, and final approval of the version to be published.Isabelle Lamaury should be listed as the fifteenth author and affiliated with University Hospital Center Pointe \u00e0 Pitre, Pointe \u00e0 Pitre, Guadeloupe, France. The contributions of this author are as follows: Substantial contribution to conception of clinical procedures and acquisition of data through patients care and filling in the study form in Guadeloupe, revising the article critically for important intellectual content, and final approval of the version to be published.Additionally, Philippe Qu\u00e9nel should now be listed as the sixteenth author.Sylvie Cassadou1*, Jacques Rosine1, Claude Flamand1\u00a4, Martina Escher1, Martine Ledrans1, Pascale Bourhy2, Mathieu Picardeau2, Jean-Baptiste Adrien3, Andr\u00e9 Cabi\u00e94, St\u00e9phanie Guyomard5, C\u00e9cile Herrmann-Storck6, Patrick Hochedez4, Claude Olive7, Raphaelle Th\u00e9odose7, Isabelle Lamaury8, Philippe Qu\u00e9nel11 Interregional Epidemiology Unit for Antilles-Guyane, French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Paris, France.2 Institut Pasteur, \"Biology of Spirochetes\" unit, National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center for leptospirosis, Paris, France.3 Emergency Department, Hospital Center Basse-Terre, Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, France.4 Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital Center Fort de France, Fort de France, Martinique, France.5 Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France.6 Microbiology Laboratory, University Hopital Center Pointe \u00e0 Pitre, Pointe \u00e0 Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.7 Microbiology Laboratory, University Hopital Center Fort de France, Fort de France, Martinique, France.8 Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital Center Pointe \u00e0 Pitre, Pointe \u00e0 Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.\u00a4a Current address: Epidemiology Unit of Pasteur Institute of French Guiana, Cayenne, France \u00a4b Current address: Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sant\u00e9 Publique, Laboratoire d'\u00e9tude et de recherche en environnement et sant\u00e9, Rennes, France."}
{"text": "The end of 2016 marked, among others, also an important cultural event, through its novelty and uniqueness, which took place at the oldest University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Romania. \u201cConstantin Brancusi\u201d vernissage of sculpture exhibition took place in the imposing Hall of Honor of \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Bucharest and was organized through the efforts of some culture enthusiasts, such as Constantin Barbu, Vice-president of \u201cMihai Eminescu\u201d International Academy in Craiova and the famous surgeon, Prof. Mircea Beuran, MD, PhD, the President of the Senate of \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Bucharest. The exhibition presented twenty sculptures of immortal Brancusi, which were lost in the passing of time, but have been brought to life by the famous Romanian sculptor, Rodion Gheorghita. \u201cStudy for vanity, A muse, Old man head, The fish, The portrait of a doorman, Danaida, Red-skins, The portrait of Victoria Vaschide, The kiss, Eve, The baroness, Gheorghe Lupescu, The portrait of Daniel Poiana, etc.\u201d, were made by master Rodion Gheorghita, through efforts which only he himself knows, having as model a picture.The vernissage was opened by Academician Ioanel Sinescu, Rector of \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, in the presence of the leaders of the University. Students and professors in the University, art critics, mass-media representatives and also an art enthusiastic public, participated in the event. A very distinct and honorable presence was the one of Academician G\u00fcnter Stock, President of European Academies (ALLEA).Academician G\u00fcnter Stock graduated from the prestigious University of Medicine in Heidelberg, Germany, and has an extensive scientific activity, having published over 300 papers in highly rated journals, in different fields, such as Neurosciences, Pharmacology or Structural Biochemistry, extremely valuable papers, which have been cited for over 8000 times in ISI-Web of Science indexed journals. Moreover, he is a promoter of the values of the Romanian culture, being, at the same time, one of the supporters of the integral translation in German of the work of Dimitrie Cantemir, the collection of the already translated volumes being present, thanks to him, in the Library of the Academy in Berlin. After the opening, the participants admired the items exhibited and sculptor Rodion Gheorghita gave details regarding the difficulty of making the sculptures, whereas the organizers offered the participants a glass of champagne. Executive EditorProfessor Eng. Victor Lorin Purcarea, PhD."}
{"text": "GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388: 1545\u20136022016; \u2014In this Article, Simon I Hay, Sudha P Jayaraman, Thomas Truelsen, Reed J D Sorensen, Anoushka Millear, Giorgia Giussani, and Ettore Beghi should have been listed as authors. The funding statement for Simon I Hay has been added. These corrections have been made to the online version as of Jan 5, 2017."}
{"text": "This case study was based on a school where the Tier 1 Program of the Project P.A.T.H.S. was integrated into the formal curriculum. In this case study, an interview with the school principal, vice-principal, and social worker was conducted in order to understand their perceptions of administrative arrangements and issues in the school, implementation characteristics, program effectiveness, program success, and overall impression. Results showed that several positive school and classroom attributes were conducive to program success, including positive school culture and belief in students' potentials, an inviting school environment, an encouraging classroom environment, high involvement of school administrative personnel, and systematic program arrangement."}
{"text": "Dear Editor,6H11NOS2) is the biologically active isothiocyanate produced by the metabolism of glucoraphanin by the enzyme myrosinase butane] belongs to the isothiocyanate class of phytochemicals. Glucoraphanin, a glucosinolate precursor of SFN, is a glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, and kale. All glucosinolates are composed of a basic structure consisting of a \u03b2-D-thioglucose group, a sulfonated oxime group, and an amino acid-derived side chain. Glucosinolates are activated by enzyme-dependent hydrolysis to their respective isothiocyanates. SFN , antimiSFN shows a range of biological activities and health benefits in humans, has been found to be a very promising chemopreventive agent against not only a variety of cancers such as breast, prostate, colon, skin, lung, stomach, and bladder but also against cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes . In thiThis work was supported by Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (IPET) through Agri-Bio Industry Technology Development Program, funded by Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) (316006-5).The authors declare no conflict of interest"}
{"text": "AbstractPiper species are used for spices, in traditional and processed forms of medicines, in cosmetic compounds, in cultural activities and insecticides. Here barcode analysis was performed for identification of plant parts, young plants and modified forms of plants. Thirty-six Piper species were collected and the three barcode regions, matK, rbcL and psbA-trnH spacer, were amplified, sequenced and aligned to determine their genetic distances. For intraspecific genetic distances, the most effective values for the species identification ranged from no difference to very low distance values. However, Piperbetle had the highest values at 0.386 for the matK region. This finding may be due to Piperbetle being an economic and cultivated species, and thus is supported with growth factors, which may have affected its genetic distance. The interspecific genetic distances that were most effective for identification of different species were from the matK region and ranged from a low of 0.002 in 27 paired species to a high of 0.486. Eight species pairs, Piperkraense and Piperdominantinervium, Pipermagnibaccum and Piperkraense, Piperphuwuaense and Piperdominantinervium, Piperphuwuaense and Piperkraense, Piperpilobracteatum and Piperdominantinervium, Piperpilobracteatum and Piperkraense, Piperpilobracteatum and Piperphuwuaense and Pipersylvestre and Piperpolysyphonum, that presented a genetic distance of 0.000 and were identified by independently using each of the other two regions. Concisely, these three barcode regions are powerful for further efficient identification of the 36 Piper species. Piper have been used since prehistoric times for a variety of human activities. They are used as spices, in traditional and processed forms of medicines, in cosmetic compounds, in cultural activities and as insecticides  to discriminate between bird species. MT-CO1, 16s RNA, MT-CYB and RNA 18s in 242 species of fish and in 11 Epinephelus species.Plants in the genus cticides . Piperbcticides . Eugenolcticides . Althougbacteria . InvestiThailand , 2009 ha for use . Medicin for use . It prinmatK gene , the rbcL gene  regions identified by the Piper species as economically valued plants worldwide and with the plant parts of many species being used, such as the trunk, leaves and fruits, as well as young plants and processed plant materials in the forms of powder and slices, identifying the species used is paramount to verify the authenticity of such goods. Therefore, these products should have a specific marker that identifies a species using barcode for each species.The standard barcodes used for most investigations of plants are the three plastid barcodes, which include PageBreakPiper species in Thailand using matK, rbcL and the psbA-trnH spacer regions, as these species are important medicinal plants that have not been fully explored for barcode identification. Here we initiate the development of reference barcodes for plant parts, young plants and plant products.The aim of this research was to construct barcodes for Piper recently reported in Thailand (Species and sites of Thailand  were colWhole genomic DNA was extracted using a Plant Genomic DNA Extraction Kit (RBC Bioscience) following the kit protocols. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses were performed with primer pairs (5'\u20133') ATCCATCTGGAAATCTTAGTTC and GTTCTAGCACAAGAAAGTCG  consisted of 1\u00d7 GoTaq Green Master Mix (Promega), 0.5 \u00b5M primers, and 30 ng of DNA template. The amplification profile included pre-denaturation at 94 \u00b0C for 1 min, 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 \u00b0C for 30 s, annealing at 52 \u00b0C (for matK) or 55 \u00b0C (for rbcL and the psbA-trnH spacer) for 30 s, extension at 72 \u00b0C for 1 min and a final extension at 72 \u00b0C for 5 min. The amplified products were subjected to 2% agarose gel electrophoresis.GAAAGTCG  for the CCACCRCG  for the CACAATCC  for the http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi). Sequences were aligned for each genome region amplified to determine genetic distance values PageBreakby MEGA6 . This may be because the DNAs were fragmented at the primer regions. Table matK, rbcL and psbA-trnH spacer regions for all 36 species studied.The amplification of barcode bands from the matK region, the lowest value of 0.000 was observed in Piperdominantinervium, Piperhongkongense, Piperkraense and Piperlongum, while the highest value of 0.386 was observed for Piperbetle; 2) for the rbcL region, the lowest value of 0.000 was observed in Piperdominantinervium, Piperhongkongense, Piperlongum, Piperpedicellatum, Piperpilobracteatum, Piperpolysyphonum, Pipersarmentosum, Pipersylvestre and Piperwallichii, while the highest value of 0.166 was observed in Piperbetle; 3) for the psbA-trnH spacer region, the lowest value of 0.000 was observed in Piperdominantinervium, Piperkhasianum, Piperkraense, Piperlongum, Pipermontium, Pipermutabile, Pipernigrum, Piperpilobracteatum, Piperpolysyphonum and Pipersarmentosum while the highest value of 0.117 was observed in Piperboehmeriifolium.The intraspecific genetic distances for each region were the following: 1) for the matK region the lowest value of 0.000 was observed in the paired species Piperkraense and Piperdominantinervium, Pipermagnibaccum and Piperkraense, Piperphuwuaense and Piperdominantinervium, Piperphuwuaense and Piperkraense, Piperpilobracteatum and Piperdominantinervium, Piperpilobracteatum and Piperkraense, Piperpilobracteatum and Piperphuwuaense and Pipersylvestre and Piperpolysyphonum, while the highest value of 0.486 was observed between Piperribesioides and Piperpilobracteatum; 2) for the rbcL region, the lowest value of 0.000 was observed between pairs Piperdominantinervium and Pipercaninum, Piperkraense and Piperboehmeriifolium, Pipermaculaphyllum and Piperkhasianum, Pipermagnibaccum and Piperkhasianum, Pipermagnibaccum and Pipercaninum, Pipermagnibaccum and Piperdominantinervium, Pipermontium and Piperkhasianum, Pipermontium and Pipermagnibaccum, Pipermutabile and Pipercaninum, Pipermutabile and Piperdominantinervium, Pipermutabile and Pipermagnibaccum, Pipernigrum and Pipercaninum, Pipernigrum and Piperdominantinervium, Pipernigrum and Pipermagnibaccum, Pipernigrum and Pipermutabile, Piperpedicellatum and Piperkhasianum, Piperpedicellatum and Pipermagnibaccum, Piperpedicellatum and Pipermontium, Piperpedicellatum and Piperpendulispicum, Piperpendulispicum and PageBreakPageBreakPipercaninum, Piperpendulispicum and Piperdominantinervium, Piperpendulispicum and Pipermagnibaccum, Piperpendulispicum and Pipermutabile, Piperpendulispicum and Pipernigrum, Piperphuwuaense and Pipercaninum, Piperphuwuaense and Piperdominantinervium, Piperphuwuaense and Pipermagnibaccum, Piperphuwuaense and Pipermutabile, Piperphuwuaense and Pipernigrum, Piperphuwuaense and Piperpedicellatum, Piperpilobracteatum and Pipercaninum, Piperpilobracteatum and Pipermutabile, Piperpolysyphonum and Piperkhasianum, Piperpolysyphonum and Pipermagnibaccum, Piperpolysyphonum and Pipermontium, Pipersarmentosum and Piperlongum, Pipersylvestre and Piperkhasianum, Pipersylvestre and Pipermagnibaccum, Pipersylvestre and Pipermontium, Piperthomsonii and Pipernigrum, Piperpilobracteatum and Piperphuwuaense, Piperpolysyphonum and Piperpendulispicum, Piperpolysyphonum and Piperpedicellatum, Pipersylvestre and Piperpendulispicum, Pipersylvestre and Piperpedicellatum, Pipersylvestre and Piperpolysyphonum, Piperwallichii and Piperumbellatum, Piperprotrusum and Piperphuwuaense, and Piperprotrusum and Piperpilobracteatum, while the highest value of 0.213 was observed in the Piperbetle and Piperargyritis pair; 3) for the psbA-trnH spacer region the lowest value of 0.000 was observed in the pairs of Pipermontium and Pipermagnibaccum, Piperpilobracteatum and Pipercaninum, Piperpolysyphonum and Piperpedicellatum, Piperribesioides and Piperpedicellatum, Pipersarmentosum and Piperlongum, Pipersylvestre and Piperpedicellatum, Piperwallichii and Piperkhasianum, Piperwallichii and Piperpedicellatum, Piperprotrusum and Pipermagnibaccum, Pipersylvestre and Piperpolysyphonum, Pipersylvestre and Piperribesioides, Piperwallichii and Piperpolysyphonum, Piperwallichii and ribesioides, Piperwallichii and Pipersylvestre, and Piperyinkiangense and Piperbetle, while the highest value of 0.228 was observed between Pipersemiimmersum and Piperumbellatum.The interspecific genetic distances for each region were the following: 1) for the matK region in Table The genetic distance of the Piper in Thailand have many functional uses. Only four species, Piperbetle, Piperretrofractum, Pipernigrum and Pipersarmentosum are economic and cultivated species, and all of these species are also used as ingredients in the products mentioned above in the introduction. Piperbetle is a well-known species that is important for its chemical substances, including essential oils, chavicol, cineol and eugenol, which can be used for medicinal and insecticidal purposes. Because these plants are widely used, and used in several forms, which include plant parts, powdered preparations, capsule formulations and other preparations, their authenticity should be verified using DNA barcodes to establish the worthiness of these products for medicinal, cosmetics and house-hold use. To overcome the problems associated with identifying species based on morphological characters, DNA barcoding has been employed. For flowering plants in Thailand, the psbA-trnH spacer region was suggested as an efficient DNA barcode marker in Senna species (Smilax and Cissus species (rbcL gene has been suggested as a marker in parasitic plants, including Scurrula, Dendrophthoe, Helixanthera, Macrosolen and Viscum species (matK gene marker was identified in some medicinal Piper species (Piper species.Most of the 43 species of wild  species , as well species . In addi species  and the  species . TherefoPageBreakPageBreakPiper species using three different marker regions support a previous hypothesis of genetic distance values (Piperbetle had the highest intraspecific genetic distance values of 0.386 for the matK region, which may have been due to the presence of human growth factors. The interspecific genetic distances for the matK region were effective for the identification of different species with 27 pairs of species ranging from a low of 0.002 to a high of 0.486, as shown in Table matK had high species identification reliability and suggested that this region should be used for identification of Piper species along with the ITS region. Additionally, the rbcL and psbA-trnH spacer regions are effective for further identification of the other eight species pairs as shown in Table Pipersylvestre and Piperpolysyphonum to the highest value 0.129 for the pair Piperphuwuaense and Piperkraense in psbA-trnH spacer region. It can be concluded that these three barcode regions are powerful for further efficient identification of the 36 Piper species.The results from DNA barcoding 36 e values , showingmatK and the psbA-trnH spacer to identify Myristicaceae plants, rbcL and matK as the core DNA barcode regions for land plants.The results presented here support those of"}
{"text": "Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, and in 2008, with the publication of Volume 9, I began my term. I accepted the position with a personal goal of serving for five years. With the conclusion of Volume 13, I have now served five years, so the time has come for me to step down and provide the JACMP with an opportunity for fresh leadership.In 2007, I was invited to serve as the Editor\u2010in\u2010Chief of the JACMP, that I would be stepping down at the conclusion of 2012, with the intention of staying on for at least a year after management of the JACMP was taken over by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM), to effect a smooth transition. After a nationwide search for a new Editor\u2010in\u2010Chief, the AAPM recently appointed Dr. Michael Mills to replace me. Many of you remember Dr. Mills as the previous Editor\u2010in\u2010Chief of the JACMP.Anticipating the end of my term, over a year ago I notified the American College of Medical Physics, the organization that sponsored the JACMP into an international journal. We have added two key organizations as sponsors: the Canadian Organization of Medical Physicists and the International Organization of Medical Physics, along with the addition of several Associate Editors nominated by these two organizations. Consequently, we now have a much broader reader base, as well as a much broader author base than we had previously. A second accomplishment has occurred in conjunction with the AAPM in that many JACMP articles are now available online on the AAPM website, so that medical physicists can obtain continuing education credits. Finally, we have experienced major growth in the JACMP with not only a greater number of submissions during the past five years  for Volume 13 include the following: Nzhde Agazaryan, Salahuddin Ahmad, John Antolak, Pat Cadman, John Bayouth, Charles Bloch, Pat Cadman, Marco Carlone, Nathan Childress, Laurence Court, Luca Cozzi, Mini Das, Larry DeWerd, Bill Erwin, Vladimir Feygelmann, Kent Gifford, Ed Jackson, Jennifer Johnson, Tommy Kn\u00f6\u00f6s, Stephen Kry, Rajat Kudchadker, Harish Malhotra, Pietro Mancosu, Osama Mawlawi, Charles Mayo, Moyed Miften, Mike Mills, Eduardo Moros, Firas Mourtada, Ben Nelms, Jennifer O'Daniel, Niko Papanikolaou, Donald Peck, Matt Podgorsak, Joann Prisciandaro, Jim Rodgers, John Rong, Yi Rong, Isaac Rosen, Surendra Rustgi, Narayan Sahoo, Bill Salter, Mehrdad Sarfaraz, Jeff Shepard, Chengyu Shi, Alf Siochi, Eric Slessinger, Jason Stafford, Lu Wang, Chuck Willis, Kamil Yenice, Geoffrey Zhang, and Ronald Zhu.Thank you to our Associate Editors and our reviewers, and especially to our authors, without whose contributions we would have no journal. My best wishes go to my successor, Dr Mills.George Starkschall, PhDEditor\u2010in\u2010ChiefSupplementary Material FilesClick here for additional data file.Supplementary Material FilesClick here for additional data file."}
{"text": "This was an international study of women's health issues, based on an Official Study Tour in Southeast Asia  and Canada. The objectives of the study were to identify and compare current gaps in surveillance, research, and programs and policies, and to predict trends of women''s health issues in developing countries based on the experience of developed countries. Key informant interviews , self-administered questionnaires, courtesy calls, and literature searches were used to collect data. The participating countries identified women's health as an important issue, especially for reproductive health (developing countries) and senior's health (developed countries). Cancer, lack of physical activity, high blood pressure, diabetes, poverty, social support, caring role for family, and informing, educating, and empowering people about women's health issues were the main concerns. Based on this study, 17 recommendations were made on surveillance, research, and programs and policies. A number of forthcoming changes in women's health patterns in developing countries were also predicted."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in affiliation (2). Instead of \u201cMicrobiology and Micology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile,\u201d it should be \u201cMicrobiology and Micology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.\u201d The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way.Additionally, there was an error regarding the affiliations for Yalda Lucero. Affiliation 8 has been removed and the following affiliation has been added instead: Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Cl\u00ednica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "Yiqiang Yuan and Qiangsun Zheng, the seventh and eighth authors, respectively, should be indicated as being Corresponding Authors for the article. Both of the authors share the same email address as the Corresponding Author already indicated. In addition, the affiliation for the fifth author is incorrect. Yujie Zhao is not affiliated with institution number 1, but with institution number 2, Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an."}
{"text": "Nature Communications, 10.1038/s41467-017-02480-6, published online 08 February 2018Correction to: https://github.iu.edu/kzhu/assembltrie, which links to a page that is not publicly accessible. The source code is publicly accessible at https://github.com/kyzhu/assembltrie. Furthermore, in the PDF version of the Article, the right-hand side of Figure 3 was inadvertently cropped. These errors have now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.The original version of this Article contained errors in the affiliations of the authors Ibrahim Numanagi\u0107 and Thomas A. Courtade, which were incorrectly given as \u2018Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA\u2019 and \u2018Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA\u2019, respectively. Also, the hyperlink for the source code in the Data Availability section was incorrectly given as"}
{"text": "Escherichia coli (EHEC) ever reported. Four years thereafter, we systematically searched for scientific publications in PubMed and MEDPILOT relating to this outbreak in order to assess the pattern of respective research activities and to assess the main findings and recommendations in the field of public health. Following PRISMA guidelines, we selected 133 publications, half of which were published within 17\u2009months after outbreak onset. Clinical medicine was covered by 71, microbiology by 60, epidemiology by 46, outbreak reporting by 11, and food safety by 9 papers. Those on the last three topics drew conclusions on methods in surveillance, diagnosis, and outbreak investigation, on resources in public health, as well as on inter-agency collaboration, and public communication. Although the outbreak primarily affected Germany, most publications were conducted by multinational cooperations. Our findings document how soon and in which fields research was conducted with respect to this outbreak.In 2011, Germany experienced one of the largest outbreaks of entero-hemorrhagic  Escherichia coli (EHEC) ever reported, almost 3,000 people fell ill with acute gastroenteritis, 855 of them developed hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). In total, 55 people died due to the infection , the German federal public health institute, together with local and state health and food safety agencies, conducted a total of 13 epidemiological field investigations, using different study designs. Initial investigations pointed at lettuce, raw tomatoes, and cucumbers as potential sources of the infection. On June 10\u20143 weeks after the first notification of the outbreak\u2014epidemiological evidence supported that fenugreek sprouts, produced in Germany from seeds imported from Egypt, were the vehicle causing the outbreak  guidelines , we searBy applying the search criteria, we found 346 publications in PubMed and 304 in MEDPILOT; 214 articles (32.9%) were duplicates, resulting in a total of 436 unique publications written in Chinese, Dutch, English, French, German, Polish, Russian, Spanish, or Swedish. Of these, 255 publications were excluded based on content criteria, 47 for being editorials, commentaries, replies, diaries, or meeting abstracts, and five because of being submitted or published before May 1, 2011, leaving 129 (29.6%) after full-text screening. We identified an additional 11 publications on scrutinizing reference lists of eligible reviews, of which four articles fulfilled our eligibility criteria. In total, 133 eligible publications  were included in the systematic review  contributed to the study design, interpretation of the data, and to the writing and revision of this paper. All authors agree to be accountable for the content of the work.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "Hyssopus, Leonurus, Mentha, Nepeta, Origanum, Perovskia, Phlomis, Salvia, Scutellaria, and Ziziphora are widespread throughout the world, are the most popular plants in Uzbek traditional remedies, and are often used for the treatment of wounds, gastritis, infections, dermatitis, bronchitis, and inflammation. Extensive studies of the chemical components of these plants have led to the identification of many compounds, as well as essentials oils, with medicinal and other commercial values. The purpose of this review is to provide a critical overview of the literature surrounding the traditional uses, ethnopharmacology, biological activities, and essential oils composition of aromatic plants of the family Lamiaceae, from the Uzbek flora.Plants of the Lamiaceae family are important ornamental, medicinal, and aromatic plants, many of which produce essential oils that are used in traditional and modern medicine, and in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industry. Various species of the genera  The Republic of Uzbekistan is located in the center of Eurasia. About 85% of its territories are deserts, and about 15% are mountains and foothills. The Uzbek flora accounts for approximately 4350 species of vascular plants, including large numbers of endemic, endangered, and globally important species. Plants endemic to Uzbekistan constitute 20% of all plants; and a majority of these grow in the mountains. The floristic data for several regions of Uzbekistan is imperfect, and studies are continuing . The. TheLeongenol 30.3%, p-vinLeonurus turkestanicus V. I. Krecz & Kuprian is a perennial shrub that grows in the plains and highlands of Asia on stony, shallow-soiled slopes, floodplains, streamsides, and among trees and other shrubs ..LeonurusMentha L. (mint) is a well-known genus due to its medicinal and aromatic value. It is represented by about 19 species and 13 natural hybrids, mainly perennial herbs, which grow wildly in damp or wet places throughout the temperate regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and North America. Species of the genus Mentha have been reported to contain a range of components, including cinnamic acids, flavonoids, and steroidal glycosides. However, the main active component of the genus Mentha is essential oil, which is reported to govern its various properties ..Mentha LNepeta L. comprises perennial or annual herbaceous, small shrubs, and rarely includes trees. It is comprised of more than 200 species. This genus has a widespread distribution in the temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North Africa. Some Nepeta species are widely used in traditional medicine, due to their diuretic, antispasmodic, anti-asthmatic, febrifuge, emmenagogue, sedative, and antiseptic properties ..Nepeta LNepeta olgae Regel grows as an aromatic perennial plant in the foothills and lowlands of the Syrdaya region, Kyzylkum, and the Surkhan-Sherabad and Ferghana Valleys ..Nepeta oOriganum L. consists of 43 species and 18 hybrids; most of which are distributed through the eastern Mediterranean region ..PerovskiPhlomis L. consists of 75 species of perennial shrubs, occurring from the Mediterranean to Central Asia. In Uzbekistan, the genus Phlomis is represented by 15 species. Phlomis thapsoides Bunge is a perennial herb growing wild in western Pamir-Alay. The aerial parts of this species are used in some areas of Asia for feeding animals, and to dye wool and silk ..Salvia LSalvia sclarea L. (clary sage) is a well known aromatic plant, from which an oil used to be produced in large quantities in the former Soviet Union. Apart from the various medicinal uses, the essential oils of clary sage are widely applied in the food and cosmetic industries, wine making. and as a tobacco flavouring agent ..Salvia sScutellaria L. includes about 350 species, commonly known as skullcaps ..ScutellaScutellaria ramosissima Popov is native to Uzbekistan and grows in Northern Tien Shan, Pamir-Altay mountains , on the midlands of the high-altitude belt. In Uzbek folk medicine, water extracts (tea and infusion) of S. ramosissima are widely applied for epilepsy, inflammation, allergies, and nervous tension. The bioactivity of the plant is most likely due to the major components: flavonoids. The chloroform extract of S. ramosissima showed potent cytotoxic effects to Trypanosoma brucei TC221, and HeLa, HepG-2, and MCF-7 cancer cells ..ScutellaZiziphora are annuals or perennials, and herbaceous or sub-shrubs. The world population of this genus is represented by more than 30 different species. The Ziziphora species are rich in flavonoids, caffeic acid derivatives, fatty acids, triterpenes, and sterols. The essential oils of Ziziphora have been well studied ..ZiziphorPlant species from the Lamiaceae family have been used in herbal medicine for thousands of years. Traditional applications of the Lamiaceae family show high applicability as a common tea, flavours, insect repellant, in flu control, and as an anti-inflammatory, sedative, and analgesic. Mainly essential oils, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, flavonoides, and iridoids, have been reported from the members of this family. Many of the medicinal uses are presumed to be connected to the terpenic constituents of the essential oils of these plants.Hyssopus seravschanicus, Leonurus panzerioides, L. turkestanicus, Mentha longifolia var. asiatica, Nepeta alatavica, N. olgae, Origanum tyttanthum, Perovskia scrophulariifolia, Phlomis thapsoides, Salvia korolkovii, S. sclarea, Scutellaria immaculata, S. ramosissima, S. schachristanica, Ziziphora clinopodioides, and Z. pedicellata, has also been presented. The available literature showed that most of the bioactivities and medicinal properties of these species could be attributed to their essential oils, which contain a variety of functional bioactive compounds, known to have applications in the food, feed, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.The present review provides, for the first time, an updated compilation of the documented ethnopharmacological information in relation to the ethnomedicinal, ethnobotanical, phytochemistry, and biological activities of 16 aromatic and medicinal plants from the Lamiaceae family of the Uzbek flora. Information on their traditional medicinal uses, and the compounds identified in the essential oils obtained from"}
{"text": "Withania somnifera (WS) also known as ashwagandha is a well-known medicinal plant used in traditional medicine in many countries for infertility treatment. The present study was aimed at systemically reviewing therapeutic effects of WS on the reproductive system. This systematic review study was designed in 2016. Required data were obtained from PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, Web of Knowledge, Web of Science, and manual search of articles, grey literature, reference checking, and expert contact. WS was found to improve reproductive system function by many ways. WS extract decreased infertility among male subjects, due to the enhancement in semen quality which is proposed due to the enhanced enzymatic activity in seminal plasma and decreasing oxidative stress. Also, WS extract improved luteinizing hormone and follicular stimulating hormone balance leading to folliculogenesis and increased gonadal weight, although some animal studies had concluded that WS had reversible spermicidal and infertilizing effects in male subjects. WS was found to enhance spermatogenesis and sperm related indices in male and sexual behaviors in female. But, according to some available evidences for spermicidal features, further studies should focus on the extract preparation method and also dosage used in their study protocols. Infertility is a complicated problem with physiologic, psychologic, and economic aspects. Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sexual intercourse . About 1The causes of male infertility are classified as pretesticular, testicular, posttesticular, and unknown. Sperm abnormality causes 30%\u201340% of all infertility . PretestDifferent etiologies of female infertility include ovarian diseases, tubal disorders, endometriosis, uterine pathologies, cervical problems, congenital anomalies, and dysfunction of the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis and systemic diseases , 9. TreaWithania somnifera, (WS) also known as ashwagandha, Indian ginseng, winter cherry, horse smell, Kaknaje Hindi, is a well-known medicinal plant in Solanaceae family used in traditional medicine in many countries such as Iran and India [nd India . This plnd India , 13. Thind India , 15. Difnd India \u201318. Manynd India .WS has been recommended for management of polyarthritis, lumbago, painful swellings, premature ejaculation, oligospermia, plague, asthma, vitiligo, general debility, impotency, ulcers, uterine infection, leucorrhoea, hemorrhoid, and orchitis in traditional Persian medicine , 61. AllWithania somnifera\u201d , \u201cfertility\u201d, \u201cconceive\u201d, \u201cinfertility\u201d, \u201cwomen\u201d, \u201cmen\u201d, \u201cfemale\u201d, \u201cmale\u201d, \u201csemen\u201d, \u201csperm\u201d, \u201cspermicidal\u201d, \u201cSertoli\u201d, \u201cprolactin\u201d, \u201cfollicular stimulating hormone\u201d, \u201cluteinizing hormone\u201d, \u201ctestosterone\u201d, \u201clibido\u201d, \u201caphrodisiac\u201d, \u201cbehavior\u201d, \u201csexual\u201d, \u201cspermatogenesis\u201d, \u201creproduction\u201d, \u201csemenogogue\u201d, \u201cimpotency\u201d, \u201cspermatozoa\u201d, \u201cestrogen\u201d, \u201cpregnancy\u201d, \u201cgonadotropin releasing hormone\u201d, \u201ctestis\u201d, \u201cleydig\u201d, and \u201covarian\u201d. The time period between 1965 and 2017 was selected. Also, to increase the scope of the study, manual search in some of the valid journal databases was performed. All in vitro or in vivo studies about the effects of WS on reproductive system and fertility among human or animal subjects were included in the study. Review studies, case reports, letter to editors, and short communications were excluded from the study.In this systematic review which was performed in 2016, required data were gathered using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. The keywords used in present study were \u201cTo search for unpublished articles (grey literature), European Association for Grey Literature Exploitation (EAGLE) and Health Care Management Information Consortium (HMIC) were searched.The selected papers extracted from the databases were assessed by two investigators using Consort 2010 checklist. Discrepancies between the two raters were referred to the third investigator. First, the titles of all articles were reviewed to screen for eligibility and those found to be irrelevant with the objectives of the study were excluded from the study. In the later stages, the abstracts and full-text articles were, respectively, examined to identify and exclude those that did not match the inclusion.One reviewer extracted the data from the included studies while a second author checked the results. Any disagreements were resolved by a discussion of reviewers. Data for the primary objective of the review was collected from the full text of each publication and included the trial name, year of publication, type of study, sample size, results, and other characteristics.Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software package version 16.0 for windows  . QuantitThe flowchart of the study is shown in Many phytochemicals have been extracted from WS, which includes alkaloids, flavonoids, steroidal lactones, saponins, neurotransmitters, essential and nonessential fatty acids, ergostane, and gamma amino butyric acid; of all these components, alkaloids, and withanolids such as withaferin A, withanosides, sitoindosides, beta-sitosterol, and various amino acids like alanine have more prominent effect on fertility status , 51, 55.In animal studies, WS is known to have gonadotropic function which increases gonadal weight by growthing follicles size in female and also increasing seminiferous tubular cell layers in male animals , 57\u201359. In a study by Shukla et al. about effects of WS on men, WS root powder was used for 3 months and it was shown that sperm parameters such as count and motility in sperm analysis had improved due to decrease apoptosis and reactive oxidative stress among men with normospermia and oligospermia; also copper, zinc, iron, and gold ions of seminal plasma had increased after the treatment and subsequently semen quality increased. This increase in semen quality is proposed to be due to the increase in essential neurotransmitters, metallothionein which has antioxidative function, and metal ions as cofactors for essential enzymes .In two clinical trials, the effects of 5 grams of WS root for 3 months on semen parameters of infertile men were investigated. Improvement in semen quality, increased vitamins E, C, and A, and increased fertility were reported which is proposed to be due to the high amount of alkaloids, ergostane steroids, and essential amino acids in WS which improved detoxification, decreased oxidative stress, and restorated testosterone secretion , 25.In another human study, treatment by WS aqueous extract in married healthy women increased their sexual function index and diminished sexual distress index statistically significant . In two In a study by Bhattarai et al. about effects of WS root extract, it was found that GABA mimetic features of this extract led to an increased activity of gonadotropin releasing hormone secreting neurons . On the Prabu et al. in a study on male rats found that hydroalcoholic WS root extract was found to decrease white blood cell and lymphocyte counts in blood, but no considerable effect on reproductive indices . AlcoholWS leaves and roots have been found to improve oxidative stress indices such as an increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine, glutamine, phenylalanine, and decrease in cortisol and fructose , 51, 58. Nile tilapia, it was found that this extract with androgenic effects decreased prolactin level and estrogen level by inhibiting aromatase activity and induced male phenotype formation; this phenomenon was proposed to be due to components such as tannin, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, and flavonoids [In a study investigating effects of 6.5\u2009mg of WS root extract onavonoids .Traditional and complementary medicine have been more popular nowadays to cure health related conditions . This prWithania somnifera is one of the herbal medicines widely used for the treatment of infertility and sexual dysfunction. This plant has been known to contain more than 80 types of phytochemicals such as steroidal and nonsteroidal alkaloids, steroidal lactones and saponins like isopelletierine, anaferin, anahygrine, hygrine, cuscohygrine, tropine, pseudotropine, withananine, ashwagandha, withaferins, withananinine, pseudowithanine, somnine, somniferine, somniferinine, 3-tropyltigloate, withanine, withasomine, visamine, mesoanaferine, sitoindoside (7\u201310), hentriacontane, amino acids such as aspartic acid, glycine, tryptophan, proline, alanine, tyrosine, hydroxyproline valine, cystine, glutamic acid, and cysteine, calcium, phosphorus, iron, flavonoids, starch, reducing sugars, proteolytic enzyme \u201cchamase,\u201d glycosides, dulcitol, and volatile oil. Of all these components, withaferin A and sitoindosides had the key role in WS therapeutic effects [ effects , 61, 72.Based on the present study, it was shown that extracts of WS fruits, leaves, stems, and especially roots enhance sperm quality indices such as motility and count in men , 24, 25 The mechanism of WS effect on the reproductive system is not known entirely yet, but this mechanism is proposed to be linked to the antioxidative features and ability to improve the hormonal balance of LH, FSH, and testosterone and improve detoxification process. Also, the GABA mimetic feature of WS extract is thought to play the main role in inducing gonadotropin releasing hormone secretion and improving hormonal balance , 47, 51. Withania somnifera has a positive effect in the treatment of infertility both in male and female. Although some studies proposed that WS extract might have infertilizing and spermicidal effect. Due to the growing interest in using herbal medicine especially those which possess the antioxidative and reproductive system supporting properties, further studies are needed to be designed with higher population and more-structured methodology so a more precise and decisive conclusion can be made.Based on the results, it deems that"}
{"text": "This sentence should appear as:In the article, \u201cMesalazine as a cause of fetal anemia and hydrops fetalis: A case report\u201d,According to the SweidshMedical Birth Register 1302 pregnancies were reported exposed to sulfasalazine between 1973 and 2012, and 2072 to mesalazine, but these numbers may be underestimated.The corresponding address should appear as Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden."}
{"text": "STK32B (serine/threonine kinase 32B), rs17590046 in PPARGC1A , and rs12764057, rs10822974, and rs7903491 in CTNNA3 , were found to be associated with increased risk of essential tremor (ET) in a genome-wide association study (GWAS)in individuals of Caucasian ancestry. Considering the overlap between ET and Parkinson's disease (PD) in pathological features and clinical manifestations, a case-control study comprising 546 PD patients and 550 control subjects was carried out to examine whether the same variants were also associated with PD in Chinese Han population. However, the above variants did not show an association with PD. Our results suggested that these variants do not play a major role in PD in the Chinese population, Actually, the clinical overlap between PD and ET is under debate. In our Chinese Han cohort, we did not verify potential genetic pleiotropy between two diseases, which may indicated that etiology and pathobiology of PD and ET are distinct. Thus, a more comprehensive study such as a multi-center study may be helpful to evaluate the relationship between the five new susceptible loci and PD in Chinese Han population in the future.Recently, five novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs10937625 in  Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, and affects approximately 1.7 million individuals (aged \u2265 65 years) in China , 3.SNCA, GBA, and LRRK2 have been reported to be associated with the risk of PD (STK32B (serine/threonine kinase 32B), rs17590046 in PPARGC1A  have been identified, and are significantly associated with increased risk of ET in individuals of Caucasian ancestry (LINGO1 variant has been implicated in etiologic links between ET and PD (Genome-wide association study (GWAS) is a powerful tool for genetic association studies, many GWAS-related polymorphic loci, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in sk of PD \u20138. Recenancestry , and indT and PD . MoreoveT and PD \u201316. ThusConsequently, a case-control study comprising 546 PD patients and 550 healthy controls was performed to investigate the association between the five new loci and PD in Chinese Han population. In fact, similar studies have been published in two independent groups , 18, andAs shown in Table P > 0.05) in the control group , rs10822974 , rs10937625 , rs7903491 , rs17590046  and PD in our Chinese Han cohort , in Asian patients , which regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and expression of many antioxidant genes, plays an important role in protection against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) toxicity :This study doesn't intervene the whole process of diagnosis and treatment, and doesn't affect the patients medication such as diagnosis and treatmentInformed consent of subjects was obtained from all the subjects, and explain the purpose and significance of research to themWe will never give patient information to others, anonymously to the statistics, and the research will bring benefits to diagnosis and treatment, but the subjects will not take on additional risk.JY, YC, CS, and YX: The conception or design of the work; JY, YC, MT, ZY, FL, YF, CS, and YX: Drafting the work or revising it; JY, YC, MT, ZY, FL, YF, CS, and YX: Final approval of the version to be published; JY, YC, MT, ZY, FL, YF, CS, and YX: Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "In the paper, by the Fa\u00e0 di Bruno formula, the authors establish two explicit formulas for the Motzkin numbers, the generalized Motzkin numbers, and the restricted hexagonal numbers. For detailed information, please refer to [The first seven Motzkin numbers entclass1pt{minimanographs , the surnographs , and theIn , the \\doshown in , Theoremomparing  with , , \\documeirtue of , it follanged as .Letting vely, in  and consvely, in  lead to vely, in  and  in  can be ekk!}. By  once agaequation  follows.Taking vely, in  and consvely, in  lead to vely, in , 1.12),,\\documenvely, in  readily.t}$=,1$\\end{dFinally, we list several remarks.The explicit formula  is a genEquation  and manymentclasspt{minimafound in  and the By the second relation in , equatioquations  and ,,1.11), aBy the Fa\u00e0 di Bruno formula and some properties of the Bell polynomials of the second kind, we establish two explicit formulas for the Motzkin numbers, the generalized Motzkin numbers, and the restricted hexagonal numbers."}
{"text": "Prosodic Parallelism hypothesis claims adjacent prosodic categories to prefer identical branching of internal adjacent constituents. According to Wiese and Speyer (The d Speyer , this pr Language is manifested in a spoken and in a written modality . Final <e> in the German orthography is usually pronounced [\u04d9], the central short vowel called nouns: T\u00fcr(e) \u2018door\u2019, Aug(e) \u2018eye\u2019, Ruh(e) \u2018quietness\u2019inflected nouns, gen. sg.: Sturm(e)s, \u2018storm\u2019, Jahr(e)s \u2018year\u2019adjectives/adverbs: b\u00f6s(e) \u2018bad\u2019, bang(e) \u2018afraid\u2019, nah(e) \u2018near\u2019, gern(e) \u2018gladly\u2019, heut(e) \u2018today\u2019verbs: (1st ps. sg.): hab(e) \u2018have, present tense\u2019, seh(e) \u2018see, present tense\u2019prepositions: ohn(e) \u2018without\u2019(1) Schwa-/zero alternationsgern and gerne \u2018gladly\u2019 occur with high frequency across Standard German variants, although the latter form was found to be twice as frequent in written German by Wiese and Speyer  Determiner noun combinationsT\u00fcr happens to be much more frequent than T\u00fcre), the frequencies of the preferred combinations should be higher than expected from the combination of the frequencies of the two parts. Formulating the hypothesis in this way, it is testable, because present-day corpora of German contain the required combinations of words in sufficiently large numbers. Note that the combination of the noun with the two determiners provides the kind of minimal pair needed for the test of the hypothesis: there are two surface phrases with very similar meaning. All cases discussed below share this property.More precisely, given the independently existing frequencies of the determiner forms and the alternating noun forms  as presented in (2) as well as for a large range of other words and phrases summarized in (3).Wiese and Speyer  drew upo(3) Statistical tests for Prosodic Parallelism; results from Wiese and Speyer des/eines Jahr(e)s, dem/einem Tag(e), and sehr/richtig gern(e), the significant effects actually pointed into the direction opposite to what was predicted. One reason for these counter-examples might be that the prosodic phrasing is actually not the one assumed in the paper: dative noun phrases as in (3) predominantly appear within prepositional phrases, for which the prosodic phrasing may be as in [[an dem] [Tag(e)]] \u2018at the day\u2019. For more discussion of these real or apparent counter-examples see Wiese and Speyer gern(e), the test does not apply to a phrase consisting of two words, but to a complex word consisting of two morphemes. However, there is evidence that such prefix-stem combinations consist of two phonological words; see, e.g., Wiese ((un)gern(e), with main stress on the prefix, probably does not differ in prosody from the small phrases provided by the other examples in terms of prosodic structure.For further tests of the Prosodic Parallelism hypothesis in the spoken mode, initially all phrases from the study by Wiese and Speyer  were sel., Wiese . In othedie, der/eine, einer + T\u00fcr(e) \u2018the, a + door, nom./acc. vs. gen./dat.\u2019des/eines + Tag(e)s \u2018the/a + day, gen. sg.\u2019des/eines + Jahr(e)s \u2018the/a + year, gen. sg.\u2019(un) + gern(e) \u2018(not) + gladly\u2019bin, war, ist, sind, seid / waren, seien, werden, wurde, wurden + nah(e) \u2018am, was, is, are, are /were, would be, will (sg./pl), were + near\u2019heut(e) + fr\u00fch/morgen \u2018today + early/morning\u2019nah(e) + bin, war, ist, sind, seid / waren, seien, werden, wurde, wurden \u2018near + verb\u2019dem/einem + Tag(e) \u2018the/a + day, dat. ag.\u2019sehr/richtig + gern(e) \u2018very/really + gladly\u2019des/eines \u2018the/a\u2019, gen. s.g' + 162 strong monosyllabic nouns: a. masculine: Bach, Berg, Brand, Bund, Darm, Dienst, Feind, Fisch, Flug, Freund, Frost, Gang, Geist, Grund, Hang, Hof, Hund, Kampf, Kauf, Kern, Klang, Koch, Kopf, Krieg, Krug, L\u00e4rm, Leib, Lohn, Mond, Mord, M\u00fcll, Mut, Ort, Pfahl, Plan, Rang, Rat, Raub, Raum, Ring, Ruf, Rumpf, Saal, Sand, Sarg, Schein, Schirm, Schlag, Schlauch, Sieg, Sinn, Sohn, Spott, Spruch, Staat, Stab, Stahl, Stamm, Stand, Staub, Stein, Stern, Stier, Stock, Stoff, Streit, Strom, Stuhl, Sturm, Tag, Teich, Teil, Text, Tisch, Tod, Traum, Trost, Turm, Wald, Weg, Wein, Wert, Wind, Wirt, Wunsch, Zahn, Zaun, Zoll, Zorn, Zug, Zweckb. neuter: Amt, Bad, Bein, Bett, Bier, Bild, Blatt, Blech, Blut, Boot, Brett, Brot, Ding, Dorf, Fach, Feld, Fell, Fett, Fleisch, Geld, Gold, Grab, Haar, Haupt, Heer, Heft, Heil, Heim, Hirn, Hoch, Horn, Huhn, Jahr, Kalb, Kind, Kleid, Korn, Land, Laub, Leid, Licht, Lied, Lob, Loch, Mahl, Meer, Moor, Obst, Ohr, Paar, Pferd, Rad, Rind, Rohr, Schaf, Schiff, Schnitt, Schwein, Seil, Spiel, St\u00fcck, Tal, Tier, Tuch, Volk, Weib, Werk, Wohl, Wort, Zelt, Ziel(4) Phrases selected for searchDatabase for Spoken German  has been compiled as a collection of spoken audio files and transcripts. While the DeReKo corpus of written German contained about 25 bn. word forms in 2014, the DGD2 corpus of spoken German contained, at the time of search, about 8.6 million word forms  which were available for search in 4153 different transcripts . Thus, the size of the DeReKo corpus of written German is larger by a factor of about 3000. The search was performed over the complete set of corpora of spoken German contained in the DGD data base. It contains corpora from different speaker groups, regional origins  and registers. It is well-known that different dialects of German show different behavior with respect to the presence of final schwa, and some dialects favor the presence of schwa, while others do not. The present study aims at an over-all picture, and thus includes data from the largest available range of sub-types of spoken German from different varieties, with utterances ranging from reading to storytelling.The restriction to phrases with moderately large frequencies was necessary because, as noted above, corpora of spoken language are generally much less comprehensive than those of written language. For German, the G-test) for small sample sizes, such as the number of items < 5 in one of the cells; see McDonald (dem/einem Tag(e)) had more than 5 results for all combinations. Therefore, in order to present consistent results, Fisher's exact test is applied to all cases.The DGD database was searched for the number of relevant cases as listed in (4). Then the Prosodic parallelism hypothesis was tested over contingency tables of the kind illustrated in (2), in order to test whether the number of combinations hypothesized to be preferred is higher than predicted by the given frequencies of their parts. Particular focus is placed on the strong nouns listed in (4)c, see respective section below. The test used for this purpose was Fisher's exact test of independence, with the purpose of verifying that the proportions of frequencies for one variable (presence of schwa) is dependent on the value of some other variable, or alternatively, that the frequencies are independent of each other. This test is usually recommended , indicating the level of statistical significance. Results with values for P < 0.05 are taken as confirmation for the hypothesis. A list of detailed results for all searches performed is presented in Appendix Search items and the (5) Statistical analysis; Fisher's exact testdie/der + eine/einer) form a prosodic unit not with the following noun as in der T\u00fcr(e), but with the preceding preposition, see discussion above. This would account for the non-significant result in first case given in (5). The failure for the final search item remains unexplained.Non-significant results emerge for the first and the last item used, while for a range of other constructions the hypothesis is either confirmed, or cannot be tested for lack of sufficient data j constitute a wide range of forms, with strong variation in the appearance of schwa between stems and suffix. Crucially, for present purposes, for these nouns the genitive forms all occur, in principle, with or without schwa preceding genitive ending -s, as in Amt(e)s \u2018office, gen. sg.\u2019 or Zug(e)s \u2018train, gen. sg\u2019Jahres \u2018year, gen. sg.\u2019 the schwa-containing variant is much more frequent than the competing form Jahrs, independent of contextNouns taking the suffix To illustrate, Table (6) presents the full set of relevant tokens calculated over all 162 nouns, with the number of cases found in the DGD2 database given in the cells of the table, and preferred combinations printed in bold.(6) Search results for strong nounsdes + monosyllabic and eines + bisyllabic) are higher than expected, and vice versa for the non-preferred ones. This trend is significant, with an exact P = 0.03 according to Fisher's exact test. The present study of these genitive singular forms of strong nouns thus yields a result which differs from the previous one on written German: Prosodic Parallelism is confirmed for this set of data, even without taking the role of individual lexemes into account.As inspection of (6) shows, numbers for these item combinations are too small to make calculations over individual nouns. Frequencies of combinations vary, but the forms preferred according to the Prosodic Parallelism hypothesis . Their conclusion  to the reader that the respective word should be read as a bisyllabic word. In this sense, there is clearly \u201cintended prosody\u201d in the alternative spellings available. We cannot be sure that a particular reader will always follow the advice, but still the suggestion exists.While this consideration would lead to more regular prosodic phrasing  for written language, the close relation between speech and prosodic features would yield the opposite result. Another reason for differences between the spoken and written modality in prosodic details may be that prosodic phrases in the spoken modality are shorter than those in the written modality. The reason is that, as mentioned above, planning processes in the spoken modality proceed under more time pressure and with fewer opportunities for revision. In consequence, more re-starts, errors, hesitations, and interruptions influence the flow of speech and thereby the structure of prosodic phrases Levelt, . In concdie or eine listed in (3). Such reduction correlates with a change in foot structure, as in the loss of a foot (defooting). Arguably, such reductions are found more often in the spoken modality than in the realization of written German. However, a written corpus  does not allow for a reliable evaluation of such reductions.Finally, the reduction of function words may play a role: it has been observed by Hall  and KentThe author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and approved it for publication.Funding for the study reported in this paper was provided by the LOEWE initiative of the state of Hesse, Germany (Fundierung linguistischer Basiskategorien). The sponsor was not involved in any aspect of the study and/or the article.The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "Scientific Reports7: Article number: 45816; 10.1038/srep45816 published online: 04062017; updated: 05162017.The original version of this Article contained an error in Affiliation 2, which was incorrectly given as:\u2018Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, 567014, India\u2019.The correct affiliation is listed below:\u2018Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India\u2019.This error has now been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the Article, as well as the accompanying Supplementary Information."}
{"text": "The authors would like to draw the reader's attention to errors in the following article:Cancer Sci 2017; 108: 243\u20139.Tomoki Y, Hamanaka M, Babaya A, Kimura K, Kobayashi M, Fukumoto M, Tsukamoto K, Noda M, Matsubara N, Tomita N, Sugihara K. Management strategies in Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis: a national healthcare survey in Japan. The correct funding information is shown below:Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and RectumAdditionally, all occurrences of \u2018Japan Society of Colorectal Cancer Research\u2019 in the article should have changed to \u2018Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum\u2019.The authors apologize for these errors and any confusion these may have caused."}
{"text": "Canis lupus) is one of the most widely distributed terrestrial mammals, and its distribution and ecology in Europe and North America are largely well described. However, the distribution of grey wolf in southern China is still highly controversial. Several well-known western literatures stated that there are no grey wolves in southern China, while the presence of grey wolf across China has been indicated in A Guide to the Mammals of China, published by Princeton University Press. It is essential to solve this discrepancy since dogs may have originated from grey wolfs in southern China. Therefore, we systematically investigated Chinese literatures about wild animal surveys and identified more than 100 articles and books that included information of the distribution of grey wolves in China. We also surveyed the collections of three Chinese natural museums and found 26 grey wolf skins specimens collected across China. Moreover, we investigated the fossil records of wolf in China and identified 25 archaeological sites with wolf remains including south China. In conclusion, with the comprehensive summary of Chinese literatures, museum specimens and fossil records, we demonstrate that grey wolves does distribute across all parts of the Chinese mainland, including the most southern parts of China.The grey wolf ( Canis lupus, is one of the most widely distributed terrestrial mammals  is not a subspecies of the golden jackal  and should be reclassified as the African wolf, Canis lupus lupaster : Mammalia Vol. 8 Carnivora page 46-49, reported in 1987: \"the wolf, which apart from Hainan Island, the various islands in the South China Sea, and Taiwan, is spread over nearly all the country\" and \"the wolf can be seen in all provinces. Based on collected literature references and specimen samples, wolves have been identified in Muleng, Baoqing, and Genhe of Heilongjiang, in Baicheng, Kaitong, Dunhua, Jingyu, Huinan, Hunchun, Jilin, Tumenling, and Fuyu of Jilin, in Fushun and Lvda of Liaoning, in Shanhaiguan and Zhangjiakou of Hebei, in Beijing, in Hohhot and Erlian of Inner Mongolia, in Hami, Bole, Turpan, Yanqi, Korla, Aksu, Luntai, and Baicheng of Xinjiang, In Shanxi province, in Yan'an of Shaanxi, in Mianchi and Luoning of Henan, in Yichang of Hubei, in Nanjing and Qingjiang of Jiangsu, in Fujian province, in Longzhou, Ningming, and Shangsi of Guangxi, in Guangdong province, in Guizhou province, in Lushui and Chengkou of Yunnan, in Yumen, Zhangye, and Linxia of Gansu, in Menyuan, Qilian, Alaer, Golmud, and Delingha of Qinghai, in Pali, Nylamu, Tingri, Shigatse, and Naqu of Tibet, and in Shiqu, Ruoergai, Songpan, Leibo, Ebian, Kangding, Wanxian, Yibin, and Mianyang of Sichuan\" .Canis lupus desertorum Bogdanow, 1882 in Xinjiang, C. l. filchneri Matschie, 1907 in Qinghai, Gansu and Tibet, C. l. chanco Gray, 1863 in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia (eastern part), Hebei, Beijing, Shandong, Henan and Shanxi, C. l. Nei-Mongol form in Inner Mongolia (western and mid part) and C. l. South-China form in Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hubei and Sichuan Furthermore, Wang (200) described the subspecies/subtypes of wolf in China and reported that the wolf was distributed across all parts of continental China. Chinese wolves were divided into five subspecies and forms: In order to obtain an updated and comprehensive description of the distribution of wolves in China, we investigated more than 100 articles containing information about the pressence of wolf at a regional level , and depletion of prey . Also inThe data about wolf distributions that we here present were investigations on either provincial or local level, whereas, a comprehensive ecological survey of the wolves in China. It is therefore not clear how the wolf populations in the different parts of China are interrelated. For example, it is not clear whether wolves recorded in the southern provinces represent permanent populations, or a steady stream of individuals migrating from the northern provinces. However, it is notable that wolves have been recorded across virtually the entire continental China, including southern Chinese province Yunnan as late as in 2011 and provinces Guangdong and Guangzhou in 2000. These findings indicate a consistent presence of permanent populations across southern China. Moreover, to obtain a comprehensive picture of the status of the wolves in China, it is necessary to carry out both ecological and genetic studies, e.g., in concerning the genetic relationships either among the wolf populations across China and between these and worldwide wolf populations.This study points out misconceptions in the western literature about the distributions of wolves in China. The origin of this problem is not clear, but it can be traced back as far as an article in 1985 from which the factoid has, stepwise, been passed on to other articles . It is pWith a comprehensive summary of Chinese literature, specimens and fossil records, we showed that wolves are present across all parts of the Chinese mainland, including the southern parts of China. Hereby we corrected an error in western literature, in which most sources stated that wolves are not present in the southern China, and some even claimed that wolves have never been presented there, even in ancient times. There is no comprehensive description of the current distributions of wolves across China, and therefore this study serves both to give an updated description of wolf distributions in China, and to make this significant information available to an international audience."}
{"text": "The MAHC is a guidance document that jurisdictions can use to update or implement codes, rules, regulations, guidance, laws, or standards governing swimming pools, spas, hot tubs, and other public, treated, recreational water venues to reduce infectious disease outbreaks, drowning, and chemical injuries.The first edition of the Model Aquatic Health Code (MAHC) was released on August 29, 2014, and is now available from CDC online at In the United States, no federal agency regulates the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of public swimming pools and other public, treated, recreational water venues. All pool codes are independently written and enforced by state and/or local agencies. In 2005, local, state, and federal public health officials and representatives of the aquatic sector requested that CDC develop a model, evidence-based code. Since 2007, CDC has led a national collaborative effort with public health, industry, and academic representatives from across the United States to develop the MAHC.http://www.cmahc.org) is a nonprofit organization created in 2013 to support and improve public health by promoting healthy and safe aquatic experiences for everyone. CMAHC members will suggest MAHC revisions for CDC\u2019s final determination.CDC will work with national partners to periodically update the MAHC to ensure it stays current with the latest industry advances and public health findings. The Conference for the Model Aquatic Health Code (CMAHC) ("}
{"text": "Pharmaceuticals improved its ranking [Pharmaceuticals confirms its position in the first quartile in the category of pharmaceutical science. Moreover, papers published in our journal in 2013 and 2014 have been cited 4.5 times, on average, in 2015.As explained in the editorial written 12 months ago [It is my pleasure to confirm the progress recorded in 2016. Indeed, the number of published manuscripts has jumped from 45 to 79 in 2016 volume. This includes submissions received in 10 completed Special Issues. They were dedicated to the First International Electronic Conference on Medicinal Chemistry  , Thierry Besson , Francois Dufrasne , Marc Le Borgne , Andrea Porcheddu , Osvaldo A. Santos-Filho , Gary J. Stephens , and Nigel Yarlett .Pharmaceuticals confirmed its status as an international journal by being present as a media partner, an exhibitor, or a sponsor at national and international meetings among which were:Biosensors 2016, Twenty-sixth Anniversary World Congress on Biosensors, 25\u201327 May, Gothenburg, Sweden;Thirtieth France-Belgium Meeting of Pharmacochemistry, 25\u201327 May, Amboise, France;Aptamers in Bordeaux 2016, 24\u201325 June, France;CLINAM 9/2016 Conference and Exhibition, European and Global Summit for Cutting-Edge Medicine: Clinical Nanomedicine and Targeted Medicine, Enabling Technologies for Personalized Medicine, 26\u201329 June, Basel, Switzerland;ACS National Meeting and Exhibition, 21\u201323 August, Philadelphia, PA, USA;R\u00e9union du Groupement des Pharmacochimistes de l\u2019Arc Atlantique, 25\u201326 August, Angers, France;Eighth International Conference on Protein Kinase CK2, 6\u20139 September, Homburg, Germany;Thirteenth European Biological Inorganic Chemistry (EuroBIC 13) Conference, 28 August\u20131 September, Budapest, Hungary;Twenty-fourth National Meeting in Medicinal Chemistry, 11\u201314 September, Perugia, Italy.Fourth Conference on Innovation in Drug Delivery: Site-Specific Drug Delivery, 25\u201328 September, Antibes-Juan-les-Pins, France;Pharmaceuticals was the organizer of the Second International Electronic Conference on Medicinal Chemistry [hemistry . The evehemistry , submittPharmaceuticals Travel Award for Young Investigators [Mentions should be made, in addition, that we received 83 outstanding applications for the 2016 Pharmaceuticals will offer a travel grant to help support a young investigator in her/his professional career. Details of the competition can be found on our website [http://sciforum.net/conference/ecmc-3.In 2017, we shall pursue our efforts to raise the journal to a better position still and to increase its visibility. Therefore, we can already announce that It is my pleasure to end this editorial by wishing you a healthy and prosperous new year. This is also the opportunity for me to warmly thank, for their confidence, our authors, readers, and reviewers, as well as the scientists of the editorial board, members of our teams in Basel, Barcelona, Beijing, and Wuhan, and our sponsors."}
{"text": "In this paper, we study the derangement polynomials and investigate some interesting properties which are related to derangement numbers. Also, we study two generalizations of derangement polynomials, namely higher-order and r-derangement polynomials, and show some relations between them. In addition, we express several special polynomials in terms of the higher-order derangement polynomials by using umbral calculus.The problem of counting derangements was initiated by Pierre R\u00e9mond de Montmort in 1708 (see Carlitz in Fibonacci Q. 16(3):255\u2013258,  The. The\\docFor x)\u2208P, by , we getFrom , we noteFrom , we easiLet For The Bernoulli polynomials are given byWe know that the Euler polynomials are defined byThe falling factorial sequence is defined asThe Stirling numbers of the first kind are defined byThe Stirling numbers of the second kind are also given by the exponential generating function 1It is well known that the Bell polynomials are defined by the generating functionFrom , we haven element set (see [A derangement is a permutation that has no fixed points. The derangement number mentclass2pt{minimset (see ). The prmentclass2pt{minimset (see ). The fiIndeed, From , we noteBy using , it is nr , from  we haveThus, by , we getIn , we takeNow, we observe thatFrom , we noteBy  and 2.1, we getFrom , we can Forwe haveFrom , we haveIn particular,Comparing the coefficients on both sides of , we haveTherefore, we obtain the following corollary.Forwe haveandr byr.For r-derangement numbers, denoted by r-elements are in disjoint cycles. It is known that the generating function of the r-derangement numbers is given byFor r-derangement polynomials given byr-derangement numbers. By . From  and (2.20). From , we haveTherefore, by  and 2.3, we obtaForwe haveNow, we observe thatOn the other hand, by , we getFrom  and 2.3, we haveIn particular, for Therefore, by  and 2.3, we obtaForwe haveMoreover,By , we easiComparing the coefficients on both sides of , we haveFrom , we can Thus, by , we getFor \u22122, from  and . From , we haveTherefore, by  and 2.4, we obtaForwe havewhereLet us take Hence, by  and 2.4, we getAssume that Then, by , we getThus, from , we noteForwe havewhereFor Thus, we note thatFor HenceFor Thus, we getFor HenceThe ordered Bell polynomials are defined by the generating functionrs. From  and , by  and , by , we getTherefore, we obtain the following theorem.Forwe haveFor Therefore, by  and 2.5, we obtaForwe haver-derangement polynomials, and showed some relations between them and also with some other special polynomials. In addition, by using umbral calculus, we derived a formula expressing any polynomials as linear combinations of higher-order derangement polynomials and illustrated this with several special polynomials.In this paper, as a natural companion to derangement numbers, we have investigated derangement polynomials and derived several interesting properties on them which are related to derangement numbers. Also, we have considered two generalizations of derangement polynomials, namely the higher-order and The introduction of derangement numbers goes back to as early as 1708 when Pierre R\u00e9mond de Montmort considered some counting problem on derangements. However, it seems that the umbral calculus approach to the derangement polynomials and their generalizations has not yet been done. In this paper, we have used umbral calculus in order to study some interesting properties on them, certain relations between them, and some connections with several other special polynomials."}
{"text": "As usually verified in many malignancies, the majority of the scientific information about renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is produced in developed countries mainly in North America and Europe. This knowledge is derived from great casuistries, joined in multi-institutional collaborative study groups or in International diseases consortiums.Consistent epidemiologic and scientific data originated in the Latin America (LA) are lacking. LA is a large subcontinent, composed by more than 20 countries (much of them great economies), encompassing around 640 million habitants. Latin American population ethnicity is unique, due to an intense miscegenation, differing from northern hemispheric populations. The LA\u2019s population was composed by several civilizations over the years: pre Colombians, (Amerindians), black slaves descendant\u2019s (distinct groups of the African slaves that were sent to North America and Caribe). The predominance of Europeans in LA corresponded to Iberians, and Italians, few French and Germans. We have few Anglo-Saxon, Scandinavian and Northern and Eastern Europeans. Regarding Middle East and Africans, the more prevalent immigrants were Syrian, Lebaneses, Jewishs and few Armenians. Also, there are few Arabic, Persian and North African populations. From Asia, the predominance has been established by Japanese and in the last decades, by some Korean and Chinese. There is almost no people from South Asia, Oceania and Pacific Islands etc., differing from US, for example. The LA racial miscegenation resulted in particular genetic groups such as Mulattoes, Mestizos, Zambos, Cimarron\u2019s, Cafuzzos, mamelucos etc , 2. In tHowever, the socioeconomic level and the human development index among LA\u2019s populations in general are under than desired. Health care systems in our subcontinent are heterogeneous, being possible to find in a same country (or in a same city), side by side, the more developed, and the more precarious medical services. Additionally, the Latin American Institutions, and its practitioners are not skilled in participating in multicenter collaborative study groups. The language may constitute an additional barrier, since the number of non-native English speakers (and writers) is large. At the same time, the background and the funds available to incentivize scientific productions are insufficient, in contrast with several primary and more urgent health requirements in LA.th American Urological Society Annual Meeting in San Diego, colleagues from Brazil (SCZ) and Uruguay (DAC), decided to create an international, multicenter, nonprofit, collaborative study group, focused on kidney cancer, named LARCG .In face of this scenario, in May 2013, during the 108The main generic role of LARCG is to promote knowledge and the research development regarding renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in LA. In order to reach this, it has become necessary to aggregate people and Institutions dedicated to this disease.Among the scopes of LARCG, the main ones were: 1) the creation of a great and multifaceted data bank with information of RCC in LA; 2) to stablish international scientific cooperation between the LARCG institutions and developed research centers or with collaborative uro-oncological intergroups; 3) to proportionate facilities that result in the production of high level scientific publications; 4) To stimulate the participation of LARCG members in worldwide recognized scientific meetings.The first step to concretize our aims was to invite LA\u2019s key opinion leaders, to participate, and we had a quick and massive adhesion . On 2014, after a few months we had the adhesion of 24 institutions from six countries , constituting the first round of the LARCG.At the same time, through electronic assemblies, a statute was approved by all LARCG members. According to this agreement, it was created the Executive Directory, the Member\u2019s Council, and the Scientific and the Ethics Committees. In each participating center, an Urologist Leader (UL) was nominated.The UL must diffuse the LARCG ideas on each center recruiting urologists, and designating expert uro-pathologists, and clinical oncologists. These colleagues constitute the LARCG Pathol Branch and the LARCG Oncol Branch respectively, reinforcing the multidisciplinary characteristics of the group.Today, LARCG is active, supported by annual fees paid by its members and is consolidated: www.larcg.org .First epidemiological survey and an early survival analysis\u201d, form LARCG. These results were presented for the first time at the Main Session of the CAU - Confederacion Americana de Urologia Meeting, in Punta del Este Uruguay, in November, 2014. During this congress, it was realized the First Annual LARCG Meeting, with the presence of the majority of our members. Few months later, in 2015 April, these first analyses results, and the structural aspects of the LARCG, were presented at the \u201c2015 Spring SWOG (Southwest Oncology Group) Meeting\u201d, in San Francisco, California. . After a few weeks, LARCG performed it\u2019s Second Annual Meeting during the 2015 AUA Annual Meeting in New Orleans LO, in a meeting room supported by the AUA .The first step in the scientific direction was the creation of an extensive data bank, containing 176 demographical, clinical, laboratorial and pathological variables, all of them previously codified and with careful protection of the patients\u2019 identifications. This data bank was sent to 24 institutions participants of the first round of the LARCG, in January 2014, and there were six months for the return of the information. At the end of 2014, we received information from 4280 RCC Patients. From these group, 3817 patients were eligible for a realization of the \u201cLARCG promoted Scientific International Meetings in S\u00e3o Paulo, in March 2015, at AC Camargo Cancer Center, and in October, 2015, in the British Hospital in Buenos Aires.Third LARCG Annual Meeting, realized in San Diego, during the 2016 AUA Meeting, under the support of the AUA. In this Section, we were proud to receive a special honored Guest, W. Marston Linehan, MD.In the end of 2015, the first LARCG season of submission of scientific projects was opened, and we received several applications, fourteen of them were approved by the Ethics and the Scientific Committees. All of these projects were presented during the During the 2016 Meeting of the Associacion Argentina de Urologia, in Tucuman-Argentina), \u201cContemporary outcomes in the Management of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma from the Latin American Renal Cancer Group (LARCG)\u201d was presented . In OctoThe second Round: In 2015 LARCG finalized the adhesion of 45 centers, from Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Mexico and Spain. At this time, our Scientific Committee corrected and enhanced our data bank, and sent it to all centers, that had some months to fill it and/or to correct the previous imprecisions and return it to us. At the end of 2016, we finalized the second round, having information of 5223 patients . The information is customized in a data bank. Now the specific variables\u2019s informations has been sent to the LARCG investigators which had aprooved research projetcs.One of the most significant initiatives of the LARCG is to integrate the demographic, clinical data with pathological samples of each respective patient. For this task, we must acknowledge the non-interested collaboration of Dra. Isabela Werneck da Cunha, MD, PhD, (Leader of the LARCG Pathol), the LARCG Pathologists, and the personal contribution of Dr. George Netto, MD. Those skilled pathologists are centrally reviewing and reclassifying thousands of samples, according to the 2012, ISUP - International Society of Urological Pathology Consensus . From eaThere is a signed international agreement between two LARCG Centers  and Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, from Tampa, US, through Dr. Philippe P. Spiess, MD and Jorge Lockhart, MD.Other collaborations has been stablishing with one of the SWOG\u2019s centers  and AC Camargo Cancer Center. Some LARCG centers will collaborate with the recently aproveed project INCITO-INOTE  8, leadeared by VIlma Regina Martins, MSc, PhD.For 2017, LARCG web site, originally in Spanish, will become bilingual, including the English idiom. Periodically, at our home page, newsletters, editorials, clinical cases discussions will be available.LARCG Annual Meeting (4th) will be held in Boston 2017, during the next AUA Annual Meeting. During this meeting, the research projects underway will be presented, and worldwide recognized RCC Speakers will be invited.The Next Negotiations are in course to establish future collaborations with international research groups and with RCC patient\u2019s protection and educational groups. We are now looking for a sponsor institution, that can support LARCG in its several and infrastructural logistics requirements.We wish a bright 2017 for all LARCG members, collaborators and of course, for our patients.Editor Associado, International Braz J UrolDivis\u00e3o de Urologia do A.C. Camargo Cancer CenterFunda\u00e7\u00e3o A. Prudente, S\u00e3o Paulo, BrasilSt\u00eanio de C\u00e1ssio Zequi, MD, MSc, PhD"}
{"text": "Chris S Earl, Teh Wooi Keong, Shi\u2010qi An, Sarah Murdoch, Yvonne McCarthy, Junkal Garmendia, Joseph Ward, J Maxwell Dow, Liang Yang, George A O'Toole & Robert P RyanEMBO Molecular Medicine, has been retracted by agreement between the authors of the study, CSE, TWK, SQA, SM, YMcC, JG, JW, JMD, LY, RPR, the journal Chief Editor and the EMBO Head of Scientific Publications in accordance with the outcomes of independent investigations conducted by the University of Dundee and University College Cork.The above article, published May 20 2015 in GAO'T disagrees with the text of this retraction notice, albeit not with the retraction.The following issues are noted:PLoS One 8(12): e82432 , although in a number of cases the patient's gender is at odds between the two reports.Table\u00a01 contains clinical data described in the paper as being derived from a cohort of asthma patients. However, the provenance of this data is unclear. Based on the evidence available, the University of Dundee investigation concluded that the majority of the patient cohort is likely to be a subset of a cohort of cystic fibrosis patients reported in The RNAseq data are unavailable on the European Nucleotide Archive under the reported accession number ERG003569. RNAseq data were uploaded with accession number ERS654066 before publication.The paper describes use of both prednisolone and prednisone, yet only the latter was used in the study."}
{"text": "Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-017-01335-w, published online 26 April 2017Correction to: In the original version of this Article, Teigang Liu was incorrectly listed as being affiliated with \u201cKey Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Education, DongZhiMen Hospital, Beijing 100070, China\u201d.The correct affiliation is listed below:College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.This has now been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of this Article."}
{"text": "In the paper  the presCSIR Emeritus Scientist, Department of Zoology, Lucknow University, University Road, Lucknow 226007, India.Acknowledgements\u2019 section:The following information is added in the \u2018\u201cThanks are due to CSIR, New Delhi, for award of Emeritus Scientist Project to PKM. Thanks are also due to Vice Chancellor, Lucknow University, Lucknow, for providing laboratory space and computational facilities to PKM for carrying out part of the study, data analysis and manuscript preparation.\u201d"}
{"text": "Throughout September, approximately 3,000 organizations will participate in activities in support of National Preparedness Month. CDC supports this initiative by partnering with national, regional, state, and local government agencies, as well as private and public organizations, to encourage persons to take part in preparedness efforts at home, school, and throughout their communities.For Preparedness Month 2014, CDC\u2019s Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response has focused its efforts on developing messages and products designed to meet the needs of vulnerable populations , CDC is http://www.cdc.gov/phpr.The unpredictable nature of disasters makes personal preparedness a necessity. In the case of vulnerable populations, there are unique considerations that must be taken into account when preparing for emergencies ,5. Addit"}
{"text": "Incorrect Affiliation4Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 5School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China\u201d, it should be \u201c4School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China\u201d. The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way.In the published article, there was an error in affiliation . Instead of \u201cThe original article has been updated.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "The correct name is: Mirza Faisal Qaseem. The last author\u2019s name is incorrect. The correct name is: Arshad Mahmood Khan. The correct citation is: Amjad MS, Qaseem MF, Ahmad I, Khan SU, Chaudhari SK, Zahid Malik N, et al. (2017) Descriptive study of plant resources in the context of the ethnomedicinal relevance of indigenous flora: A case study from Toli Peer National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. PLoS ONE 12(2): e0171896. In the author contributions, Muhammad Shoaib Amjad (MSA) should be listed as one of the persons who contributed to Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Visualization and Writing\u2013review & editing.There is an error in the last sentence under the subheading \u201cCollection and identification of plants\u201d in the Materials and methods section. The correct sentence is: The fully determined vouchers were deposited in the herbarium of the Department of Botany, Women University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Bagh, Pakistan."}
{"text": "The authors of the above paper retract this article due to concerns about the integrity of the data and the validity of the conclusions. The first author, Brandi M. Baughman, has admitted to the co-authors and the Office of Research Integrity at NIH that she falsified and/or fabricated data and text concerning Figs 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5, for which she takes sole responsibility.Subsequent to the paper being published, further experiments by co-authors Wang, Stashko, and Pearce have verified that a major conclusion of this article is invalid: UNC10112646, UNC10225354, and UNC10225498 are not inhibitors of PPIP5K, contrary to the claims in the published paper.In light of these concerns, all of the authors have agreed to retract this article."}
{"text": "Professor Er-Mi Zhao, Herpetologist, 1930-2016Academician Er-Mi Zhao, Professor of the Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Sichuan University, passed away on 24 December, 2016, to the great loss of both Chinese and world herpetology. As one of the most internationally renowned Chinese herpetologists, Academician Zhao represented a remarkable era of Chinese herpetology and made a significant contribution to global research, both academically and spiritually. He played a significant role in our understanding of the amphibians and reptiles of Tibet, herpetofauna of the Hengduan Mountains, taxonomy of Chinese snakes, and biogeography of the East Asian islands. His distinguished studies laid a solid and substantial foundation for research by future generations of young herpetologists, and had an extensive and profound impact on the development of the field.Agkistrodon expert, wrote to Academician Zhao in 1989. In 1993, Herpetology of China  (Liua (Liua shihi) , Dinodon rosozonatum , Achalinus hainanus , Trimeresurus medoensis , Ovophis monticola zayuensis , Plagiopholis unipostocularis  (Viridovipera medoensis) , and Mt. Mang pit viper (Protobothrops mangshanensis)   and Liuaa shihi) , and 41 wanensis , Achaliniguensis , Natrix x optata . Ranodonnpaensis , Megophrangensis , Hyla tsingensis , Rana kugwuensis , Microhy mixtura , Leioloingensis , Xenopelocularis , Opisthogxiensis , Agkistrdaoensis , Trimereengensis , Phrynocuanensis , Oligodoizonatum , Macropirontalis , Scincelrenensis , Scutigeuginosus , Rhabdoplabialis , Platymaiculatus , Stauroihanensis , Calotesdogensis , Tenuidadogensis , Rana tegerensis , Eumecesces liui , Trimerehanensis , Cuora zra zhoui , Amphies metusia , Oreolalunctatus , Rana rortingeri , Rhabdops adleri , Laudakiakia wui , Laudakipenfussi , Rana zha zhengi , Opisthois cheni , Rhacophhainanus , and Gloijianlii , as wellaoensis) , Medog ganensis) . He alsoanensis)  and expaanensis) .Academician Zhao brought new insight and perspective on the geographical division of amphibians and reptiles in China, the amphibian and reptile fauna in the Hengduan Mountain area, the classification of snakes distributed in China, and the zoological geography of the East Asian Islands. He zoned the southern slopes of the Himalayas as a new sub-southwest region of the Indo-Chinese sub-region in the oriental realm according to the actual distribution of species in Tibet, and first proposed a new \"South of the Himalayan Sub-region\" based on the distribution of reptiles . In addiProfessor Zhao also did outstanding work in scientific practice. He developed measures for the prevention and management of venomous snakes in the grasslands in western Xinjiang, and advanced the concept of medical geography of venomous snake bites in China  and YunnZoological Research from 1997 to 2014, he fulfilled his duty faithfully and diligently, and provided vital and constructive promotion of the journal. Zoological Research is extremely grateful for his exceptional contribution and dedication, and it is with deep regret and sorrow we note his passing. His deep passion, persistence, optimism, and strict scientific attitude in chasing the truth showed his invaluable spiritual wealth, and is an inspiration to every one of us.Academician Zhao was not only a devoted scholar, but also played active roles in helping young researchers and in disseminating scientific knowledge. He served on the Executive Committee of the International Amphibian and Reptilian Society in 1983, and as the Chairman of Chinese Herpetologists in the IUCN (1991-2001). During his tenure as an academic advisor on the Editorial Board of Editor's note: The facts and material stated here in regards to Academician Zhao's academic achievements were provided by his students, Dr. Jia-Tang Li , Dr. Jing Che , Dr. Song Huang , Peng Guo  and Dr. Yue-Zhao Wang . This essay was compiled by Zoological Research."}
{"text": "People aged 65 and above have consistently been omitted from research on the epidemiology of psychotic disorders. Correspondingly, little is known about the incidence of very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis (VLOSLP). We aimed to characterise the incidence of VLOSLP in a Swedish population cohort, including how incidence varied by age, sex, migration, deprivation, traumatic life events, and social isolation.We conducted a Swedish population-based cohort study to examine the incidence of VLOSLP by potential environmental risk factors. The cohort, born in 1920\u20131949 and living in Sweden, were followed up from age 60 until the end of follow-up (30th December 2011), emigration, death, or diagnosis with a non-affective psychotic disorder. We used Cox regression to obtain hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for VLOSLP by age, sex, migration, disposable income at age 60, and the experience of the death of a partner or child, adjusting for potential confounders.In a cohort of 2,955,796 people, we identified 14,825 cases with VLOSLP, with an overall incidence rate of 38.1 (95% CI: 37.5 \u2013 38.7) per 100,000 person-years at-risk. Rates were higher amongst migrants from North America , Europe , Russian-Baltic regions  and Africa  compared to Swedish-born, with a lower rate in migrants from the Middle East . Rates were higher in those with the lowest income , who experienced the death of a partner , death of a child in infancy , and those without a partner  or children .In this large, national cohort study we identified several potential risk factors for developing psychosis later in life, including migration, deprivation, social isolation and traumatic life events. This may have important implications for our understanding of the aetiology of VLOSLP and could help to inform public mental health and service planning."}
{"text": "This study examines how the relationship between urbanization  and the carbon intensity of well-being (CIWB) (measured as a ratio of carbon dioxide emissions and life expectancy) in most nations from 1960\u20132013 varies based on the economic context and whereabouts of a substantial portion of a nation\u2019s urban population. To accomplish this, we use the United Nations\u2019 (UN) definition of slum households to identify developing countries that have substantial slum populations, and estimate a Prais-Winsten regression model with panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE), allowing for disturbances that are heteroskedastic and contemporaneously correlated across panels. Our findings indicate that the rate of increase in CIWB for countries without substantial slum populations begins to slow down at higher levels of urbanization, however, the association between urbanization and CIWB is much smaller in countries with substantial slum populations. Overall, while urbanization is associated with increases in CIWB, the relationship between urban development and CIWB is vastly different in developed nations without slums than in under-developed nations with slums. An esse2 emissions. In these studies, urbanization is often observed as form of socioeconomic development. Liddle argues that macro-level quantitative research assessing the relationship between urbanization and CO2 emissions \u201ccomes in two different flavors\u201d and can be distinguished between studies that assume the relationship between urbanization and CO2 is one-way causal, and studies that assume the relationship is multi-causal [2 emissions. However, these studies are mostly limited to exploring the relationship between urbanization and CO2 emissions in specific nations . These 2 emissions, and assess the specific relationship between increases in the percentage of urban populations and changes in CIWB. As mentioned previously, some studies have found that urbanization can have an attenuating relationship with carbon dioxide emissions [one or more of the following conditions: access to improved water; access to improved sanitation; sufficient-living area; durability of housing; and security of tenure\u201d. However, in practice the first four of these indicators are typically used in defining a slum household because secure tenure data are generally unavailable. We create an interaction term interacting percent urban population with a dummy variable that identifies countries with substantial urban slum populations and used it as a variable. The logic behind this interaction term is to capture the different association that urban development in developing regions with substantial slum populations might have with both life expectancy and carbon dioxide emissions.The logic of our modeling approach is to control for known drivers of life expectancy at birth and COmissions , 28. Spemissions   and CIWB, and control for theoretically relevant correlates of CIWB , finding that the percent of individuals living in urban areas has a positive and statistically significant relationship to nations\u2019 CIWB through time. To build on model 1, in model 2 we assess whether the relationship between urbanization and CIWB is non-linear and create a quadratic term for percent urban populations, finding that it is not. In model 3, we create a dummy variable that uniquely identifies developing nations with slums populations and interact this variable with percent of individuals living in urban areas. The coefficient for this variable specifically displays the relationship of a proportional increase in the percentage of individuals living in urban areas within developing nations that have slums populations. Additionally, the coefficient for percent urban population in model 3 shows the association that developed countries that do not have substantial slum populations have on CIWB. The findings in model 3 indicate that for developing nations with slum populations the association between urbanization and CIWB is substantially lower than it is in all other nations included in our model.In model 4, we find that the quadratic term for the variable representing the percent of individuals living in urban areas and its quadratic term are significant at a .05 test. Additionally, we find that the variable for interaction effect of percent of individuals living in urban populations and developing nations with slums populations are each significant at a .05 test. This suggests that (1) the relationship between percent urban population and CIWB is significantly different in developing countries that have slum populations than all other nations, and (2) that the relationship between percent urban population and CIWB in both developing nations that have slum populations and all other nations is non-linear. However, because the quadratic terms for both percent urban population and the interaction effect of developing nations with slum populations are significant, it is easiest to interpret their relationship to CIWB graphically. As can be seen in 2 emissions, such as energy consumption and the manufacturing of impervious surface area, than it does in nations with no slums. However, this also suggest that urban growth has a smaller positive association with life expectancy at birth in nations with substantial slum populations than in nations with no slums.Here we find that the rate of increase in CIWB for countries without substantial slum populations begins to slow down at higher levels of urbanization and the association between urbanization and CIWB is much smaller in countries with substantial slum populations. One potential explanation for the findings presented here is that, in developing nations with substantial slum populations, urban growth has a smaller association to processes that produce COPrevious research has also suggested that greater levels of urban density are associated with declines in counterfactual energy use , which oThough it can be assumed that because we created an interaction term that specifically distinguishes between countries with slums and countries that are developed and/or have no slums that the differences observed in this analysis are a result of slums, we caution against such an interpretation. It would be inappropriate to argue that this is the only difference between urban development in countries that have slum populations and those that do not. One benefit to observing the association of rises in all urban populations, and not just substantial slum populations, however, is that it does allow our model to capture some of the other differences that exist between urban development across these groups.We believe that the most notable contribution of this study is its ability to help further our understanding of the nuanced relationship between urban growth, well-being, and carbon dioxide emissions. Similar to previous studies in this area, we demonstrate the complexity of urban development by finding that there is not a linear relationship between CIWB and urban population growth in developing countries that have slum populations, and in countries that do not fit this specific criterion. The present study also shows the need for future research and policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, while simultaneously increasing human well-being, to be mindful of the contrast between urbanization in developing nations that have slums and other countries. As mentioned above, in this study we are unable to directly examine the relationship between slum-patterned urban development and CIWB, or to compare this relationship directly with non-slum-patterned urban development\u2019s relationship to CIWB, and we caution against such an interpretation. Here, our focus has been on the differences in the association between CIWB and urban development patterns in developing nations with substantial slum populations relative to nations without substantial slum populations as a whole, and not, per se, on the differences between slums and non-slum urban areas. However, we encourage future research to address the issue of slum development patterns and sustainability more directly. Finally, we note that, based on the observed trajectory of nations with and without slum populations, urbanization alone does not appear as though it is effective at reducing growth in CIWB. According to our findings, even as countries reach 100 percent urbanization the attenuation of CIWB is still fairly small (this is even more the case for nations with slum populations). If the current trajectory of urban growth continues, deepening our understanding how urbanization influences well-being and environmental sustainability will be increasingly crucial. The findings presented here offer a glimpse into how researchers can observe these relationships in a way that captures some of the differences in the forms of urbanization that can be seen across the globe.We constructed a Prais-Winsten regression model with panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE), allowing for disturbances that are heteroskedastic and contemporaneously correlated across panels . We emplWe use nations as our unit of analysis, and include year and country specific intercepts to control for potential heterogeneity that is temporally invariant within nations, and cross-sectionally invariant in time periods. Additionally, we correct for AR (1) disturbances within panels, treating the AR(1) process as common to all panels because there is no theoretical reason to assume the process is panel specific . Our couTo construct our dependent variable, we employ World Bank, World Development Indicators , data onAs in previous research concerning well-being and environmental intensity , 33, 46,We include GDP per capita, measured in constant 2005 US dollars, as an independent variable in order to account for the level of economic development within nations. Previous research has found economic development to be a critical factor in country-level CIWB outcomes , 20. SpeFollowing York and Colleagues , we log it\u201d, our outcome of interest, represents the carbon intensity of well-being for nation i in year t; \u201cPercent Urbanit\u201d indicates the percent of the population the is urbanized in country i during year t; \"Dummy Variable for Nation with Slumsit\u201d indicates whether nation i has slum patterned urbanization in year t; \"Populationit\" is a control for total population size of nation i in time t; \u201cGDP per capitait\" represents nation i\u2019s GDP per capita in year t, \u201cPercent Population 15-65it\u201d indicates the percent of the productive population during time t in country i; \u201cPercent Population Over 65it\u201d represents the percent of the population that is typically unproductive in country t during year t; \u201cyeart\u201d is a control for period specific effects; ui is a control for nation specific, non-contemporaneous, effects; and eit is the residual term for nation i in period t.The form of the Prais-Winsten regression model with panel corrected standard errors including all independent variables used in Angola, Argentina, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of The Congo, Republic of The Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d\u2019Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan, Kenya, Lao, Lebanon, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Uganda, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe.Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Cabo Verde, Canada, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Eritrea, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyz Republic, Latvia, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macao, Macedonia, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Micronesia, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russian Federation, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Serbia, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sri Lanka, St. Lucia, St Vincent and The Grenadines, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, West Bank and Gaza, Yemen.S1 FileThis file contains all data used to perform the analyses presented by the authors above.(CSV)Click here for additional data file."}
{"text": "One Health (OH) positions health professionals as agents for change and provides a platform to manage determinants of health that are often not comprehensively captured in medicine or public health alone. However, due to the organization of societies and disciplines, and the sectoral allocation of resources, the development of transdisciplinary approaches requires effort and perseverance. Therefore, there is a need to provide evidence on the added value of OH for governments, researchers, funding bodies, and stakeholders. This paper outlines a conceptual framework of what OH approaches can encompass and the added values they can provide. The framework was developed during a workshop conducted by the \u201cNetwork for Evaluation of One Health,\u201d an Action funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology. By systematically describing the various aspects of OH, we provide the basis for measuring and monitoring the integration of disciplines, sectors, and stakeholders in health initiatives. The framework identifies the social, economic, and environmental drivers leading to integrated approaches to health and illustrates how these evoke characteristic OH operations, i.e., thinking, planning, and working, and require supporting infrastructures to allow learning, sharing, and systemic organization. It also describes the OH outcomes , which are not possible to obtain through sectoral approaches alone, and their alignment with aspects of sustainable development based on society, environment, and economy. One Health (OH) positions health professionals as agents for change and provides a platform to both measure and manage determinants of health seldom fully covered by medicine or public health alone. The integration of human, animal, and environmental health has a long history \u20134. RecenThe purpose of this paper is to identify and describe evaluable characteristics of OH approaches, and to present what they can encompass and achieve. This provides a basis for evaluation of OH initiatives and their outcomes, which could not be achieved using standard, sectoral approaches.The characteristics of OH presented here resulted from a NEOH workshop held in June 2015. Twenty-five experts from 14 countries representing public, human, veterinary, wildlife and environmental health, food safety, agriculture, agro-economics, geography and development aid, research, government, and international organizations attended. The notion evolved that there are specific conditions that demand integrated approaches, which we named drivers. At the other end, specific outcomes are expected to be produced as a result of these integrated OH approaches. The principal OH approach as such was considered to consist of a specific operational paradigm requiring a supporting infrastructure to become effective. Figure Factors identified as drivers Figure  define tAlthough OH initiatives can range from development projects to educational programs, research projects, and intergovernmental strategies, they often have specific operating principles, characterized by a way of thinking, planning, and working. We selected this classification, as it represents a sequence from abstract thoughts over planning of an initiative to concrete implementation. The realization that certain health and welfare challenges cannot be dealt with from a single disciplinary perspective thus calls for a re-evaluation of approaches to deal with health and welfare challenges. \u201cOH thinking\u201d is holistic, inclusive, respectful, and tolerant, as opposed to approaches that are specific, reductionist, with a tendency to focus on single or limited outcomes that impact positively on few people only. It considers multiple scales of life, disciplines, sectors, species, paradigms, and demographics, and integrates at different spatial scales . This should reflect the connected nature of social relations and social systems, both in their material and symbolic dimensions as well as the degradation of national resources due to globalization . \u201cOH plaConsequently, \u201cOH working\u201d relies on transdisciplinary collaboration that embraces contributions from the biological, natural and social sciences, and actively includes stakeholders in the process, from problem definitions to resolution. To operate as conceived, OH must rely on adequate information infrastructure and foster learning across all scales and fields . A learnThe expected outcomes of OH initiatives are health and welfare of humans, animals, plants, and ecosystems, all managed by common health strategies. This ensures healthy food, as well as clean water and air. Transdisciplinarity should result in improved stewardship and compliance, and promote interspecies equity, which would facilitate sustainable benefits for humans from other species (domestic and wild) and their habitats. Furthermore, OH should improve effectiveness across different sectors and at multiple scales. It relies on and results in more efficient communication, thereby generating a higher degree of awareness that can enable rapid detection of illness and consequent action. By having a more inclusive voice for neglected human populations, animals, and environment, OH is intended to widen our usual anthropocentric perspectives and to simultaneously enhance human health. The expected outcomes of OH approaches contribute to the three pillars of sustainability, namely, society, environment, and economy. In this way, the approach can be an instrument to working toward the UN sustainable development goals.Most diseases identified by WHO in their global burden of disease analysis,As demonstrated by the global AIDS response, this inclusive governance challenges current global norms, calls for global accountability, and reveals inextricable links between health, human rights, and social, economic, and political empowerment . By formSuch a change in approach requires resources. Consequently, it is important to demonstrate common interests of economic, environmental, social, and health advocates to provide appropriate funding, albeit under challenging economic constraints . We idenTo achieve systemic and scaled resilience to health challenges, the ultimate task for policy makers and other health professionals is to endorse health of people, animals, plants, and the environment and to achieve equitable and sustainable health outcomes , 28. To The article is the result of a workshop. Writing of the article with equal contribution: SR and BM. Senior author supervising the writing: AL. Organization and moderation of the workshop: BH, AM, and SR. Preparatory presentations for the workshop: BH, CIS, TE, MP, MA, JZ, PD, and AM. Workshop participation and article editing: BH, CIS, MP, MA, JZ, SB, JR, LC, DDM, LRN, MC, MF, FG, VI, DM, HO, MR, RK, and AS.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "To the Editor:Preventing Chronic Disease, was used without proper permission from Dr Donald E. Morisky and coauthors. We regret any problems our article may have caused, and we retract it from the literature.Due to an unintentional error, the MMAS-8 scale in our article, \u201cHealth and Nutrition Literacy and Adherence to Treatment in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease and Hypertension, North Carolina, 2015\u201d (Nikita Patel, BSPH; Maria Ferris, MD; Eniko Rak, PhDThe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of MedicineChapel Hill, North CarolinaPCD marked this article as retracted on December 23, 2016.Response:"}
{"text": "Urinary stones can cause kidney failure, urinary tract infections (UTIs) and severe abdominal pain, blood in urine and flanks pain. Alhagi has been seen in different regions of Iran, especially the north to the border of central deserts, and also grows in North Africa, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iraq, Turkmenistan, Central Asia and other countries. Alhagi phytochemical such as flavonoids, flavone glycosides, Alhagidin, Alhagitin, proanthocyanidins, triterpenes, tannins, etc which it can be effective on urinary stones.Alhagi pseudalhagi, is a member of Fabaceae family are known as a painkiller in patients with kidney stones. Another name of Alhagi is manna grass which is plant of 20 to 120 cm height, with green to dark green prickly branches. Length of the thorns varies from 1 to 6 cm, and their angle is almost right. Leaves are oval-shaped with a width of 3 to 5 mm and a length of 10 to 15 mm, and the flowers which usually appear in 2 to 8 numbers in each thorns are red, purple and brown  have been completely observed by the authors.None."}
{"text": "The current issue of the International Journal of Telerehabilitation (IJT) contains original research, policy, and a country report (India). A letter to the editor cogently describes the challenges faced by occupational audiologists in the United States, due to the current absence of interstate professional license portability. There is no doubt that the lead article, \u201cUserAuthentication in Mobile Phones and Its Application to Healthcare,\u201d is highly relevant given the current security challenged environment.What do these articles have in common? They collectively describe the current status of telerehabilitation: successes, challenges, and future needs., Electronic Publications Associates at the University of Pittsburgh.In this season of giving thanks, we recognize that the IJT could not be produced without the generous efforts of others. We are grateful to new and returning reviewers; Sections Editor, William E. Janes, OTD, MSCI, OTR/L; colleagues at the Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center on Information and Communication Technology Access at the University of Pittsburgh; and, our publishers, Timothy S. Deliyannides, Director, Office of Scholarly Communication and Publishing, and Head, Information Technology, University Library System, and Vanessa Gabler and Michelle BradburyDid you know recent evidence suggests that expressing gratitude on a daily basis , can benefit physical and psychological health? Yet another reason to give a huge \u201ctele-thanks\u201d to all those who are advancing the status of telerehabilitation.The next volume of the International Journal of Telerehabilitation will be published in Spring, 2018. We cordially invite your 2018 submissions by mid-January 2018, and accept original research, case studies, viewpoints, technology reviews, book reviews, and country reports that detail the current status of telerehabilitation.Sincerely,Ellen R. Cohn, PhD, CCC-SLP, ASHA-FIJT EditorJana Cason, DHS, OTR/L, FAOTASenior Associate Editor"}
{"text": "The graphs themselves are all correct. It is simply the letter labels that are wrong. The panel labels should be a, b, c, d, e, f and not e, d, c, b, a, f.Upon publication of the original article , the autThe corrected Fig."}
{"text": "Following the publication of this article  it was bSusana C. P\u00f3voas is erroneously affiliated with the Research Centre in Sport and Physical Activity, Maia Institute of Higher Education, Maia, Portugal. The author\u2019s correct affiliation is with the Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal.Daniel A. Marinho, affiliated only with the Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilh\u00e3, Portugal in the original article , is alsoBoth authors\u2019 affiliations are correctly included in the Author details of this erratum."}
{"text": "Scientific Reports6: Article number: 3676110.1038/srep36761; published online: 12052016; updated: 02092017The original version of this Article contained a typographical error in the spelling of Ali Alsalme, which was incorrectly given as Ali Mohammed Alsalme.In addition, Mohamed F. Al-Ajmi was incorrectly affiliated to \u201cProtein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia\u201d. The correct affiliation for this Author is listed below:Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.In addition, there was a typographical error in the legend of Figure 7, where:\u201cEffect of ceftazidime on las and pqs systems\u201d.Now reads:\u201cEffect of NS-ZnNPs on las and pqs systems\u201d.These errors have now been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of this Article."}
{"text": "GBD 2016 Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 390: 1084\u2013150.2017;  The full-text version of this Article has been updated so that the list of authors is displayed in the correct order, in line with the pdf version, rather than in alphabetical order. This correction has been made to the online version as of Oct 12, 2017."}
{"text": "AbstractA summary of the species of amphibians and reptiles of the state has been compiled, including their geographic distributions, habitats, and conservation statuses. The herpetofauna of San Luis Potos\u00ed consists of 41 species of amphibians and 141 species of reptiles. San Luis Potos\u00ed shares the highest number of species with Hidalgo and Tamaulipas, and the least number of species with Nuevo Le\u00f3n. In San Luis Potos\u00ed, there are several taxa of particular conservation concern including salamanders, emydid and trionychid turtles, anguid and xenosaurid lizards, and natricid and colubrid snakes. Three physiographic provinces that vary in their temperature and the moisture retention of their soils  collections; (3) a thorough examination of the available literature on amphibians and reptiles of the state; and (4) databases from the Comisi\u00f3n Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad , including records from the following 30 collections:This list of amphibians and reptiles of the state of San Luis Potos\u00ed was compiled from the following sources: (1) our own field work; (2) specimens from the Laboratorio de Ecolog\u00eda \u2013 UBIPRO CASCollection of Herpetology, Herpetology Department, California Academy of SciencesCMNHCollection of Herpetology, Amphibians and Reptiles Section, Carnegie Museum of Natural History \u2013 PittsburghCNARColecci\u00f3n Nacional de Anfibios y Reptiles, Instituto de Biolog\u00eda UNAMEALC Ernest A. Liner Collection of HerpetologyENCB Colecci\u00f3n Herpetol\u00f3gica, Departamento de Zoolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicasENEPI Colecci\u00f3n Herpetol\u00f3gica, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Experimental, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Profesionales, Unidad Iztacala, UNAMFMNHDivision of Amphibians and Reptiles, Field Museum of Natural HistoryFSM-UFCollection of Herpetology, Florida State Museum, University of FloridaFWMSHFort Worth Museum of Sciences and HistoryLACMCollection of Herpetology, Herpetology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles CountyLSUMZCollection of Herpetology, Museum of Zoology, Biological Sciences Division, Louisiana State UniversityMCZCollection of Herpetology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University CambridgeMNHUK Museum of Natural History, Division of Herpetology, University of KansasMZFC-UNAMColecci\u00f3n Herpetol\u00f3gica, Museo de Zoolog\u00eda \u201cAlfonso L. Herrera\u201d, Facultad de Ciencias UNAMMVZCollection of Herpetology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California BerkeleySDNHMCollection of Herpetology, Herpetology Department, San Diego Natural History MuseumTCWCCollection of Herpetology, Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection, Texas A&M UniversityTNHCCollection of Herpetology, Texas Natural History Collection, University of Texas AustinTUCollection of Herpetology, Biology Department, Tulane University, New OrleansUAZAmphibians and Reptiles Collection, University of ArizonaUCMCollection of Herpetology, University of Colorado MuseumUIMNHCollection of Herpetology, University of Illinois Museum of Natural HistoryUIUCCollection of Herpetology, Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUMMZCollection of Herpetology, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan Ann ArborUSNMCollection of Herpetology, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian InstitutionUTAMMMerriam Museum, University of Texas ArlingtonUTEPCollection of Herpetology, Laboratory of Environmental Biology, Biological Sciences Department, University of Texas - El Pasohttp://amphibiaweb.org) and reptile names follow Amphibian names follow Lampropeltispolyzona for L.triangulum, Chiropterotritonmiquihuanus, Crotalusmorulus, Lampropeltisannulata for L.triangulum, L.annulata for L.triangulum, Amastridiumsapperi, The number of overlapping species with those neighboring states for which a recent checklist exists Hidalgo:  was deteEleutherodactylusdennisi), a species not included in this paper since the only record for this species , seems to be a misidentified longipes. AmastridiumsapperiE.  was added based on Sceloporuscowlesi was substituted for S.consobrinus based on Leach\u00e9 (pers. comm.), Scincellasilvicola for S.caudaequinae based on Holcosusundulatus for H.amphigrammus based on Lampropeltistriangulum was substituted for L.annulata and L.polyzona based on Xenosaurusnewmanorum was regarded as endemic to Mexico but not to San Luis Potos\u00ed based on Ranacatesbeiana), the Common Four-clawed Gecko (Gehyramutilata), the Common House Gecko (Hemidactylusfrenatus), and the Mediterranean House Gecko (H.turcicus).San Luis Potos\u00ed is home to 182 species of amphibians and reptiles which represent 33 families and 98 genera  potentially occurring in San Luis Potos\u00ed was compiled Table , based oThe species accumulation curves for all species, amphibians, and reptiles suggest that the current list of species is close to being the likely species richness for San Luis Potos\u00ed Figure . These cSeventeen of the 41 species of Amphibians that inhabit San Luis Potos\u00ed are endemic to Mexico, two of which are restricted to small areas in the Sierra Madre Oriental around southeastern San Luis Potos\u00ed (Table Crocodylusmoreletii), is widely distributed from Tamaulipas to Central America. Three of the seven species of turtles that inhabit San Luis Potos\u00ed are endemic to Mexico, two of them to eastern Mexico and another is widely distributed in western and central Mexico (Table Ophisaurusincomptus and Lepidophymamicropholis) one is found from southern Tamaulipas to northern Hidalgo (Xenosaurusnewmanorum), another to a small area in Coahuila, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, and San Luis Potos\u00ed (Sceloporusgoldmani), one more to northern Quer\u00e9taro and adjacent San Luis Potos\u00ed (Lepidophymaocculor), and another to a small area in San Luis Potos\u00ed, Quer\u00e9taro, and Hidalgo (Lepidophymagaigeae). Most of the remaining 19 lizards endemic to Mexico are distributed mainly in eastern or central Mexico, in northern Mexico (Holbrookiaapproximans), or in western and eastern Mexico  varied among the habitat types. Twenty-nine percent of amphibians in the Chihuahuan Desert were listed in IUCN categories, 72% in the Sierra Madre Oriental, 46% in the subtropics of the Sierra Madre Oriental, and 8% of the generalists. For SEMARNAT categories, 57% of amphibians in the Chihuahuan Desert, 72% in the Sierra Madre Oriental, 46% of the subtropics of the Sierra Madre Oriental, and 23% of the generalists were listed. Thus, for amphibians, species found in the Sierra Madre Oriental are the most threatened whereas the generalists were least threatened. Reptiles showed a slightly different pattern. For the IUCN listings, all habitat types had relatively few species in the protected categories . However, for SEMARNAT, 28% of reptiles in the Chihuahuan Desert, 50% from the Sierra Madre Oriental, 50% from the subtropics of the Sierra Madre Oriental, and 42% of the generalist species were in the protected categories. For reptiles, the conservation status of the species in each habitat type is more evenly distributed across the habitat types than in amphibians.The conservation status of the reptiles and amphibians in each habitat type was examined. For amphibians, the percentage of species in protected IUCN categories (PageBreakHopefully, by establishing this list of herpetofaunal species with their global and country-level conservation statuses will prompt further investigations into the amphibians and reptiles of this state, which could provide the needed information to allow for state specific, or even habitat type, conservation measures to be undertaken. Specific threats known to be present in San Luis Potos\u00ed are deforestation and habitat loss , industr"}
{"text": "The official publication platform for this conference series is SciForum, MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, and Beijing, China. The headquarters of the conference are in the Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Biscay, Spain.There is an increasing necessity for multidisciplinary collaborations in molecular science between experimentalists and theoretical scientists, as well as among theoretical scientists from different fields. One of the more important forces driving this necessity is the accumulation of large amounts of data as a result of important advances in Cheminformatics and Molecular Sciences Experimental Techniques of data acquisition in general. In this context, we decided to create the MOL2NET International Conference Series on Multidisciplinary Sciences , and IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Sciences, with the Faculty of Informatics, University of Coru\u00f1a (UDC).http://sciforum.net/conference/mol2net-1). This first conference attracted more than 100 papers and 300+ authors and/or committee members representing 30+ universities of 20+ countries. Some of the world\u2019s top universities and centers represented in the lists of committee members and/or authors were: Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA; University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, USA; Conservatoire National des Arts et M\u00e9tiers, CNAM Paris, France; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA; EMBL-EBI European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK; CAS Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China; ZJU Zhejiang University, Hanzhou, China. It is also important to highlight that the second edition of this conference, MOL2NET-02, is being held during all of 2016 and the first month of the 2017 (http://sciforum.net/conference/mol2net-02). The Special Issue of IJMS associated with the second edition of the conference is for 2017. This second edition keeps the modality of online participation and also started with a network of associated workshops (in-person participation) in the USA, Spain, China, and some countries of Latin America as well. MOL2NET-01, the first edition of this conference series, took place in December 2015  ,16,17,18Arabidopsis thaliana. Results to date imply that the genome-wide distribution of CDM changes is not only part of the biological signal created by the methylation regulatory machinery, but ensures the stability of the DNA molecule, preserving the integrity of the genetic message under continuous stress from thermal fluctuations in the cell environment.In one of the papers, S\u00e1nchez and Mackenzie , from thIn another work, Melo et al. , from thA team lead by Syll\u00e1-Iyarreta Veit\u00eda , from thNandy and Basak , from thPastur-Romay et al. , from thAranda et al.  reportedDe Juli\u00e1n-Ortiz et al. , from thConcu and Cordeiro , from thThe team of authors led by Consonni and Todeschini , from thThe team lead by Marrero-Ponce , from thBesal\u00fa et al. , from thThe team co-directed by Ul-Haq and Barak , from thRam\u00edrez and Caballero , from thChen et al. , from FuPrismatomeris tetrandra. The mammalian hyaluronidase degrades hyaluronic acid by the cleavage of the \u03b2-1,4-glycosidic bond furnishing a tetrasaccharide molecule as the main product which is a highly angiogenic and potent inducer of inflammatory cytokines. The authors synthesized and assayed a series of ursolic acid analogues. The authors also reported molecular docking and QSAR analysis of their experimental results. They used several structural, topological and quantum chemical descriptors calculated with semi-empirical quantum chemical methods.Abdullah et al. , from thYang et al.  reportedA team lead by Mart\u00edn-Santamar\u00eda , from CeN = 82). Logistic analyses were performed to determine the predictive factors associated with depressive, manic, activation, and dysphoric dimensions.Lastly, a research study lead by Arrasate and Gonz\u00e1lez-Pinto , from th"}
{"text": "Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, we conclude the publication of our eleventh volume. In the past several years we have seen a profound growth in the JACMP. In 2008, the last year that my predecessor, Michael Mills, was Editor\u2010in\u2010Chief, we received a total of 142 submissions, or an average of 35.5 manuscripts per quarter. This number was exceeded by almost 25% during the first three quarters of this year. We are well on our way to receiving over 200 submissions for this calendar year. Our rejection rate remains at approximately 45%, so we anticipate significant growth in the number of manuscripts published in the JACMP.With the publication of this issue of the We are not anticipating a large number of changes going into next year. The following is one important change we are instituting for manuscripts submitted effective January 1, 2011: if any humans are involved in a study, appropriate approval from the author's institutional review board must be obtained. Authors need to indicate in the manuscript that such approval has been obtained. This approval also includes use of patient data such as treatment plans. This requirement is consistent with editorial policies in most other journals. For details about the policy, prospective authors are advised to review the Submission Guidelines.In addition, we are trying to limit the size of the JACMP. Rather than increasing our rejection rate, we are encouraging a limit 5000 words for each article. This length restriction will be a recommendation, not a requirement. Associate Editors and reviewers will be reminded of this length restriction when a manuscript is sent out for review. Authors of manuscripts that are significantly longer than 5000 words will be encouraged to restrict the length, especially by reducing the length of the Discussion section.Finally, when mentioning Associate Editors and reviewers, I would like to acknowledge their difficult and time\u2010consuming work in maintaining the quality of manuscripts we publish in the JACMP. Names of Associate Editors can be found below, and names of reviewers can be found in a Supplementary File.Associate Editors (including Guest Associate Editors) for Volume 11 include the following: Nzhde Agazaryan, Salahuddin Ahmad, John Antolak, Sam Beddar, Pat Cadman, Marco Carlone, Nathan Childress, Geoff Clarke, Laurence Court, Luca Cozzi, Larry DeWerd, Bill Erwin, David Followill, Kent Gifford, Michael Gossman, Rebecca Howell, Geoff Ibbott, Jennifer Johnson, Stephen Kry, James Marbach, Mary Martel, Osama Mawlawi, Charles Mayo, Moyed Miften, Eduardo Moros, Firas Mourtada, Ben Nelms, Jennifer O'Daniel, Tinsu Pan, Niko Papanikolaou, Matt Podgorsak, Joann Prisciandaro, Jim Rodgers, John Rong, Yi Rong, Isaac Rosen, Surendra Rustgi, Bill Salter, Mehrdad Sarfaraz, Jeff Shepard, Chengyu Shi, Alf Siochi, Eric Slessinger, Jason Stafford, Frank Van Den Heuvel, Lu Wang, Chuck Willis, Al Zacarias, and Ron Zhu.Thanks are extended to these individuals and reviewers, and especially to the authors, without whose contributions we would have no journal.George Starkschall, PhDEditor\u2010in\u2010ChiefNovember 15, 2010"}
{"text": "C\u00e9cile Martin is not included in the author byline. She should be listed as the eighth author and affiliated with Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Research, Inc. The contributions of this author are as follows: conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper.http://www.kyowakirin.com/index.html). All named authors are or were employees of Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Research, Inc. or Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Japan at the time of their involvement in the reported study. Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Japan provided funding for the research of the study and provided support in the form of salaries for authors SK, TO, SB, RC, BG, TK, GD, CM, JL, LK, TT, and YK, but no individuals employed by the funder, other than the named authors, had any additional role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the \u2018author contributions\u2019 section.Dr. C\u00e9cile Martin should also be included in the Funding section. The correct Funding information is as follows: This work was supported by Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd. Japan ("}
{"text": "Mr. Carsten Hullermann is not included in the author byline. He should be listed as the fifteenth author and affiliated with Department of Medicine A, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany. The contributions of this author are as follows: Data Curation, Validation, Writing\u2013Review & Editing."}
{"text": "Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, we conclude our twelfth volume. Looking ahead to Volume 13, we will find several changes occurring with the Journal. The first of these changes is in the sponsorship of this periodical. As many of our readers may be aware, beginning on January 1, 2012, the American College of Medical Physics (ACMP), the sponsor of this Journal, will cease to exist, and many of the activities of the ACMP will be taken over by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM). Beginning in 2012, the AAPM will sponsor two journals, a scientific journal, Medical Physics, and a clinical journal, the JACMP. Instead of reporting to the ACMP Board of Chancellors, the Journal's editorial board will report to the AAPM Board of Directors. However, you, as readers, will see no change in the nature of the manuscripts published in the JACMP, nor any change in the editorial policy, editorial procedures, or mission of the Journal.With the publication of this issue of the A change that you will see, however, is that, beginning with Volume 13, we will be increasing our publication frequency to six issues per year, rather than four. Increasing our frequency of publication is a move that we have been considering for several years, and is a consequence of the increase in number of manuscripts submitted, and subsequently accepted, for publication. We believe the increase in publication frequency will have several advantages. First of all, the turnaround for accepted manuscripts will be faster. In order to meet our publisher's requirements, the deadline date for acceptance of a manuscript for publication in Volume 13 Number 1, scheduled for publication around February 15, is October 15, 2011. Any manuscripts accepted after that date would be published in Volume 13 Number 2. With our quarterly publication schedule, the publication date would be around May 15; hence, with the increased frequency of publication, the publication would occur one month earlier. A second benefit goes to our advertisers, whose message now can reach our readers six times a year, rather than four times a year. We hope that the decrease in turnaround time, coupled with the increased frequency of the Journal, will prove to be advantageous to both our readers and our advertisers.JACMP. Names of Associate Editors can be found below, and names of reviewers can be found in a Supplementary File.Finally, I would like to acknowledge the difficult and time\u2010consuming work of our Associate Editors and reviewers in maintaining the high quality of manuscripts published in the Associate Editors (including Guest Associate Editors) for Volume 12 include the following: Nzhde Agazaryan, Salahuddin Ahmad, John Antolak, Peter Balter, Pat Cadman, Marco Carlone, Nathan Childress, Geoff Clarke, Laurence Court, Luca Cozzi, Larry DeWerd, Bill Erwin, Kent Gifford, Rebecca Howell, Jennifer Johnson, Tommy Kn\u00f6\u00f6s, Stephen Kry, Harish Malhotra, Osama Mawlawi, Charles Mayo, Moyed Miften, Mike Mills, Eduardo Moros, Firas Mourtada, Ben Nelms, Jennifer O'Daniel, Tinsu Pan, Niko Papanikolaou, Donald Peck, Matt Podgorsak, Joann Prisciandaro, Jim Rodgers, John Rong, Yi Rong, Isaac Rosen, Surendra Rustgi, Bill Salter, Mehrdad Sarfaraz, Jeff Shepard, Chengyu Shi, Alf Siochi, Eric Slessinger, Jason Stafford, Lu Wang, Chuck Willis, Kamil Yenice, Al Zacarias, and Ron Zhu.Thank you to our Associate Editors and our reviewers, and especially to our authors, without whose contributions we would have no Journal.George Starkschall, PhDEditor\u2010in\u2010ChiefNovember 15, 2011"}
{"text": "AbstractSorexaraneus Linnaeus, 1758, inhabiting the territory of Belarus, are characterized by a significant variation in the frequency of Robertsonian (Rb) translocations. The frequency clines for translocations specific of three chromosome races: the West Dvina , Kiev , and Bia\u0142owie\u017ca  have already been studied in this territory. In this communication we report new data on polymorphic populations with Rb metacentrics specific of the Neroosa race  in south-eastern Belarus, analyse the distribution of karyotypes in southern and central Belarus and draw particular attention to the fixation of the acrocentric variants of chromosomes in this area. The results show that certain Rb metacentrics specific of the Neroosa, West Dvina, Kiev, and Bia\u0142owie\u017ca races  are absent in many polymorphic populations. Thus, the karyotypic differentiation of S.araneus in the studied area is determined by unequal spread of different Rb translocations and by fixation of acrocentric variants of specific chromosomes.The common shrews,  Sorexaraneus Linnaeus, 1758, a species inhabiting Eurasia, is a model object for population genetic studies due to its exclusive chromosomal polymorphism  and sex chromosomes  are characteristic of species S.araneus , while ten autosomal arms  can be presented as acrocentrics or be fused as metacenetrics  or as arms of metacentrics .The common shrew, enetrics . The desS.araneus is a subdivision of populations into chromosome races. \u201cA chromosome race of Sorexaraneus is defined as a group of geographically contiguous or recently separated populations which share the same set of metacentrics and acrocentrics by descent\u201d (S.araneus differ in the composition and numbers (one\u2013five pairs) of metacentrics, which were formed by Robertsonian (Rb) translocations involving 10 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes, g, h, i, k, m, n, o, p, q, and r  is considered as initial in chromosomal evolution of S.araneus (Rb translocations are referred to as \u201crace-specific fused chromosomes\u201d (or \u201crace-specific metacentrics\u201d) (Rb translocations are fixed), while polymorphism for 2\u20135 translocations was revealed in majority of chromosome races  . MonomorRb translocations may have occurred in isolated small-size populations, for example, in glacial refugia. The data on mtDNA polymorphism in some European species of small mammals, including species of the genus Sorex, testify to the existence of multiple glacial refugia in Mediterranean and central Europe  make contact, narrow hybrid zones (0.5\u20135 km) are formed . If race0\u2013100 km .PageBreakg/m, hi, k/o, n, p, q, r)  and Turov  races were described in the vicinities of Bobruisk and Turov towns, respectively   inhabitsp, q, r) , 2016. Tectively .Rb metacentrics, similar to the clinal variation in wide hybrid zones, was observed in the polymorphic populations of the Kiev, Bia\u0142owie\u017ca, West Dvina, and Borisov races in Belarus. Karyotypes with ten pairs of acrocentric chromosomes  were found in some of these polymorphic populations  in July\u2013September, 2014 and in September, 2015 . Our karyological data on 290 shrews trapped in 2009\u20132013  helped to identify three Rb metacentrics, hi, kr and mn ; however, other two metacentrics of this race, go and pq, have not been found at the sites studied. The Rb translocation hi is fixed in all the examined samples, and chromosome arms k, r and m, n occur both as metacentric and acrocentric morphs  were found in two samples from Rechitsa and Bragin districts (nos. 6 and 7).Karyotyping of hs Table . The kr PageBreakRb metacentrics of the Kiev race , hi and ko, were observed , two g/r, hn, ik, m/p), hn and ik, were found  were revealed in populations southwards of the town of Borisov , however, the frequency of the gm metacentric occurred to be lower than in the samples from the Ukraine  and the shrews with metacentric of the Kiev race (ko) were found in samples from Rechitsa and Bragin districts, and hybrid individuals with metacentrics of both the races  were found in the vicinity of Rechitsa city   .Rb metacentrics of the Kiev and Bia\u0142owie\u017ca races: simple heterozygotes  and complex heterozygotes , were revealed along the Ptich River and on the south bank of the Pripyat River, close to PageBreakthe confluence of the Pripyat and Uborot\u2019 Rivers . The low fitness of hybrids  leads to the decrease of metacentric frequency. This phenomenon is called \u201cacrocentric peak\u201d (1) Hybridization between metacentric races which differ for the arm combinations of ic peak\u201d .2) Hybridization between metacentric races and an acrocentric race that existed in the Dnieper basin in the past .Our hypothesis about the existence of acrocentric race in the present-day Belarus or neighbouring territory during the Last glacial maximum  does not contradict the paleontological and paleobotanic data: fossil remains of the common shrew were found in the Middle Dnieper basin  and a foS.araneus in the low Dnieper and Pripyat basin is determined by unequal spread of different Rb translocations and by fixation of acrocentric PageBreakvariants of the particular chromosome arms. Each of four groups of the polymorphic populations possessing metacentrics, which are specific of the Neroosa, West Dvina, Kiev, and Bia\u0142owie\u017ca races, consists of two subgroups: 1) polymorphic populations with all Rb metacentrics of the initial race, irrespective of their frequencies . According to the definition of a chromosome race as \u201c \u2026 populations which share the same set of metacentrics and acrocentrics by descent\u201d  by acrocentric variant of the arms o and r were recognized as the Ammarnas and Hattsjo races  by acrocentric variant of arms n and o was recognized as the R\u00fcgen race  The absence of metacentrics  The abseChromosome race: Gomel\u2019 (Gm)af, bc, g, hi, jl, k/r, m/n, o, p, q, tuKaryotype: XX/XY1Y2, 52\u00b025'29\"N, 30\u00b052'31\"E.Type locality: vicinity of Gomel\u2019 city, Belarus, Distribution range: An area between Dnieper and Sozh Rivers, Gomel, and Rechitsa district; to the south of Rechitsa city to the latitude of Bragino city. The western boundary of the range lies along the west bank of the Dnieper River, approximately at the longitude of Rechitsa city. The other boundaries are not determined.Rb metacentrics characteristic of the Kiev race occur only in populations to the south of the Pripyat River  All the three  All the Chromosome race: Svetlogorsk (Sv)af, bc, g, h/i, j/l, k/o, m, n, p, q,\ufeff \ufeffr, tu ; the low Berezina basin to the vicinity of Parichi and Zhlobin cities to the north, from the east bank of the Ptich River and to the west bank of the Dnieper River.gr and mp, specific of the Bia\u0142owie\u017ca race, in S.araneus populations inhabiting the territory along the Ptich River allows us to recognize these populations  (Table (3) The absence of metacentrics Chromosome race: Oktiabr\u2019skiy (Ok)af, \ufeffbc, g, h/n, j/l, i/k, m, o, p, q, rKaryotype: XX/X Y1Y2, 52\u00b034'26\"N, 28\u00b044'37\"E.Type locality: Rozhanov settlement, vicinity of Oktiabr\u2019skiy town, Belarus Distribution range: Southwestern Belarus, territory along the Ptich River, approximately to the latitude of Osipovichi city to the north. The western boundary is not determined. Easternmost site for shrews of this race is on the east bank of the Berezina River. The southern boundary extends along the south bank of the Pripyat River from Turov city to the confluence of the Ptich and Pripyat Rivers.Rb translocations in definite parts of the S.araneus range is very important for study of intraspecies structure of the S.araneus. Unequal spread of different Rb translocations and fixation of acrocentric variants of particular chromosome arms observed in each of these groups is an interesting example of karyotypic differentiation in populations of the common shrew.Now, 74 chromosome races of the common shrew (including 49 polymorphic ones) are known , however"}
{"text": "The Fourth Congress of the Romanian Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, connected with the Annual Conference of the Romanian Retina Society took place in the period 22-25 of June 2017, in Eforie Nord.The association of these two conferences, already a tradition, was again a great success, with an audience of more than five hundred ophthalmologists from Romania and from abroad.The event started on Thursday with an interesting symposium about the role of aflibercept in retinal pathology. Horia Stanca, MD, PhD, and Prof. Mihnea Munteanu, MD, PhD, shared their experience with this type of treatment.The Conference continued with three very interesting lectures: Assoc. Prof. Florian Balta talked about vitamin D and retina, Daniel Branisteanu, MD, PhD, presented an update about the surgical treatment in retinology and Horia Stanca, MD, PhD, approached a very difficult issue: education in ophthalmology, talking about his experience with the educational system for residents in the USA.The following day, the Congress of Romanian Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery began. There were two days with a very dense schedule, very interesting topics being approached during the sessions: Ngenuity 3D Visualization System Platform, both for anterior and posterior pole surgery, new types of premium intraocular lenses, the role of vitreoretinal surgeon in managing ocular trauma, premium personalized intraocular lens and others.The session about nightmares in ophthalmology was very much appreciated, during which, experienced surgeons shared their experience with very complicated cases.The international participation was important, with interesting presentations of Prof. Usha Chakravarthy - Belfast \u2013 on OCT, Juergen Beierl on Refractive Corneal Topography and Prof. Sorcha Ni Dhunhgheill \u2013 Antwerp - on cataract surgery in children, bag in the lens technique.An important event that also took place during this Congress was the election for the Board of Romanian Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. Prof. Calin Tataru, MD, PhD, the leader of this Society the last four years, presented a scientific and financial audit. The overall conclusion was that this was a remarkable period, with many achievements: four Congresses of the Society, the joint with the Conference of Romanian Retina Society, the print of the Guide for Cataract Surgery and many others.The delegates appreciated very much the activity of the former President, so, after the voting, Prof. Calin Tataru, MD, PhD, remained President of Romanian Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery for the next four years. He suggested and the delegates approved that the former Secretary and Treasurer would remain in duty. Musat Ovidiu, MD, PhD, and Madalina Serban, MD, PhD, were confirmed as Secretary and Treasurer by the delegates.Finally, a vote for two vice presidents established that Dorin Nicula, MD, PhD, and Mihail Zemba, MD, PhD, would join the Board of Romanian Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery for the next four years. The Editorial Board of Romanian Journal of Ophthalmology wishes great success to all of them.Editor-in-ChiefMihail Zemba, MD, PhD"}
{"text": "In this paper, some properties of the interior of positive dual cones are discussed. With the help of dilating cones, a new notion of inner superefficient points for a set is introduced. Under the assumption of near cone-subconvexlikeness, by applying the separation theorem for convex sets, the relationship between inner superefficient points and superefficient points is established. Compared to other approximate points in the literature, inner superefficient points in this paper are really \u2018approximate\u2019. Rong and Wu =\u2205. By , since \\nd, from  and ). From , ProposiC-subconvexlike, and B is a bounded base of C, then C is empty, however, In this paper, some properties for the interior of positive dual cones were studied. Using the dilating cones, we introduced a new notion of inner superefficient points, which has a nice property (see Theorem"}
{"text": "Background: In the present study, we explored the associations between hypomania, symptoms of depression, sleep complaints, physical activity and mental toughness. The latter construct has gained interest for its association with a broad variety of favorable behavior in both clinical and non-clinical samples.Subjects and Methods: The non-clinical sample consisted of 206 young adults . They completed questionnaires covering hypomania, mental toughness, symptoms of depression, physical activity, and sleep quality.Results: Higher hypomania scores were associated with higher mental toughness, increased physical activity, lower symptoms of depression and lower sleep complaints. No gender differences were observed. Higher hypomania scores were predicted by higher scores of mental toughness subscales of control and challenge, and physical activity.Conclusion: The pattern of results suggests that among a non-clinical sample of young adults, self-rated hypomania scores were associated with higher scores on mental toughness and physical activity, along with lower depression and sleep complaints. The pattern of results further suggests that hypomania traits are associated with a broad range of favorable psychological, behavioral and sleep-related traits, at least among a non-clinical sample of young adults. For at least three reasons there is growing interest in the mood state of hypomania: First, hypomanic states and bipolar disorders may be underdiagnosed , 2010: AMore specifically, the dimensionality of increased mood has gained particular attention. Further studies showed that higher scores of hypomania were associated with higher scores of self-efficacy, exploration behavior, pain tolerance, and coping, along with higher physical activity , more unWhile there is extant literature as regards the associations between dimensions of increased scores of hypomania and romantic love states, increased sleep, and lower scores of depression and anxiety, surprisingly and to the best of our knowledge, only one study focused on the association between the dimensionality of hypomania and physical activity, while the association between hypomania scores and mental toughness is fully unexplored so far. However, we claim that focusing on both physical activity and mental toughness is justified for the following reasons: As regards physical activity, there is evidence that inactivity has become the new \u2018smoking\u2019; in other words, inactivity has become the main factor for the emergence of non-communicable diseases. Further, reviews and meta-analyses  showed tMental toughness is a psychological concept to describe a person\u2019s ability to cope with difficulties and to achieve self-defined aims . SpecifiWe hold that shedding some more light on the relationship between dimensions of hypomania, physical activity and dimensions of mental toughness is important, as a deeper understanding may serve to underpin the analysis of certain facets of human behavior. Further, previous research  investigThe following three hypotheses and two research questions were formulated. First, following a previous study , we expeStudents of the Hamadan University of Medical Sciences  were approached to participate in the present questionnaire-based study on the relationship between hypomania, mental toughness, physical activity, depression, and sleep. All participants were fully informed about the study aims, the confidential nature of the data gathering, and the secure data protection. Afterward, all participants signed the written informed consent. Next, clinical psychologists performed a brief psychiatric interview  participated in the study; 15 were excluded due to psychiatric issues , and 42 declined to participate in. No age difference between male and female participants was observed .During the spring semester 2016, a total of 263 students of the Hamadan University of Medical Sciences  were approached, and 206  was applied . The ISIwww.ipaq.ki.se. However, in the present study, we collapsed the data to a composite score; the reason was that scores of vigorous-intensity activities were rarely reported and that preliminary calculations showed that differences between walking and moderate-intensity activities were very small.To obtain information on physical activity, the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used. This questionnaire was developed by a working group initiated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The purpose of the questionnaire is to provide an estimate of a weekly physical activity time. Further, results from twelve countries demonstrate that the IPAQ has comparable reliability and validity to other self-report measures of physical activity . The shot\u2019s were < 1.0, p\u2019s > 0.1; thus, gender was not introduced as a possible confounder. Next, we performed a series of non-linear calculations between hypomania scores and scores of mental toughness, physical activity, and symptoms of depression, and the introspection showed no non-linear associations. Thus, only linear correlations were performed.Preliminary calculations: First, we performed a series of t-tests to compare data between male and female participants; all \u00ae 24.00  for Apple Mac\u00ae.First, a series of Pearson\u2019s correlations were performed between scores of hypomania and mental toughness, symptoms of depression, sleep complaints and physical activity. Next, to predict hypomania scores, a multiple regression analysis was performed with mental toughness traits, depression, sleep and physical activity as predictors. The nominal level of significance was set at \u03b1 \u2264 0.05. All computations were performed with SPSSTable 1 reports all correlational computations and the descriptive statistics  for the scores of hypomania and mental toughness (MTQ48), symptoms of depression (BDI), sleep complaints (ISI), and physical activity (PA).Higher scores in hypomania were associated with higher scores in mental toughness, and more specifically with the overall score and with all subscales.Higher scores in hypomania were associated with decreased sleep disturbances (ISI), and symptoms of depression (BDI), but with higher physical activity scores (PA).R = 0.497; R2 = 0.243, Durbin\u2013Watson coefficient = 1.76) were predicted by higher scores of Challenge  and Control , and higher physical activity scores , while all other predictors were excluded from the equation .To predict hypomania scores, a multiple regression analysis was performed with hypomania scores as dependent variable, and MT traits, sleep disturbances, symptoms of depression, and physical activity as predictors. Higher hypomania scores , though the inherent statistical algorithms of multiple regression analyses are such to favor those predictors with higher correlation coefficients.The present results also answer the second research question: Higher hypomania scores were predicted by higher scores of Challenge and Control, along with higher physical activity scores. We also note that The quality of the data does not allow a deeper introspection into the underlying psychological mechanisms of why hypomania and mental toughness might be associated, though we advance the following hypotheses: typical items of the hypomania questionnaire  cluster Despite the novelty of the data, several limitations warrant against an overgeneralization of the results. First, we assessed young adults, who by definition do not represent people of lower and higher age, and above all not people with mental health issues. In this view, both inclusion and exclusion criteria were such to exclude participants with psychiatric disorders. While from a scientific point of view, it would have been also important to assess such participants, we decided to exclude them, as we wanted to investigate explicitly a non-clinical sample. Second, we did not distinguish between \u2018bright\u2019 and \u2018dark\u2019 side hypomania categories, as proposed by other studies , though Among a sample of young adults, higher hypomania scores were associated with higher scores of mental toughness and physical activity. The results add to the current literature in showing that traits of hypomania are associated with favorable traits such as mental toughness and increased physical activity.Study design: LJ, AR, MH, MA, DSB, AS, SS, HB, MG, and EH-T and SB. Data gathering: LJ, AR, MH, MA, DSB, AS, SS, and HB. Data analysis: AR, DSB, MG, EH-T, and SB. Interpretation of the data: LJ, AR, MH, MA, DSB, AS, SS, HB, MG, EH-T, and SB. Writing the first draft: AR, MA, DSB, MG, EH-T and SB. Integration of the authors\u2019 comments: AR, MA, DSB, MG, EH-T, and SB. Final manuscript: LJ, AR, MH, MA, DSB, AS, SS, HB, MG, EH-T, and SB.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "Since the turn of the twenty-first century, competency-based medical education (CBME) has become a dominant approach to postgraduate medical education in many countries. CBME has a history dating back half a century and is rooted in general educational approaches such as outcome-based education and mastery learning. Despite controversies around the terminology and the CBME approach, important national medical regulatory bodies in Canada, the United States, and other countries have embraced CBME. CBME can be characterized as having two distinct features: a focus on specific domains of competence, and a relative independence of time in training, making it an individualized approach that is particularly applicable in workplace training. It is not the length of training that determines a person\u2019s readiness for unsupervised practice, but the attained competence or competencies. This shift in focus makes CBME different from traditional training. In this contribution, definitions of CBME and related concepts are detailed. Competency-based medical education (CBME) or training (CBMT) has become widely used terminology since the turn of the twenty-first century. Despite its ubiquitous use, there is variation in the use of the terminology and related concepts. In this entry a brief historical overview of the concept is provided, followed by a focus on a clear justification and definition of CBME, competence, competency, and closely related concepts. In 1949, long before the term \u201ccompetency-based\u201d education was being used in medical or other areas of education, educational psychologist Ralph Tyler sowed its first seeds in what has become known as the \u201cTyler rationale\u201d  is a health-professional who can practice medicine at a defined level of proficiency, in accord with local conditions, to meet local needs\u201d .As competency-based medical education is outcome-based, a focus of CBME on postgraduate training has been dominant. In western countries, unsupervised practice of healthcare, the dominant outcome of the training of physicians, is almost exclusively the prerogative of medical specialists after postgraduate training, which now includes primary care. CanMEDS framework  project in the 1990s . T. TCanMEDhe 1990s , 13],  to to10] tofacets of competence, which is actually a better wording than competencies ..facets oEPAs have been proposed in a wide range of specialty programs, including pediatrics, psychiatry, internal medicine, anesthesiology, geriatrics, surgery, pulmonary and critical care, family medicine and emergency medicine , 35], , , 37], , , 39], , , 41]. . 41]. Another recent concept connected with CBME is that of \u201cmilestones.\u201d En route to competence, trainees develop progressively in a way that can be defined as stages or performance levels. In the 1980s, Dreyfus and Dreyfus defined five stages in the development of skill: Novice, Advanced Beginner, Competent, Proficient, and Expert . These hst century , i, i48], i century , 53]..st centuAnother issue that will ask attention is the continuum of medical training. While a century ago the basic medical degree was sufficient for independent practice of most medical trainees, now it has become embedded in a continuum . ContinuThis article is based to a large extent on Ten Cate O, \u201cMedical Education, Competency-Based\u201d in the Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health Illness, Behavior, and Society by Cockerham WC, Dingwall R and Quah, SR (Eds), 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (pp 1329-1335). Permission was obtained to republish this entry.The author declares that he has no competing interests."}
{"text": "Val Vallyathan died in a tragic accident Friday, July 23, 2010 while visiting family in New Jersey. His colleagues at NIOSH, Morgantown, WV are stunned by his sudden death.Val was married for 45 years to Usha, and they were blessed with two children, Sanjay and Veena, and two grandchildren.Val received his B.Sc. (Honors), M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees at Maharaja Sayajirao (M.S.) University of Baroda, India. He next held several academic and research and teaching positions at Maharaja Sayajirao University, the University of Baroda, the University of Guelph (Canada), the University of Vermont, and the Institute for Muscle Disease. Val joined NIOSH in 1979 and had been a leading researcher on the Morgantown campus ever since. He served as an Advisor to many university graduate students and postdoctoral fellows at the Maharaja Sayajirao University, the University of Vermont, West Virginia University and NIOSH.At NIOSH Val was a Research Physiologist and Team Leader in the Pathology and Physiology Research Branch (PPRB) of the Health Effects Laboratory Division. In fact, Val was trained primarily as an experimental pathologist, and his primary research interests lay in occupational respiratory diseases. After his retirement in October, 2009, Val came back to PPRB as an Expert Consultant; he was unable to cut his ties to his research activities, and probably would have never really retired and left his research.In addition to his duties at NIOSH, Val held several Adjunct Professorships at West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, in the Departments of Pathology, Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Anatomy.Val's influence on occupational health research was widely acknowledged and reached around the world. Of the many conferences he organized or played a significant role in, he would be most proud of the four international conferences on oxygen and nitrogen free radicals, the last one being held in October, 2009. Other conferences with which he was involved, both within and outside of NIOSH, were equally relevant, timely and successful.Nominated 17 times for Alice Hamilton and Charles C. Shepard Awards for \"Best Paper of the Year\" in NIOSH or CDC, respectively. Val received the Hamilton award in 1999 and 2001 and honorable mentions in other years.Val figure  was inteIn addition to holding one patent, Val published extensively. He served as a book editor, guest editor or chapter or review contributor for many volumes. In addition, he authored at least 376 full publications in scientific journals, with another dozen or so invited articles. He has published at least 198 conference presentations and abstracts, with 5 papers in preparation at the time of his death. What we noticed as we reflected on Val's tenure at NIOSH was the remarkable diversity of his interests and curiosity. For example, he has published papers characterizing the effects, mechanisms of action, and possible approaches for preventing disease from the following array of toxic agents: nanotubes, metal particles, asbestos, silica, quartz, cigarette smoke, agricultural dust, coal dust, reactive oxygen species, grape dust, citrus dust, diesel exhaust, cadmium, iron, mercury, cumene hydroperoxide, toluene diisocyanate, welding fume, arsenic, chlorogenic acid, lipopolysaccharide, vanadate, chromium, nickel, eugenol, nylon flock, volcanic ash, and talc. His work also paid much attention to pathways involved in apoptosis, the respiratory burst and surfactant's role in the lungs. Of these subjects his greatest scientific contributions were to the understanding of silicosis and the roles of free radicals in lung disease.The above facts are a dry, statistical summary of the scientific life of Val Vallyathan. They do nothing to honor him as a person, friend and colleague. Val was universally liked by everyone; he had malice for no one. It was always enjoyable to be in Val's company because he was respectful, engaging and pleasant. He was open, honest and unpretentious, despite his accomplishments. Rarely did he ever complain, but, if he did, he did so with elan, wit and wisdom, making us all laugh and ever aware of the special person he was.We have lost a dedicated and committed lung researcher and friend. His is a huge legacy."}
{"text": "We are HIV. Our family is ancient.Out of Africa,Monkey to man,From the trees and forests,To the towns and cities.We are here.For we are HIV, we are legion.Our children are billions,Our home, in your defenses,In your blood, your brain,Your saliva, your semen.We are everywhere.For we are HIV, we are immortal.We are part of you,And you of us,We live with you, butMay not die with you.We go on.For we are HIV, we are travelers.From lover to lover,Mother to baby,Donor to blood bank,Blood bank to patient,We follow you.For we are HIV, we evolve.NRTIs, NNRTIs, PIs, INIs,New designs, new drugs,Bring it on, bring it on,Q151M, K103N, L90M.We adapt, we survive.We are HIV. We consume.Your resources, your time,Your hope, your lives,Your new drugs are easy.Where are your vaccines?Can you stop us? We will see."}
{"text": "Surprisingly, however, these authors did not recognize that there is a third major mechanism for human contact with plant allergens: ingestion. In an article published in Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, I (In their article, ealth, I  proposedealth, I .2, on plant food allergens, especially their relative concentrations.I agree that the plant biology aspect of climate change and human health is underappreciated, and I also strongly support"}
{"text": "University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden is incorrectly used in the affiliations. It should be replaced with Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden."}
{"text": "In this study the authors have prospectively analyzed the results of 40 samples from tomato, orange, lemon, and mandarin juices. Ten samples of 100 ml were collected from four juice groups. Citrate, oxalate, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and pH levels were examined in all samples. The same values were also examined after the samples were stored at 4\u00b0C for 1 week.P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively), higher level of magnesium , and lower level of sodium  were found as compared to orange, lemon, and mandarin juices. No differences were found with regard to calcium, potassium, phosphorus, chloride, and pH in these juices.In fresh juice groups, in tomato juice statistically higher level of citrate , higher level of magnesium , and lower level of sodium  were found as compared to orange, lemon, and mandarin juices. No differences were found with regard to calcium, potassium, phosphorus, chloride, and pH in these juices.Similarly, in stored juice groups, in tomato juice statistical higher level of citrate , were found in tomato juice as compared to orange, lemon, and mandarin juices. Higher level of oxalate was found in stored group as compared to fresh juice group (P <0.005).In fresh juice group, statistically lower level of oxalate  through the gastrointestinal tract. More than 90% of the citrate that is absorbed is metabolized. Approximately 10% is excreted in urine without being metabolized.[In this study, authors have shown higher level of citrate in tomato as compared to citrus plants, which are natural sources of citrate. In addition, the lower level of oxalate as compared with that in citrus fruits is a noteworthy advantage. The high level of magnesium and low level of sodium and oxalate, particularly in fresh tomato juice, is also remarkable. In terms of calcium and pH levels, no significant differences were observed between tomato and citrus fruits. The amount of oxalate was shown to increase in stored tomato juice.All above factors, that is higher citrate and magnesium levels as well as lower sodium and oxalate levels help in prevention of stone formation. Fresh tomato juice is well tolerated and inexpensive. The results of this study indicate that, following further human studies, fresh tomato juice may be recommended instead of pharmacologic potassium citrate for prophylactic purposes in mild to moderate hypocitraturic recurrent nephrolithiasis.Interestingly, in India, there is widespread misconception among general population as well as among general practitioners that tomatoes are high in oxalate, and predispose to stone formation. This study convincingly demonstrates the truth to be just the opposite, and tomato juice may prove to be the treatment of choice in stone prevention."}
{"text": "Following the publication of this article , it was The authors declare that they have no competing interests.All authors participated at the EUROPRISE conference as to be able to report on it. MB, AC, KDC, WDH, TD, SD, KG, DH, JH, KK, LM, PP, MR, JS, PS, AS, HU, MJVG, and CW were in charge of the writing of dedicated chapters covering the different sessions of the conference. GS, BW and RS organized the sessions and the writing. Together with PB they wrote, corrected and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript."}
{"text": "University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden is incorrectly used in the affiliations. It should be replaced with Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden."}
{"text": "A comprehensive book, probably first time in India, on a wide variety of legal issues concerning medical profession which is meant to provide necessary legal knowledge for solving day-to-day problems of doctors, nursing homes, hospitals, blood banks, and other medical establishments.It is an aid to the medical profession for protection against exploitation and harassment. The topics covered in this book include Medical Council of India, dental/homeopathy/Indian medicines/nursing/pharmacy/rehabilitation councils. MTP, PCPNDT, transplantation of human organs, mental health, blood banks, biomedical waste, registration of births and deaths, epidemic diseases, consumer protection, human rights, right of information, electricity, development authority, municipal tax, minimum wages and related labor laws, employee's provident fund and related schemes, criminal procedure code, income tax search, and surveys with PAN/TAN, professional indemnity insurance, health insurance, Supreme Court judgments, forms for registering complaints against harassment with Lok-Ayukta and National Human Rights Commission, Fundamental Rights, citizenship, Red Cross, etc.This book also contains copies of official documents which are useful to settle day-to-day problems. However, these documents mainly relate to state of Uttar Pradesh, but their application can be extrapolated to other states as well as most of the laws are similar if not identical in almost all the states.The writer is himself a doctor and hence is well aware about the ignorance of doctors in general about their responsibilities and rights while being subjected to laws of the land. In this context, the book is a legal companion for all the people connected with medical profession. It will serve as a reference book whenever faced with any legal or administrative problems."}
{"text": "Objective: The object of this study was to develop a simple and             inexpensive test for detection of bacterial vaginosis (BV) in pregnant patients and to test its             accuracy in a clinic population.\t\t\t\t\tMethods: We developed a modified proline aminopeptidase (PAMP)             assay to detect BV and compared the results of the assay with the clinical diagnosis of BV.\t\t\t\t\tResults: The results of the PAMP assay in 55 asymptomatic and 50             symptomatic subjects significantly correlated with a clinical diagnosis of BV. The prevalence             of BV in the asymptomatic population was 42% (PAMP assay) and 38% .             In the symptomatic population, it was 50% (PAMP assay) and 54% .             The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive             value (NPV) of the PAMP assay were 86, 85, 86, 78, and 91%, respectively, in asymptomatic             patients and 89, 96, 92, 96, and 88%, respectively, in symptomatic patients.\t\t\t\t\tConclusions: The modified PAMP assay, which we describe,             met our goals for simplicity, cost, and accuracy. We feel it could be best used as a screening             test for BV in asymptomatic pregnant patients."}
{"text": "This report from the International Summer School \u2018From Genome to Life\u2019, held at the Institute d'Etudes Scientifiques de Carg\u00e8se in Corsica in July 2002, coversthe talks of the invited speakers. The topics of the talks can be broadly groupedinto the areas of genome annotation, comparative and evolutionary genomics, functionalgenomics, proteomics, structural genomics, pharmacogenomics, and organellegenomes, epigenetics and RNA."}
{"text": "Two households, both alike in dignity, In fair Genomics, where we lay our scene, , From ancientgrudge break to new mutiny, When \u2018being\u2019 drives a fly-man to blaspheme. Fromforth the fatal loins of these two foes, Researchers to unlock the book of life; Wholemisadventured piteous overthrows, Can with their work bury their clans' strife. Thefruitful passage of their GO-mark'd love, And the continuance of their studies sage,Which, united, yield ontologies undreamed-of, Is now the hour's traffic of our stage;The which if you with patient ears attend, What here shall miss, our toil shall striveto mend."}
{"text": "Toward this end, the HHI has compiled data in areas including indoor air, drinking water, building and remodeling, housekeeping, and energy efficiency on its website, Information is presented in seven topic categories: Air, Building, Design, Energy, Health & Safety, Materials & Furnishings, and Water. Each topic page presents resources organized by four information types: Reviews; Tools; Articles, Hints, & Tips; and Books & Videos. The Reviews category links to overviews of products inspected by HHI that perform well in such areas as safety, energy use, allergen reduction, and use of chemicals. The Tools category lists products that can be used in building or remodeling to make a healthier home. These include paints and coatings, lighting fixtures, indoor air cleaners, and pest control strategies.Green Building A to Z (an introduction to sustainable housing), Green Clean (a primer on eco-friendly housekeeping), and The Mold Survival Guide . Visitors can also consult the \u201cHHI-pedia,\u201d a list of definitions for terms used in green building and housekeeping.The Articles, Hints, & Tips section provides information on new green products, how to choose sustainably produced building materials, green roofs, and energy efficiency. The Books & Videos page lists educational materials such as"}
{"text": "Information collected by the CD is available through the top menu bar of PAHO\u2019s Health Surveillance and Disease Prevention and Control website.Besides information on diseases such as cholera, acute respiratory infections, and anthrax, the website provides information on mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue, malaria, West Nile virus, and yellow fever. Sections on each disease link to resources for disease surveillance, reports on the history of each disease, profiles of the disease in countries where it is occurring, and statistics on incidence and mortality. Each section also links to any available epidemiological surveillance systems and to laboratory networks established by PAHO for each disease. Visitors will also find resources for prevention, control, and educational efforts, including field guides, materials for families and communities, policy documents, overviews of global disease control strategies, travel advisories, journal articles, and bibliographic databases."}
{"text": "Cecil Studios in Florence, Italy. The New York Academy of Art won the support of Andy Warhol: \u201cThe course of art history,\u201d he said, \u201cwould be changed if one thousand students could be taught Old Master drawing and painting techniques\u201d (In 1982, Lack coined the term \u201cClassical Realism\u201d because as he put it, \u201cAny 20th century painting that suggests a recognizable object, however crudely or childishly rendered, qualifies as \u2018realistic.\u2019 Obviously, the simple word \u2018realism,\u2019 when applied to painting\u2026is no longer meaningful\u201d (A painter in the tradition of Spanish realism, Francisco Roa was born in Guadalajara, Spain, and moved to Madrid at age 18 to study at the Universidad Complutense and the Academia Pe\u00f1a. He has received considerable recognition at home, exhibiting in Madrid, Barcelona, and Granada. In 1993, he took his works to Lisbon and Miami, and a year later, to New York and Atlanta.Extremely careful with detail, Roa, like many of his contemporaries, conveys an individual perception of reality, positioning everyday objects deliberately, proposing his own space and time. Sands Flowers, on this month\u2019s cover, first exhibited in the United States in 1994, is a characteristic still life.Against a vacant background vaguely reminiscent of sand, the artist composes a geometric ensemble to anchor his main object of interest, a glass vessel filled with natural elements past their prime. The board base, stacked on the left, breaks up the horizontal field. The metal circle, weathered and discolored, is slightly off center, the backdrop deliberately smudged. Inside the glass lie red petals, crinkled and lifeless, the detritus of beauty. Crammed in near the top is a hornet\u2019s nest, and out of each side, dried blooms jut pathetically, their stems distorted and petals curled.\u201cAll forms of beauty, like all possible phenomena,\u201d wrote Charles Baudelaire in his On the Heroism of Modern Life, \u201ccontain an element of the eternal and an element of the transitory\u2014of the absolute and the particular\u201d (The eternal and the absolute are elements artists have sought in the formalities of realism and the fragments of abstraction, on the same pathway, 1 step forward, 2 steps back; and scientists likewise, for rarely does excellent science or art occur without reference to past knowledge and principle.In Sands Flowers, Roa probes the precariousness of existence, space and time, and life and death. His realistic representation of natural objects in decline provokes speculation\u2014not only on the passage of time and inevitability of death, but for us, also on disease, which unduly hastens the process. In an unending circle, old scourges become new, among them tuberculosis, a hornet\u2019s nest of multiple drug resistance, and now extensive resistance to second-line drugs, raising the specter of potentially untreatable disease. Roa sought essence in the staying power of exacting detail. In science too, on the same pathway, sometimes solutions lie simply in the core values: treatment standards, effective precautions, improved technology, better medicines, vaccines, and diagnostic tests ("}
{"text": "After the publication of this manuscript , a collaMM, AS, MAC, and JS carried out the sampling and infection experiments. JS made the cDNA libraries, oversaw the sequencing, participated in the assembly and annotation of the EST datasets, analyzed the EST datasets, and drafted the manuscript. PB assembled and PB, JS, and AT annotated the EST datasets. CFM helped in the field and in optimization of the RNA extraction protocol. DM participated in the comparative analysis. CV carried out parts of the molecular evolution analysis. All authors read, edited, and approved the final manuscript. Cass KB8 culture originally isolated by Robert Kinzie III, Univ. of Hawaii."}
{"text": "Polymicrobial diseases involve multiple infectious agents and are referred to as complex, complicated, mixed, dual, secondary, synergistic, concurrent, polymicrobial, coinfections. This new book, a collection of 21 chapters written by a variety of authors, reviews mixed infections in animals and humans. The chapters are gathered into sections on polyviral diseases, polybacterial diseases, viral and bacterial infections, fungal infections, infections resulting from microbe-induced immunosuppression, and a concluding perspective. Polymicrobial diseases described include abscesses, AIDS-related opportunistic infections, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, otitis media, periodontal diseases, respiratory diseases, and genital infections. Approximately two-thirds of the chapters deal with human diseases; the others discuss infections in cattle, goats, and pigs.Human herpesvirus-6, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, measles viruses, JC virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and herpes simplex virus-1. The chapter on mixed mycotic infections adequately discusses how fungi interact by mechanisms such as commensalism, opportunism, mixed colonization, co-isolation, and dual and polymicrobial infection.The chapters are generally well written with a focus on microbiology, pathogenesis, and to a lesser degree, treatment. The chapters on abscesses, multiple sclerosis, and mixed mycotic infections are especially informative. The chapter on abscesses provides a comprehensive review of the microbiology processes involved, the role of anaerobes in mixed infections, and animal models. The section on viruses and multiple sclerosis is provocative in its proposal that several viruses might coexist and interact to promote multiple sclerosis and other neurologic diseases. The list of candidate etiologic agents includes Growing two or more microbes in the laboratory in a clinical situation does not prove that a polymicrobial infection is the cause of the disease. The editors and authors do not provide a framework similar to that of Robert Koch or Bradford Hill, which one can use to decipher the role(s) of each candidate agent in a polymicrobial infection. An limited discussion is provided on the role of noninfectious factors, such as genetics of the host, retained \u201chardware\u201d, alcohol in hepatitis, or tobacco use in respiratory diseases. How each of the chapters was selected for inclusion and what other topics were considered is not clear.The reference lists are one of the book\u2019s strengths but also a weakness. The lists are extensive, occupying about 30% of the book\u2019s pages. Prioritizing the outside readings on each topic would have been useful. Several of the chapters might have been combined, such as the two on periodontal diseases, those on retroviruses, and those on respiratory diseases in humans, cattle, and pigs. In the next edition, the authors might explore the polymicrobial etiology of Reye syndrome, autoimmune disorders, atherosclerosis, and cancers, such as Kaposi sarcoma, hepatocellular sarcoma, and cervical cancer. I recommend the book to those who think beyond the \u201csingle agent, single disease\u201d framework and imagine multifactorial causes for those diseases currently listed as \u201cetiology unknown.\u201d"}
{"text": "Leishmania, named in 1901 for British Army doctor William Leishman, who developed a stain to detect the agent. It is transmitted by the bite of certain species of sand fly, including the genus Lutzomyia in the New World and Phlebotomus in the Old World. Disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania donovani, was also named for physician Charles Donovan, who discovered the agent in India in 1903. An estimated 500,000 cases occur each year; India has the greatest number, followed by Bangladesh, Brazil, Nepal, and Sudan.Leishmaniasis has 2 major forms: cutaneous, characterized by skin sores, and visceral, which affects internal organs and is characterized by high fever, substantial weight loss, swelling of the spleen and liver, and anemia. If untreated, the disease is universally fatal within 2 years. Visceral leishmaniasis is also called kala-azar, a Hindi term meaning \u201cblack fever.\u201d The causal agent,"}
{"text": "Early germwarfare. The deadhurled this way turn like wheelsin the sky. Look: there goesLarry the Shoemaker, barefoot, over the wall, and Mary Sausage Stuffer, see how she flies, and the Hatter twins, both at once, soar over the parapet, little Tommy\u2019s elbow bent as if in a salute, and his sister, Mathilde, she follows him, arms outstretched, through the air, just as she did on earth."}
{"text": "The first three authors, Joshua E. Drumm, Kaixia Mi, and Patrick Bilder, should be noted as contributing equally to this work."}
{"text": "Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network. Future and potential spending on health 2015\u201340: development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries. Lancet 389: 2005\u2013302017;  \u2014The collaborators for this Article also include Lalit Dandona , Rakhi Dandona , and G Anil Kumar . These corrections have been made to the online version as of May 18, 2017, and the printed Article is correct."}
{"text": "It is often wondered as to what part of all the research performed around the globe actually leaves the lab and reaches the real people and betters their lives. In case of Professor David W. Denning\u2019s research, a large part does. As a prominent international face in the field of medical mycology, he translates his research into clinical applications and takes medical problems back to his lab, in order to develop potential solutions.He is a professor of Infectious Diseases in Global Health and a consultant in infectious diseases and medical mycology, Wythenshawe Hospital and University of Manchester. He is also the founding president of the Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections (GAFFI) and the leader of Leading International Fungal Education (LIFE). He supervises a strong research group funded by grants from the UK, USA, and Europe, as well as multiple pharmaceutical companies, with research grant income of more than 22 million pounds to Manchester University, since 1990.Aspergillus fumigatus genome . He is the Director of UK\u2019s National Aspergillosis Centre, the world\u2019s only such center based at Wythenshawe Hospital in Manchester. He has a continuing interest in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and has been closely involved in the conduct and analysis of clinical trials of itraconazole, voriconazole, Amphotec (Amphocil), caspofungin, and micafungin. He maintains an active research program in many areas of antifungal therapy, genomics of Aspergillus, and antifungal resistance and has significant experience in both the preclinical and clinical evaluations of novel agents. He also works as a practicing physician at Wythenshawe Hospital with expertise in fungal infections, particularly aspergillosis and antifungal resistance, mainly in the immunocompromised patients.David Denning graduated from Guy\u2019s Hospital in London in 1980 and was trained in London and Glasgow in internal medicine and infectious diseases, gaining additional experience in pediatrics, hematology, gastroenterology, and immunology. He, then, undertook research training at the MRC Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, UK (1985-87), followed by a three-year fellowship in diagnostic microbiology and infectious diseases with Professor David Stevens at Stanford University, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center (1987-1990). He was granted a personal chair by the Manchester University in 2005. He coordinated the international consortium sequencing the Professor David Denning is the founder and the editor of the Aspergillus Website (with over 1 million pages read per month). His brilliant multifaceted contributions has entered him into several \u201cWho\u2019s Who\u201d listings, including in the world (since 1996/7), in healthcare (since 1997), and in science and technology (since 2005). As a prominent internationally recognized scientist, he is asked to chair several international conferences, around the globe, including but not limited to \u201cAdvances against Aspergillosis\u201d, \u201cTrends in Invasive Fungal Infection\u201d, and \u201cAspergillus Genetics and Genomes Focus Meeting\u201d.Aspergillus genomics, and the burden of fungal infections globally and in different countries.Professor Denning\u2019s main clinical interests include fungal diseases, immunocompromised patients, and complex hospital infection problems. As a translational researcher, his research interests thus focus on antifungal susceptibility testing and resistance, pathogenesis of invasive aspergillosis, clinical studies of antifungal agents, Unlike most researchers who remain confined to the boundaries of their research laboratories, David Denning has founded and promoted a number of successful businesses, making the newly developed drugs accessible to the market. In 1998, he originally founded the F2G Ltd. , and continues to serve as a clinical advisor. Later on, in 2006 he founded Myconostica Ltd. (molecular diagnostic tests for fungi) and served as its chief medical officer until 2011, when it was acquired by Lab21. He has also served and/or continues to serve as an expert consultant to multiple pharmaceutical companies with regard to antifungal drug discovery, including Merck, Pfizer, Schering-Plough, Astellas Pharma, SCYNEXIS, Cidara Theraputics, Biosergen, Pulmatrix, and Pulmocide.As a pioneer in his field, he remains a long-standing member of the Infectious Diseases Society of America Aspergillosis Guidelines Group, the European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Aspergillosis Guidelines Group, and the British Society for Medical Mycology Standards of Care Committee. In October of 2017, he received the prestigious award of Eduard Drouhet Medal from the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM).Professor David Denning\u2019s outstanding publications mount to more than 500 papers, books, book chapters and lectures worldwide, which have attracted over 50,000 citations. Some of these publications have reported the results of his successfully lead major international collaborative projects in highly distinguished journals such as Nature, the New England Journal of Medicine, and the Lancet.Selected recent publications:How to bolster a sparse antifungal pipeline. Science 2015; 347:1414-6.- Denning DW, Bromley MJ. Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis\u2013Rationale and clinical guidelines for diagnosis and management. Eur Resp J 2016; 47: 45-68.- Denning DW, Cadranel J, Beigelman-Aubry C, Ader, F, Chakrabarti A, Blot S, Ullman A, Dimopoulos G, Lange C, European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases and European Respiratory Society. How the UNAIDS target of reducing annual AIDS deaths below 500,000 by 2020 can be achieved. Phil Trans Roy Soc B 2017; 371: 20150468.- Denning DW."}
{"text": "There are errors in the author affiliations. Affiliation #2 incorrectly appears as affiliation #3 and #6. The correct affiliations are as follows:1, Swetha Manohar2, Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman2,3, K. C. Angela2, Binod Shrestha4, Rolf D. Klemm2,5, Keith P. West2Priyanka Agrawal1 International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, 2 Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, 3 Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, 4 PoSHAN Study Team, Johns Hopkins University, Kathmandu, Nepal, 5 Helen Keller International, New York, New York, United States of America.There is a typographical error in the \u201cSetting\u201d subsection of the Abstract. The correct sentence is: 21 wards in seven Village Development Committees across the Tarai of Nepal in 2015.References 1 and 2 are incorrectly placed within the second sentence of the first paragraph of the Introduction. The second sentence and references 1 and 2 should appear as: Reliable prevalence estimates, with consequent quality of life and economic burdens, of untreated dental diseases, remain virtually absent to date for lack of technical capabilities in resource poor settings. .Reference 6 is incorrectly placed within the second sentence of the second paragraph of the Introduction. The correct sentence is: Commonly dental disease prevalence measures and indices such as the World Health Organization\u2019s (WHO) recommended \u201cdecayed, missing, filled teeth\u201d index (DMFT), the Oral Hygiene Index\u2014Simplified (OHI-S), and the Community Periodontal Index for Treatment Needs (CPITN) continue to remain under the sole purview of dental health scientists, clinicians and technical specialists, although structured questionnaires have occasionally been used to gather information on dental decay and pain by trained dentists in school and village settings. , 2, 6\u20138.A full stop is missing at the end of the fourth sentence in the second paragraph of the Introduction. The correct sentence is: Specifically, while generating estimates of the burdens of most severe oral diseases, the GBD fails to capture antecedent conditions to severe periodontitis such as early tooth decay or poor oral hygiene practices that precede clinical disease [5]."}
{"text": "To inform public health policy and research, we analyzed the patterns of life lost to cancers and evaluated the cancer burden in China. Based on the published Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report and related literature in 2013, we calculated the cancer-related mortality and potential years of life lost (PYLL) by age, sex, districts , to describe the patterns of life lost to cancers. The high death-risk cancers in China were lung, liver, stomach, esophageal, colorectal, breast, pancreatic, brain and nervous system, and ovarian cancers, and leukemia. Liver and esophageal cancers were more prominent among males, while breast and colorectal cancers were more prevalent among females. The most obvious differences of mortality between urban and rural areas were found in liver, esophageal, and colorectal cancers. Cancer-related mortality increased significantly after the age of 30 years, and peaking at 70\u201379 years. The PYLL rate of cancer in urban areas was higher than that in rural areas (21.49 vs. 19.20/1000), and significant regional and gender differences of PYLL ranks can be observed. For people aged over 60 years, cancer PYLL mainly came from lung, stomach, and esophageal cancers; for middle-aged people, it was mainly induced by liver, colorectal, and female reproductive systems\u2019 cancers; and for those under 30 years, life lost to cancer was mainly caused by leukemia and brain, nervous system cancers. Moreover, disparities in age distribution of PYLL from different regions and sexes can be found. In short, three categories of people, including those in urban areas, males and people over 60 years, were suffering from more serious cancer deaths and life lost. These variations pose considerable challenges for the Chinese health care system, and comprehensive measures are required for cancer prevention and treatment. According to the data released by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), about 9.6 million deaths occurred from cancer worldwide, in 2018 ,4. AlthoThe population of China surpassed nearly 1.3 billion, accounting for about one fifth of the world\u2019s total population, a large population base whose disease epidemics, distribution and burden will have a significant impact on the world. Furthermore, obvious differences existed in regional characteristics, for example between urban and rural areas, especially in terms of factors such as culture, economy, and medical services . BecauseIn the present study, using the latest updated and published data from the National Cancer Center (NCC) of China, we aimed to describe the pattern of life lost to cancer and evaluate the cancer burden of China by calculating a crude mortality rate (CMR), standardized mortality rate (SMR), potential years of life lost (PYLL), PYLL rate (PYLLR), and standardized PYLL rate (SPYLLR). Furthermore, to define the age of high cancer burden, age distribution charts were developed. Therefore, the combination of total death and premature death will provide a comprehensive description of the life lost caused by cancer. These findings could provide evidence for developing policies for cancer prevention and control in China, as well as act as a reference for future cancer research.Cancer-related mortality by gender, age, and districts , and population data for 2013 were derived from the published \u201cChinese Cancer Registry Annual Report, 2016\u201d and the paper \u201cReport of Cancer Incidence and Mortality in China, 2013\u201d . The annThe National Cancer Center, based on the requirements of the Chinese Cancer Registration Manual  and the According to the international classification of diseases (ICD-10) , the CMRPYLLThis is an analysis index considering the age of death and the detriment of disease to human beings. It can measure the extent of harm from a death cause to a certain age group, and is often used to evaluate the risk of a disease causing \u201cpremature death\u201d ,24. Premature death, also known as advanced death, refers to death occurring before the average life span, which is evaluated by the difference between the actual age and the life expectancy, that is, the number of years of life lost in a certain cause resulting in the loss of life expectancy. The PYLL formula is as follows: (1)PYLL=PYLLRPYLL rate, PYLL per 1000 person, it is the loss of life per 1000 person in the target population, and is available for comparison:SPYLLRIf the population composition is different, the standardized PYLL rate should be calculated before comparison: In the formula (1)\u2013(3):L is the life expectancy based on the Sixth National Population Census of China in 2010 ,27, whici is the median of age group i: 0.5 for 0-group, 2.5 for 1\u20134 group, 7 for 5\u20139 group, 12 for 10\u201314 group, 17 for 15\u201319 group, 22 for 20\u201324 group, 27 for 25\u201329 group, 32 for 30\u201334 group, 37 for 35\u201339 group, 42 for 40\u201344 group, 47 for 45\u201349 group, 52 for 50\u201354 group, 57 for 55\u201359 group, 62 for 60\u201364 group, 67 for 65\u201369 group, 72 for 70\u201374 group, 77 for 75\u201379 group, 82 for 80\u201384 group, 87 for 87\u201389 group. This age grouping method was based on the Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report [al Report , and it i represents the number of deaths in age group i. Age grouping and the data of each group also came from the Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report [dl Report .Correction coefficient = (Pir/Nr) \u00f7 (Pi/N): Pir/Nr is the age composition of the standard population from the Sixth National Population Census of China in 2010 ; Pi/N isi. If the difference is greater than 0, it is believed that premature death has occurred. Therefore, according to L of different regions and sexes, the age threshold of premature death based on life expectancy in this study is as follows: all the areas: 77 years (median of 75\u201379 group)for all the population, 72 (median of 70\u201374 group) for males, 77 years (median of 75\u201379 group) for females; urban areas: 82 years (median of 80\u201384 group) for all the population, 77 years (median of 75\u201379 group) for males, 82 years (median of 80\u201384 group) for females; rural areas: 72 (median of 70\u201374 group) years for all the population, 72 (median of 70\u201374 group) for males, 77 years (median of 75\u201379 group) for females.N is the total population of premature deaths. PYLL judges premature death according to the difference between L and aFinally, in order to describe the age group more concisely, we merged them according to the World Health Organization (WHO) age grouping method used to estimate cancer burden  , and PYLWe ranked nationwide cancer-related mortality rates by district  and sex, and then selected the top 10 as the high death-risk cancers in China. Subsequently, we conducted a detailed analysis of the life loss patterns caused by these high death-risk cancers.P = 0.05.Using Excel 2016  and SPSS 25.0 software  to collate and analyze the data. The standardized mortality rate of China (SMRC) was calculated according to the standard population age composition of the national census in 2010 , and the5, including 1.406 million males and 823,000 females . The CMR for lung cancer was the highest, at 46.9/105, followed by those for liver, stomach, esophageal, colorectal, breast, pancreatic, brain and nervous system, and ovarian cancers, and leukemia. Similarly, for males and females, the highest CMR was for lung cancer, at 62.9/105 and 30.5/105, respectively. It was followed by those for liver cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, brain and nervous system cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and prostate cancer in males. In females, the CMR for lung cancer was followed by those for stomach, liver, colorectal, breast, esophageal, pancreatic, cervical, brain and nervous system cancers, and leukemia . The CMR for lung cancer was the highest, at 50.5/105, followed by those for liver cancer, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, leukemia, and cervical cancer. Similarly, for both sexes, the highest CMR was for lung cancer . In males, it was followed by those for liver cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, brain and nervous system cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and prostate cancer. In females, the CMR for lung cancer was followed by those for stomach, liver, colorectal, breast, esophageal, pancreatic, cervical, and brain and nervous system cancers, and leukemia . The CMR for lung cancer was the highest, at 43.5/105, followed by those for stomach, liver, esophageal, colorectal, breast, pancreatic, brain and nervous system, and ovarian cancers, and leukemia. Additionally, for both males and females, the highest CMR was for lung cancer, at 58.1/105 and 28.1/105, respectively. It was followed by those for liver cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, brain and nervous system cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and prostate cancer in males. In females, the CMR for lung cancer was followed by those for stomach, liver, esophageal, colorectal, breast, pancreatic, cervical, and brain and nervous system cancers, and leukemia  but lower PYLL (fifth rank) for colorectal cancer. However, the circumstances of breast cancer was the opposite . This phenomenon can be explained by another finding of the present study, that deaths caused by colorectal cancer were common among individuals aged 80+ years, while those caused by breast cancer mainly occurred among individuals aged 45\u201359 years. As the latter were younger, they exhibited a higher PYLL. It can be seen that female breast cancer was a kind of \u201cyounger cancer\u201d, and the peak age of death of Chinese female breast cancer was younger than that of other countries. For example, American female breast cancer patients died mostly between 55 and 64 years of age , while KAdditionally, the overall premature death of cancer in urban areas was more serious than that in rural areas, especially lung cancer. However, the conclusions of PYLL about urban and rural reported by Zhang et al.  was incoWorldwide, lung cancer was reported as the leading cause of cancer deaths among males and the second leading cause among females . In the With the development of the social economy, large changes in lifestyle, and rapid aging of the population, mortality related to colorectal cancer in China was reported to be on the rise, especially in urban areas . In GlobThe death and burden related to esophageal cancer in China also showed significant regional and gender differences. The PYLL for esophageal cancer was higher among males, while it did not appear in the top five ranks among females. This finding may be explained by the fact that males are more likely to have several unhealthy habits such as smoking and alcohol abuse. In the Chinese population, about half of esophageal-cancer-related deaths were attributable to smoking, alcohol drinking, and low vegetable and fruit intake, with smoking and alcohol drinking being responsible for about 30% of the mortality related to esophageal cancer . TherefoAlthough the present study only described the current situation, the above description of existing and emerging patterns related to cancer in China calls for the development of varied interventions to reduce the disease burden. Such efforts should include balanced investment in awareness and educational efforts targeting the general population and primary care practitioners, particularly focusing on the primary prevention of hepatitis B and human papilloma virus infections, tobacco control measures, and promotion of physical activity and healthy diet. In sum, it was meaningful to understand the patterns of cancer-related death and life lost, in that this information could be used to develop cancer prevention and treatment measures for different age groups, genders, and regions. We conclude that lung, liver, stomach, breast and colorectal cancers were the main cancers causing premature death in China. These cancers were also at the forefront of the PYLL ranking in urban and rural areas, but for rural residents, besides these cancers, the impact of esophageal cancer could not be ignored. For males and females, in addition to paying close attention to lung cancer, separate attention should be given to liver and breast cancers. People aged over 60 years were a concentrated age group with a large number of cancers causing life lost. Based on these findings, the relevant departments should assign importance to high-risk populations and cancers, to effectively reduce the burden of cancer and improve quality of life."}
{"text": "As an arts-based, creative storytelling program for persons living with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and related dementias (ADRD), TimeSlips involves a facilitator showing a picture to participants, who then exercise their imagination to create a story. The program has shown to benefit participants\u2019 well-being, possibly because of the opportunity to express themselves. Although they may reflect participants\u2019 values and identities, the content of such stories had not been the focus of investigation. The aim of this study is, therefore, to identify major themes of such stories through a qualitative content analysis. We implemented a creative storytelling program at Silverado Onion Creek Memory Care Community  in Austin, and offered 6 weekly sessions with 4 small groups of residents. A total of 26 residents participated in the study, creating 24 collective stories in total. Three researchers first open-coded these stories and then met to reach consensus concerning the themes that emerged. Ten themes were identified: family values, generativity, religious reference, reference to love, reference to home, cultural norms, uncertainty and worries, positivity, negativity, and dissonance and disagreements. The first 6 themes represent the values, beliefs, and norms of the participants, with the remaining 4 reflecting their personal identities, personalities, and experiences. The findings suggest that they continue to value families and religion, care about others, and make judgements about people, things, and circumstances that they face. Researchers, practitioners, and care partners can benefit from \u201clistening to\u201d creative storytellers more closely to learn about their opinions, expectations, and preferences."}
{"text": "The growing field of technology and aging or gerontechnology has largely been considered from a health perspective on technological intervention to ameliorate conditions of isolation, disconnection, inactivity, and loneliness, as well as provide efficient alert systems, transportation coordination, and emergency services. Contesting the image of a \u2018digital divide\u2019 separating younger from older generations, the recreational industry has also produced a seniors market of technological games, toys, apps, exercises, and social media. The four papers in this symposium, however, are individual critical reflections by a group of social scientists who visited the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in January 2019 (Las Vegas) as part of an ethnographic project about the politics of the technical turn in gerontological studies. In particular, the authors gathered evidence from the CES to support their interests in four trends: a) The collecting, aggregating, and sharing of personal data by home surveillance, artificial intelligence monitoring, and self-tracking systems for commercial, insurance and work-place purposes, b) The popularization of healthy lifestyles based on technical and exclusionary models of \u2018smart\u2019, \u2018fit\u2019, and \u2018optimal\u2019 standards, c) The technical rhetoric that infuses designs for efficiency, speed, and convenience with anti-aging and ageist ideologies, d) The challenges to older people to manage their lives against the health risks, interventions, and expectations posed by technology-driven austerity programs. The papers have in common their creative interpretations of CES materials and shared concern about the many older groups whose insufficient access, skill, and resources will deny them participation in the technological imaginary of aging futures."}
{"text": "All too often the quality and rigor of topic investigations is inaccurately conveyed to information professionals, resulting in a mischaracterization of the research, which, if left unchecked and published, may in turn mislead potential readers. Accurately understanding and categorizing the types of topic investigation searches that are requested of information professionals is critical to both meeting requestors\u2019 needs and reflecting their intended methodological approaches. Information professionals\u2019 expertise can be an invaluable resource to guide users through the investigative and publication process. Systematic reviews have long played an important role in the evidence hierarchy , yet thelabeled as \u201csystematic reviews\u201d that potentially do not meet the rigorous criteria of systematic reviews [With the ongoing expansion of the body of systematic reviews in the literature comes the expansion of articles  reviews . Such mitrue systematic reviews continues to elude the research community, despite guidance from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement [why we continue to see the term \u201csystematic review\u201d improperly applied in published studies to describe less rigorous types of information inquiry [A deep and clear-cut understanding of the nature of tatement , Agency tatement , Cochrantatement , and Nattatement . Given t inquiry , despiteUnfortunately, the root cause can likely be traced to a lack of accurate understanding of the aims and goals of how the search inquiry results will ultimately be used. Physicians, researchers, and even information professionals tend to deem studies or design methods loosely resembling those used in the systematic review process as actual systematic reviews, despite incompleteness and lack of adherence to all the parameters necessary to be a true systematic review. Although these errors are often unintentional, the continued volume of erroneously labeled information search inquiries devalues the term \u201csystematic review,\u201d which is intended to denote independent, unbiased, and objective assessment of evidence and includes rigorous evaluation of the strength of study results and analysis of study bias, painstakingly described for methodological transparency and reproducibility , 9.systematic review and adhere to all criteria established by the aforementioned authoritative guides? Or is the user seeking what CKM has coined a \u201csystematic-like\u201d review, a review that incorporates some features of a systematic review without adhering to all the required components [rapid review, done for topics that are still emerging and for which little has been published [comprehensive literature review or a patient-specific precision investigation with or without content filtering of the information retrieved? It is very telling how much confusion can be eliminated when this simple process is followed; thus showing the need for us, in our role as educators and information providers, to become better versed in the labeling of searches as we inquire and collect data on the type of information need our users are seeking.Staff at the Center for Knowledge Management (CKM) are too often erroneously asked for assistance in conducting \u201csystematic reviews.\u201d As a result, we have armed ourselves with an approach to guide the requester to the type of searching and information retrieval support that is most suited to their needs, while also continuing to educate our professionals on the proper use and labeling of the different types of searches. So, we ask: Does the user really want to conduct a true mponents ? Or do tublished \u201313? Or iPer guidance from multiple organizations, systematic reviews must meet specific requirements \u20137, 9. SyOn the other hand, \u201csystematic-like\u201d reviews allow investigators flexibility to select from the standard list of systematic review components and achieve a much shorter turnaround time than that required of true systematic reviews. For instance, a small group of physicians may believe they want to conduct a systematic review but may not be interested in devising a protocol or have the time to conduct risk of bias assessments of selected studies. Lacking such elements precludes the resulting manuscript from being categorized as a true systematic review; however, the application of parts of the systematic review methodology should be recognized.We are not alone in this attempt to categorize studies falling short of the gold standard for systematic reviews. Another form of categorization that draws from systematic reviews is the \u201crapid review,\u201d which has arisen in the last ten years or so to more accurately convey the idea that a quickly performed inquiry is somewhat rigorous without being a full-fledged systematic review . These \u201cAnother area where all too frequently users misappropriate the term \u201csystematic review\u201d is in lieu of a comprehensive literature search. The investigator knows that they want a very thorough expert search and review of the biomedical literature, but they understand \u201csystematic\u201d to mean \u201cplanned, organized, and methodical.\u201d Comprehensive literature searches that CKM conducts involve an extensive expert review of the relevant published and grey literature; use of more than one database, with or without filtering and synthesis of the resulting articles; and an unbiased presentation of the literature around a given topic . These cThe inherent value of these types of reviews stems from their comprehensiveness. For instance, researchers can take solace in an information professional saying, \u201cThere is no answer,\u201d knowing that the topic has been exhaustively explored. Clinicians who may be seeking answers to clinical questions, without wanting to disclose patient-specific information, can rest assured knowing that all the relevant evidence has been considered and the most rigorous studies are being selected. Answering these questions still requires the same level of careful \u201csystematic searching\u201d without necessitating a full-fledged systematic review. These searches address questions such as what the literature says about treating a certain condition, whether a research question has been sufficiently investigated by others, what a standard work-up for a patient presenting to a particular service in the clinical environment is, or whether a clinician has taken the best course of action. If the 2,400 most recent complex questions in our internal database are any indication, this type of search can take an average of 8 hours to complete.Patient-specific precision investigation allows the highest level of personalization in searching. These are questions pertaining to a single patient that come directly from clinicians and researchers and may be submitted through the medical record, morning reports, or patient conferences such as tumor boards \u201320. ContFixing the cycle of mis-categorization requires more than educating a set of researchers and physicians on the differences in topic investigations: it involves a concerted effort on the part of information professionals to educate ourselves on the key differences in the types of information inquiry asked of us and then actively working to stop perpetuating the misuse of terms by acquiescing to pressure from collaborators. Information professionals who have been involved in the development of true systematic reviews can attest that searching the biomedical literature in a systematic fashion only scratches the surface of what is entailed in genuine systematic reviews, which to be complete also require the active collaboration of content experts for data evaluation and final construct. The genuine impact of all other types of searches remains unquestioned when their role and appropriateness of use is clearly understood and properly applied. Teaching users how to properly label their requests based on their needs will greatly improve the significance of our role as coaches, educators, and information providers in the communities we are charged to inform.Zachary E. Fox, MSIS, Zachary.e.fox@vumc.org, Associate Director for Information Services, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TNAnnette M. Williams, MLS, annette.williams@vumc.org, Senior Information Scientist, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TNMallory N. Blasingame, MA, mallory.blasingame@vumc.org, Information Scientist, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TNTaneya Y. Koonce, MSLS, MPH, taneya.koonce@vumc.org, Associate Director for Research, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TNSheila V. Kusnoor, PhD, sheila.v.kusnoor@vumc.org, Senior Research Information Scientist, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TNJing Su, MD, MS, jing.su@vumc.org, Information Scientist, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TNPatricia Lee, MLS, patty.lee@vumc.org, Senior Information Scientist, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TNMarcia I. Epelbaum, MA, marcia.epelbaum@vumc.org, Senior Information Scientist, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TNHelen M. Naylor, MS, helen.naylor@vumc.org, Senior Research Information Scientist, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TNSpencer J. DesAutels, MLIS, spencer.desautels@vumc.org, Information Scientist, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TNElizabeth T. Frakes, MSIS, elizabeth.frakes@vumc.org, Information Scientist, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TNNunzia Bettinsoli Giuse, MD, MLS, FACMI, FMLA, nunzia.giuse@vanderbilt.edu, Vice President for Knowledge Management; Professor, Department of Biomedical Informatics; Professor, Department of Medicine; and Director, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN"}
{"text": "Bernadette Rosati was not included as an author in the published article. The corrected Author Contributions Statement appears below:\u201cThe study concept and design was developed by SH, MA, JL, and T\u0160-T, and the experiments were executed by SH, MA, SC, MS, BR, ML, and T\u0160-T. Data analysis was performed by SH, MA, SC, MS, BR, ML, TB, and T\u0160-T. All authors were involved in several rounds of critically reviewing the manuscript.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "The authors of \u201cPartnering With Mommy Bloggers to Disseminate Breast Cancer Risk Information: Social Media Intervention\u201d :e12441) made an error when listing the affiliation of author Carla Fisher.Her affiliation was previously \u201cCollege of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States\u201d and has now been changed to \u201cUniversity of Florida, UF Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States\u201d.The correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR website on June 17, 2019, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article also has been resubmitted to those repositories."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in the affiliation for Zoran Grgantov. Instead of affiliation 6, \u201cFaculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Italy,\u201d the correct affiliation for Zoran Grgantov should be affiliation 7, \u201cFaculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia\u201d.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Almost every region of Pakistan is stacked with a large number of medicinal plants. Due to high cost and unavailability of allopathic medicines for the neurological diseases, especially in rural areas, traditional healers prescribe phytotherapy for various neurological diseases like epilepsy, depression, anxiety, insomnia, Alzheimer, and migraine. Such treatments are considered to be most effective by the native people. The data was collected from articles published on medicinal plants of various districts of Pakistan, using article search engines like Medline, Pubmed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Also, information regarding various neurological uses and mode of applications of medicinal plants was obtained from traditional healers, folk medicine users, and local elderly people having knowledge of medicinal plants. A total of 54 families were found to be used in various neurological diseases, of which the highest use was of Solanaceae (22.22%), Asteraceae (12.96%), Lamiaceae, Papaveraceae, and Poaceae, 9% each, and Caprifoliaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Rhamnaceae, and Rosaceae, 5.5% each. According to districts, 15% of plants that were effective in neurological affections were found in Bahawalpur, 11% in Swat, 8% in Muzaffarabad, 7% in Malakand, and 6% in Bahawalnagar, Dir, Gilgat, and Sarghoda each, with 5% in Dera ghazi khan and Jhelum each. According to the plant's habit, out of total of 103 plants, 61.15% were found to be herbs, 22.33% trees, 11.65% shrubs, and 4.85% climbers. According to the part used of plant, whole plant, leaves, fruits, roots, seeds, and flowers were found to be used 32.03%, 24.27%, 20.38%, 16.50%, 13.59%, and 11.65%, respectively. According to disease's types, 45.63% were found to be effective in insomnia, 31.06% in epilepsy 12.62% in depression, 6.80% in anxiety, 7.77% in hysteria, and 5.88% in migraine. Taking into consideration this useful knowledge on medicinal properties of the plants for curing neurologic diseases, it is believed that research in areas of ethnomedicine and ethnopharmacology can bring auspicious results that have potential of adding value to the very rich natural resources of Pakistan. This study will help all the researchers from diverse backgrounds working on plants based medicine for neurological diseases. Globally, neurological diseases are among the major contributors to mortality and morbidity, particularly in developing nations. The well-known manifestations of neurological diseases include mood swing, restlessness, hopelessness, poor coordination, seizures, impaired cognition, paralysis, distress of sensation, muscle weakness, pain, and confusion . There aAbout 45 million people of the world, above 18 years of age, suffer from schizophrenia at some stage of their lives, 340 million are affected by depression, and both these diseases are accountable for 60 % of all suicides, while Alzheimer and epilepsy affect about 11 and 45 million people, respectively, around the world accounting for 1% of the total disease burden in the world [In Pakistan, about 10 % people suffer from mental diseases, representing a foggy picture with 2% prevalence of' epilepsy, 5% depression, 1% Alzheimer, and 1.5% schizophrenia  as shownMedicinal plants have been used from the very beginning in health care systems. Studies have been carried out globally to verify their efficacy and some of the findings have led to the production of plant-based medicines. Due to limited access to modern medicine, the local population uses medicinal plants to treat most diseases , 7. ReceHerbs may provide a source of new compounds including many drugs that are derived from plant sources. For several neurological diseases, modern medicine offers symptomatic treatment that is often expensive and associated with side effects. Indian system of medicine has traditionally been used in several neurological conditions. The accessibility, cost effectiveness, and lower incidence of side effects of plant products offer considerable advantages . Bacopa monnieri, Cannabis sativa, Solanum nigrum, Withania somnifera, Papaver somniferum, Zizyphus jujube, Tribulus terrestris, and Verbena officinalis showed different neuropharmacological activities. These agents can be used alone or as adjuncts to standard drugs, used for various neurological diseases like depression, epilepsy, schizophrenia, Alzheimer, Parkinson, hysteria, melancholia, and dementia, for increasing their efficacy and decreasing side effects.Various plant extracts have been screened and investigated for their potential neuropharmacological activities in different experimental models of animals comprising mice and rats. Herbal extracts and natural products includingIn developing countries, plant-based medicines are being used by 75-80% of population . The knoIn Pakistan, folk medicines have more use in rural and less developed areas for the treatment of various diseases because of easy access, cost effectiveness, less side effects, and unavailability of allopathic therapeutic agents . This tyFirst the articles published on the medicinal plants of various districts of Pakistan were searched in online research database, i.e., Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, by using special key words \u201cmedicinal plants\u201d, herbal plants, neurological diseases, specific districts names, antialzheimer, antiparkinson, antidepression, sedative, anxiolytic, antiepileptics, epidemiology, and prevalence, from January to March 2018, and downloaded. These entire articles were then viewed and the data of medicinal plants, which have neurological effects, were collected and tabulated in . We haveA total of 54 families were found to be useful in various neurological diseases, of which the highest use was of Solanaceae (22.22 %), Asteraceae (12.96 %), Lamiaceae, Papaveraceae, and Poaceae, 9 % each, and Caprifoliaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Rhamnaceae, and Rosaceae, 5.5 % each . As per This district-wise plant distribution will help the researchers, who are willing to research in neuropharmacological area, to easily collect the target plants from the regions to which the plants belong. According to the plant's habit, out of total of 103 plants, 61.15% were found to be herbs, 22.33 % trees, 11.65% shrubs, and 4.85% climbers .The habit of plants shows that herbs are most important according to neuropharmacological point of view which is another benefit for researchers working in neuropharmacological area to concentrate on herbs more while selecting neurological active plants. According to the part used of plant, whole plant, leaves, fruits, roots, seeds, flowers, and other parts  were found to be used 32.03 %, 24.27 %, 20.38 %, 16.50 %, 13.59 %, 11.65 %, and 15.53 %, respectively . As someAccording to disease's types, 45.63 % were found to be of therapeutic value in insomnia, epilepsy (31.06%), depression (12.62%), anxiety (6.80%), hysteria (7.77%), and migraine (5.88%) and 20.38 % in other neurological diseases  . As someThe pharmacological activities of plants are due to the presence of various phytochemicals mainly alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, resins, glycosides, terpenoids, phenols, sterols, essential oils, vitamins, and nutrients. Some of these are effective in the treatment of neurological diseases; some are useful for cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal diseases while others have chemotherapeutic and antibacterial effects. Some of the important phytochemicals of the plants  includinBacopa monnieri plant is reported for anxiety, depressant, epilepsy, and Parkinsonism and contains alkaloids , saponins (hersaponin and monnierin), flavonoids (luteolin and apigenin), and sterols like b-sitosterol and stigma-sterol. These constituents are already reported for such neuropharmacological properties and so might be responsible for said activities of this plant [is plant \u201336.Cannabis sativa L. has been reported for the treatment of depression, anxiety, convulsion, Alzheimer, dementia, and insomnia and its constituents responsible for these properties are cannabigerol, tetrahydrocannabinol, and cannabidiol [nabidiol \u201341.Verbena officinalis Linn. has been reported as anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, and sedative and its constituents responsible for these activities are verbenin, verbenalin, hastatoside, kaempferol, luteolin, verbascoside, aucubin, and apigenin [apigenin \u201344.Withania somnifera has been shown to have anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, and anti-Parkinson effects, mainly due to the presence of withanolides, sitoindosides VII\u2013X, and withaferin-A [aferin-A \u201348.These chemical constituents of plants act on the central nervous system through various mechanisms including regulation of neurotransmitters like adrenergic, cholinergic and serotonergic activity, acting through receptor like GABA and N-methyl-D-aspartate, and ion channels like sodium, potassium, and calcium ion channels. Some of the plant-based drugs and phytochemicals which either are approved or are under clinical trials for the treatment of neurological diseases, mechanism of actions, and their current status in clinical trials are given in .Taking into consideration this useful knowledge on the medicinal properties of plants for curing neurologic diseases, it is believed that the research in the areas of ethnomedicine and ethnopharmacology can bring auspicious results that have potential of adding importance to the very rich natural resources of Pakistan. Various phytochemicals from the above medicinal plants can be further researched under clinical trials and better drugs for treatment of neurological diseases can be obtained with outstanding results and lesser side effects. This study will help all the researchers, especially from Asian countries including Pakistan, China, Iran, India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh, working on plants based medicine for neurological diseases.The mental illnesses are one of the major problems of the world mainly in communities presenting with poor socioeconomic conditions. In Pakistan and other countries of this region, there is no accurate and up to date record of the neurological ailments. In order to find any treatment for these diseases, first realistic survey would be required to find out the exact percentage of various neurological diseases. Being an alarming psychiatric problem, Alzheimer opens a new area of research, affecting an enormous part of world population, but it is still untreatable. A lot of attempts have been conducted but still there is no such drug that can either slow or stop the process of Alzheimer disease. Allopathic medicines are available for psychological diseases including anxiety, depression, epilepsy, Parkison, and Alzheimer, but these are either not so effective or costly or have serious associated adverse effects. The world is full of natural medicinal resources, of which the main source is plant. We should invest money and go for systemic scientific investigations to perceive such drug candidates' form these plants, which are most efficacious, have minor side effects, and are cost friendly. For this purpose, this study is a gift for researchers who have interest to design and perform research based activities in the field of neuropharmacology by evaluating the unexplored medicinal plants mentioned here for their folkloric uses, determining its mechanistic pathways and identifying chemical constituents responsible for therapeutic effects."}
{"text": "The Medical Library Association (MLA) held its 118th annual meeting in Atlanta, Georgia, May 18\u201323, 2018, at the Hyatt Regency Atlanta. The meeting theme was \u201cAdapting, Transforming, Leading.\u201d Total attendance for the meeting was 1,670, with 236 participating in continuing education courses. Additional meeting content\u2014including the meeting program and various electronic presentations from the business meeting, plenary sessions, poster sessions, and program sessions\u2014can be accessed by all meeting registrants via the MLA \u201918 website.Executive Director Kevin Baliozian welcomed attendees and gave a pre-session announcement about a suicide in the hotel in a public area the night before. He discussed the steps MLA was taking to reach out to members who had been present as well as counseling services provided by the hotel. He then introduced MLA President Barbara A. Epstein AHIP, FMLA.MLA President Barbara A. Epstein, AHIP, FMLA, welcomed attendees to the 2018 annual meeting. She updated the audience on a change to the meeting format in regard to how awards would be given out over a series of sessions, rather than all at once, and encouraged everyone to attend the plenary sessions and visit with vendors throughout the meeting. President Epstein then introduced Connie K. Machado, AHIP, who welcomed attendees on behalf of the Southern Chapter.Connie K. Machado, AHIP: Good morning and welcome. The Southern Chapter and all its members extend a warm welcome to you in beautiful downtown Atlanta on behalf of MLA for this 118th annual meeting. Many of our local Southern Chapter members have worked with MLA to plan this exciting meeting and venue for all of you in attendance. We hope that you are able to adapt to our humidity and temperatures while you\u2019re here in the South.Founded in 1951, the Southern Regional Group later transformed to the Southern Chapter and has hosted three MLA meetings in this region. It has been seventeen years since the last meeting, which was held in Orlando, and we welcome you back with our warm Southern charm, great food, and hospitality. The Southern Chapter has a reputation for having fun and hosting great social events, so we hope you take some of our spirit of Southern hospitality home with you.Throughout the Southern Chapter\u2019s rich history, many of our founding librarians have served as MLA president and in other positions as leaders. Names like Eileen Cunningham, Mildred Crow Langner, and Mary Louise Marshall, as well as William (Bill) Postel, Alfred N. Brandon, Mildred Jordan, T. Mark Hodges, and a host of others. And I\u2019m sure that there will be more leaders to come in the future.Most of you have passed through Atlanta when traveling, at least at the airport. But there is much more to see and absorb here in the city\u2019s rich history. Southern Chapter members are pleased to welcome you to Atlanta, home to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Coca-Cola, and CNN, and plenty of dining experiences and fun places to visit during your stay. They also have seventy-five streets with the name \u201cPeach\u201d in it, so navigate carefully. So, again, I welcome you on behalf of the Southern Chapter members and MLA.Now, please join me in welcoming these truly creative and dedicated members who have spent more than three years planning this Atlanta meeting: the 2018 National Program Committee (NPC) Cochair David A. Nolfi, AHIP; 2018 NPC Cochair Debra Berlanstein, AHIP; 2018 Local Assistance Committee Chair Sandra G. Franklin, AHIP, FMLA; and 2018 Local Assistance Committee Cochair Joe Swanson Jr. Let\u2019s give them a big hand.David A. Nolfi, AHIP: Thank you, Connie. On behalf of the MLA 2018 National Program Committee and the Local Assistance Committee, we officially welcome you to Atlanta, the first time for the MLA annual meeting. Our theme, \u201cATL: Adapting, Transforming, Leading,\u201d reflects both this vibrant city and the spirit of our membership. The rising phoenix in our logo reflects the rise of Atlanta to become the dynamic leader in commerce, health care, research, education, and entertainment that it is today.Debra Berlanstein, AHIP: As medical librarians, we too, are continually evolving and searching for innovative ways to grow, change, reimagine, and most of all, make a difference. We know you will be inspired by the programming and the many opportunities to connect and share with colleagues during your stay in this amazing city. We hope you will get out and about and explore the world outside the doors of the Hyatt Regency Atlanta.David Nolfi: Planning this meeting over the last two years gave us the privilege of working with a great group of enthusiastic librarians whose hard work, energy, and commitment made cochairing the committee a pleasure. And so I ask now, would the members of the National Program Committee as well as the MLA staff who worked on the meeting please stand to be recognized. And now I ask you to please welcome Sandra Franklin, chair of the Local Assistance Committee, and Joe Swanson Jr., cochair.Candide, by Leonard Bernstein.Joe Swanson Jr.: Welcome to Atlanta. We\u2019re so glad that you\u2019re here and we hope you have an enjoyable time. We want you to enjoy the sessions and so forth. But in the meantime, we want you to have a little fun. We know that some of you have already been out and about, but you can visit places like the botanical gardens, the Jimmy Carter Library and Museum. You\u2019ve already been around the attractions at the Centennial Olympic Park. And the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra will be performing Applause.]So, as I said, we want you to enjoy the meeting, but in your spare time and for those who are going beyond the meeting, enjoy the city. And come back to see us! We have what we call Southern hospitality here. Thank you.  They\u2019re scattered hither and yon, but just thank them if they\u2019re near you.In addition to that, I\u2019d like to thank personally everyone who has worked on this committee, but especially our Local Assistance Committee. They each had their tasks, they did their tasks and just did a fantastic job, and you\u2019re seeing the results of that. So I\u2019d like all of them to stand. Please stand [and be recognized] for this 2018 meeting. , in building stronger relationships between these groups. And if you don\u2019t know what the NIH All of Us research program is, plan to be here on Wednesday morning to hear Dr. Dara Richardson-Heron.This is an initiative of MLA and the Public Library Association, and it is funded by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NNLM) and the NIH All of Us research program. And this unique partnership allows us to leverage the expertise of our members, of you And third, my family. We have two great daughters who married two great sons-in-law, who brought us four terrific grandchildren. And the littlest one is Hartley, who was born just last month, and she\u2019s still tiny. She\u2019s eating a lot, she\u2019s more than eight pounds now, and we expect her to grow into her hair bows very soon. [Applause.]And last but not least, my husband, Arnold. Through the years, he has been my confidante, my sounding board, my gentle critic, my press agent, my legal advisor, my best friend, and my secret sauce. I have dragged him to a few MLA meetings, and I have to say he sometimes enjoys them way more than I do. Last night, he came back from the exhibit opening with just a whole bagful of stuff that he collected and a list of people he talked to. And I think marrying him was the best decision I ever made. Thank you. If you have any questions, you\u2019re welcome to email Cujo, my dog, and he will respond to you, or you can email me or Ray, whatever you prefer. Thank you for all of your time.  Why has it increased? Because of new programming, like the InSight Initiative, sponsored by the participating organizations, that allowed us to have the librarian attendees attend for free and pay for travel expenses, which is great.That number has increased by an impressive $46,000 this year, affecting 150 individuals. And lastly, after this meeting, vacation and kind of a zen in Canada on Lake Huron. And so between the graduation and that, I\u2019ve had the pleasure of being here and meeting all of you. Thank you.  Now, I hope most of you know who Chef Ramsay [Gordon Ramsay of Hell\u2019s Kitchen] is, because if you don\u2019t, this won\u2019t make any sense at all. And anyway, what does that have to do with libraries, you say? Well, nothing. But it does have an analogy to what I want to say.So, I\u2019ve titled this time with you today: If Chef Ramsay was coming to your house, would you cook? So, I\u2019m in the kitchen, but I\u2019m not necessarily the expert. We, collectively, are the experts. And if Chef Ramsay was coming to my house, heck, no, I wouldn\u2019t cook, because he scares me. But I\u2019m not afraid of you, because you are all my colleagues, and I feel comfortable in saying this: In the 120th year of the association, I am proud and honored to be the first African American president of the Medical Library Association. We are changing. We are becoming a more diverse society. But our profession has not yet caught up to that. And I want to thank Elaine R. Martin, as she so beautifully articulated that yesterday in her Doe lecture, so thank you Elaine. You said everything I wanted to say and didn\u2019t have time. So, over the next year, I want you to remain calm, I want you to remain open, I want you to remain flexible, and I want you to remain positive. As we\u2019re sitting in this room here in Atlanta\u2014the home of Coke, fried foods, grits, and pie\u2014we\u2019re making history together. Thanks for taking this journey with me and helping to shape the framework for the next year and years to come. You will always be the sunshine in my life. Thank you. [Applause.]I\u2019d like to thank everyone. And please join us tonight for the Silver and Gold Networking Dinner, where we will present a few remaining awards and be entertained by our colleagues at MLA\u2019s first-ever talent show. And get a sneak-peek at next year\u2019s meeting, when the 2019 National Program Committee presents the MLA \u201919 invitation. This session is now closed. [The Silver and Gold Networking Dinner, sponsored by McGraw-Hill Education, was held on Tuesday, May 22, 2018, from 6:30 p.m.\u201310:00 p.m. The networking dinner was in a different format than in previous years and featured a talent show, which included a live band, singing, a sing-along, and poetry. The MLA \u201919 Invitation to Chicago also took place and was hosted by James Dale Prince, AHIP, chair, 2019 National Program Committee, and executive director, Southeastern/Atlantic Region, National Network of Libraries of Medicine, University of Maryland\u2013Baltimore; Mellanye J. Lackey, cochair, 2019 National Program Committee, and associate director, Education and Research, Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library, University of Utah\u2013Salt Lake City; Rosie Hanneke, AHIP, chair, 2019 Local Assistance Committee, and information services and liaison librarian, Library of the Health Sciences, University of Illinois\u2013Chicago; and Debra Werner, cochair, 2019 Local Assistance Committee, and director, Library Research in Medical Education, John Crerar Library, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. The Dental Section, recipient of the MLA Section Project of the Year Award, and the Mid-Atlantic Chapter of MLA, recipient of the Majors/MLA Chapter Project of the Year (sponsored by J.A. Majors), were recognized during the dinner.Journal of the Medical Library Association.Section programs were presented in 4 time slots: Sunday, May 20, 3:00 p.m.\u20134:25 p.m.; Monday, May 21, 10:30 a.m.\u201311:55 a.m., and 1:00 p.m.\u20132:25 p.m.; and Tuesday, May 22, 3:00 p.m.\u20134:25 p.m. Paper abstracts that were scheduled to be presented are available on the MLA \u201918 website. The final version of the abstracts, reflecting only those presented at the meeting, is included as an online-only Journal of the Medical Library Association.Poster sessions were presented in 4 time slots: Sunday, May 20, 2:00 p.m.\u20132:55 p.m.; Monday, May 21, 2:30 p.m.\u20133:25 p.m.; and Tuesday, May 22, 1:00 p.m.\u20131:55 p.m., and 2:00 p.m.\u20132:55 p.m. Poster abstracts that were scheduled to be presented are available on the MLA \u201918 meeting website. The actual posters are available online in the MLA \u201918 meeting website. The final version of the abstracts, reflecting only those posters presented at the meeting, is included as an online-only On Thursday, May 17, the MLA Board of Directors met. The MLA Board of Directors and Credentialing Committee met on Friday, May 18. On Saturday, May 19, the following groups met: 2019 National Program Committee; 2019 program planners; Chapter Council; Communities Strategic Goal Task Force; Joint Section Council/Chapter Council; National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NNLM) Steering Committee; Nominating Committee; and Section Council.JMLA Editorial Board; Leadership Curriculum Committee; Metadata 2020: Join the Discussion to Help Improve the Quality of Metadata for Research; Midcontinental Chapter Meeting and Greet #1; Outreach and Marketing SIG Business Meeting; Research and Evidence-Based Practice Curriculum Committee; Research Section Research Award Judging; Research4Life Grants Workshop Planning Session; Resource Sharing SIG Business Meeting; and Systematic Reviews SIG Business Meeting. Exhibitor meetings included: Lunch & Learn: AAAS/Science: The Blurred Line between Fact and Fiction; Medical Librarian Lunch and Learn: EBSCO Health; Cell Press & The Lancet Lunch & Learn: Best Practices in Publishing and Reproducibility; Supporting Institutional Research and Raising the Profile of the Library; and The R2 Digital Library as a Health Sciences eBook Database.On Sunday, May 20, the following groups, sections, and SIGs met: AAHSL Future Leadership Committee; AAHSL Leadership Fellows Program; AAHSL New and Developing Libraries Committee; Ad Hoc Committee to Review Core Clinical Journals; African American Medical Library Alliance SIG Business Meeting; chapter treasurers orientation meeting; Collection Development Section Business Meeting; Consumer and Patient Health Information Section (CAPHIS) Business Meeting and Executive Committee Meeting; Data SIG Business Meeting; Education Steering Committee; Educational Media and Technologies Section (EMTS) Business Meeting #1; Fellows of MLA; Health Disparities SIG Lunch; International Cooperation Section Business Meeting; Interprofessional Education SIG Business Meeting; On Monday, May 21, the following groups, sections, and SIGs met: 2020 National Program Committee; AAHSL Research Services Committee; Around the World: Global Librarians\u2019 Experiences; Awards Endowment Task Force Meeting; Awards Committee; Books Panel; Cancer Librarians Section Business Meeting; Clinical Librarians and Evidence-Based Healthcare SIG Business Meeting; Complementary and Alternative Medicine SIG Business Meeting; Data Catalog Collaboration Information Session; Dental Section Business Meeting; Department of Veterans Affairs Librarians SIG Business Meeting #2; EMTS Business Meeting #2; Gaming in Adult Learning SIG Business Meeting; Government Relations Committee; Health Information Professionalism Committee; History of the Health Sciences Section Business Meeting; Hospital Libraries Section (HLS) Executive Board Meeting and Business Meeting and Social; Information Services Curriculum Committee; Instruction and Instructional Design Committee; Latino SIG Business Meeting; LGBQT Health Sciences Librarians SIG Business Meeting; Leadership Curriculum Committee; Libraries in Curriculum SIG Business Meeting; Medical Humanities SIG Business Meeting; Medical Informatics Section Business Meeting; Medical Libraries: Starting from Scratch; MLA Research Training Institute; Molecular Biology and Genomics SIG Business Meeting; New York-New Jersey Chapter Board Meeting; Nursing and Allied Health Resources Section (NAHRS) Business Meeting and Executive Board; Osteopathic Libraries SIG Business Meeting; Pacific Northwest Chapter Business Meeting; Pediatric Librarians SIG Business Meeting; Pharmacy and Drug Information (PDI) Section Business Meeting; Professional Recruitment and Retention Committee; Public Health/Health Administration Section Business Meeting; Public Services Section Business Meeting; Scholarly Communications Committee; Solo Librarians SIG Business Meeting; Technical Services Section Business Meeting; Transitional Sciences Collaboration SIG Business Meeting; Veterinary Medical Libraries Section Business Meeting; and Vision Section SIG Business Meeting. Exhibitor meetings included: Lunch & Learn: How to Conduct Systematic Reviews the JBI Way; and How to Provide a World-Class Systematic Review Service Using Covidence.On Tuesday, May 22, the following groups, sections, and SIGs met: AAHSL Program and Education Committee; Bylaws Committee; Diversity and Inclusion Task Force; education committee chairs joint meeting; Federal Libraries Section Business Meeting; Health Association and Corporate Libraries Section (HACLS) Business Meeting; Information Literacy in Medical Education (ILME) SIG Business Meeting; Information Management Curriculum Committee; Institutional Animal Care and Use SIG Open Discussion; Joint 2018 and 2019 Contributed Content Work Group; Leadership and Management Section Business Meeting; Joseph Leiter NLM/MLA Lectureship Committee; Librarians without Borders\u00ae Committee; Medical Library Education Section (MLES) Business Meeting; Medical Library Group of Northern California and Nevada Business Meeting; Medical Library Group of Southern California and Arizona Business Meeting; Membership Committee; Midcontinental Chapter Meeting and Greet #2; MLA community managers and webmasters; MLA News Editorial Board; Research Section Business Meeting; Rising Stars presentations; Rising Stars program; section treasurers orientation; Social Justice Section Business Meeting; Southern Chapter Executive Committee; Systematic Reviews SIG Informal Meeting; and Technical Services Section Social. Exhibitor meetings included: Lunch & Learn: Elsevier Luncheon for Medical Librarians: Collaboration for Innovation.On Wednesday, May 23, the following groups, sections, and SIGs met: Community Strategic Goal Task Force Meeting 2; Education Annual Programming Committee (EAPC); Grants and Scholarships Committee; and Oral History Committee.Three open forums were held on Sunday, May 20, from 4:30 p.m.\u20135:25 p.m.:MLA Communities Strategic GoalMLA Diversity and Inclusion Strategic GoalMLA InSight Initiative Summit 1 OutcomesThe National Library of Medicine (NLM) Update took place on Tuesday, May 22, 11:00 a.m.\u201311:55 a.m. Joyce E. B. Backus, associate director for library operations, began the session by introducing herself, Patricia F. Brennan, director of NLM, and Amanda J. Wilson, head, National Network Coordinating Office, National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NNLM), all of whom participated in the update.Dr. Brennan presented an explanation of the NLM Strategic Plan, \u201cA Platform for Biomedical Discovery and Data-Powered Health 2017\u20132027.\u201d The three pillars  were designed to target the future: (1) accelerate discovery and advance health through data-driven research; (2) reach more people through enhancement, dissemination, and engagement; and (3) build a workforce for data-driven research and health. In discussing the budget, Dr. Brennan said that NLM has received $22,000,000 for new investments in data science, accelerated training for librarians, and platform stabilization. She noted key accomplishments since February 2018.Ms. Backus reported on strategic planning activities and outcomes. She discussed MEDLINE 2022, a 5-year plan to do a behind-the-scenes modernization of MEDLINE and more efficient delivery of information on TOXNET. She introduced PubMed Labs and PubOne that launched in October 2017 and is a test site to try new features for PubMed 2.0, which will be released in December 2018. The NLM website has been refreshed: the PubMed Health Portal will be going away, but PubMed and Bookshelf will still have systematic review and drug information. MedlinePlus now includes Lab Test information. Ms. Backus mentioned several other NLM activities including the DeBakey Fellowship, rare book loans, visiting library and information science students, and NLM associate fellows.JAMA article on the history of NNLM from 1985\u20132015.Ms. Wilson noted NNLM year three activities and illustrated an organizational chart of NNLM. She highlighted projects in health literacy, hurricane relief, funding for classes, and the Wikipedia edit-a-thon. She showed videos of three examples of NNLM activities: University of Arizona, St. Paul, MN, and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC). The All of Us public library initiative was also mentioned. Ms. Wilson showed a slide of the The remainder of the session was devoted to questions and answers.The Legislative Update was held on Tuesday, May 22, from 1:00 p.m.\u20131:55 p.m. Cristina Pope, AHIP, chair, MLA Governmental, Relations Committee, and director, Health Sciences Library, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical, University\u2013Syracuse, moderated the session. Dina Paltoo, interim assistant director for policy development at NLM, presented information on the following: an overview of funding, functions of NLM, NLM\u2019s most heavily used databases, statistics on PubMed Central, statistics on biomedical informatics and data science research, legislation and NLM, and bills and government activities that most affect NLM.Welcome Reception and Opening of the Hall of Exhibits, 5:00 p.m.\u20137:30 p.m.MLA New Members/First-Time Attendees Program and Breakfast, 7:00 a.m.\u20138:55 a.m.Yoga Class, 7:30 a.m.\u20138:30 a.m.Library School Reunion Tea, 2:00 p.m.\u20132:55 p.m.Clinical Librarianship Happy Hour, 5:30 p.m.\u20137:00 p.m.International Visitors Reception, 6:00 p.m.\u20137:00 p.m.Academy of Health Information Professionals Q&A Session, 2:30 p.m.\u20133:25 p.m.Diversity and Inclusion Task Force Fish Bowl, 5:00 p.m.\u20136:25 p.m.Public Librarian Welcome Breakfast and Speed-Networking Event, 7:00 a.m.\u20138:55 a.m.Public Librarians Symposium, Overview and Sessions 1 & 2, 9:00 a.m.\u201310:25 a.m.Public Librarians Symposium, Morning Concurrent Sessions 1 & 2, 11:00 a.m.\u201311:55 a.m.Public Librarians Symposium, Afternoon Concurrent Sessions 1 & 2, 1:00 p.m.\u20131:55 p.m.MLA Book Authors and Prospective Authors Gathering, 2:00 p.m.\u20132:55 p.m.Public Librarians Symposium, Health Literacy Heroes Sessions 1 & 2, 4:30 p.m.\u20135:25 p.m.Silver and Gold Networking Dinner, 6:30 p.m.\u201310:00 p.m.Exhibitors held Sunrise Seminars to provide information and to introduce new products and services. The following seminars were held:Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Health Care: From Adoption to DisruptionCochrane \u201cInside/Outside\u201d: Update from Carol LefebvreEmbase Seminar: Librarian Roles in Teaching Evidence-Based MedicineThe Power of Single Sign-On and the Benefits to AllAmerican Psychological AssociationSpringer Nature Competitive Intelligence: Research Trends in Health CareThree Trends That Eclipse Point-of-Care ToolsTen Technology Showcases were held throughout Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday:Automating the Systematic Review Process: An Overview of DistillerSR\u2019s New Productivity EnhancementsCase Files: Teaching Case CollectionCovering Your Nursing Bases: Research, Decision Support, and CompetenciesSupporting Your Interdisciplinary Care Dream TeamGetting Beyond the Impact Factor: Using Bibliometrics for Research Evaluation at the NIH LibraryTaking Medical Research to the Next Level: 72,987,390 Searches Can\u2019t Be WrongThe Ever-Evolving World of Medical E-BooksFrom Data Standards to DermExpert: The Story of How an Image Collection Learned to ThinkLooking to the Future with EndNoteTop Questions Medical Libraries Ask OpenAthensThe 2017/2018 Education Annual Programming Committee offered the following courses to 236 attendees on May 18 and 19, 2018.Instructors: Julie Glanville, MCLIP, associate director, York Health Economics Consortium, University of York, York, United Kingdom, and Carol Lefebvre, HonFCLIP, independent information consultant, Lefebvre Associates, Oxford, United KingdomCE100 Advanced Searching Techniques and Advanced Strategy Design, Instructors: Karen Gutzman, impact and evaluation librarian, and Patricia L. Smith, impact and dissemination librarian, Galter Health Sciences Library, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, ILCE200 Dissemination in Action: Communicating Research in a Digital World, Instructors: Sarah Young, senior librarian, Mellon Institute Library, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA; Jin Wu, emerging technologies librarian, Norris Medical Library, University of Southern California\u2013Los Angeles; and Ayaba Logan, research and education informationist and assistant professor, Medical Libraries, University of South Carolina\u2013CharlestonCE502 Statistics 101: A Primer in Statistical Methods for Health Sciences Librarians, Instructors: Gwen Wilson, health sciences librarian, Mabee Library, Washburn University, Topeka, KS, and Kristen DeSanto, AHIP, clinical librarian, Health Sciences Library, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado\u2013AuroraCE600 Building Partnerships with Faculty, Clinicians, and Other Stakeholders, Instructors: Erin Eldermire, head, Flower-Sprecher Veterinary Library, Cornell University Library, Ithaca, NY; Sarah Young, senior librarian, Mellon Institute Library, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA; and Lenny Rhine, FMLA, coordinator, E-Library Training Initiative, Librarians without Borders\u00ae/MLA, Gainesville, FLCE101 Performing Systematic Reviews in Resource-Limited Settings, Instructors: Julie Glanville, MCLIP, associate director, York Health Economics Consortium, University of York, York, United Kingdom, and Carol Lefebvre, HonFCLIP, independent information consultant, Lefebvre Associates, Oxford, United KingdomCE102 Trials without Tribulations: Identifying Clinical Trials for Systematic Reviews and Other Clinical and Research Questions, Instructors: Wichor M. Bramer, biomedical information specialist, Medical Library, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Melissa L. Rethlefsen, AHIP, deputy director, Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library, University of Utah\u2013Salt Lake CityCE103 Effectiveness and Efficiency in Exhaustive Searches, Instructors: Rachel Pinotti, AHIP, assistant library director, Education and Research Services, Levy Library, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Antonio P. DeRosa, AHIP, oncology consumer health librarian and assistant librarian faculty, Samuel J. Wood Library and C.V. Starr Biomedical Information Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY; and Diana Delgado, AHIP, associate director, User Support, Research and Education, Samuel J. Wood Library and C.V. Starr Biomedical Information Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NYCE104 Upping Your Reference Game: Technologies and Strategies for Value-Added Reference Services, Instructor: Michele Malloy, research librarian, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Washington, DCCE105 Health Policy Research: Navigating Governmental and Legislative Sources, Instructors: Julia M. Esparza, AHIP, head, User Education and Outreach Services; Montie\u2019 L. Dobbins, head, User Access Services/Circulation; and David C. Duggar, AHIP, head, Library Liaison Program; Health Sciences Library, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health\u2013Shreveport; and Alexandria (Lexi) Brackett, AHIP, clinical support librarian, Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale University, New Haven, CTCE300 Not Just Numbers: Teaching Students to Think Using Practical Curriculum Exercises, Instructor: Jessica Sender, librarian, College of Nursing, Michigan State University\u2013East LansingCE301 Innovations in Nursing Information Literacy: New Technologies, Approaches, and Ideas, Instructors: Andy Hickner, web services librarian, Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT, and Susanna Galbraith, virtual services librarian, Health Sciences Library, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CanadaCE302 Peeking Under the Hood: Understanding, Assessing, and Improving Your Library\u2019s Website and LibGuides, Instructors: Jamie Conklin, research and education librarian, and Megan von Isenburg, AHIP, associate dean, Library Services and Archives, Medical Center Library & Archives, Duke University, Durham, NCCE303 Evidence-Based Teaching: Finding and Applying the Best Evidence to Instruction, Instructors: Heidi Heilemann, AHIP, associate dean and knowledge management director, Lane Medical Library and Knowledge Management Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; M.J. Tooey, AHIP, FMLA, associate vice president, Academic Affairs, and executive director, Health Sciences and Human Services Library, University of Maryland\u2013Baltimore; and Gabriel Rios, director, Ruth Lilly Medical Library, Indiana University\u2013IndianapolisCE400 Do You Want to Be a Library Director? Knowledge, Skills, and Career Paths for Library Leaders, Instructor: Erinn Aspinall, AHIP, strategic initiatives librarian and communications coordinator, Bio-Medical Library, Health Sciences Libraries, University of Minnesota\u2013MinneapolisCE401 Digital Storytelling: Communication for Greater Impact, Instructor: Ayaba Logan, research and education informationist and assistant professor, Medical Libraries, Medical University of South Carolina\u2013CharlestonCE500 What Did You Hear? Qualitative Data Analysis, Instructors: Marci Brandenburg, bioinformationist, and Jean Song, assistant director, Academic and Clinical Engagement, Taubman Health Sciences Library, University of Michigan\u2013Ann ArborCE501 Introduction to Visualization Principles, Instructor: Lisa Federer, AHIP, research data informationist, NIH Library, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MDCE503 Introduction to Data Analysis and Visualization with R, Instructors: David A. Nolfi, AHIP, health sciences librarian and library assessment coordinator, Gumberg Library, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, and Carolyn Schubert, interim director, Research and Education Services, and health sciences and nursing librarian, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VACE601 Learning to Liaise with Health Professions, The online itinerary planner (sponsored by Wolters Kluwer) allowed attendees to peruse programs and events online. Complimentary WiFi was available throughout the Hyatt Regency Atlanta courtesy of The JAMA Network. Live streaming was available on Twitter using the hashtag #MLANET18, and volunteer bloggers, the Local Assistance Committee, and the 2018 National Program Committee contributed to the official meeting blog with meeting tips, announcements, and more. For those seeking new jobs and prospective employers, the Job Placement Center was open from Saturday through Tuesday, and the MLA Resume Clinic was available Saturday through Monday. The Hall of Exhibits was open Saturday evening through Monday.AppendixClick here for additional data file.AppendixClick here for additional data file."}
{"text": "Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been evaluated as an effective treatment option for patients with major depressive disorder. However, there are limited studies that have evaluated the efficacy of TMS for other neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety and trauma\u2010related disorders. We reviewed the literature that has evaluated TMS as a treatment for anxiety and trauma\u2010related disorders.n\u00a0=\u00a0520) evaluating TMS in anxiety and trauma\u2010related disorders were screened and a small subset of these that met the eligibility criteria (n\u00a0=\u00a017) were included in the systematic review, of which nine evaluated TMS in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), four in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), two in specific phobia (SP), and two in panic disorder (PD). The meta\u2010analysis was performed with PTSD and GAD since PD and SP had an insufficient number of studies and sample sizes.We searched for articles published up to December 2017 in Embase, Medline, and ISI Web of Science databases, following the Preferred Items for Reporting of Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Articles  and GAD , including applying high frequency over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Since few studies have evaluated TMS for SP and PD, few conclusions can be drawn.Our meta\u2010analysis suggests that TMS may be an effective treatment for GAD and PTSD. We reviewed TMS as a treatment for anxiety disorders and PTSD.TMS presented large effect sizes as a treatment for PTSD and GAD.Follow\u2010up studies in GAD showed improvement of patients after TMS.Future studies should evaluate maintenance treatment.1Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, effective, noninvasive, and nonconvulsive neuromodulation therapy cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of the major depressive disorder (MDD) since 2008  until it reached the neurons of the cortex. At this level, the magnetic field converts back into a (secondary) electrical current able to depolarize neurons and force an action potential, which will then travel from synapse to synapse across an entire functional circuit of interest  following the recommendations of the Preferred Items for Reporting of Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses (PRISMA) statement , because this is the minimum number of sessions to induce plasticity and improve symptoms for long term, while in SP a short\u2010term effect may be useful since the symptoms are more punctual , response and remission rates, and period of follow\u2010up. We contacted authors for additional data whenever necessary and we greatly appreciate the contributions of Dr. Zangen, Osuch, and Watts . In case of moderate or high heterogeneity (I2> 50%), a sensitivity analysis was done to determine the impact of each study on the results and a meta\u2010regression was performed to evaluate the influence of each TMS parameter at a time. For studies without the SD of the total score of the primary outcome, the largest similar SD found in other studies was repeated, according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Review . Of those, 123 were duplicate references, and 37 were not in the English language. The remaining 483 references underwent a title and abstract analysis after which 419 were excluded. Finally, 64 articles were recovered for full\u2010text reading. After this process, only 17 articles met the inclusion criteria of articles that assessed TMS as a treatment for anxiety disorders or PTSD  ; therefore, the difference between studies is by chance. Possible causes of publication bias were tested with the funnel plot . Table The overall effect size was \u22122.06 , widely favoring active rTMS treatment. There was low heterogeneity . The funnel plot is symmetric , suggesting that publication bias is unlikely. The reported dropouts and the amount of these that are due to side effects are in Tables The treatment of PTSD with TMS is the most studied among the conditions of interest. Nine studies were included in this meta\u2010analysis   or sham (n\u00a0=\u00a013) rTMS. They applied 1\u00a0Hz, at 110% RMT, and 1,800 pulses/session, over the rDLPFC, for 4\u00a0weeks. After the last week of treatment, patients in active rTMS had a significant improvement in their PD but not in their MDD. This study was followed by four additional weeks of an open\u2010label treatment in which patients in the sham group could undergo active treatment and patients in the active group could receive additional treatment. After this second phase, patients continued to improve from PD and improved from MDD. Subsequently, at a 6\u2010month follow\u2010up, patients showed sustained improvement of both disorders  aim that are informative in the context of this review. These studies evaluated rTMS or excitatory intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) as a treatment for SP  or sham (n\u00a0=\u00a019) rTMS applied before a virtual reality exposure to heights in two groups of individuals diagnosed with acrophobia. The protocol consisted of two active sessions of 20\u00a0min of rTMS with 10\u00a0Hz, at 100% RMT, 4\u00a0s on and 26\u00a0s off, with 1560 pulses per session, and the sessions were 1\u00a0week apart. At the end, anxiety  and avoidance ratings  decreased in the active group  in fear extinction  included in this meta\u2010analysis presented adverse events , a number of trials have been published particularly for GAD and PTSD. Our meta\u2010analysis concludes an overall positive therapeutic effect of TMS for these two conditions. These results suggest (but do not prove) an advantage of right over lDLPFC stimulation, and the possible therapeutic advantage of high\u2010frequency stimulation to the rDLPFC. Based on the studies that reported side effects, TMS demonstrated to be safe and well tolerated in the treatment of anxiety disorders and PTSD but reports of side effects were inconsistent. In summary, the result of this meta\u2010analysis confirms the therapeutic potential and safety of TMS for GAD and PTSD and generates some hypotheses for upcoming prospective, larger, and appropriately powered randomized controlled trials to confirm these results.. AAN reports the following disclosures: Consultant \u2010 Abbott Laboratories, Alkermes, American Psychiatric Association, Appliance Computing Inc. (Mindsite), Basliea, Brain Cells, Inc., Brandeis University, Bristol Myers Squibb, Clintara, Corcept, Dey Pharmaceuticals, Dainippon Sumitomo (now Sunovion), Eli Lilly and Company, EpiQ, L.P./Mylan Inc., Forest, Genaissance, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Healthcare Global Village, Hoffman LaRoche, Infomedic, Intra\u2010Cellular Therapies, Lundbeck, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Medavante, Merck, Methylation Sciences, NeuroRx, Naurex, Novartis, PamLabs, Parexel, Pfizer, PGx Health, Otsuka, Ridge Diagnostics Shire, Schering\u2010Plough, Somerset, Sunovion, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Targacept, and Teva; consulted through the MGH Clinical Trials Network and Institute (CTNI) for Astra Zeneca, Brain Cells, Inc, Dianippon Sumitomo/Sepracor, Johnson and Johnson, Labopharm, Merck, Methylation Science, Novartis, PGx Health, Shire, Schering\u2010Plough, Targacept and Takeda/Lundbeck Pharmaceuticals, NeuroRx Pharma, Pfizer, Physician's Postgraduate Press, Inc. Grants/Research support \u2010 American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, AHRQ, Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, Bristol\u2010Myers Squibb, Cederroth, Cephalon, Cyberonics, Elan, Eli Lilly & Company, Forest, GlaxoSmithKline, Intra\u2010Cellular Therapies, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Lichtwer Pharma, Marriott Foundation, Mylan, NIMH, PamLabs, Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Shire, Stanley Foundation, Takeda/Lundbeck, and Wyeth\u2010Ayerst. Honoraria \u2010 Belvoir Publishing, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, Brandeis University, Bristol\u2010Myers Squibb, Hillside Hospital, American Drug Utilization Review, American Society for Clinical Psychopharmacology, Baystate Medical Center, Columbia University, CRICO, Dartmouth Medical School, Health New England, Harold Grinspoon Charitable Foundation, IMEDEX, International Society for Bipolar Disorder, Israel Society for Biological Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, MJ Consulting, New York State, Medscape, MBL Publishing, MGH Psychiatry Academy, National Association of Continuing Education, Physicians Postgraduate Press, SUNY Buffalo, University of Wisconsin, University of Pisa, University of Michigan, University of Miami, University of Wisconsin at Madison, APSARD, ISBD, SciMed, Slack Publishing and Wolters Klower Publishing, ASCP, NCDEU, Rush Medical College, Yale University School of Medicine, NNDC, Nova Southeastern University, NAMI, Institute of Medicine, CME Institute, ISCTM, World Congress on Brain Behavior and Emotion, Congress of the\u00a0Hellenic Society\u00a0for Basic and\u00a0Clinical Pharmacology, ADAA. Stock \u2010 Appliance Computing, Inc. (MindSite); Brain Cells, Inc., Medavante. Copyrights \u2010 Clinical Positive Affect Scale and the MGH Structured Clinical Interview for the Montgomery Asberg Depression Scale exclusively licensed to the MGH Clinical Trials Network and Institute (CTNI). Speaker Bureaus \u2010 none since 2003. JAC is a scientific advisor for Apex Neuroscience. GK has received research support from Astra\u2010Zeneca, Bristol\u2010Myers Squibb Company, Cephalon, Elan Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly & Company, Forest Pharmaceuticals Inc., GlaxoSmithkline, Sanofi/Synthelabo, Sepracor Inc., Pfizer Inc, UCB Pharma, and Wyeth\u2010Ayerst Laboratories, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Grant R01 HS019371\u201001, and Takeda Pharmaceuticals.\u00a0He has been an advisor or consultant for Astra\u2010Zeneca, Cephalon, Eli Lilly & Company, Forest Pharmaceuticals Inc., GlaxoSmithkline, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Pfizer Inc, Sepracor Inc., UCB Pharma, and Wyeth\u2010Ayerst Laboratories. GK has been a speaker for Astra\u2010Zeneca, Forest Pharmaceuticals Inc., GlaxoSmithkline, Sepracor Inc., and Wyeth\u2010Ayerst Laboratories. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.AKG receives research support from NIMH"}
{"text": "GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388: 1459\u20131544\u20142016: In this Article, Tea Lallukka, Anoushka Millear, and Amanda Pain should have been listed as authors. The affiliation details for Monica Cortinovis and Giorgia Giussani have been updated. An affiliation and funding statement have been added for Simon I Hay. These corrections have been made to the online version as of Jan 5, 2017."}
{"text": "Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-019-42919-y, published online 01 May 2019Correction to: In the original version of this manuscript, the incorrect isolate ID was provided for NCHW8.In addition, the Article contained an error in Affiliation 6, which was incorrectly given as \u2018Department of Bacteria, Parasites and fungi, Staten Serum institut, copenhagen, Denmark\u2019. The correct affiliation is listed below:Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, DenmarkThese errors have now been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article."}
{"text": "Background: The number of papers published by an institution is acknowledged as an easy-to-understand research outcome. However, the quantity as well as the quality of research papers needs to be assessed.Methods: To determine the relation between the number of published papers and paper quality, a survey was conducted to assess publications focusing on interventional clinical trials reported by 11 core clinical research hospitals. A score was calculated for each paper using Syst\u00e8me d\u2019interrogation, de gestionet d\u2019analyse des publications scientifiques scoring system, allowing for a clinical paper quality assessment independent of the field. Paper quality was defined as the relative Journal impact factor (IF) total score/number of papers.Results: We surveyed 580 clinical trial papers. For each of the 11 medical institutions (a\u2013k), respectively, the following was found: number of published papers: a:66, b:64, c:61, d:56, e:54, f:51, g:46, h:46, i:46, j:45, k:45 ; total Journal IF: a:204, b:252, c:207, d:225, e:257, f:164, g:216, h:190, i:156, j:179, k:219 ; relative Journal IF total score: a:244, b:272, c:260, d:299, e:268, f:215, g:225, h:208, i:189, j:223, k:218 ; and paper quality : a:3.70, b:4.25, c:4.26, d:5.34, e:4.96, f:4.22, g:4.89, h:4.52, i:4.11, j:4.96, k:4.84 . Additionally, no significant relation was found between the number of published papers and paper quality .Conclusions: The number of published papers does not correspond to paper quality. When assessing an institution\u2019s ability to perform clinical research, an assessment of paper quality should be included along with the number of published papers. Syst\u00e8me d\u2019interrogation, de gestionet d\u2019analyse des publications scientifiques , is used to calculate a score that objectively assesses paper quality  of the journal in which the article has been published . However quality , allowinFor this study, 580 clinical trial papers were surveyed to investigate the relation between number of papers and paper quality . Clinical trial papers were retrieved from 11 core clinical research hospitals in Japan.Based on data published on the website of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, a descriptive research was conducted to compare the quantity and quality of clinical trial papers published by 11 core clinical research hospitals. A relative Journal IF score, based on the SIGAPS scoring system, was used to assess paper quality.In Japan, core clinical research hospitals are appointed by the Medical Care Act. They play a central role in physician-led clinical trials and in clinical research developed according to international standards toward the development of innovative pharmaceuticals and medical instruments in Japan. These hospitals support clinical research developed in other medical institutions and play a key role in optimizing next-generation healthcare by enhancing the quality of clinical research in those medical institutions where joint research efforts are conducted.The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare grants approval for core clinical research hospitals , which aTo meet former clinical research performance requirements, core hospitals must have submitted a minimum of 45 clinical trial papers published over the last three years. All papers were required to be published in PubMed. Requirements for approval of hospitals as core clinical research institutions, as determined by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, only include the development of interventional clinical trials, excluding observational studies.For study purposes, all clinical trial papers submitted until November 2018 by 11 core hospitals were extracted from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare website and examined. Additionally, a list of clinical trial publications from each study hospital was retrieved from a 2017 business report of core clinical research hospitals published by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare .Using PubMed \u201cJournalTitle,\u201d \u201cMedAbbr,\u201d and \u201cIsoAbbr,\u201d search strings, both printed and online International Standard Serial Number information was obtained by comparing journals in which papers listed in the business report were published. If a match between PubMed records and journal list content could not be found, a visual check was conducted whenever appropriate.Relative Journal IF score was calculated based on the SIGAPS scoring system. Research fields of each clinical trial papers were initially categorized based on the Web of Science Category. A Journal IF percentile was then calculated for each field, and both a rank and a score  were attributed to each journal based on that percentile Table 1.For journals with multiple IF percentiles, the highest value was selected. Additionally, paper quality was defined as relative Journal IF total score/number of papers.SIGAPS components include the journal\u2019s rank and the author\u2019s rank, including first or last author (4 points), second or second-to-last author (3 points), third author (2 points), or any other contributing author (1 point) with a weighting factor. However, to approve a clinical research hospital, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare requires that the first author of a clinical publication belongs to the considered institution. For this reason, in this study the relative Journal IF score was calculated based on only the journal\u2019s rank.The correlation between paper quantity and quality was estimated through the Spearman\u2019s correlation coefficient. Aggregation and analysis of all data was performed using SAS ver. 9.4 .Overall, 580 clinical trial publications from the last three years were surveyed. The number of published papers, total Journal IF, relative Journal IF total score, and paper quality  for each of the 11 medical institutions investigated are shown in A comparison between the number of published papers and paper quality is shown in We performed additional analyses with data excluding 44 protocol papers. The following was found: number of published papers: a:41, b:56, c:61, d:54, e:54, f:51, g:45, h:45, i:40, j:44, k:45 ; total Journal IF: a:166, b:221, c:207, d:218, e:257, f:164, g:213, h:188, i:147, j:175, k:219 ; relative Journal IF total score: a:180, b:243, c:260, d:289, e:268, f:215, g:221, h:205, i:172, j:219, k:218 ; and paper quality : a:4.39, b:4.34, c:4.26, d:5.35, e:4.96, f:4.22, g:4.91, h:4.56, i:4.30, j:4.98, k:4.84 . No significant relation was also found between the number of published papers and paper quality .In this study, 580 clinical trial papers reported by 11 core clinical research hospitals in Japan were surveyed to examine the relation between quantity and quality of publications. Results showed no significant relation between the number of papers published by a hospital and the quality of those papers. Therefore, an evaluation of both the number and quality of published papers should be performed when assessing an institution\u2019s competence to execute clinical research based on their scientific publications.This study employed a quality assessment metric indicator  calculated based on the SIGAPS scoring system. SIGAPS was developed in 2002 at the French University Hospital, Lille (CHU) . The SIGIn this study, the only paper quality assessment measure used was the relative Journal IF score. However, other metrics must be considered. The citation index is one such candidate . HoweverWhen assessing the quality of medical publications, it is also necessary to account for their contribution to the development of treatment guidelines. Medical treatment guidelines are developed by field specialists, and they provide the latest evidence-based data on medical practices and procedures in the clinical setting. Areas covered ranged from disease pathophysiology to prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation, and guidelines in each of these areas contribute to improve quality standards of medical treatment. Medical treatment guidelines are important contributions to healthcare, and publications focusing them should be considered as high-quality, regardless of the journal\u2019s IF or citation index.The method for calculating relative Journal IF based on the SIGAPS scoring system that was developed in France is clear and technically acceptable in any country other than France, as described in the Methods section. However, there are issues regarding Journal IF that still need to be solved. One challenge is the adequate assessment of negative studies. For example, clinical researchers tend not to publish negative studies with small sample sizes. This could cause publication bias. Since negative studies with small sample sizes may have a very high social significance, there is a need to create a mechanism to appropriately incorporate the value of negative studies with small sample sizes in Journal IF.Although the focus of this study was paper quality assessment, it is equally important to develop objective metric indicators for quality assessment of clinical research itself. Months or years can go between completion of clinical studies and publication of their results. Therefore, in absence of a metric indicator for paper quality assessment, quality assessment of the ongoing or recently completed clinical study is not possible. Developing metric indicators to assess the quality of clinical research, and not only the quality of resulting publications, is therefore an unmet and urgent need. As the next step, an index should be added that can objectively evaluate the quality of the research process, including the number of patients enrolled, speed of enrollment, rate of satisfaction with enrollment, number of protocol deviations, and number of protocol amendments.The present study has several limitations, including undeniable social issues. The first limitation is the method used to calculate the relative Journal IF score. This method attributes a score by categorizing a paper based on the percentiles for its field, and a concern exists that the maximum and minimum Journal IF in the same percentile may be treated as the same score.The second limitation relates to policy differences for assessment of track records of research institutions, which constitutes an undeniable social issue. When assessing faculty track records, some research institutions may prioritize paper quality over the number of published papers, others may take the opposite approach, and others may even prioritize citations instead. Overcoming these inconsistencies will require the development of metric indicators combining number of papers and relative Journal IF scores with citation indexes or h-indexes in a well-balanced fashion.The third limitation is the impact of research fields considered, at certain times, as \u201cfashionable.\u201d This also constitutes an indisputable social issue. At different time periods, research in popular fields may register great advances, and government agencies and foundations tend to apply their budgets accordingly. Research institutions that can adapt to such trends are likely to experience an increase, both in the number of published papers, as in paper quality. Counteracting this trend-driven impact is difficult. For example, in the field of rare and incurable diseases, the Government of Japan\u2019s \u201cAct on Medical Care for Patients with Intractable Diseases,\u201d passed on May 23, 2014, promoted a reform and the establishment of a sustainable social insurance system. The law went into effect on January 1, 2015, using consumption taxes to create funding for healthcare subsidies and a stable healthcare subsidy system for patients with rare and incurable diseases . ResearcThe fourth limitation is management of protocol papers. Because the approval requirements for core clinical research hospitals include protocol papers, a total of 44 protocol papers have been included in this study . Although these have several benefits, such as deterring publishing bias, preventing similar research, and giving hope to patients regarding the possibility of new or innovative treatments, protocol papers are published at the start of research, prior to result generation. Therefore, their quality should be evaluated separately from that of result-generating publications. We performed additional analyses with the data, excluding the 44 protocol papers. The results revealed a trend similar to that of the overall results. However, an analysis of protocol publications alone was not performed this time because of the limited number available, which was 44.The fifth limitation is the evaluation of open access journals, which are known to have a higher citation impact than closed journals . Future Finally, the relation between paper quantity and quality was only assessed for interventional clinical trials in this study. To address this issue, a subsequent study targeting both interventional and observational studies is currently being planned.This study revealed that the quantity of papers published by an institution does not necessarily correspond to their quality. When assessing an institution\u2019s ability to execute clinical research, assessment of paper quality should be included alongside assessment of the number of published papers.ynishiza@juntendo.ac.jpThe datasets analyzed in this manuscript are not publicly available. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to Yuji Nishizaki, RU and YN designed this study in whole and drafted this manuscript. RU contributed to data collection. NaoY and SN contributed to statistical analysis. YH, SS, TO, SY, KM, NaoY, MN, KF, SN, YS, NatY, and PD provided advice on the interpretation of results. YN and HD provided a critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content and gave the final approval for the submitted manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.The study was supported by a grant from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) under Grant Number JP181k1903001 from April 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "This article presents the raw data in relation to the status of, and the distribution of, the 41 marine algal species occurring around and within the An Thoi coral reef strictly protected zone, Phu Quoc Marine Protected Area. The data, which were collected in May 2017, include the detailed description of the locations, the oceanographical conditions, and the photographs of the 41 marine algal species. For more insight, please see \u201cMarine algal species and marine protected area management: A case study in Phu Quoc, Kien Giang, Vietnam\u201d Huynh and Nguyen, 2019. A total"}
{"text": "The data was obtained to present the environmental and occupational exposure to lead in Iranian populations based on the published articles. To acquire the data, online resources including Google Scholar, Magiran, SID, Iranmedex, PubMed, and Science Direct were searched and 104 articles were found out of which 70 that focused on the level of lead in blood, urine, milk, and hair of different Iranian populations were selected. Since the results of the studies were not homogenous, it was not possible to carry out a meta-analysis. The average blood lead level (BLL) among workers, ordinary people, patients with specific diseases, addicts, and pregnant women, women in labor, infants, and children are presented in this article. The average BLL was compared to the standards. Specifications TableValue of the data\u2022The data provides information on the level of lead exposure among different Iranian groups, and is important for scientific community.\u2022The data clarifies protective, managerial, and policy-making measures of the risks involved with lead exposure more than before.\u2022The data can be useful as it collects all the available information about the blood lead level amount Iranians.12The data is based on the articles that were sporadically carried out on certain groups and different cities and published in domestic and foreign journals. The articles were selected from different databases including Google Scholar, Magiran, SID, Iranmedex, PubMed, and Science Direct. While searching the articles, keywords like lead, occupational exposure to lead, lead measuring, human lead contamination, BLL, blood lead level, lead poisoning, lead toxicity, lead exposure were used and their Persian equivalents in Persian websites. All articles published by March 20, 2014 were included. First, all articles on lead exposure carried out in Iran were collected. At this stage, all articles that contained the mentioned keywords in their title or abstract were included in the primary list. Afterwards, a checklist of necessary study information, including study location, study year, sample environment, sample size, and average blood lead level (BLL), was prepared for final evaluation. Searching and extracting of the data was independently carried out by one person. A total of 104 articles that were available by March 20, 2014 were examined. Out of the 104 articles, 70 that were referable were taken used workers, ordinary people, patients with specific diseases, addicts, and pregnant women, women in labor, infants, and children."}
{"text": "The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper :The 5th author, Steven C. Katz was affiliated with the Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA. The authors would like to add the following 4th affiliation to Steven C. Katz: \u201cRoger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, USA\u201d The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused to the readers by these changes."}
{"text": "In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 9. Instead of \u201cUF de Neurobiologie, Centre Biologie Pathologie du CHU-Lille, Lille, France,\u201d it should be \u201cUniv Lille, Inserm, UMRS 1172, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France.\u201dAdditionally, St\u00e9phanie Bombois was not included as an author in the published article. The corrected Author Contributions Statement appears below.\u201cED, DG, AG, CB, BA, and SL performed measurements and collected data. J-SV performed statistical analysis. FP, LB, SS-M, A-SR, OH, and JE supervised the study. SB collected data revised the manuscript; Final approval of the version to be published; and is an Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.\u201dThe authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "Tctively) , and ranve for A ,7. As thve for A ,6,7, andve for A ,13,14,152NH-  moieties, which can participate in multiple interactions with metal ions, amino acid residues, DNA or RNA moieties present in various biomolecules acting as drug targets [Indeed, the sulfonamides constitute an important class of drugs, with many types of pharmacological agents possessing antibacterial , anti-ca targets ,28,29,30 targets ,24,25,26Molecules is in fact a nice example of this multitude of possible applications of the sulfonamides, with the wide range of targets to which they bind, diverse synthetic procedures and pharmacological applications, some of which highly innovative, for many representatives of this interesting class of pharmacologic agents. The first contribution is a nice review article [The following special issue of  article  from Sil article .Mycobacterium species, such as M. avium, M. kansassii, some of them showing remarkable activity [Considering the fact that the sulfonamides were the first antibacterials ,32, due activity .Burkholderia pseudomallei, and the inhibition of these enzymes with a range of more than 40 sulfonamides and sulfamates. Indeed, due to the relevant problem of drug resistance to commonly used antibiotics, the inhibition of CAs from pathogenic organisms started to be considered as an alternative, innovative approach for finding new such pharmacologic agents [The next three papers in the special issue ,38,39 dec agents .The next paper  presents2NH2) which incorporate a 1-benzhydrylpiperazine tail, connected to the sulfonamide scaffolf by means of \u03b2-alanyl or nipecotyl spacers was reported and investigated for the inhibition of CAs of human (h) origin, such as hCA I, II, IV and IX. Some of these isoforms are established drug targets, but many sulfonamide or sulfamide inhibitors show little selectivity when inhibiting them. Some of the new sulfamides reported in this paper did show some selective inhibitory profile, mainly against hCA I, which has been rationalized by using computational methods [In the paper by Berrino et al.  a new se methods .The next paper in the special issue  investigMarciniec et al.  present In the paper by Lin et al.  sulfadiaIn conclusion, the present special issue presents an interesting collection of high quality papers which underline the many potential applications of the simple, sulfonamide structural motif, a highly used, almost magic moiety in the tool kit of medicinal chemists."}
{"text": "Molecules. Two inadvertent errors were found from Table 2 footnotes section:The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper published in Footnote k states that \u201ck = Tripeptide containing Arg, Glu and Val; or Arg, Asp and Leu or Ile; or Gln, Gln and Lys or a tetrapeptide containing Ala, Ala, Asp and Lys; or Ala, Gln, Gly and Lys or a pentapeptide containing Ala, Ala, Gly, Gly and Lys\u201d. However, it should be \u201ck = Tripeptide containing Arg, Glu and Val; or Arg, Asp and Leu or Ile; or Gln, Gln and Lys or a tetrapeptide containing Ala, Ala, Asn and Lys; or Ala, Gln, Gly and Lys or a pentapeptide containing Ala, Ala, Gly, Gly and Lys\u201d.Footnote n states that \u201cn = Tripeptide containing Ala, Glu and Val; or Glu, Glu and Leu or Ile; or Pro, Thr and Thr; or Ala, Asp and Leu or Ile; or an acetylated tripeptide containing Gly, Ser and Leu and Ile; or Gly, Thr and Val; or the methyl ester of a tripeptide containing Ala, Asp and Val or Asp, Gly and Leu or Ile\u201d. However, it should be \u201cn = Tripeptide containing Ala, Glu and Val; or Glu, Gly and Leu or Ile; or Pro, Thr and Thr; or Ala, Asp and Leu or Ile; or an acetylated tripeptide containing Gly, Ser and Leu or Ile; or Gly, Thr and Val; or the methyl ester of a tripeptide containing Ala, Asp and Val or Asp, Gly and Leu or Ile\u201d.These changes have no material impact on the conclusions of our paper. We apologize for any inconvenience to our readers."}
{"text": "An introduction to a series of essays honoring Erich Meyerhoff (1919\u20132015), AHIP, FMLA, who was active in and contributed to the Medical Library Association for generations. Journal of the Medical Library Association (JMLA), to catch a glimpse of him and understand why he is honored with a festschrift sponsored by the Fellows of the Medical Library Association (MLA).A few times in each generation, we count ourselves fortunate if we have had the opportunity to know an extraordinary individual. Such an individual was Erich Meyerhoff, AHIP, FMLA (1919\u20132015), who marked his time not simply by living a very long life, but by doing, creating, enabling, and inspiring those around him. He had a passion for his profession and the individuals who made up that profession. Those of us who were not fortunate to know him personally now have the opportunity, through the series of essays published in this issue of the JMLA, provided an overview of his career and, most notably, comments from his peers [Erich was active in and contributed to MLA for generations. His legacy is one of unparalleled support for and encouragement of MLA and its members. His obituary, published in is peers . DescripThe series of essays in this festschrift provides a snapshot of an extraordinary individual who exemplified professionalism and an abiding faith in social justice and the possibilities of what an organization such as MLA could achieve in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. This festschrift is meant not only to honor Erich, but to provide an example of a professional life well lived for current and future members of MLA. His activities and accomplishments were recognized by MLA through the Marcia C. Noyes Award, the Janet Doe Lectureship, and MLA Fellowship, but there was much more to Erich than these important awards or his longevity.In their essay, \u201cErich Meyerhoff: A Man for All Medical Librarians,\u201d Judith Messerle, AHIP, FMLA, and Lucretia W. McClure, AHIP, FMLA, provide a sketch of his life, education, career, and accomplishments, which spanned many significant developments in health sciences librarianship . They noUnion Catalog of Medical Periodicals and lasted as a resource center and service bureau from 1960 to 2003.Patricia E. Gallagher, AHIP, FMLA, traces the development of the Medical Library Center of New York in her essay, \u201cLibrary Resource Sharing and the Medical Library Center of New York\u201d . The cenElaine Russo Martin, FMLA, defines and reviews democratic librarianship in her essay, \u201cDemocratic Librarianship: The Role of the Medical Library in Promoting Democracy and Social Justice\u201d . ThroughWayne J. Peay, FMLA, and Helen-Ann Brown Epstein, AHIP, FMLA, update the now historic tenth Janet Doe Lecture, which Erich presented in 1977, in their essay, \u201cThe Tenth Doe Lecture: A Forty-Year Perspective: Still Relevant after All These Years\u201d . The lecFinally, Stephen J. Greenberg, AHIP, provides a window into the world of historical writing and how it changed over the course of Erich\u2019s life in his essay, \u201cMedical History: As It Was; As It Will Be\u201d . GreenbeThis series of essays honoring Erich Meyerhoff grew out of discussions of the MLA Fellows group during their annual meeting in conjunction with the MLA annual meeting. A small task force was established to define topics for the festschrift essays and engage authors. I thank the members of the Meyerhoff Task Force: Helen-Ann Brown Epstein, AHIP, FMLA, Patricia E. Gallagher, AHIP, FMLA, Stephen J. Greenberg, AHIP, J. Michael Homan, AHIP, FMLA (chair), and Lucretia W. McClure, AHIP, FMLA.J. Michael Homan, AHIP, FMLA,homan@mayo.edu, Emeritus Director of Libraries, Assistant Professor of Biomedical Informatics, and Emeritus Consultant, Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN"}
{"text": "This popular annual session will provide cutting-edge information on what the 116th Congress has and has not accomplished to date, and what may be left for this year. Speakers will discuss key issues such as Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, and the Older Americans Act, caregiving, the National Institutes of Health. Hill staffers, advocates, and lobbyists will present."}
{"text": "There is an error in the affiliation of author Halina Wi\u015bniewska. The affiliation should be: Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pozna\u0144, Wielkopolskie Voivodeship, Poland."}
{"text": "The article titled \u201cThe Past, Present, and Future of Public Health Surveillance\u201d  was founCastillo-Salgado , which iDeclich and Carter , which iTeutsch and Churchill , which iFreeman et al. , which iBrachman and Thacker , which iMcNabb et al. , which iJohnson and Heymann , which iWork by other authors:Choi , which iChoi and Pak , which iAuthors' own work:"}
{"text": "On the basis of pooled data from studies of theNational Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (1995-2012), it is estimated that within oneyear after a first myocardial infarction, 18% of males and 23% of females will die, andthe median survival time is, at \u2265 45 years of age, 8.2 years for males and 5.5for females.3 The underestimation ofcardiovascular risk among women frequently resulted in a more conservative treatment andcontributed to poorer outcomes.4 In thelast decade, several studies have assessed the issue of gender disparities in thediagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of acute coronary syndromes (ACS).2,4 In this context, the study by Soeiro et al.5 contributes to the understanding of thisissue by presenting data from a Brazilian registry of ACS.Coronary artery disease (CAD) was considered, for years, a \"male disease\u201d, a concept thatinfluenced diagnostic and clinical decision-making processes.In this multicenter registry, the primary endpoint was in-hospital, all-cause mortality,and the secondary endpoint was the combination of cardiogenic shock, death,reinfarction, ischemic stroke and bleeding during a mean follow-up of 8 months. Justlike any registry, it has limitations, such as the absence of data on other diseaseslike cancer, as well as on the differences in post-discharge management, adherence totreatment, among others, all which might influence survival in any group. Nonetheless,it has a large number of patients  and may offer aninteresting view of the Brazilian scenario of gender differences in ACS.6Unfortunately, data on symptoms at presentation are not available. It is known that, inACS, women are less likely to present with classical angina symptoms, which may lead tounder and/or misdiagnoses in women, and in turn may explain the worse outcomes,particularly in younger women.6,7Accordingly, in the present study, it was noteworthy that percutaneous coronaryinterventions and coronary artery bypass grafting were more frequently performed in menthan in women.Of note, at presentation, women less often had ST-elevation and multivessel CAD than men,but were older and more frequently diabetic, dyslipidemic and hypertensive. These dataare in line with other studies.4,8 On the other hand, similar short-termoutcomes in men and women have also been reported,9 especially after adjustment for clinical differences and theseverity of angiographic disease.10Gaui et al,11 in an analysis ofBrazilian death certificates from 2004 to 2011, reported higher proportional mortalitydue to acute ischemic heart disease in women from the Northeastern region, aged 40-49years, than in men, despite overall lower proportional mortality. Globally, thisdemonstrates that the outcomes of ACS in women are at least equivalent to those of men,if not worse.Regarding outcomes, there were no significant differences between men and women. Thiscontrasts to other studies in which women had worse outcome after ACS, what has beenattributed, among other factors, to older age or the presence of more comorbidities inwomen.The longstanding \u201cknowledge gap\u201d on CAD in women, both on the part of physicians and ofpatients, has created inequalities in healthcare access and processes. However,fortunately, our understanding of gender-specific differences in the initialpresentation, pathophysiology, treatment effectiveness, and clinical outcomes havechanged. The currently presented data are important to underscore the need to increaseknowledge about the importance of CAD in women, so that possible gender biases may beeffectively avoided, and better results obtained for the cardiovascular health ofwomen."}
{"text": "Sociedade Brasileira de Urolog\u00eda (SBU)) was founded in 1926 and in 1974 was launched the Brazilian Journal of Urology , a journal dedicated to publish the research from the Brazilian Urological community.The Brazilian Society of Urology , now a journal to where 2130 authors of 542 institutions from 62 countries have submitted 891 papers in the last 12 months.IBJU is an unique journal because it is an open-access journal which does not charge any fee for submission and/or publication; it is produced inside SBU headquarters and every expenses are supported by the society. Furthermore, it is possible to Brazilian and other Portuguese-speaking urologists to submit their papers in Portuguese and, once approved after peer-review, get a free English version..Luciano A. Favorito, MD, PhD was chosen to be the next Editor-In-Chief and we have been working together in the last two issues.I was elected as Editor-in-Chief in 2012 and this is my last issue since my term will end next December. Last August, 2019, It has been an honor to serve SBU and to conduct this very prestigious journal. It has been a great experience. During the last eight years IBJU's impact factor has risen, the review time has decreased significantly and the journal has attracted higher quality papers.Morais, Bruno A. Nogueira and Patricia Gomes.Editorial process is a team work and I need to thank the support of the successive SBU Board of Directors, to my Associate Editors and to the group responsible for our journal production: Ricardo de Finally, neither peer-review journal is produced without the reviewers; in 2019, 1536 reviewers helped us voluntarily to make an even better journal. As my last act I would like to announce the five most effective reviewers of 2019, based in their review quality, number and time length of review:Alexandre Danilovic, MD, Departamento de Urologia, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, SP, Sao Paulo, Brasil; David Hernandez, MD, Department of Urology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Elcio Dias Silva, MD, Cl\u00ednica Dr. \u00c9lcio Dias Silva, Campinas, SP, Brasil; Hubert Swana, MD, Pediatric Urology, Nemours Children's Hospital Orlando, Orlando, FL, USA; Trushar Patel, MD, Department of Urology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.See you."}
{"text": "Claude Martin, born in Boulogne-Billancourt, France, in 1949, died at North Hospital, Marseilles, France, on September 2, 2019. Claude qualified from the Marseille School of Medicine in 1979 and was appointed Professor of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care at South Hospital, Marseilles, in 1989. From 1992 to 2015, he chaired the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care of the North Hospital, Marseilles. His life was dedicated to patient care, demanding the best for all patients admitted to our institution, allowing no concessions in terms of the services provided.Claude was an outstanding researcher, publishing his first peer-reviewed paper in 1987 , 3. He aCritical Care.Claude was a former president of the French Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, as well as other national organizations. He was member of several international societies, chairing different sections and leading various projects within his fields of interest. He served as an editor for many journals, notably Outside his distinguished medical career, Claude was passionate about comics, rock music, and culture. His favorite pastime was traveling. He was a model of kindness, humanity, and humor and, despite repeated and ongoing health care problems, always continued his activities with a smile. He will be remembered by us all for his gentle elegance even in times of difficulty. During his final hours, Claude Martin was surrounded by his wonderful family."}
{"text": "It is vital to capture and analyze, from various sources in smart cities, the data that are beneficial in urban planning and decision making for governments and individuals. Urban policy makers can find a suitable solution for urban development by using the opportunities and capacities of big data, and by combining different heterogeneous data resources in smart cities. This paper presents data related to urban computing with an aim of assessing the knowledge that can be obtained through integration of multiple independent data sources in Smart Cities. The data contains multiple sources in the city of Aarhus, Denmark from August 1, 2014 to September 30, 2014. The sources include land use, waterways, water barriers, buildings, roads, amenities, POI, weather, traffic, pollution, and parking lot data. The published data in this paper is an extended version of the City Pulse project data to which additional data sources collected from online sources have been added. The data covers multiple sources in the city of Aarhus, Denmark. The sources are divided into two categories: static and dynamic. Static data sources present data related to land use, waterways, water barriers, buildings, roads, amenities, and POI. Dynamic data sources present weather, traffic, pollution, and parking lot data during the intended period. The association and structure of some data sources of the data are illustrated in The published data in this paper is an extended version of the City Pulse project data 22.1The study period was from August 1, 2014 to September 30, 2014, and took place at Aarhus, Denmark. Aarhus covers an area of 91 square kilometers and has a population of approximately 270,000 inhabitants. Some data sources, such as weather, land use, waterways, water barriers, buildings, roads, amenities, and POI were extracted, collected, and preprocessed from online sources. Moreover, the concentration of various pollutants, parking lots, as well as road traffic data, were taken from the City Pulse project using 217 sensors located in the city. 2.2To study and evaluate the system performance most researches related to urban computing applied a map splitting method and partitioned the evaluating data into segments according to fixed size grids or variable size regions. For the aim of this study, we follow such methods and published the data in this way. Therefore, the city is divided into segments according to one square meter grids and major roads. When the city is divided into one square meter grids, there are 620 grids that cover the whole city."}
{"text": "Scorpions are one of the most important venomous animals in Iran. Their sting has more prevalence in the south and southwest areas. The aim of this study was to introduce their sting agent species in the country.Data were extracted by a mini review on scorpion stinging articles in Iran until early 2018 and then the sting agent species in each area were studied. Geographical and provincial distribution of each species also was provided.Hemiscorpius lepturus, H. acanthocercus and Androctonus crassicauda. Remaining species have not deadly sting but because of their frequency, they encounter the individuals and cause the stinging.Twelve scorpion species are causative agents of sting. According to their deadly rate and clinical symptoms, some of them are considered the most dangerous venomous animals in Iran. Some death cases have been reported because of the sting of 3 species of The highest number of sting agents is in Khuzestan, however Gilan and Mazandaran have the lowest frequency. Because of the high prevalence of sting agent species in that province, the necessity of providing control and prevention programs is very important. Scorpion stinging has been reported in most of the warm areas of the world. These animals belong to the Arthropoda. Scorpion\u2019s geographic distribution is all over the world and the latitude between equator North 50 degree and south 52 degree  but evenIn Iran, the species which sting humans are more opportunist in terms of habitat selection. They use ready spaces and gaps provided in the buildings because of using traditional building materials. This arthropod starts its activities at night and uses its venomous sting to defend or hunt insects to feed. The habitat of most of them is desert and non-residential places \u201314. SincScorpions are dangerous for humans because of having toxic and deadly sting and for this reason they are medically important so that according to the available statistics, they have the highest human casualties by venomous arthropod in the world , 18. TilSince many species live in Iran but sting of all of them has not been reported, the purpose of this study is introducing the sting agent species and determining their province distribution during the past 50 years in Iran.In this review article, keywords like scorpion, sting agents, dangerous species, provincial distribution, Iran, identification, studies, family and species were used in the sites related to valid medical and health journals, searching in databases like Web of Science, Ovid, PubMed, Systematic Review, SID, Iran Medex, Scirus, Google Scholar and Medline to have access to the articles during 1977 until early 2018. The including criteria for entry in this study articles were as follows, the first all Iranian articles about animal bites were searched. In the next step, they study focused on venomous animal bites and stings. Then the sting agents among of the scorpions were noticed, and then all articles of the scorpion sting agents in the past decades till now have been noticed. Overall, 150 sources were found, but only 75 of these considering the purpose of the study; i.e., report of the sting agent and concentration of study on Iran, 73 sources were surveyed. In addition to the survey of these studies, their application in Iran was done. Then the gained results were provided in tables, graph and figure.Up to now, three scorpion families have been reported in Iran. The sting agent scorpions in Iran include two families of Buthidae and Hemiscorpiidae. They have 12 species from the 8 genus which 10 species belong to Buthidae family and 2 species belong to Hemiscorpiidae family. More than 83.5% of the identified sting agent species in Iran belong to Buthidae family and 16.5% belong to Hemiscorpiidae family , 32, 33.Mesobuthus eupeus are in Ardabil, Kerman, Isfahan, Markazi, Mazandaran, Sistan and Baluchistan, Yazd, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Semnan, Fars, Khuzestan, Hormozgan, Golestan, Tehran, Kordistan, Kermanshah, Ilam, west Azarbaijan, Khorasan Razavi and Khorasan Jonoobi. Then, Compsobuthus matthiesseni in Bushehr, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Fars, Hamadan, Kerman, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Kordistan, Lorestan, Markazi, Qom, Khuzestan, Hormozgan, Khorasan, Kermanshah, Ilam, west Azarbaijan and Isfahan, Hottentotta saulcyi in Lorestan, Hamadan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Khuzestan, west Azarbaijan, Kermanshah, Hormozgan, Ilam, Sistan and Balochistan, Kordestan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Fars, Isfahan, Kerman and Ardabil, Odontobuthus doriae in Hormozgan, Kerman, Yazd, Isfahan, Markazi, Ghazvin, Tehran, Alborz, Semnan, west Azerbaijan, Kermanshah, Busher, Hamedan, Hormozgan, Hemiscorpius lepturus in Khuzestan, Semnan, Fars, Kordestan, Hormozgan, Bushehr, Ilam, Lorestan, Kermanshah, Isfahan, Hamedan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad and Kerman, Orthochirus scrobiculosus in Khuzestan, Hormozgan, Tehran, Sistan and Balochestan, Qom, Isfahan, median (Razavi) Khorasan, Khorasan Jonobi, Gilan, Semnan, Kermanshah, Ilam, Androctonus crassicauda in Bushehr, Semnan, Khuzestan, Ilam, west Azarbaijan, Kordestan, Khorasan Razavi, south Khorasan, Kermanshah, Kerman and Sistan and Balochistan, Mesobuthus or Olivierus caucasicus in west Azarbaijan, Sistan and Balochestan, Isfahan, south Khorasan, Tehran, Markazi and Semnan, Hottentotta jayakari in Qom, Hormozgan and Fars, Hottentotta schach in Fars and Khuzestan, Hemiscorpius acanthocercus in Hormozgan and Apistobuthus pterygocercus in Khuzestan have been reported, respectively 50 is meaHemiscorpius genus includes dangerous and deadly species in the Middle East especially Iran and Iraq and are classified as the most deadly scorpions of the world (The number of scorpion species has been rapidly increasing in the last 3 decades in the world \u201361. The he world \u201371. At phe world \u201375.At present, the most dangerous species of scorpions are in the South and Southwest of Iran. However, completing the data about the sting agent scorpions\u2019 species in Iran needs more efforts of young researchers. Meanwhile, the completion of data in the field of Iran\u2019s sting agent scorpion species and different aspects of it needs cooperation between the physicians of the venomous animal\u2019s sting therapy units and the entomologist in this field. More accurate studies will be done with the cooperation of specialists of different fields about the sting agent species and the clinical effects of each species. This work necessitates a complete research in the country with a similar method and in the provinces and cities. Still, the highest species diversity is seen in the South and Southwest provinces but the diversity of scorpions in the Northeast and Northwest of Iran is less than the Southwest. In high-risk cities and villages, we recommend to the authorities of emergency department of hospitals and treatment centers, to emphasis on having scorpion sting agent by victim companions, because it helps to accurately identify sting agent."}
{"text": "European Congress of NeuroRehabilitation 2019 was held between 9 and 12 October in Budapest and benefited from participation of many neurologists, neurosurgeons, IT specialists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, kinesiotherapists, logopedists, psychologists, medical assistants, psychiatrists, both from Romania and from abroad.Impairment, disability, handicap: So little done, so much to do\u201d.The central theme was \u201eSimilar to previous editions, the congress has maintained its international character, providing experts with a platform in all areas related to neurology and rehabilitation and hosting over 60 sessions with many international speakers -5.The Organizing Committee of the event included personalities such as: Dafin Muresanu \u2013 President, Volker Homberg \u2013 Program President, Leopold Saltuari, Giorgio Sandrini, Heinrich Biner and Karin Diserens.The event was organized in collaboration with the Bulgarian Society of NeuroRehabilitation, European Academy for Neurology, Romanian Society for Neuropsychological and Motor Rehabilitation, Romanian Society for NeuroRehabilitation, etc.theory and research, evidence based on effectiveness and safety, international validation of the obtained results. He also mentioned the need to develop guides in partnership with the societies in the field and to implement them in the EFNR member societies.In the opening of the congress, Prof. Dafin Muresanu, MD, PhD, approached the subject of changing the philosophy in neurorehabilitation, referring to the three basic pillars: The aim of the congress was to keep the dialogue open between the countries of Europe but also with colleagues in the field, from all over the world.As it is well known, the goal of all neurologists is continuous research, collaboration in order to avoid damage and disability because of brain and cardiovascular diseases, accidents and injuries or functional disorders.Among the novelties of the event were the following: interactive teaching day dedicated to young researchers who took part in the congress; \u201eAsk the expert!\u201d breakfast sessions, in which 10 professors offered their experience, advice and knowledge in two parallel 60-minutes morning sessions; career development, which implied the improvement of knowledge on how to organize a study, how to best write an academic paper, and also how to choose the career path; young experts\u2019 battle, in which young specialists, aged below 35 years, participated in debates that also involved the audience; best oral presentations, implied the presentation of the six best rated abstracts that were presented in 30-minutes lectures.Moreover, among the key topics of the congress were the following: \u201cImpairment vs. compensation oriented approaches in stroke \u2013 when to switch\u201d, \u201cNew vistas for education in neurorehabilitation in Europe\u201d, \u201cThe enigma of \u201cproportional recovery\u201d \u2013 impact for neurorehabilitation\u201d, \u201cInnovative strategies for neurorehabilitation trials\u201d, \u201cThe rationales of cognitive training strategies\u201d."}
{"text": "In this data article, a thorough dataset on patterns of electricity use in Nigerian public universities was presented. Three relatively old public universities with staff and students\u2019 halls of residences were purposively selected. The selected universities were Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife (OAU), Federal University of Technology, Akure (FUTA), and University of Ibadan (UI). Data were obtained through the administration of a structured questionnaire on electricity end users in the universities sampled. For the data collection, the electricity end users in public universities were stratified into users in university staff offices, staff residences, student residences, and commercial units. Electricity users were selected using systematic random sampling and accidental sampling techniques. In OAU, FUTA and UI, 217, 137 and 164 students, respectively were sampled; 30, 3, and 61 households in OAU, FUTA, and UI, respectively were sampled while 28, 6, and 18 commercial units in OAU, FUTA and UI, respectively were also sampled. The sample size determined for staff in OAU, FUTA and UI were 139, 81 and 182, respectively. The data obtained were analyzed using radar charts. The information provided in this data article will encourage investigation into electricity management strategies, critical success factors for electricity management, planning, and policy formulation towards the realization of sustainable campuses. Specification tableValue of the data\u2022The data will foster more empirical investigation for a better understanding of areas of improvement in electricity use \u2022The data provided in this article is useful for the development of electricity use models, energy audit, and energy management practices \u2022The data provided will assist the government and the management of public universities in result-oriented planning, budgeting, and decision-making \u2022The provision of this data will propel the achievement of the sustainable campus environment 1The patterns of electricity consumption were demonstrated from different perspectives , Fig. 8.2The quantitative technique was adopted. The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire. A multi-stage sampling technique was used for the data collection The populations of students occupying these hostels earlier determined were 1228, 1200 and 1618 for Moremi, Jadesola Akande and Awolowo halls, respectively; 2,032, 1142 and 956 for Awolowo, Peter Adeniyi and Independence halls, respectively, while there were 1072 , 400  and 700  in Murtala Muhammed, FUTA and Abdusalam Abubakar Postgraduate halls, respectively. One out of every twenty (5%) students were selected in each hall. In all, 217, 137 and 164 students were sampled in OAU, FUTA, and UI, respectively. The preliminary investigation also showed that in OAU, FUTA, and UI, there were 600, 50 and 1212 households, respectively in staff residential quarters while there were 552, 115 and 350 shops, respectively to constitute the sample frame for both staff housing units and business units. One out of every twenty (5%) households and shops were selected. Using this method, 30, 3 and 61 households in OAU, FUTA, and UI, respectively were sampled while 28, 6 and 18 business units in OAU, FUTA, and UI, respectively were also sampled. For staff offices, accidental sampling was used across academic, administrative and other cadres of staff in the three universities. The sample size determined for staff in OAU, FUTA and UI were 139, 81 and 182, respectively.The amount of electricity consumption was calculated from Eq."}
{"text": "After publication of this article, the authors became aware of an error in the quoted number of philosophical-belief vaccine nonmedical exemptions (NMEs) in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. The quoted number of 424 exemptions resulted from an inadvertent doubling of the correct number of 212. The authors apologize for this error. All the data and analyses in the paper have now been thoroughly checked, and we can verify that, while the error affected all entries in the Pennsylvania county-level dataset, no data from other states were affected. Therefore, the authors would like to correct the text and figures of the article as follows, to remove Allegheny County from the maps and rankings of areas with >400 kindergarteners with NMEs in 2016-2017. In addition to Allegheny County, NME rates for all counties in Pennsylvania have been corrected in There were also two minor errors in presentation that need to be corrected, regarding the list of states in the second summary point and an asterisk missing from The first sentence of the second Summary point should read \u201cSince 2009, the number of philosophical-belief vaccine nonmedical exemptions (NMEs) has risen in 12 of the 18 states that currently allow this policy: Arizona (AZ), Arkansas (AR), Idaho (ID), Maine (ME), Minnesota (MN), Missouri (MO), North Dakota (ND), Ohio (OH), Oklahoma (OK), Oregon (OR), Texas (TX), and Utah (UT).\u201dWe would also like to amend the third Summary point, to substitute the names of the counties from which data were derived for the names of cities within those counties. The first sentence of the third Summary point should read \u201cSeveral US \u201chotspot\u201d metropolitan areas stand out for their very large numbers of NMEs. They include King County, WA, Spokane County, WA, and Multnomah County, OR, in the Northwest; Maricopa County, AZ, Salt Lake County, UT, Utah County, UT, Harris County, TX, Tarrant County, TX, Collin County, TX, and Travis County, TX, in the Southwest; and Oakland County, MI, Macomb County, MI, Wayne County, MI, and Jackson County, MO, in the Midwest.\u201dThe third paragraph of the section subtitled \u201cGoing granular\u201d should read \u201cFurthermore, we examined total numbers of kindergarteners with NMEs per county to identify focal areas with large numbers of potentially vulnerable pediatric populations. County NME totals were also provided by state health departments. The exception is MO, whose private kindergarten (2015\u20132016) and public kindergarten (2014\u20132015) enrollment numbers were taken together from the National Center for Education Statistics (nces.ed.gov) to derive NME raw counts. Shown in In The penultimate line in the second paragraph of the Discussion should be \u201cOur analysis identified the following hotspot metropolitan areas: Seattle, WA, Spokane, WA, and Portland, OR in the Northwest; Phoenix, AZ, Salt Lake City, UT, Provo, UT, Houston, TX, Fort Worth, TX, Plano, TX, and Austin, TX in the Southwest; Troy, MI, Warren, MI, Detroit, MI, and Kansas City, MO in the Midwest.\u201dThe Acknowledgments should read: We would like to acknowledge the following state health departments that provided us with data wherever possible: AR Department of Health, ID Department of Health and Welfare, LA Department of Health, MO Department of Health and Senior Services, ND Department of Health, OR Health Authority, TX Department of State Health Services, UT Department of Health, and WI Department of Health Services."}
{"text": "Peterson discusses five principles  that are used in the ethics of technology.He analyzes these principles by means of the mathematical theory of Voronoi regions. The concept of a Voronoi region is a simple but intuitively appealing one. Given a finite set of distinct, isolated points in a continuous space, we associate all locations in that space with the closest member of the point set. The result is a partitioning of the space into a set of Voronoi regions. The mathematical theory of Voronoi regions has successfully been applied in many areas, including philosophy . Its application to the ethics of technology seems new.However, Peterson\u2019s book raises several problems.https://www.virtuescience.com/the-virtues.html, namely, acceptance, accountability, ambition, assertiveness, beauty, benevolence, bravery, caring, charity, chastity, caution, cleanliness, commitment, compassion, confidence, consideration, contentment, cooperation, courage, courtesy, creativity, curiosity, defiance, dependability, detachment, determination, devotion, diligence, discernment, discretion, discipline, eloquence, empathy, enthusiasm, excellence, faith, faithfulness, flexibility, focus, forbearance, forgiveness, fortitude, friendliness, frugality, generosity, gentleness, grace, gratitude, helpfulness, honesty, honor, hope, humbleness, humility, humor, idealism, integrity, impartiality, industry, innocence, joyfulness, justice, kindness, knowledge, liberality, love, loyalty, magnanimity, majesty, meekness, mercy, moderation, modesty, obedience, openness, orderliness, patience, peace, perseverance, persistence, piety, prudence, punctuality, purity, purposefulness, reliability, resoluteness, resourcefulness, respect, responsibility, restraint, reverence, righteousness, selflessness, self-sacrifice, service, sensitivity, silence, simplicity, sincerity, sobriety, spontaneity, steadfastness, strength, tact, temperance, thankfulness, thrift, tolerance, toughness, tranquility, trust, trustworthiness, truthfulness, understanding, unity, vitality, wisdom, wonder and zeal?First, in his book, \u201cclosest\u201d means \u201cmost similar in a moral sense.\u201d But how is \u201cmost similar in a moral sense\u201d to be understood? As most similar with respect to what? As most similar with respect to catastrophic consequences? As most similar with respect to fairness? Or as most similar with respect to one of the traditional virtues mentioned at Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, 2017.10.30):Without pre-specified moral-similarity dimensions, each agent likely employs her own implicit dimension(s) to answer Peterson\u2019s moral-similarity request. Thus for the same two cases, one agent might estimate \u201cmoral similarity\u201d with respect to catastrophic consequences, while another might estimate similarity with respect to fairness. If so, Peterson has a common moral-similarity label, but no common concept.Second, Peterson\u2019s geometric construal of domain-specific principles is unclear. He writes (p.\u00a019):We start with intuitions about a set of nonparadigmatic cases we feel reasonably certain about. The next step is to identify the principles that best account for our intuitions about these cases. Once we have done so, we determine the location of the paradigm cases for these principles ex-post by calculating the mean coordinates of the nonparadigmatic cases we started with.But he then goes on as follows (p.\u00a019):Step 1C in which there is no or negligible doubt about what ought to be done and why.Identify a nonempty set of paradigm cases Step 2c in C, identify the principle p that best accounts for the moral analysis of c. Let P be the set of all such principles.For each case Step 3C, with respect to how similar they are to each other.Compare all cases, including those not included in Step 4p in P. Each cell of the Voronoi tessellation represents the case covered by p, and it is thus the degree of similarity to nearby paradigm cases that determines what it is right or wrong to do in each and every case.Make a Voronoi tessellation in which each seed point is a paradigm case for some principle To reconcile these two quotes, \u201cnonparadigmatic\u201d in the first quote should be replaced by \u201cparadigmatic.\u201dAs Kristin Shrader\u2013Frechette writes (five principles? If five principles partition the moral space into a set of Voronoi regions, then four or six obviously do as well. Why these five principles? Why is the maximin principle, for example, not included? Why does Peterson not use some familiar statistical technique, such as factor analysis or principal component analysis, to find out which principles matter?Third, Peterson repeatedly claims that his five principles \u201care necessary and jointly sufficient for analyzing ethical issues related to new and existing technologies,\u201d but he offers no proof of this claim. Why https://www.virtuescience.com/the-virtues.html shows that they are neither necessary nor sufficient. If somebody left out a principle or added one, then Peterson\u2019s geometric construal would still work, so nothing depends on his claim.To me, Peterson\u2019s five principles seem no more than a list of topics that are currently fashionable in the ethics of engineering and that are well-known to students of that field. The list of virtues mentioned at"}
{"text": "The Medical Library Association (MLA) held its 119th annual meeting in Chicago, Illinois, May 3\u20138, 2019, at the Hyatt Regency Chicago. The meeting theme was \u201cElevate.\u201d Total attendance for the meeting was 1,661, with 228 participating in continuing education courses. Additional meeting content\u2014including the meeting program and various electronic presentations from the business meetings, plenary sessions, poster sessions, and program sessions\u2014can be accessed by all meeting registrants via the MLA \u201819 website.Executive Director Kevin Baliozian welcomed attendees and then introduced MLA President Beverly Murphy AHIP, FMLA. President Murphy welcomed attendees to the 2019 annual meeting.President Murphy then introduced Merle Rosenzweig, who welcomed attendees on behalf of the Midwest Chapter.Merle Rosenzweig: I want to thank Beverly again. And she has been practicing my last name for a long time, and she did it! So, to everyone here, all the MLA members, the Midwest Chapter of the Medical Library Association welcomes you to the 2019 annual meeting. The chapter was founded in 1950 and includes the great states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, Ohio, and Wisconsin.A little history of the chapter: During the World War II years, MLA could not have its meetings, and some of the regional groups continued to have their meetings. When Janet Doe was president, a committee was formed to set up guidelines for regional groups, and the committee was chaired by Margueriete Prime. And anyone who knows Margueriete Prime has been here longer than I have. And they recommended the establishment of regional groups and presented a set of guidelines to be observed.So, with our annual meeting of the Midwest Chapter, we stimulate and foster an interest in health sciences libraries and librarianship, and acquaint persons interested in health sciences libraries and librarianship with MLA. All of the chapters are part of MLA, obviously, and we do promote MLA.The Midwest Chapter hopes that you have a very productive meeting here in Chicago in 2019 and have the opportunity to see some of the sights, sounds, and food that Chicago has to offer.Applause.]So that is my short speech, and now it\u2019s my pleasure to introduce a group of very creative people who made this great meeting here in Chicago possible. They will come on stage now. Dale Prince: On this first day of Ramadan\u2014and Mellanye Lackey: But you can Google them.Dale Prince: Librarians. So we\u2019ve borrowed this for our theme, Elevate. It\u2019s awe-inspiring. It\u2019s about movement, just like libraries, librarianship, and librarians. And like the L, we hope the programming of this year\u2019s meeting will elevate you and take you to places you want to be.Mellanye Lackey: Some of the new things in this year\u2019s meeting include an option to list your chosen pronouns during registration and have them printed on your badge; immersion sessions with surveys to collect immediate feedback; this year\u2019s service project, Sit, Stay, Read, which brings human and dog volunteers into low-income Chicago public schools to advance children\u2019s literacy. MLA members, you all have already contributed $500 to buy books for kids to read to dogs. Thank you for your generosity. Visit their booth today from 1:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m. and tomorrow from noon to 2:00 p.m. at the escalator above the exhibit hall, right by registration, to see more of the adorable dogs and to learn more about their work.Applause.]Dale and I would also like to recognize members of the NPC who have put in countless hours of service to MLA to make this meeting a success. They have worked so hard to create an excellent program to inspire us and to elevate us. If the members of the NPC could please rise and be recognized. Rosie Hannneke: We\u2019re so glad you made it to Chicago to elevate with us. We hope you will enjoy our beautiful and vibrant city while you\u2019re here. From museums and shopping to dining to simply taking in the sights and sounds of the Loop, there are so many ways for you to spend your free time both here, downtown, and farther afield. And those of you who were lucky enough to get tickets to Deb Werner: Stop by the hospitality desk just outside the ballroom for more information about the Windy City. We\u2019ve got directions, whether you\u2019re going near or far, from maps of the pedway in this hotel to public transportation information if you\u2019d like to explore one of Chicago\u2019s seventy-seven unique neighborhoods. Be sure to pick up a bingo card courtesy of Sola Whitehead and Chris Shaffer, AHIP, and use it to meet new people.This year, in partnership with many MLA chapters, we included dine-arounds on Friday and some on Monday as well, so if you attended one of these chapter dinners or happy hours, please let us know what you think of this addition.Rosie Hanneke: We\u2019d like to thank the LAC subcommittee chairs who worked behind the scenes to make this meeting a success. We\u2019d also like to thank everyone else who volunteered their time to stuff meeting bags, host dine-arounds, staff the hospitality desk or career placement center, or help in any other way\u2014all important and needed contributions. If you\u2019re a subcommittee chair or volunteered in any capacity for the LAC, could you please stand so we can give you a hand. [Applause.]Applause.]Deb Werner: Thank you, everyone, and welcome, all of you, to Chicago, have a great meeting, and we\u2019re so glad you\u2019re here. Thank you.  We adapted, we transformed, and led, and it just got better from there.We have all moved from where we were last year to another space in time. So, what did I do in elevating my platform this past year? My presidential year actually started in May 2018 at the annual meeting in Atlanta\u2014the home of Coke, grits, pie, and fried foods\u2014when I was inaugurated as the first African-American president of our beloved association. Since there are more chapters than I could possibly attend, I give a big thanks to my cohorts and partners. Past President Epstein presented at the Hawaii-Pacific Chapter, New York-New Jersey Chapter, and Pacific Northwest Chapter. President-Elect Julia Esparza, AHIP, presented at the North Atlantic Health Sciences Libraries (NAHSL) in New Hampshire and was a librarian on a mission at the South Central Chapter in San Antonio, Texas. Treasurer-Elect Shannon D. Jones, AHIP, experienced the magic in Orlando, Flortida, with the Southern Chapter. And Marie T. Ascher presented at the Philadelphia Regional Chapter and crossed borders and broke boundaries at Upstate New York and Ontario Chapter (UNYOC) in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada. [Applause.]In June, I will be part of a panel at the Northern California and Nevada Medical Library Group and the Medical Library Group of Southern California and Arizona joint meeting on critical health sciences librarianship examining our role in social justice. So, remember, over the next year, remain calm, remain open, remain flexible, and remain positive. Leverage what you know, recognize what you don\u2019t know, and fill in the gaps with chocolate. [Applause.] My posse\u2014you all know who you are\u2014the medical center library and archive staff, which is where I work. Thank you so much. MLA headquarters staff, we couldn\u2019t do it without you. You\u2019re just fantastic people to work with, and I\u2019ve worked with you a very long time, and you just get better every year, so thank you.So, in addition to thanking my mentors, there are many others to thank, but I\u2019d like to recognize a few now. My sugar, honey, darling, baby, sweetheart, Jerome Ballew. He is here today. Jerome, raise your hand. Thank you.  Thanks, everyone.So, last year, we anticipated a revenue of $1,837, but we actually finished with $15,315. That, I\u2019m told, is a 12% increase in actual revenue; $14,000 above budget.  I\u2019ll leave you guys with an image of Cujo ordering things from Amazon, and Cooper just living his best life. I hope that Shannon Jones includes lots of pictures of Cooper in the future in our slides. Thank you, everyone. [Applause.]So, that\u2019s the end of my treasurer\u2019s report. Kevin Baliozian: Thank you very much, Beverly Murphy. Shannon Jones and I already have one major connection. I have a dog called Cooper, so it\u2019s very exciting. Now, every time you see the boxes go up, I\u2019d like you to say, \u201cElevate,\u201d because this is the next few slides. Member engagement: there will be a few slides on this. This is a really exciting story here. We have 627 of you members participating in MLA committees and juries. That does not count section roles, special interest group (SIG) roles, chapter roles. That\u2019s 24% of the association just in committees, task forces, and juries. That\u2019s phenomenal. [To Beverly Murphy:] You said so many times, if you don\u2019t apply, you can\u2019t get on a committee. And how many times did you say this?And the graph below is the number of people applying to be volunteers, and look at this: from 167 to 272. So, yes, our membership has gone down during that time, and the number of you engaged has gone up. This is phenomenal, and you are a big part of it.  Thank you very much.That\u2019s it.  I am sure almost everyone has at some point seen a roll of pennies. I want you to think of this roll of pennies as MLA. When we open this roll, we know what is inside: fifty pennies. Now, these individual pennies are the valuable members who make up MLA. They are not all identical, but they are all important parts of the whole.Julia Esparza, AHIP: Thank you, Beverly. I appreciate that wonderful introduction. Today, I would like to talk with you about how MLA is in the process of elevating our vision. First of all, who can tell me what this is?  Hey, I know these people. [Laughter.] And section treasuries are depleting. Sections are spending beyond what the dues bring in.Section membership numbers are declining, and yes, this is\u2014because these are data from before Kevin Baliozian presented his today, so don\u2019t hold it against me on Twitter.  While this may seem messy and noisy, this is part of growth.And all of this together will help MLA to become a more nimble organization responsive to the needs of its members. In order to do this, we had to break our barriers. [Applause.]Caucuses will have the flexibility to align with the domains that are relevant to the needs of their members. Caucuses within domains can work together. While this has been an established part of annual meeting planning, now this collaboration can go beyond annual meetings to projects and initiatives that may not have easily happened in the old organization. The organization may change and is meant to change as members express their ideas as to what is important to them. But the important thing to remember is that no matter how caucuses align, we will still add up to the whole.  Thank you, everyone.I thank you, MLA, for giving me this opportunity to serve as your president. I know that the future isn\u2019t always clear; however, I know that together, we will do everything we can to make the future of MLA fantastic. Thank you. [Get on board and join us for the hottest ticket at the Chi-Town networking event tonight, where you will enjoy a great dinner and be entertained by your colleagues at the open mic night.This session is now closed.Journal of the Medical Library Association.Breakout sessions for immersion sessions, lightning talks, and paper sessions were presented in 6 time slots: Sunday, May 5, 2:00 p.m.\u20133:25 p.m. and 4:30 p.m.\u20135:55 p.m.; Monday, May 6, 2:00 p.m.\u20133:25 p.m. and 4:30 p.m.\u20135:55 p.m.; and Tuesday, May 7, 2:00 p.m.\u20133:25 p.m. and 4:30 p.m.\u20135:55 p.m. Abstracts of papers that were scheduled to be presented are available on the MLA \u201819 website. The final version of the abstracts reflecting only those presented at the meeting is included as Journal of the Medical Library Association. The actual posters are available online in the MLA \u201819 meeting website.Poster sessions were presented in 3 time slots: Sunday, May 5, 3:30 p.m.\u20134:25 p.m.; Monday, May 6, 3:30 p.m.\u20134:25 p.m.; and Tuesday, May 7, 3:30\u20134:25 p.m. Abstracts of posters that were scheduled to be presented are available on the MLA \u201819 meeting website. The final version of the abstracts reflecting only those posters presented at the meeting is included as an The MLA Board of Directors met on Thursday, May 2, and Friday, May 3. The Credentialing Committee met on Friday, May 3. On Saturday, May 4, the following MLA units met: 2020 National Program Committee, Chapter Council, Department of Veteran Affairs Librarians SIG Business Meeting, Eugene Garfield Research Fellowship Jury, Joint Section Council/Chapter Council, Leaders\u2019 Recognition Reception, and Section Council.Journal of the Medical Library Association (JMLA) Editorial Board Meeting, LGBTQ Health Sciences Librarians SIG Business Meeting, Medical Humanities SIG Business Meeting, Medical Informatics Section Business Meeting, Medical Library Education Section (MLES) Business Meeting, Medical Library Group of Southern California and Arizona Business Meeting, MLA Book Discussion Group for Blindspot, New York-New Jersey Chapter Board Meeting, Nursing and Allied Health Resources Section (NAHRS) Business Meeting and Executive Board Meeting, Public Health/Health Administration Section Business Meeting, Research and Evidence-Based Practice Curriculum Committee Meeting, Research Section Research Award Judging Meeting, Resource Sharing SIG Business Meeting, Rising Stars Program Meeting, Social Justice Section Business Meeting, and Southern Chapter Executive Meeting.On Sunday, May 5, the following MLA units met: Ad Hoc Committee to Review Core Clinical Journals, African American Medical Library Alliance SIG Business Meeting #1, chapter treasurers orientation, Data Catalog Collaboration Project information session, education committee chairs joint meeting, Fellows of MLA, History of the Health Sciences Section Business Meeting, International Cooperation Section Business Meeting, On Monday, May 6, the following MLA units met: 2021 National Program Committee Meeting, African American Medical Library Alliance SIG Business Meeting #2, Awards Committee Meeting, Books Panel Meeting, Cancer Librarians Section Business Meeting, Collection Development Section Business Meeting, Complementary and Alternative Medicine SIG Business Meeting, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section (CAPHIS) Executive Committee Meeting, Data SIG Business Meeting, Dental Section Business Meeting, Educational Media and Technologies Section (EMTS) Business Meeting, Federal Libraries Section Business Meeting, Governmental Relations Committee Meeting, Health Association and Corporate Libraries Section (HACLS) Business Meeting, Health Information Professionalism Curriculum Committee Meeting, Hospital Libraries Section (HLS) Executive Board Meeting and Business Meeting, Information Literacy in Medical Education (ILME) SIG Business Meeting, Information Services Curriculum Committee Meeting, Instruction and Instructional Design Committee Meeting, Librarians without Borders\u00ae Committee Meeting, Libraries in Curriculum SIG Business Meeting, Molecular Biology and Genomics SIG Business Meeting, Northern California and Nevada Medical Library Group Business Meeting, Osteopathic Libraries SIG Business Meeting, Pacific Northwest Chapter Business Meeting, Pediatric Librarians SIG Business Meeting, Pharmacy and Drug Information (PDI) Section Business Meeting, Professional Recruitment and Retention Committee Meeting, Public Services Section Business Meeting, Scholarly Communications Committee Meeting, Solo Librarians SIG Business Meeting/Chat, Systematic Reviews SIG Business Meeting, Technical Services Section Business Meeting, Translational Sciences Collaboration SIG Business Meeting, Veterinary Medical Libraries Section Informal Meeting, and Vision Science SIG Business Meeting.Journal of the Medical Library Association (JMLA) data sharing policy: author discussion and preparation, Latino SIG Business Meeting, Leadership and Management Section Business Meeting, Leadership & Management Curriculum Committee Meeting, Joseph Leiter NLM/MLA Lectureship Committee Meeting, Membership Committee Meeting, MLA community managers and webmasters, MLAConnect Editorial Board Meeting, Research Section Business Meeting, Rising Stars presentations, section treasurers orientation, and Systematic Reviews SIG Informal Meeting.On Tuesday, May 7, the following MLA units met: Bylaws Committee Meeting, Clinical Librarians and Evidence-Based Healthcare SIG Business Meeting, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section (CAPHIS) Business Meeting, Diversity and Inclusion Task Force Meeting, Education Steering Committee Meeting, Information Management Curriculum Committee Meeting, Institutional Animal Care and Use SIG Business Meeting, Interprofessional Education SIG Business Meeting, On Wednesday, May 8, the following MLA units met: Education Annual Programming Committee (EAPC) Meeting, Grants and Scholarships Committee Meeting, and Oral History Committee Meeting.The MLA Open Forum was held on Monday, May 6, 10:30 a.m.\u201311:55 a.m.The National Library of Medicine (NLM) Update took place on Tuesday, May 7, 11:00 a.m.\u201311:55 a.m.The Legislative Update was held on Tuesday, May 7, from 2:00 p.m.\u20133:25 p.m. Moderated by Cristina Pope, this update provided an overview of health funding, information issues, and policy.National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NNLM) Steering Committee Annual Meeting (invitation only), 2:00 p.m.\u20134:00 p.m.Welcome Reception and Opening of the Hall of Exhibits, 5:00 p.m.\u20137:30 p.m.MLA New Members/First-Time Attendees Program and Breakfast, 7:00 a.m.\u20138:55 a.m.Yoga Class, 7:30 a.m.\u20138:30 a.m.Covidence Library Champions (invitation only), 8:00 a.m.\u20138:55 a.m.DOCLINE Users Group, noon\u201312:55 p.m.Librarians without Borders\u00ae/Elsevier Foundation Research4Life Grants: Round Table Discussion, noon\u201312:55 p.m.Elevate Your Practice with Research: Research Training Institute (RTI) Fellows and Faculty Share Their Experience Designing and Conducting Research, 1:00 p.m.\u20131:55 p.m.Association of Academic Health Sciences Libraries (AAHSL) Future Leadership Committee Meeting (invitation only), 1:00 p.m.\u20131:55 p.m.PubMed Update, 1:00 p.m.\u20131:55 p.m.International Visitors Reception, 7:00 p.m.\u20138:00 p.m.Schmooze with Science (invitation only), 7:30 p.m.\u20139:00 p.m.AAHSL/NLM Fellowship Program Information Session, noon\u201312:55 p.m.Covidence Advisory Group Meeting (invitation only), noon\u201312:55 p.m.Lunch & Learn: Best Practices: Implementation and Rollout of Ovid Discovery (invitation only), noon\u20131:00 p.m.Lunch & Learn: One-Click Access to PDFs from PubMed: Using the New LibKey Service from Third Iron, noon\u20131:00 p.m.Academy of Health Information Professionals Q&A Session, 1:00 p.m.\u20131:55 p.m.Diversity Dialogues with the Diversity and Inclusion Task Force, 6:00 p.m.\u20137:30 p.m.Lunch & Learn: Elsevier Luncheon for Medical Librarians (invitation only), noon\u20131:55 p.m.MLA Book Authors and Prospective Authors Gathering, 3:30 p.m.\u20134:25 p.m.Get on Board: Hottest Ticket in Chi-Town Networking Event, 6:30 p.m.\u201310:00 p.m.Invitation to MLA \u201820 in Portland, 10:00 a.m.\u201310:15 a.m.Book Sales and Signings, noon\u201312:30 p.m.Exhibitors held Sunrise Seminars to provide information and to introduce new products and services. The following seminars were held.EBSCO Health: Beyond Evidence on Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR)Elsevier: Defining a \u201cPreprint\u201dSpringer Nature: Copyright Compliance for Commercial Use: Identify, Educate, and LicenseWolters Kluwer: Information Overload: An Opportunity for Library Service Development (invitation only)American Psychological Association (APA) Sunrise SeminarEBSCO Health: A Total Transformation: How One Medical Library Took Charge of Their Physical and Digital SpaceVisualDx: Connecting Symptoms to Construct a DiagnosisSix Technology Showcases were held throughout Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday.EndNote: More than Just a Reference ManagerImplement a Systematic Review Management System with CovidenceMore than Just Reference Management: How DistillerSR and CuratorCR Can Make Your Job EasierOpenAthens: The Authentication LandscapeThe R2 Digital Library: A Health Sciences E-Book DatabaseStanding Out from the Crowd: A New, Multidimensional Approach to Researcher ProfilesThe 2018/19 Continuing Education Committee offered the following courses to 228 attendees on May 3 and May 4, 2019.CE100 Advanced Searching Techniques and Advanced Strategy Design, Instructors: Julie Glanville, MCLIP, associate director, York Health Economics Consortium, University of York, York, United Kingdom, and Carol Lefebvre, HonFCLIP, independent information consultant, Lefebvre Associates, Oxford, United KingdomCE101 Fields, Filters, and Fun: Incorporating Creativity and Craft into Database Literature Searches, Instructors: David Kaunelis, methods specialist, and Kelly Farrah, AHIP, research information specialist, Research Information Services, Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH), Ottawa, ON, CanadaCE102 Health Services Research: Sources and Strategies for Effective Information Searching, Instructors: Judith E. Smith, informationist, Taubman Health Sciences Library, University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor, and Abraham Wheeler, AHIP, librarian, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Flint Research, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University\u2013East LansingCE300 Developing Library Data Visualization Services from Scratch, Instructor: Fred Willie Zametkin LaPolla, research and data librarian, Health Sciences Library, New York University (NYU) Langone\u2013New YorkCE301 Applying the ACRL Information Literacy Framework to Your Teaching, Instructors: Xan Goodman, AHIP, health sciences librarian and associate professor, and Samantha Godbey, education and psychology librarian and associate professor, University Libraries, University of Nevada\u2013Las VegasCE103 Effectiveness and Efficiency in Exhaustive Searches, Instructors: Wichor M. Bramer, biomedical information specialist, Medical Library, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, and Melissa L. Rethlefsen, AHIP, associate dean, George A. Smathers Libraries, and Fackler Director, Health Science Center Libraries, University of Florida\u2013GainesvilleCE104 Which Review Is Right for You? Matching Questions to Review Type and Teaching the Process to Others, Instructor: Margaret J. Foster, systematic reviews and research coordinator, Medical Sciences Library, Texas A&M University\u2013College StationCE105 We\u2019re Way Past Peas: Uses of Genetic Information to Understand Human Health and Guide Health Care Decision Making, Instructors: Diana Nelson Louden, biomedical and translational sciences librarian, Health Sciences Library, University of Washington\u2013Seattle, and Carolyn Martin, AHIP, consumer health coordinator, National Network of Libraries of Medicine, Pacific Northwest Region, Seattle, WACE106 Trials without Tribulations: Identifying Clinical Trials for Systematic Reviews and Other Clinical and Research Questions, Instructors: Julie Glanville, MCLIP, associate director, York Health Economics Consortium, University of York, York, United Kingdom, and Carol Lefebvre, HonFCLIP, independent information consultant, Lefebvre Associates, Oxford, United KingdomCE107 Going for the Grey: Finding Grey Literature for Complex Reviews, Instructors: Sarah Bonato, reference/research librarian, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada; and Kelly Farrah, AHIP, research information specialist, and Monika Mierzwinski-Urban, research information specialist, Research Information Services, Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH), Ottawa, ON, CanadaCE302 Teaching Critical Appraisal Skills, Instructor: Laura Menard, assistant director, Medical Education and Access Services, Ruth Lilly Medical Library, Indiana University\u2013IndianapolisCE400 Implicit Bias Training for Information Professionals, Instructors: Shannon D. Jones, AHIP, director, Libraries, and associate professor, Medical University of South Carolina\u2013Charleston; and Kelsa Bartley, manager, Library Services, Reference and Education Department, Louis Calder Memorial Library, and Kimberly L. Reynolds, assistant professor, Clinical Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FLCE501 Beyond Pyramids of Evidence: Evaluating Research in the Health Sciences Literature, Instructors: Abraham Wheeler, AHIP, librarian, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Flint Research, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Chana Kraus-Friedberg, AHIP, liaison, Program in Public Health, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; and Carin Graves, liaison librarian, Sociology, Social Work, Criminal Justice, and Human Development and Family Studies; Michigan State University\u2013East LansingCE502 Advancing Health Equity through Evidence-Based Public Health: How to Find the Evidence, Instructors: Elaina Vitale, academic coordinator, National Network of Libraries of Medicine, Middle Atlantic Region, Pittsburgh, PA, and Derek Johnson, health professionals outreach specialist, National Network of Libraries of Medicine, Greater Midwest Region, Hardin Library for the Health Sciences, University of Iowa\u2013Iowa CityCE601 Institutional Review Boards (IRBs): Integrating Information Professionals into the Process, Instructors: Taneya Y. Koonce, associate director, Research; Sheila V. Kusnoor, senior research information scientist; Zachary E. Fox, associate director, Information Services; Annette M. Williams, senior information scientist; and Mallory N. Blasingame, information scientist; Center for Knowledge Management, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TNCE602 Goal: Success at Being a Solo Librarian!, Instructors: Helen-Ann Brown Epstein, AHIP, FMLA, informationist, Health Sciences Library, Virtua Health, Mount Laurel, NJ, and Louise McLaughlin, information specialist, Health Sciences Library, Woman\u2019s Hospital, Baton Rouge, LACE800 Managing from the Middle: Learning to Lead from Where You Are, Panelists: Joan Gallos, professor of leadership emerita, Wheelock College, Boston, MA; Rikke Sarah Ogawa, AHIP, director, Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library and Science and Engineering Library, University of California\u2013Los Angeles; Shalu Gillum, AHIP, head, Public Services, Harriet F. Ginsburg Health Sciences Library, University of Central Florida College of Medicine\u2013Orlando; Shannon D. Jones, AHIP, director, Libraries, and associate professor, Medical University of South Carolina\u2013Charleston; Erinn Aspinall, AHIP, strategic initiatives librarian and communications coordinator, Health Sciences Library, University of Minnesota\u2013Minneapolis; and Christine Willis, AHIP, director, Knowledge Management & Learning Resources, Noble Learning Resource Center, Shepherd Center, Atlanta, GAThe online itinerary planner, sponsored by Wolters Kluwer, allowed attendees to peruse programs and events online. Complimentary WiFi was available throughout the Hyatt Regency Chicago, excluding the exhibit hall, courtesy of the JAMA Network. Live streaming was available on Twitter using the hashtag #MLANET19, and volunteer bloggers, the Local Assistance Committee, and the 2019 National Program Committee contributed to the official meeting blog with meeting tips, announcements, and more. For those seeking new jobs and prospective employers, the Job Placement Center was open from Saturday through Tuesday, and the MLA Resume Clinic was available Saturday through Monday. The Hall of Exhibits was open Saturday through Monday.AppendixClick here for additional data file.AppendixClick here for additional data file.JJ Pionke, MA, MSI,pionke@illinois.edu, Proceedings Coeditor and Applied Health Sciences Librarian, University Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1408 West Gregory, Urbana IL 61801Ellen Aaronson, MLS, AHIP,aaronson.ellen@mayo.edu, Proceedings Coeditor and Librarian, Libraries, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905"}
{"text": "In their Target Article \u201cThe Prostitution Problem\u201d: Claims, Evidence, and Policy Outcomes, Benoit, Smith, Jansson, Healey, and Magnuson  give an After thorough review of the available evidence, Benoit et al.  concludeBenoit et al.  go on toAlthough Benoit et al.  do attenWhereas Benoit et al.  appear tMany changes can be observed in the business of commercial sex of late. Due to economic, ideological, and technological developments, a diversification and professionalization of the sex industry has been noted  Christians, fundamentalist Islamists, abolitionist feminists, social activists of diverse stripes, a cadre of Hollywood celebrities and corporate officials  of T-visas  granted  (p. 71).However, the production of these high numbers has been critiqued for a lack of methodological transparency and source documentation, for incorrect extrapolations, and for unacceptable broadening of the definition of what constitutes a victim  exploitation in their many forms. Maybe Benoit et al.  started"}
{"text": "Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions (JEEHP) was included in Embase, the invaluable biomedical literature database maintained by Elsevier, which provides over 32 million records published in over 8,300 indexed peer-reviewed journals. This represents another opportunity for the journal to be disseminated and searched by biomedical researchers from all over the world. Although JEEHP has been indexed in MEDLINE since March 2016, it was included in Embase in May 2018. The rigorous review process for being indexed in Embase provides further evidence of the journal\u2019s high quality and brand.We are proud to announce that in May 2018, Fundaci\u00f3n Educacion M\u00e9dica, Medical Education, Medical Teacher, and South-East Asian Journal of Medical Education. The World Federation for Medical Education Conference 2019 will be held at the Grand Walkerhill Seoul in Seoul, Korea from April 7 to 10, 2019 (http://www.wfme2019.org/). I hope to invite the authors who present at this conference to publish their results in JEEHP.Although JEEHP has been an affiliated journal of the World Federation for Medical Education since September 2016 [In April 2016, we adopted an open data policy ; howeverIn January 2018, the third version of the \u2018Principles of transparency and best practice in scholarly publishing\u2019 was announced by the Committee on Publication Ethics, the Directory of Open Access Journals, the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association, and the World Association of Medical Editors. It consists of 16 items that should be announced and adhered to by scholarly journal editors and publishers . A complThis year, I invited a number of reviewers to review submissions to JEEHP. Some of them accepted the review request and provided invaluable comments that contributed to the better presentation of study results. Without their help, it would not be possible to publish this small, but unique, journal. I understand very well that they were all very busy, but they nonetheless shared their time to contribute to advances in educational evaluation for health professions. I appreciate them from the bottom of my heart. The reviewers for the 2018 issue are listed below:Abdolghani Abdollahimohammad, Katharina Brandl, Su-Jin Chae, Lap Ki Chan, Cheol-Woon Chung, Derek Clewley, Fabrizi Consorti, Lionel Di Marco, Kyung (Chris) T. Han, Geum-Hee Jeong, Karen Huhn, Yera Hur, Oscar Jerez, Sun Hee Kang, Nayoung Kim, Yong Sung Kim, Na Jin Kim, Young-Min Kim, Sue Kim, A Ra Cho, Seock-Ho Kim, Kwang Hwan Kim, Sun Kim, Oh Young Kwon, Young Hwan Lee, Eun Young Lim, Nesreen El Mekawy, Younjae Oh, Cesar A. Orsini, Robin Parish, Janghee Park, Mee Young Park, Quan Pham, Amelia Richardson, Dong Gi Seo, Ji-Hyun Seo, Ravi Shankar, Luiz Troncon, Julie Youm, Hon Yuen, Pete Yunyongying, Gagani Athauda, Fabrizio Consorti, and Gregory RoseWe published 3 articles on computerized adaptive testing in this year\u2019s issue introduction piece of SimulCAT, a software program developed for conducting CAT simulation studies ; post-hoIn the New Year, I hope to receive and publish more manuscripts with complete adherence to the journal\u2019s style and format with interesting topics for instructors in the medical and health fields."}
{"text": "Abstracthttps://doi.org/10.15468/fdzzal).This paper describes the herbarium (COFC) dataset of vascular plants of the University of Cordoba (SW Spain). This dataset is made up of two collections, the General collection  and the Historical collection . This study has focused mainly on the General collection, which contains the largest number of vascular plant specimens, predominantly angiosperms, mainly provincial and regional , but also with a good representation of other areas of the Iberian Peninsula and neighboring countries. The place of collection is specified in 99.7% of the labels, about 35% being georeferenced, and it is estimated that, currently, about 86% of the material housed in the herbarium has been databased using Elysia v1.0. software. With more than 178 families, 1,178 genera, and 3,750 species, this collection not only has educational importance, but is a valuable research tool that has been useful for the development of important works such as \"Flora Vascular de Andaluc\u00eda Occidental\" and the \"Flora iberica\". The dataset described in this paper is registered with GBIF (accessible at  It includes three botanical collections: one of fungi  and two of vascular plants, the Historical collection  and the General collection , the latter being the most significant. To these will be added in the future the recently created collections of bryophytes and algae, in the initial phase and barely significant. So far, 98.7% of the specimens have been databased and they can be accessed through the GBIF network (http://data.gbif.org). Some interesting data from the Historical collection are provided, but the dataset described in this paper covers exclusively the General collection.The herbarium (COFC) of the University of Cordoba (Spain) is located in the Rabanales Campus, on the outskirts of the city of Cordoba. It was created in 1977 and is associated with the Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology . The herbarium, of which Prof. J.A. Devesa is currently the curator, is registered in the Index Herbariorum with the acronym COFC , contains a total of 1,614 specimens of vascular plants arranged in 22 classes according to the Linnaean system . Most ofCentaurea L. (Asteraceae) and Festuca L. (Poaceae), within the \"Flora iberica\" project. This is one of the Spanish herbaria with greater representation of these genera. The herbarium, therefore, includes an important sample of the vascular plant biodiversity of the Iberian Peninsula, especially that of Western Andalusia (SW Spain), so it is not only essential for the knowledge and study of local flora, but also has been very useful for \"Flora de Andaluc\u00eda Occidental\" (http://www.floraiberica.org/).The General collection has a total of 61,377 specimens that have been recorded with different herbarium number, and there are more than 12,000 duplicate specimens of the gatherings. This collection is the fourth largest among the Andalusian collections in terms of the number of specimens , except for the data related to the genus Festuca, which have not been uploaded yet since they are still under study.This collection regularly increases, by about 1,250 specimens per year, and the dataset is periodically uploaded to the GBIF portals. The data referring to this collection can be found at The collection of vascular plants has 61,377 specimens belonging to 178 families, 1,178 genera, and 3,750 species. Of the specimens in the collection, 97.8% are identified at the species level and the remaining 2.2%  only at the level of the genus, awaiting their review by a specialist.Angiospermae) belonging to the classes Magnoliopsida  and Liliopsida . These are followed, in terms of representation, by ferns and related groups, with 991 specimens (1.61%) and the following distribution: class Polypodiopsida (740 specimens), Equisetopsida (139 specimens), Lycopodiopsida (107 specimens), and Psilotopsida (5 specimens). Finally, for gymnosperms (Gymnospermae) there are 353 specimens (0.58%), with the following distribution: Cycadopsida (2 specimens), Ginkgoopsida (1 specimen), Gnetopsida (51 specimens), and Pinopsida (299 specimens). In terms of diversity, Magnoliopsida , Pinopsida , and Polypodiopsida  are the most diverse classes within each large group of vascular plants , Fabaceae , Poaceae , Lamiaceae , Caryophyllaceae , Plantaginaceae , Brassicaceae , Apiaceae , Ranunculaceae , and Boraginaceae  , Trifolium , Festuca (811 specimens), Euphorbia (768 specimens), Plantago (750 specimens), Ranunculus (739 specimens), Medicago (724 specimens), Silene (722 specimens), Quercus (675 specimens), and Bromus (610 specimens)  and Festuca (59 spp.), followed by Trifolium (41 spp.), Silene (40 spp.), Euphorbia (37 spp.), Ononis (37 spp.), Genista (35 spp.), Ranunculus (34 spp.), Astragalus (28 spp.), and Teucrium (27 spp.).The ten families that contribute most, in percentage terms, to the plant specimens conserved in the herbarium are: Kingdom: PlantaePhylum: TracheophytaClass: Cycadopsida, Equisetopsida, Ginkgoopsida, Gnetopsida, Liliopsida, Lycopodiopsida, Magnoliopsida, Pinopsida, Polypodiopsida, Psilotopsida.Family: Acanthaceae, Adoxaceae, Aizoaceae, Alismataceae, Amaranthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Apiaceae, Apocynaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Araceae, Araliaceae, Araucariaceae, Arecaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Asparagaceae, Asphodelaceae, Aspleniaceae, Asteraceae, Athyriaceae, Balsaminaceae, Begoniaceae, Berberidaceae, Betulaceae, Bignoniaceae, Blechnaceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Bromeliaceae, Butomaceae, Buxaceae, Cactaceae, Campanulaceae, Cannabaceae, Capparaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Casuarinaceae, Celastraceae, Ceratophyllaceae, Cistaceae, Cleomaceae, Clusiaceae, Colchicaceae, Commelinaceae, Convolvulaceae, Coriariaceae, Cornaceae, Crassulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Culcitaceae, Cupressaceae, Cycadaceae, Cymodoceaceae, Cynomoriaceae, Cyperaceae, Cystopteridaceae, Cytinaceae, Davalliaceae, Dennstaedtiaceae, Didiereaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Drosophyllaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Ebenaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Elatinaceae, Ephedraceae, Equisetaceae, Ericaceae, Escalloniaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae, Frankeniaceae, Garryaceae, Gentianaceae, Geraniaceae, Ginkgoaceae, Grossulariaceae, Haloragaceae, Heliotropiaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Hypericaceae, Iridaceae, Isoetaceae, Juglandaceae, Juncaceae, Juncaginaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Lentibulariaceae, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Linderniaceae, Lycopodiaceae, Lythraceae, Magnoliaceae, Malvaceae, Marantaceae, Marsileaceae, Martyniaceae, Melanthiaceae, Meliaceae, Menispermaceae, Menyanthaceae, Molluginaceae, Montiaceae, Moraceae, Musaceae, Myricaceae, Myrtaceae, Nephrolepidaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Oleaceae, Onagraceae, Ophioglossaceae, Orchidaceae, Orobanchaceae, Osmundaceae, Oxalidaceae, Paeoniaceae, Papaveraceae, Passifloraceae, Paulowniaceae, Phrymaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Phytolaccaceae, Pinaceae, Piperaceae, Pittosporaceae, Plantaginaceae, Platanaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Poaceae, Polemoniaceae, Polygalaceae, Polygonaceae, Polypodiaceae, Portulacaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Primulaceae, Proteaceae, Pteridaceae, Rafflesiaceae, Ranunculaceae, Resedaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Ruppiaceae, Rutaceae, Salicaceae, Salviniaceae, Santalaceae, Sapindaceae, Saxifragaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Selaginellaceae, Simaroubaceae, Smilacaceae, Solanaceae, Tamaricaceae, Taxaceae, Tetradiclidaceae, Thelypteridaceae, Thymelaeaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Typhaceae, Ulmaceae, Urticaceae, Verbenaceae, Violaceae, Vitaceae, Zygophyllaceae.Most of the specimens in the collection are from Spanish territory , with the peninsular area being the best represented  is the region with the highest number of specimens; specifically, within Andalusia, the province of Cordoba has the greatest representation , followed by Seville , Jaen , Huelva , and Cadiz  ; while the minor ones are December, January and November .The usual procedures for the processing and storage in the herbarium of the plant material have been employed. The fresh material is dried by pressing, sometimes with simultaneous drying using an oven or heater. When it is dry, and prior to storage, the rotary freezing technique (at -18 \u00b0C) is used for four days in order to conserve the material and prevent its destruction by fungi and insects, thus avoiding subsequent infestations. This procedure is repeated approximately every six months. The specimens are stored in boxes inside compactor cabinets located in an isolation unit with controlled temperature and humidity. The families are arranged alphabetically, as are the genera within each family and the species within each genus.Once processed, the specimens go along the assembly line, where they are assembled and labeled. Subsequently, they are assigned a COFC accession number and databased using Elysia v1.0. software . It is eThe care and control of the collection includes its monitoring through the management and registration of all incoming and outgoing botanical gatherings that are the responsibility of the Herbarium Service, with the curator\u2019s supervision. The process includes space planning, sample relocation, sample assembly and repair, freezing to minimize the potential for insect infestation, and general repairs. Periodic checks are made in the storage area of the collections to detect possible effects of insects and harmful fungi.The quality control is mainly performed at three levels:In the identification phase/taxonomic criteria: For their inclusion in the herbarium, the specimens must be identified at the level of the species and, if appropriate, the infraspecific category, although for many genera there is material without identification of the species that is waiting to be reviewed by specialists. The main works used to identify the material are: \"Flora Vascular de Andaluc\u00eda Occidental\" (http://www.theplantlist.org/), Tropicos (http://www.tropicos.org), IPNI , and Euro+Med PlantBase , as well as the valid name recognized in \"Flora iberica\" (http://www.floraiberica.es/).1. idental\" , \"Flora idental\" , \"Flora idental\" , and \"Flidental\" . In caseidental\"  and IV  of the place of origin, with greater or lesser precision. At present, the georeferencing of the collection is being done using MGRS coordinates (1 km2 of precision) based on the information contained in the original label, using the tools of Google Earth (http://www.google.com/earth/index.html) and Iberpix (http://www.ign.es/iberpix2/visor/). These coordinates are automatically transformed into geographic coordinates  when the herbarium information is transferred to the GBIF portal.2. In the phase of databasing and data export to the GBIF/Data records network: The first stage of the databasing of the collection was carried out with Herbar v3.7.1 software (Festuca). The Darwin Core biodiversity standards were used , encoded in UTF-8, is generated regularly and is available for download on the GBIF data portal via the Integrated Publishing Toolkit (IPT) of the University of Cordoba , through the GBIF Spanish network. The list of elements in the Darwin Core standard published through the GBIF network as well as their definitions and other information of interest can be found at https://dwc.tdwg.org.3. software , but aftsoftware , which iCOFC herbarium does not yet have its own funding. Since its creation, it has been dependent on the personnel and resources of the Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology of the University of Cordoba. Only more recently has it received additional funding, fruit of the efforts made by the two Curators who have been in charge, Profs. E. Ruiz de Clavijo (1977\u22122010) and J. A. Devesa (2011\u2212present). It had two grants at the beginning of the databasing of the collection (Complementary Funding of the Ministry of Education and Science), and since 2011 it has benefitted from the work of technical personnel hired for the maintenance, databasing, and georeferencing of the collection, in some cases financed by the Government of Spain, and in others by the Junta de Andaluc\u00eda. These grants and contracts are summarized below.Funding body: Ministry of Education and ScienceReference: CGL2007-28813-ELead researcher: E. Ruiz de ClavijoDuration: January 2008 to December 2008Amount: 32,900 eurosFunding body: Ministry of Education and ScienceReference: CGL2008-02241-E/BOSLead researcher: E. Ruiz de ClavijoDuration: January 2009 to December 2009Amount: 23,000 eurosProgram: Adaptation of the Herbaria of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Cordoba to the GBIF framework (Subprogram: Complementary Actions)Funding body: Ministry of Science, Innovation, and UniversitiesLead researcher: E. Ruiz de ClavijoDuration: July 2006 to April 2007Program: Adaptation of the Herbaria of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Cordoba to the GBIF framework (Subprogram: Complementary Actions)Funding body: Ministry of Science, Innovation, and UniversitiesLead researcher: E. Ruiz de ClavijoDuration: January 2008 to December 2008Program: Adaptation of the Herbaria of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Cordoba to the GBIF framework (Subprogram: Complementary Actions)Funding body: Ministry of Science, Innovation, and UniversitiesLead researcher: E. Ruiz de ClavijoDuration: March 2009 to December 2009 (extended until 30\u221210\u22122010)Contracts for technical staff member:Program: Technical Personnel to Assist ResearchFunding body: Ministry of Science and InnovationReference: PTA2010-3438-ILead researcher: J. A. DevesaDuration: February 2011 to January 2014Program: Technical Personnel to Assist ResearchFunding body: Ministry of Education and Vocational TrainingReference: PTA2017-13723-ILead researcher: J. A. DevesaDuration: 2019\u22122021Contracts from the Youth Employment Plan:Program: National Youth Guarantee SystemFunding body: Ministry of Employment and Social SecurityLead researcher: PEJ-2014-A-82677Researcher: J. A. DevesaDuration: 2016\u22122017Program: National youth guarantee system and the youth employment operational programFunding body: Junta de Andaluc\u00edaReference: EJ-17-HerbLead researcher: J. A. DevesaDuration: June 2017 to May 2018Program: National youth guarantee system and the youth employment operational programFunding body: Junta de Andaluc\u00edaReference: EJI-17-RNM-260Lead researcher: J. A. DevesaDuration: January 2018 to July 2019Program: National youth guarantee system and the youth employment operational programFunding body: Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitivity, and Junta de Andaluc\u00edaReference: EJI-17-RNM-260Lead researcher: J. A. DevesaDuration: March 2019 to February 2020The following activities are being prioritized by the technical staff.Mounting, databasing, and inclusion of specimens from old collections: About 10,000 sheets of unmounted and unfiled specimens that accumulated in the period 1977\u22121987 are pending allocation of a sheet number or accession number, as well as databasing and inclusion in the General collection. Also, some 4,000 sheets have been allocated an accession number, but their data have not been registered in the database, probably due to a lack of technical personnel during that period and/or the absence of standardized databases. All this material has been identified, and most of it has been mounted. It has been arranged by family in distinctive blue boxes; currently, it is being databased using Elysia v1.0.a) These data were not available and so these specimens were not included in the taxonomic analysis or geographical coverage of this paper.Update the software and publication of data in GBIF: First, the migration of the database to the new version 2.0 of the Elysia software (Festuca need to be uploaded. This will be done once the study of its taxonomy and nomenclature has been completed (estimated date: December 2019). However, this paper has taken into account these records (811 so far) for the description of the collection.b) software  will be Centaurea (Festuca (taxonomic revision in progress), two of the most complex genera of the peninsular flora with an excellent representation in the collection. It is estimated that 16% of all the material preserved in the collection corresponds to duplicates, and these are especially common for the genera Centaurea  of various described taxa of the Iberian Peninsula are preserved in COFC . Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de C\u00f3rdobaCharacter encoding: UTF-8Format name: Darwin Core Archive formatFormat version: 1.0Distribution: https://doi.org/10.15468/fdzzalPublication date of data: 2019-07-19Language: SpanishLicences of use: Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC-BY-NC) 4.0 LicenseMetadata language: SpanishDate of metadata creation: 2019-06-18Hierarchy level: Dataset"}
{"text": "Graduate of the Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy in Bucharest in 1964, medical doctor, title obtained in 1974 with the doctoral thesis \u201cCurrent therapeutic aspects in pituitary adenomas\u201d, neurosurgeon since 1979, he was the Head of Neurosurgery I Department, \u201cBagdasar-Arseni\u201d Clinical Emergency Hospital, coordinator of the Neuroscience Research Department of \u201cBagdasar-Arseni\u201d Clinical Emergency Hospital and has been professor of Neurosurgery since 1997. He has held prestigious positions such as vice-president of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS), corresponding member of the Brazilian Academy of Neurosurgery, corresponding member of the Romanian Academy of Sciences, vice-president of Academia Multidisciplinaria Neurotraumatologica (AMN), and corresponding member of Romanian Academy of Medical Sciences.st Grade Researcher since May 2009.He has been 1Pediatric neurosurgery pathology, Academia Publishing House, for which he received \u201cGh. Marinescu\u201d prize of the Romanian Academy. He is co-author of 21 neurosurgical and neurological treaties and monographs. He is member of many editorial boards of international journals such as Child\u2019s Nervous System, Springer-Verlag, Germany; Surgical Neurology, USA; Acta Neurochirurgica, Springer-Verlag, Vienna; Asian Journal of Neurosurgery, Nagoya, Japan; Journal of Medicine and Life, Romania; etc.His scientific activity includes many articles published in ISI (Clarivate) indexed journals such as Neurosurgical Review, Surgical Neurology, Neurosurgery, Acta Neurochirurgia, etc., as well as articles published in journals indexed in international databases (PubMed): Neurology Psychiatry Neurosurgery; Pediatrics; Neurology studies and research; Journal of Pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology; etc. Moreover, he has also published over 100 articles in Romanian journals and is the main author of 35 treaties and monographs published in Romania and abroad, such as He founded the neuroscience research department of \u201cBagdasar-Arseni\u201d Clinical Hospital in Bucharest and has led and been involved in many research projects.He has collaborated with prestigious universities abroad such as the University of Virginia, USA, Karolinska University, Sweden, Marburg University, Germany, Messina University, Italy.He holds a patent for \u201cUnitub Drainage\u201d, which he obtained in 2005. He applied the technique of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt-unitub drainage for the first time in Romania in 1985, currently being a procedure used as surgical treatment in children with primary and secondary hydrocephalus.For his activity and remarkable results, he has been awarded many prizes such as the National Order \u201cFaithful Service\u201d as Commander. He was also awarded the Doctor Honoris Causa title by universities in Gala\u0163i, Oradea, Chi\u015fin\u0103u, Ia\u015fi, Pite\u015fti, Constan\u0163a and was Visiting Professor at 11 universities, such as Harvard University in Boston, INI in Hannover, Mercer University in Atlanta, etc.In one of his latest articles, Prof. Alexandru Vlad Ciurea, MD, PhD, affirmed: \u201cEven for the most gifted neurosurgeons and despite modern medical devices, or for psychologists and famous neurologists, the brain remains a command center that has its enigmas\u201d. In an impressive ceremony that took place in Bucharest, on January 31, 2019, with a select audience, the Eminent Professor was awarded the honorable title \u201cCommander of Order of Romania\u201d. This order is rarely awarded only to prominent personalities with a major activity in promoting our country.\u201cAs graduate of \u201cAndrei \u015eaguna\u201d National College in Bra\u015fov, I had the privilege of studying by following \u201cthe footsteps\u201d of real patriots, people who participated in the great event of the Union! I was a student of the famous high school and I walked through the same corridors, passed through the same classrooms, through which many of the Union\u2019s personalities stepped in\u201d, justified the distinguished professor on March, 10 2019, at the entrance in \u201cAtelier\u201d Hall of the National Theatre in Bucharest, his wearing the high school uniform to what was going to be another new and fascinating lesson on health, titled \u201cAlzheimer understood by everyone\u201c.The famous neurosurgeon stated, \u201cAlzheimer is considered incurable, with a long pre-clinical period and a progressive course of the affection, from minor to severe forms of the disease. Many political, artistic and sports personalities have died from this disorder, and the main therapeutic method is prevention \u201d.Undoubtedly, the overwhelming personality, the extraordinary power of work and especially his tenacity and will, doubled by a permanent opening to novelty and a continuous availability, have made Prof. Alexandru Vlad Ciurea, MD, PhD, a complete neurosurgeon.Thank you for being, Prof. Alexandru Vlad Ciurea, MD,\u00a0PhD!"}
{"text": "Nature Communications; 10.1038/s41467-018-06375-y; published online 28 Sept 2018Correction to: In the original version of this Article, the affiliation of the first author, Maria F. Torres, \u2018Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, 45221, OH, USA\u2019 was incorrectly assigned as a present address and should have been listed as a full affiliation. This error has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article."}
{"text": "Oenanthe javanica, popularly known as water dropwort, has long been used in various ethnomedical systems in Asia, especially in China, Korean, and Japan, for treating various chronic and acute hepatitis, jaundice, alcohol hangovers, abdominal pain, and inflammatory conditions. The present review aims to provide a general report of the available literature on traditional uses, phytochemical, pharmacological, nutritional, and toxicological data related to the O. javanica as a potential source of new compounds with biological activities. Considering phytochemical studies, coumarins, flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides, organic acids, and polyphenols were the main classes of compounds identified in the whole plant which were correlated with their biological activities such as hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, immune enhancement, ethanol elimination, antioxidant, antiviral, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, anticoagulant, anti-fatigue, hypoglycemic, cardiovascular protection, analgesic, and insecticidal activities. Before modern drugs began to take shape in the medical care industry, people were highly dependent on conventional or traditional medicine, which have been recognized by the World Health Organization as reliable medicinal sources for therapeutic activities , 2. MediOenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. (Apiaceae), which is a small perennial herb, has been cultivated in tropical and temperate regions of Asia for thousands of years and has long been used as a folk remedy for alleviating a wide spectrum of diseases. A variety of biological activities of O. javanica have been reported, including hepatoprotective . However, at the dose of 3000\u2009mg/kg, it showed a decreasing effect on weight gain and lymphocyte number, and an increasing effect on neutrophil, but no effect on other tested items. Furthermore, within a 4-week recovery period, the induced toxicity was basically recovered [for mice , 15, 83.ecovered . O. javanica was reported by Xia and Li [ O. javanica was applied. There was also burning-like epidermal exfoliation on the lesions. The patient felt strong burning pain but no itching and was cured by 7-day anti-inflammatory treatment.In addition, a rare case of irritant contact dermatitis owing toa and Li , in whic O. javanica and the available scientific reports on its phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and toxicology. It is worth mentioning that although scientific studies of bioactivities of O. javanica might justify some of its ethnomedicinal claims, the data are insufficient and, to some extent, preliminary. In the future, further systemic studies in humans are necessary. Furthermore, a subchronic toxicology of O. javanica at high dose  was observed in rats, but the potential toxic component and its possible mechanism have not been revealed. It would also be beneficial for in vivo and clinical studies to evaluate the toxicity effects on the target organ.The present review collectively discussed the ethnomedicinal uses of"}
{"text": "Constant efforts of elite professionals in this important field are more and more, more known and, of course, more beneficial.Integrative dimension of capitalizing the sanogenic resources from Techirghiol lake area\u201d National Conference with international participation, that took place at Techirghiol Balneary and Rehabilitation Sanatorium, at the beginning of this month, what should be mentioned is the marking of the 119 years of clinical research and maritime balneary management and especially the 45 years since the inauguration of Techirghiol Balneary and Rehabilitation Sanatorium.Thus, to highlight only two of the these remarkable actions, \u201cThe high scientific event, organized admirably and directed by the energetic and inspired \u201cwand\u201d of lawyer Elena Roxana Alm\u0103\u015fan, PhD student and manager of the Sanatorium, was held in collaboration with the local and county decision makers and, among others, with the National Institute of Rehabilitation, Physical Medicine and Balneoclimatology, \u201cGrigore Antipa\u201d National Institute for Marine Research and Development, Romanian Society of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Balneoclimatology, Romanian Society for NeuroRehabilitation, under the aegis of Romanian Medical Association and under the auspices of Medical Sciences Academy, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Bucharest, and \u201cOvidius\u201d University in Constanta.The rehabilitation function of the human brain\u201d.The inaugural conference was held by the famous neurologist and psychiatrist, Prof. Dumitru Constantin Dulcan, MD, PhD, with the theme \u201cA special moment of the Conference was the round table dedicated to the implementation of the main educational components belonging to the neurorehabilitation European curriculum in Romania, to which many important personalities in the field have participated: Prof. Dafin Mure\u015fanu, MD, PhD, Prof. Ovidiu B\u0103jenaru, MD, PhD, Prof. Bogdan Popescu, MD, PhD, Prof. Gelu Onose, MD, PhD, Prof. Cristina Daia, MD, PhD, Prof. Volker H\u00f6mberg, MD, PhD, Prof. Giorgio Sandrini, MD, PhD.Another moment, with a powerful emotional impact, was the one of offering diplomas and medals to the employees, still working or retired, who were hired at the foundation of the Sanatorium, on August 1, 1973, and the evoking and homage paid to Cornelia D\u0103r\u00e2ng\u0103, MD, the first director of the institution (1973-1986).Techirghiol magazine, Arc peste timp brochure and the anastatic edition of Biodinamica lacului Techirghiol by Ion \u021auculescu.Among the materials offered to the participants, the following should be mentioned: the Abstracts published in a Special Issue of the valuable magazine \u201cJournal of Medicine and Life\u201d, th National Conference of Balneology, and Medical Rehabilitation, organized by the National Institute of Rehabilitation, Physical Medicine and Balneoclimatology.Another remarkable event in this field took place this year in Aula Magna, Romanian Patriarchal Palace, under the patronage of the Academy of Medical Sciences and \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Bucharest, this being the 15The dynamic and hearty manager of the Institute, Horia L\u0103z\u0103rescu, MD, PhD, managed to invite both the managers of the best spa resorts in Romania and the mayors of these resorts to this valuable scientific event.The Conference had 12 scientific sessions and round tables, in which 87 scientific communications were presented and elaborated by 115 specialists on the following themes: \u201cNovelties in balneology\u201d, \u201cMedical rehabilitation in neurological and cardiovascular diseases\u201c, \u201cMedical rehabilitation in rare diseases of children\u201d, \u201cMusculoskeletal ultrasound in monitoring the medical rehabilitation treatment\u201d.On this occasion, the National Institute of Rehabilitation, Physical Medicine, and Balneoclimatology organized a special festivity, during which 15 spa resorts were awarded prizes for the quality of natural therapeutic factors, treatment centers, and the involvement of local public administration, as well as the therapeutical mineral waters. The excellence diplomas and the medals of honor were offered to the mayors of the spa resorts and the managers of the sanatoriums or treatment centers.Recuperarea Medical\u0103 de faz\u0103 acut\u0103\u201d, edited by Prof. Adriana Sarah Nica, MD, PhD.\u201cCarol Davila\u201d University Press of \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Bucharest was very much appreciated at this remarkable event, being present with specialty bookstands, among which the Romanian version of \u201cExecutive Editor Professor Eng. Victor Lorin Purcarea, PhD"}
{"text": "Background: During the past few decades there has been a growing interest on the part of many governments in the creation of biobanks. Nevertheless, this would be impossible without participation of many donors who offer samples of their biological material for scientific research. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the existing research on social attitudes towards biobanking. Material and Methods: A literature search was conducted in the database of MEDLINE (PubMed). 61 papers were included in the analysis. The retrieved articles were assessed using a thematic analysis. Results: Eight main themes were identified: (1) public knowledge about biobanks, (2) public views on biobanking, (3) willingness to donate, (4) donors\u2019 motivations, (5) perceived benefits and risks of biobanking, (6) preferred type of consent, (7) trust toward biobanks, and (8) demographic characteristics of potential donors. Conclusions: Although the public lacks knowledge about biobanking, many individuals declare willingness to donate. Their will is influenced by: their knowledge about biobanking, the type of donated tissue, research purpose, concerns over the safety of the data, preferred type of consent, and trust towards biobanks. During the past few decades there has been a dynamic development of biobanks . It was As each biobank exists in a unique geographical, social, and historical context , donatioThus, the aim of this review is to identify, categorize, and analyse the main themes appearing in the existing research on social attitudes toward biobanking of human samples and data. It also discusses ways to improve social perception of and trust toward biobanks.A literature search was conducted in the database of MEDLINE (PubMed) using a combination of key words: \u2018biobank\u2019, \u2018biobanking\u2019, \u2018tissue bank\u2019, \u2018donors\u2019, \u2018public opinion\u2019, \u2018social attitudes\u2019, and \u2018participation in the research\u2019. To ensure the systematic aspect of the search, it was carried out twice: in November 2018 by J.D. and in January 2019 by J.P., and was limited to the material published after the year 2000.The initial search identified 1161 publications, which were then selected on the basis of their titles and abstracts. Articles were included if they reported empirical studies on social attitudes toward biobanking, were written in English, and published in peer-reviewed journals. Papers were excluded if they focused on the theoretical aspects of biobanking or did not report on social attitudes toward biobanking. Comments, experts\u2019 opinions, and letters to the editors were also excluded. These inclusion/exclusion criteria and additional reviews of the references of the selected articles yielded 61 articles which were read and analysed.n = 37) [Most research involved quantitative studies n = 3 [7,9,10,n = 37) ,47,48,49n = 37) ,52,53,54n = 37) ,57,58,59n = 37) ,60,61,62n = 37) ,64,65,66Twenty-four studies were conducted in North America: 22 in the U.S. ,54,57,62The retrieved articles were analysed using a thematic analysis . The stuAlthough biobanks exist in many countries, a 2010 Eurobarometer study on biotechnology has demonstrated that two-thirds of Europeans have never heard about biobanks and less than 2% search for information about biobanking. A higher awareness was observed in Scandinavian countries, including Iceland 80%), Sweden (75%), and Norway (65%) 0%, Swede. InfinitSimilarly, up to 67% of Americans have not heard about biobanks  and manyDespite the deficits in knowledge, most research showed that public opinion on biobanking is generally positive and supports the idea of creating local biobanks. In Finland, 77% of respondents felt positive about such a project, while only 11% were against it . In a ScBetter knowledge and positive opinions on biobanks correlate positively with respondents\u2019 willingness to donate. In a Pan-European study, only 10% of respondents who had never heard about biobanks would not donate . For insRespondents\u2019 willingness to donate was determined by the type of donated tissues, as the public were especially likely to donate blood, cancer, skin, and kidney tissues , but werRespondents\u2019 willingness to donate also depended on access to the information about the research, as many donors wanted to know who was conducting the research and where the research was being conducted, what was its purpose, who would have access to research results, and where and how the samples would be stored ,12,51. DIn contrast, the donors may be discouraged by inadequate knowledge on biobanking ,40,60, dMost donors are driven by altruistic motives ,45,58,59Although respondents propounded for the social benefits of biobanking over personal ones, they also believed that donation should benefit both parties . NeverthThe most expected benefit resulting from biobanking was an increase in knowledge about many diseases and the development of novel therapies ,58,59,62Nevertheless, for the majority of respondents, participation in a biobank was a risky enterprise as they were afraid of the possibility of linking biological samples with donors\u2019 personal data ,30,34,52Informed consent in the context of biobanking is a hotly discussed ethical and societal issue. Classic consent  is not possible due to objective reasons\u2014biospecimens are used in much research, by many scientists, working at different places. Therefore, new models of consent are proposed, such as blanket consent , broad consent , dynamic consent , or tiered consent (research can be subdivided into tiers or categories and participants can specify the types of research for which their specimens will be used). Although, from a biobank\u2019s perspective, broad consent is preferable , it is nTrust toward biobanks correlates positively with the willingness to donate, preference for broad consent, and decreases perception of the risks related to the privacy and confidentiality of samples ,48,58,61Interestingly, lack of trust was significantly high among ethnic minorities: African-Americans, Mexican-Americans, Native Americans, Hawaii and Alaskan Natives, which resulted from their negative experiences with colonization, eugenics, and medical experiments ,25,54,57Some studies suggest that middle-aged  persons and older are more favorable toward donation, trust biobanks, and accept broad consent more often ,29,30,43Positive attitudes toward donation were more common among respondents with higher economic status ,40, who Ethnic minorities were generally less eager to share their samples than people of European ancestry. They also expect re-consent more often ,23,48.While religious beliefs did not seem to influence donors\u2019 decisions ,28, in tThis review of the research confirms that, although a large part of respondents do not possess knowledge about biobanking ,61, manyIt should also be emphasized that different attitudes toward biobanking result from social, cultural, and religious variances, which determine what types of tissue people are ready to donate, the type of research they are eager to participate in, and the consent model they prefer. Thus, while planning a biobank, it is crucial to address these socio-cultural circumstances, as it warrants respect for the donors and ensures the success of the recruitment process .Thus, active engagement of the donors in a biobank\u2019s activity should not be viewed as an obstacle, but as a factor that enables their recruitment. Consequently, many authors argue that the organization of any biobank requires building a unique culture of trust, which should include: transparency of the biobank\u2019s activity, appreciation of the donors, active involvement of local communities in planning and control of biobank activity, strengthening of bioethical committees in the organization and supervision of biobanks, and mutual communication with individual donors. Thus, recommendations include that donors have to have a chance to express their expectations and fears, receive clear and communicable leaflets, and feel in control . Further strategies include using the media of mass communication, including the Internet and social media; communication with representatives of patients\u2019 organizations, local community and other stakeholders; promotion of active participation and engagement of the donors in promoting the idea of biobanking; access to up-to-date information on a biobank\u2019s research and its results; contact with researchers; access to research results; and references to common good and altruism, taking care of the cultural and religious diversity of the donors ,27,56. TAlthough this study brings new insight into the public attitudes toward biobanking of human biological material for research purposes, it also has some limitations. Searching was limited to one database and some studies could not be identified, but this limitation should not change the general view and conclusions. Moreover, as analysed studies were conducted with different populations, it is hard to make quantitative comparisons. However, qualitative analysis is still possible and justified. In the future one should strive for strict quantitative analysis of public attitudes towards biobanking.While some limitations may exist in this paper, some advantages should also be acknowledged. Our review indicates that, although the majority of respondents lack basic knowledge about biobanking, many are open to donation and support the idea of establishing biobanks. Willingness for donation is influenced by multiple socio-cultural factors, including: the knowledge about biobanking, the type of donated tissue, research purpose and ethical standards, concerns over the safety of the data, positive recommendation by the bioethical committee, and commercial or non-scientific use of their samples. What is equally important is that most of the donors are driven by altruistic motives. Another notable finding is that respondents fear linking biological samples with their personal data, and access to their sensitive data by the government, insurance companies, and employers, and, consequently, discrimination or stigmatization. In particular, they are afraid of using their samples in research contrary to their values. Thus, although many donors accept broad consent, if available, other options are preferable, i.e., dynamic consent. This review also shows that the public trust public and national biobanking institutions rather than commercial and foreign institutions; trust toward biobanks links positively with willingness to donate, preference for broad consent, and links negatively with concerns about privacy protection and being a member of ethnic minorities. Biobankers who establish and manage their biobanks should take into account socio-cultural circumstances and care about a culture of trust towards biobanks, research, and scientists."}
{"text": "Global 0.5- by 0.5-degree resolution estimates are presented on the fate of nitrogen (N) stemming from point and nonpoint sources, including plant uptake, denitrification, leaching from the rooting zone, rapid flow through shallow groundwater, and slow flow through deep groundwater to riverine systems. Historical N inputs are used to describe the N flows in groundwater. For nonpoint N sources , calculations are based on local hydrology, climate, geology, soils, climate and land use combined with data for 1995 on crop production, N inputs from N fertilizers and animal manure, and estimates for ammonia emissions, biological N fixation, and N deposition. For point sources, our estimates are based on population densities and human N emissions, sanitation, and treatment. The results provide a first insight into the magnitude of the N losses from soil-plant systems and point sources in various parts of the world, and the fate of N during transport in atmosphere, groundwater, and surface water. The contribution to the river N load by anthropogenic N pollution is dominant in many river basins in Europe, Asia, and North Africa. Our model results explain much of the variation in measured N export from different world river basins."}
{"text": "Norman JE, Marlow N, Messow C-M, et al, for the OPPTIMUM study group. Vaginal progesterone prophylaxis for preterm birth (the OPPTIMUM study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 387: 2106\u2013162016; \u2014In this Article, ten neonatal deaths (eight in the progesterone and two in the control group) were incorrectly categorised as postneonatal deaths, with no effect on the primary outcome and study conclusions. These corrections have been made online as of Jan 17, 2019, and the supplementary appendix of this Article has also been corrected as of Jan 17, 2019."}
{"text": "We read with great interest the article  in the JFirst, a significant alarming issue is the reference to \u201cchili peppers\u201d. The authors defined them as \u201cfresh and dried chili peppers, but not including sweet capsicum or black pepper\u201d. However, the authors failed to notice the difference in dried and processed chilis versus the fresh chili. Fresh chili is more nutrient-rich due to bioactive ingredients, including capsaicin, vitamin C, and other nutrients such as vitamins A, K, and B6, and potassium . SecondlAdditionally, there have been a lot of other confounding variables which would lead to the variation in cognitive decline, despite the adjustment in this research for intake of fat, smoking, alcohol drinking, income, urbanicity, education, physical activity, dietary patterns, BMI and hypertension. For example, the uptake of some medications , some cIn summary, the self-reported nature of the data and the missing confounding variables can hardly make this analysis comprehensive and reliable to underline an association between chili consumption and cognitive decline."}
{"text": "Low-histamine diets are currently used to reduce symptoms of histamine intolerance, a disorder in histamine homeostasis that increases plasma levels, mainly due to reduced diamine-oxidase (DAO) activity. These diets exclude foods, many of them of plant origin, which patients associate with the onset of the symptomatology. This study aimed to review the existing data on histamine and other biogenic amine contents in nonfermented plant-origin foods, as well as on their origin and evolution during the storage or culinary process. The only plant-origin products with significant levels of histamine were eggplant, spinach, tomato, and avocado, each showing a great variability in content. Putrescine has been found in practically all plant-origin foods, probably due to its physiological origin. The high contents of putrescine in certain products could also be related to the triggering of the symptomatology by enzymatic competition with histamine. Additionally, high spermidine contents found in some foods should also be taken into account in these diets, because it can also be metabolized by DAO, albeit with a lower affinity. It is recommended to consume plant-origin foods that are boiled or are of maximum freshness to reduce biogenic amine intake. In recent years, various diets have been proposed for the treatment of histamine intolerance ,5,6,7,8.As described in the literature and scientific reports issued by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and a joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) committee, histamine intolerance  is a disorder associated with increased plasma histamine levels and is recognized as clinically different from the more established histamine intoxication ,10. AlthAOC1 on chromosome 7) have been associated with lower DAO activity [Diamine oxidase (DAO) is the main enzyme responsible for the metabolism of histamine and other amines at the intestinal level, and impaired DAO activity is one of the main causes of histamine intolerance ,12,13. Tactivity ,15,16. Tactivity . Anotheractivity .The symptoms of histamine intolerance are numerous and highly variable, due to the effects and functions of histamine in multiple organs and systems of the body. They include gastrointestinal , dermatological , respiratory , cardiovascular (hypotonia and arrhythmias), and neurological (headaches) symptoms, and it is common for more than one disorder to occur simultaneously ,11,12. SIn order to carry out a correct dietary treatment of histamine intolerance, it is necessary to know what foods may contain this amine and what factors influence its accumulation. Likewise, it is also important to consider the occurrence of other amines that are also metabolized by the DAO enzyme. In contrast to plant-origin foods, there is more available information on the contents of histamine and other amines in fish and fish derivatives and all types of fermented products , in which their presence is attributed to the aminogenic activity of spoilage microorganisms and also to fermentative microorganisms ,10,29. TDue to the information available on the contents of biogenic amines in nonfermented plant-origin foods being scarce, the aim of this study was to review the existing data on the contents of histamine and other biogenic amines in these types of products, as well as their origin and evolution during storage or cooking.A selective search of scientific literature dealing with biogenic amine contents in nonfermented plant-origin foods, including vegetables, fruits, and cereals, was performed. The bibliographic search was carried out in the PubMed and Web of Science databases using the following keywords: \u201chistamine\u201d, \u201cbiogenic amines\u201d, \u201ctyramine\u201d, \u201cputrescine\u201d, \u201ccadaverine\u201d, \u201cplant-origin food\u201d, \u201cfood samples\u201d, \u201cstorage\u201d, \u201ccooking\u201d, \u201cfruit\u201d, \u201cvegetable\u201d, \u201clegume\u201d, \u201ccereal\u201d, \u201cspinach\u201d, \u201ceggplant\u201d, \u201ctomato\u201d, \u201ccitrus\u201d, \u201cmodified atmosphere packaging\u201d, and \u201cmicrobial decarboxylase activity\u201d. Original analytical studies, reviews, and table compilations of content in food were included. Articles published before 1990 were excluded from this review. Apart from data obtained from the literature, data on the biogenic amine content of plant-origin foods from our own database of Spanish market products were also used. Specifically, histamine, tyramine, putrescine, and cadaverine contents of 25 types of vegetables, 19 fruits, and 8 cereals were included.In this section, the contents of biogenic amines  in different plant-origin foods are reviewed, using our own database and data from studies published by other authors. A total of 20 studies reporting data on biogenic amine contents in such foods were found. Most provided data on putrescine contents , and only a few included other amines, such as histamine, tyramine, and cadaverine.The only products found to contain significant levels of histamine were eggplant, spinach, and tomato, each showing a great variability in content, both in samples from the same study and among different studies. Histamine values ranged from 4.2 to 100.6 mg/kg in eggplant, from 9.5 to 69.7 mg/kg in spinach, and from not detected to 17.1 mg/kg in tomato. In the case of asparagus, pumpkin, and chard, histamine was found in only a few samples and at very low levels (<2 mg/kg).Histamine occurs naturally in certain foods ,32, whicEnterococcus isolated from plants and fruits, mainly E. faecium, E. mundtii, and E. casseliflavus [Tyramine has been found in more foods than histamine, although in lower concentrations, in no case exceeding 10 mg/kg. It should be noted that histamine-containing foods also contained tyramine . Although there is very little information about the origin of tyramine in nonfermented vegetables, its presence seems to be associated with microbial aminogenic activity. The ability to form tyramine has been reported for bacteria of the genus liflavus .Clostridium spp. [Putrescine has been detected in all the studied vegetables and legumes, although its content varied greatly among foods and sometimes also within the same product. In most vegetables and legumes, the average values ranged from 1 to 25 mg/kg. However, some samples of green pepper, eggplant, sweet corn, green and purple beans, spinach, tomato ketchup, soybeans, and peas had strikingly high putrescine contents, in some cases exceeding 200 mg/kg . The putium spp. . Accordiium spp. , the higium spp.  have sugCadaverine, like tyramine, has been described in few vegetables and legumes and in relatively low concentrations, with average values that in no case exceeded 8 mg/kg. The values reported by Nishimura et al.  in onionAvocado and kiwi, and grapefruit, orange, and pineapple juices, are the only products in this category for which the presence of histamine has been reported, but not in all studies. The 23 mg/kg of histamine in avocado reported by Jarisch et al.  stands oSimilarly, very few fruits contained tyramine, and levels have always been low . AvocadoPutrescine has been found in practically all the fruits and nuts, with the highest levels in orange, orange juice, mandarin, grapefruit, grapefruit juice, banana, passion fruit, and pistachio. The range of contents of this amine in citrus fruits and their juices has been very broad, varying from not detected to as high as 200 mg/kg. Suggested explanations for this variability have included different origins, cultivation, and transport and storage conditions ,42,43,44The only fruits with a notable content of cadaverine were bananas and sunflower seeds, for which Nishimura et al.  reportedPutrescine contents in wholemeal bread were slightly higher than in bread made with refined flour. In white bread, low contents of cadaverine have also been reported, although only in one study, and from the analysis of two samples.The variability of amine contents observed among samples of the same product can be attributed mainly to conditions of production, transport, and storage .The storage temperature is one of the most important factors in the formation of biogenic amines ,29. RefrA study conducted by Simon-Sarkadi et al.  showed aLavizzari et al.  also repModified atmosphere packaging, together with low storage temperatures, is commonly used to extend the life of fresh vegetables and fruits. This type of packaging can influence the capacity of microorganisms to form amines ,58,60. EAnother factor that can affect the content of biogenic amines in foods of plant origin, especially vegetables, is the culinary process. Again, the results reported in the literature were variable, depending on the type of cooking and the amine in question. Latorre-Moratalla et al.  evaluateConversely, three recent studies have shown an increase in amine levels after a cooking process. According to Lo Scalzo et al. , boilingAmines are thermostable compounds, so in principle changes in contents can only be due to their transfer to the cooking water or by dilution or concentration effects of the culinary process, in which the food gains or loses water.At present, the main strategy to prevent the onset of histamine intolerance symptoms is to follow a low-histamine diet. Its efficacy has been demonstrated in different clinical studies, which have always described an improvement or remission of gastrointestinal, dermatological, and neurological symptoms ,65,66,67Current low-histamine diets exclude foods that patients associate with the onset of symptoms ,5,6,7,8,Putrescine, cadaverine, and tyramine are all substrates of the DAO enzyme, so if present in high amounts they may increase the adverse effects of histamine by competing as rival substrates or for binding sites in the intestinal mucosa ,9,68,69.The polyamines spermidine and spermine can also be metabolized by DAO, albeit with a lower affinity ,69, and Finally, the levels of biogenic amines and polyamines found in kiwi, papaya, strawberry, pineapple, and plum are too low to justify their exclusion. Some authors consider these foods, along with others such as milk, shellfish, and eggs, as endogenous histamine releasers, although by mechanisms still not well understood ,11,70.Biogenic amine data in nonfermented plant-origin foods from the different reviewed studies showed a great variability both within the same food item and among them. Putrescine was the most frequent biogenic amine found in fresh vegetables, legumes, fruits, and cereals, and only a limited number of products contained relevant levels of histamine . Tyramine and cadaverine were usually more scarcely found in plant-origin foods. Generally, low levels of histamine and putrescine may have a physiological origin. However, undesirable microbial enzymatic activity during production or storage may lead to the accumulation of high levels of these amines.No single trend has emerged in the evolution of amine contents during refrigerated storage, which might be at least partly due to the different experimental designs of the studies. In some cases, refrigeration seems to have prevented the formation of certain amines, but this remains a hypothesis, as no study performed a comparative analysis of samples stored under refrigeration and at room temperature. The increase in the biogenic amine content during refrigerated storage reported by other authors may be attributed to bacterial activity. Additionally, some studies have observed an influence of culinary process on the biogenic amine content, mainly derived from the transfer of these compounds to the boiling water or by dilution or concentration effects of the applied treatment.The exclusion of a high number of plant-origin foods from low-histamine diets cannot be accounted for by their histamine contents, but is more likely due to high levels of putrescine or spermidine. The plant-origin foods consumed by people with histamine intolerance should be of maximum freshness, since histamine and other amines may continue to form during refrigerated storage. The cooking of vegetables in water (boiling) is another relevant strategy for this population, since it can reduce the contents of histamine and other amines in the food."}
{"text": "R2 values from random-forest analyses and interpreted these values as the proportion of BMI variation explained by the early-life gut microbiota, concluding that over 50% of variation in BMI at 12\u2009years was explained by gut microbiota at 2\u2009years  cohort, we observed that only 10.3% of variation in BMI at 1\u2009year was collectively explained by maternal BMI, race, socioeconomic status, smoking, delivery mode, parity, breastfeeding, infant sex, birth weight, and gestational age . However, other key risk factors of childhood obesity, including maternal BMI, smoking, child diet, and physical activity, were not accounted for . AlthougFinally, we applaud the authors for defining conceptual frameworks and causal pathways, where they conceive breastfeeding, mode of delivery, antibiotics, and gestational age as confounders and/or mediators of the association between gut microbiota and BMI, in accordance with previous observations from the CHILD cohort . We also"}
{"text": "Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-018-33875-0, published online 22 October 2018Correction to: In the original HTML version of this Article, Yun-Fang Jia was incorrectly affiliated with \u2018Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA\u2019.This error has now been corrected in the HTML version of the Article, the PDF version was correct at the time of publication."}
{"text": "AbstractNitzschia with 40 taxa is far the most important genus followed by Navicula s.l. and Pinnularia and with 15 and 13 taxa respectively. Particular attention was paid to the local research of students found in unpublished theses at bachelor, licentiate, master and PhD level. Diatom records in these works are almost all restricted to genus level, although in the last decade an attempt to delimit species can be observed. This accompanies the renewed taxonomic interest in the Congo basin during the last decade. Renewed taxonomic interest can also be seen in the genera: the first period being situated during the lumping period, while more recent works follow the current taxonomic classification, for example Navicula s.l. versus Navicula, Cavinula, Craticula, Diadesmis, Geissleria, Humidophila, Luticola, etc.An overview of the diatom research in the DR Congo is given based on literature data starting in 1938 with the work of Zanon and excluding the East African Lakes as these were already discussed in previous papers. For each literature record the diatom genera mentioned are presented as well as all diatom taxa described from the Congo as new. In total, 106 new taxa were documented, of which  In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo), research in the field of plant biology mostly concerned the study of terrestrial forest ecosystems , while tEarly publications on freshwater algae in tropical Africa focused on the great lakes of the Albertine rift: Malawi (Nyassa/Nyasa), Tanganyika (Tanganika) and Victoria (Victoria Nyanzae) e.g. . A revieThe present paper aims to give an overview of the research that has been conducted in the DR Congo or that has investigated Congolese material, not only found in international publications, but also by means of local publications as well as unpublished theses at different levels .Initially international publications on algae, and more specifically on the diatoms, of DR Congo  were searched for on the Web of Science and in the available international literature. Subsequently, inquiries were made regarding papers that were published locally in journals of the different universities in DR Congo and in final reports of national and international projects. The last step was to retrieve all theses, PhD level and other dissertations  from universities and scientific institutions in DR Congo. Licentiate is an academic degree below that of a PhD, used in Belgium (and the DR Congo), and obtained after a university study of 4 to 5 years. In the Bachelor-Master structure, it is the degree that corresponds to  a Master.A brief overview follows on the diatom research conducted on materials collected in DR Congo, including the former Congo and the Republic of Zaire, as found in mainstream literature, thus taking into consideration only published work accessible to the international scientific community.Pinnularia Ehrenberg, the others belonging to the genera Cocconeis Ehrenberg, Cymbella C. Agardh, Eunotia Ehrenberg, Neidium Pfitzer and Synedra Ehrenberg  with a drawing (fig. 27) from a puddle on the Karisimbi volcano in the region Lake Kivu and mentioned this taxon name also (on page 545) in his species list of the diatoms from the region of Lake Kivu. However, in the same publication Pinnulariaborealisvar.africana v. n. (on page 556) and Pinnulariacongolensis n. sp. (on page 571) and in the species list he mentioned sample nr 5 from a puddle on the Karisimbi volcano and sample nr 21 from a puddle from Nanindhja respectively. However, no description is given for these two taxa, consequently both names have to be considered nomina nuda and therefore invalidly published. Two decades later Pinnulariaborealisvar.congolensis to species level: Pinnulariacongolensis (Zanon) Cholnoky.th century by that of Nitzschia Hassall, 11 to Navicula Bory and 6 to Eunotia. The other taxa are from more than 10 other genera including Achnanthes Bory, Amphora Ehrenberg, Caloneis Cleve, Cymbella, Fragilaria Lyngbye, Gomphonema Ehrenberg, Pinnularia, Stauroneis Ehrenberg, Stephanodiscus Ehrenberg and Surirella Turpin  W. Smith, Rhopalodia O. M\u00fcller, Rhoicosphenia Grunow and Synedra.Further studies which included diatoms, were carried out in the Kivu region in the 1950\u2019s by st century research on algae of Lake Kivu continued with the work of At the beginning of the 21We have not included the research conducted on diatoms of Lake Tanganyika because this ancient lake, located on the territory of four African countries , does not fall within the scope of this paper. Moreover, there are a number of reports regarding this lake which have been produced in the last decades e.g. , 2006.Coscinodiscus Ehrenberg, one Craspedodiscus Ehrenberg, one Melosira C. Agardh, nine Nitzschia and one Synedra. It should be noted that some marine species are included in the results of these surveys, which is not surprising as the two localities are close to the mouth of the Congo River into the Atlantic Ocean. In 1948, Kufferath reported on the plankton of the Congo River near Makanza, formerly called New Antwerp, halfway between Kisangani and Kinshasa in the Equateur province. Among the 25 taxa Nitzschia species  in the vicinity of Yangambi. The dominant genera were Eunotia, Cocconeis and Achnanthes; the other genera mentioned are: Bacillaria Ehrenberg, Caloneis, Coscinodiscus Ehrenberg, Cyclotella K\u00fctzing ex Br\u00e9bisson, Diatoma Bory, Diploneis (Ehrenberg) Cleve, Epithemia K\u00fctzing, Frustulia Rabenhorst, Gomphonema, Gyrosigma Hassall, Cymbella, Navicula, Nitzschia, Pleurostaurum (Rabenhorst) C. Janisch, Pinnularia, Stauroneis, Surirella, Synedra and some other centric diatoms. Diatom research in the Tshopo province was started again at the end of the 20th century, as is shown in the publication record. The Congo River as well as localities downstream the Lindi River, a major tributary of the Congo river, the Tshopo River and several small rivers and ponds in Kisangani were studied by Gomphonema species, G.zairense Comp\u00e8re, was described from the Tshopo River (Comp\u00e8re 1995)   J.C. Taylor and Cocquyt, E.leonardii J.C. Taylor & Cocquyt, E.rudis Cocquyt & M. de Haan and Geisslerialubiluensis Cocquyt & Lokele , Cylindrotheca Rabenhorst, Cymbella, Diatoma, Epithemia, Eunotia, Fragilaria, Frustulia, Gomphonema, Gyrosigma, Navicula, Nitzschia, Pinnularia, Rhopalodia, Surirella, Synedra, Tabellaria Ehrenberg ex K\u00fctzing , was also investigated. It is located 4.5 km from the old road to Buta in the north of the city. Mbuyu  and only four were found in the benthos .A pond (\u00e9tang du Grand-s\u00e9minaire) in Kisangani, dominated by yu Table  reportedka Table  studied re Table  reportedya Table  studied Melosira was found to be dominant in the stomach contents of Citharinus sp., a tropical African lutefish, and Labeo sp., a genus of carp, while Cymbella and Navicula were found in Distichodus sp., an African ray-finned fish. In addition to diatoms belonging to these three genera, 15 other genera were reported: Amphora, Amphipleura, Arcella Ehrenberg, Cocconeis, Caloneis, Cymatopleura, Cylindrotheca, Diatoma, Fragilaria, Gomphonema, Gyrosigma, Nitzschia, Pinnularia, Surirella and Synedra.Asterionella, Aulacoseira Thwaites, Cyclotella, Cymbella, Encyonema K\u00fctzing, Eunotia, Fragilariforma D.M. Williams & Round, Frustulia, Gomphonema, Navicula, Nitzschia, Pinnularia, Sellaphora Mereschkowsky, Stenopterobia (Br\u00e9bisson) Van Heurck and Surirella. For the benthos and epiphyton a total of 13 taxa were reported . Most were the same genera as reported in the plankton, however Asterionella and Cymbella were not present in the periphytic samples while Cymatopleura was present but not in the plankton.The Boyekoli Ebale Congo 2010 expedition, together with initiatives taken by the VLIR\u2013UOS at the University of Kisangani and the FORETS project at Yangambi, encouraged a number of students to choose diatom related subjects for their theses. In 2013, two students investigated the diatoms of some fish ponds at NgeneNgene, about 20 km from the city center of Kisangani. One thesis concentrated on the diatoms in the phytoplankton (Mosunga), the other on the benthos and the epiphyton (Mukinzi)  according to the classification of Robyns  Krammer, Diploneis, Encyonema, Encyonopsis Krammer, Fragilaria, Fragilariforma, Frustulia, Gomphonema, Luticola D.G. Mann, Neidium, Nitzschia, Orthoseira Thwaites, Placoneis Mereschkowsky, Planothidium Round & Bukhtiyarova, Pinnularia, Sellaphora, Stauroneis, Stenopterobia, Surirella and Ulnaria (K\u00fctzing) Comp\u00e8re. A professional bachelor thesis at the Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Geel, Belgium, was written by Madden on epiphytic diatoms growing on a restricted number of Nymphaealotus herbarium specimens from the same phytogeographic region (VI)  Levkov, Humidophila  Lowe, Kociolek, Johansen, Van de Vijver, Lange-Bertalot & Kopalov\u00e1, Iconella, Mayamaea Lange-Bertalot, Navicula, Nupela Vyverman & Comp\u00e8re, Staurosira Ehrenberg, Staurosirella D.M. Williams & Round.Okito studied diatoms present on herbarium material of aquatic plants collected during the 20f Robyns  and keptDuring the academic year 2017\u20132018 several other students started studying diatoms in rivers in the Tshopo province. Although most are not finished at the time of publication of the present paper, the preliminary titles of these theses  are included in Table Achnanthes, Actinella, Aulacoseira, Bacillaria, Cocconeis, Cyclotella, Diadesmis, Diatoma, Encyonopsis, Fragilaria, Fragilariforma, Melosira, Navicula, Nitzschia, Stephanodiscus, Synedra, Tabellaria and Thalassiosira Cleve) we can conclude that more recent literature , followed by Pinnularia (12) . Of interest are the similarities and differences with the neo-tropical (South America) diatom flora as evidenced by the presence of Eunotiaenigmatica L.F. Costa & C.E. Wetzel and Encyonopsisfrequentis Krammer  have been described from DR Congo, with a peak (51 taxa) at the end of the 1940\u2019s  Krammer  in DR Cost century (Eunotiapseudoflexuosa Hustedt, Nitzschiaelliptica Hustedt and Pinnulariatropica Hustedt. All three aforementioned species were described in a publication in which Hustedt described a total of 50 new taxa from the \u201cParc national Albert\u201d (Nitzschiaepiphyticoides Hustedt was thoroughly studied (It is worth noting that almost all of the new diatoms (see Table  century  as well  Albert\u201d . Althoug studied  it still studied ."}
{"text": "PLOS ONE team want to sincerely thank all of our Editorial Board Members, Guest Editors, and Reviewers for the journal in 2018. Your contributions of time and expertise support your research community, advance scientific progress, and continue to make PLOS ONE a leader in its field. This past year, PLOS ONE received the assistance of more than 8,000 Editorial Board members, 900 Guest Editors, and 53,000 Reviewers, who handled more than 36,000 manuscripts that resulted in 17,000 publications (PLOS and the ications .PLOS ONE and Open Science. Thank you all for your work!We\u2019re deeply grateful to all of our volunteers whose dedicated efforts support"}
{"text": "Viola betonicifolia (Violaceae) is commonly recognized as \u201cBanafsha\u201d and widely distributed throughout the globe. This plant is of great interest because of its traditional, pharmacological uses. This review mainly emphases on morphology, nutritional composition, and several therapeutic uses, along with pharmacological properties of different parts of this multipurpose plant. Different vegetative parts of this plant  contained a good profile of essential micro- and macronutrients and are rich source of fat, protein, carbohydrates, and vitamin C. The plant is well known for its pharmacological properties, e.g., antioxidant, antihelminthic, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and has been reported in the treatment of various neurological diseases. This plant is of high economic value. The plant has potential role in cosmetic industry. This review suggests that V. betonicifolia is a promising source of pharmaceutical agents. This plant is also of significance as ornamental plant, however further studies needed to explore its phytoconstituents and their pharmacological potential. Furthermore, clinical studies are needed to use this plant for benefits of human beings. Demand of medicinal plants is increasing day by day around the globe for improved quality of life ,2. In reThe family Violaceae is also known by different names such as Retrosepalaceae, Leoniaceae, and Alsodeiaceae. This family includes ~20 genera as well as 800 species . Viola iSome of the species of this genus are used to treat appendicitis, acute nephritis, hepatitis, snake bites, and bronchitis. Many species of this genus are exploited as traditional remedies in Russia, Korea, Romania, and Iran for the treatment of trophic ulcers, shingles, and diuretics and, while as anti-inflammatory agents for skin eruptions, rheumatism, bronchitis, and dermatitis in traditional medicines. The plants of this genus are used in landscape beautification because of splendid colors of flowers . This geV. betonicifolia comprehensively. It is a nutritive plant, and due to widely exploitation in folk medicine, enthused us to write review on this medicinal plant. We have comprehensively described its distribution, nutritional, and medicinal properties, together with its phytochemicals.As part of our studies of documenting the indigenous flora of Pakistan ,19,20,21Viola betonicifolia, nutrients, viola, antioxidant, antimicrobial, volatile, etc., to search electronic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Scifinder, Google, and Google Scholar for information. Different relevant abstracts and all full text articles and books were consulted.Extensive literature survey was carried out with different keyword as Viola betonicifolia  is recognized as Banafsha or Banfosha in Pakistan. It may be found in different habitats, including woodland, forest, shrubland, and herb fields -oct-3-ene (10%) [Chemical composition of different subfractions of the ne (10%) .V. betonicifolia could be investigated as a potential source of higher added value compounds for the nutraceutical industry as well as the food industry. However, further studies needed to explore the chemical constituents and their pharmaceutical potential. Further experimentation required to explore uses of this multipurpose plant in cosmetic industry as well.Medicinal treatments through the exploitation of plant-based natural compounds are widely investigated and numerous plants as well as herbs have been proclaimed already for their employments as analeptic. The higher nutritive value and functional characteristics, e.g., antioxidant, analgesic, antidepressant, antipyretic, anticonvulsant, and anti-inflammatory, linked to this plant recommend its exploitation in nutraceutics, medicines, and pharmaceutics. Henceforth, we corroborated that"}
{"text": "Zingiber officinale Roscoe is commonly used in food and pharmaceutical products but can also be used in cosmetics and daily necessities. In recent years, many scholars have studied the chemical composition of Zingiber officinale Roscoe; therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively summarize the chemical composition of Zingiber officinale Roscoe in one article. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the chemical constituents of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. The results show that Zingiber officinale Roscoe contains 194 types of volatile oils, 85 types of gingerol, and 28 types of diarylheptanoid compounds, which can lay a foundation for further applications of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Zingiber officinale Roscoe  is a perennial herb from the Zingiberaceae family, native to the Pacific Islands. It can be found in the Chinese provinces of Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Yunnan, Guangdong, Sichuan, and Jiangsu. ZOR is the fresh root of ginger, which is not only an important condiment but also one of the most commonly used Chinese medicines in clinical practice. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that ZOR has effects of releasing exterior and dissipating cold, arresting vomiting, resolving phlegm, and relieving coughs and can be used to treat fish and crab poison, stomach colds and vomiting, and cold sputum cough [um cough . Modern um cough \u20135. Due tum cough , toothpaum cough , and heaum cough \u201310.All development and utilization of ZOR are based on its material composition. The chemical composition of ZOR is complex, includes more than 300 types of species, and can be broadly divided into three categories: volatile oils, gingerol, and diarylheptanoids \u201313. In tVolatile oils, also known as ginger essential oils, are generally composed of terpenoids . Ginger Gingerol is the spicy component of ZOR. It is a mixture of various substances, all of which contain the 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl functional group. Gingerols can be divided into gingerols, shogaols, paradols, zingerones, gingerdiones, and gingerdiols, according to the different fatty chains connected by this functional group , 29. TheDiarylheptanoid is a group of compounds with 1,7-disubstituted phenyl groups and heptane skeletons in its parent structure. Currently, it can be divided into linear diphenyl heptane and cyclic diphenyl heptane compounds with antioxidant activity . The strZOR contains a variety of amino acids, including glutamate, aspartic acid, serine, glycine, threonine, alanine, cystine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, lysine, histidine, arginine, proline , 60, andZOR also contains polysaccharides , celluloZOR contains oxalic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, formic acid, and malonic acid .ZOR has been shown to contain more than 20 inorganic elements such as K, Mg, Ga, Mn, P, Al, Zn, Fe, and Ba .\u03b2-sesquiphellandrene (18.4%), which were quite different from those of ginger grown in other regions. Another study showed the volatile oil content of ginger grown in five different areas of China  was 0.13%, 0.23%, 0.30%, 0.14%, and 0.17% [\u03b2-citronellal, citral, geraniol, geranyl acetate, and zingiberene in mature ginger are lower than those in fresh ginger. The relative content of \u03b1-curcumene in mature ginger was higher than that in fresh ginger. In spicy gingerol compounds, the relative content of gingerol in mature ginger is higher than that in fresh ginger, which may be the result of further synthesis and accumulation of gingerol components in the process of continued growth of mature ginger in the second year [Various gingers have different regions and chemical compositions. Jolad  conductend 0.17% , respectnd 0.17% , 65. Thend 0.17% . Mature ond year . The varond year .Ginger, as a kind of food and medicine, has many functions, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antiobesity, antidiabetic, antinausea, antiemetic, antiallergic, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular protective, and respiratory protective activities . CurrentZOR is a widely used drug and food in clinical and daily life and has been used in the prevention and treatment of the digestive, circulatory, respiratory, and central nervous system diseases and other diseases. In this paper, the chemical constituents found in ZOR in recent years are summarized, and the results show that more than 300 chemical constituents are identified from the extracts of ZOR, including 194 types of volatile oil, 85 types of gingerol, and 28 types of diarylheptanoids compounds. From this, it can be clearly observed that ZOR has a complex chemical composition. The interactions between the components provide the clinical effects; therefore, it is necessary to further study the chemical composition and pharmacological action of ginger, for further applications. Exploring the mechanism by which different components perform the same effects is a new way to develop drugs in the future; for example, 4-terpineol and beta-sitosterol can act on the two targets of the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A and the mu-type opioid receptor, respectively, and provide corresponding therapeutic effects on diarrhea and dysentery. This can provide ideas for the research and development of new drugs and lay a foundation for further applications of ZOR."}
{"text": "Opoku NO, Bakajika DK, Kanza EM, et al. Single dose moxidectin versus ivermectin for Onchocerca volvulus infection in Ghana, Liberia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a randomised, controlled, double-blind phase 3 trial. Lancet 392: 1207\u201316\u20142018; In this Article , the number of people who received ivermectin in 2014 should have been more than 110 million, and George Olipoh and Asare Sampson should have been included as authors rather than listed in the Acknowledgments section. These corrections have been made to the online version as of Oct 4, 2018. The printed Article is correct."}
{"text": "Each September, CDC, along with 3,000 global, national, regional, and local governments, as well as private and public health institutions, supports emergency preparedness efforts and encourages U.S. residents to take action before, during, and after an emergency. Every community in the United States needs to be ready to respond to an infectious disease outbreak, a chemical or radiologic release, or a natural disaster  personal preparedness, 2) pandemic planning, 3) policy and partnerships, and 4) public health response. Personal preparedness helps communities to be more resilient in the event of an emergency. Through pandemic planning, CDC works to protect the nation from seasonal and pandemic influenza, and through partnerships, CDC plays a pivotal role in state and local readiness. CDC\u2019s Emergency Operations Center and the Division of State and Local Readiness bring together experts and state-of-the-art technology to detect and respond to public health emergencies, such as the recent Zika virus outbreak featured in this issue of"}
{"text": "These topics have been prolific since 1990 and before. Polymer science was prolific before, but its publication share declined in the recent two decades. Brazil, China, India, and South Korea have emerged as upcoming major contributors besides USA. Most prolific journals were Food Chemistry, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, and PLOS One. Clinical conditions with high citations included Alzheimer's disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and Parkinson's disease. Chemical terms and structures with high citations included alpha-tocopherol, anthocyanin, ascorbate, beta-carotene, carotenoid, curcumin, cysteine, flavonoid, flavonol, hydrogen peroxide, kaempferol, N-acetylcysteine, nitric oxide, phenolic acid, uric acid, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and resveratrol. Citation patterns temporal analysis revealed a transition of the scientific interest from research focused on antioxidant vitamins and minerals into stronger attention focus on antioxidant phytochemicals (plant secondary metabolites).Antioxidants are abundant in natural dietary sources, and the consumption of antioxidants has a lot of potential health benefits. However, there has been no literature analysis on this topic to evaluate its scientific impact in terms of citations. This study is aimed at identifying and analysing the antioxidant publications in the existing scientific literature. In this context, a literature search was performed with the Web of Science database. Full records and cited references of the 299,602 identified manuscripts were imported into VOSviewer for bibliometric analysis. Most of the manuscripts were published since 1991. The publications were mainly related to the categories  Antioxidants existed in many dietary natural sources such as vegetables, fruits, and beverages and dietary antioxidants such as flavonoids may help reduce the risk of mortality from coronary heart disease and incidence of myocardial infarction , 2. FurtTo understand the relevant key research categories in antioxidant researchTo identify the countries and journals having a major contribution to this research and to evaluate their citation performances during different time periodsTo reveal which chemicals/pharmaceuticals have had high citation counts during different time periodsTo show the overall impact of the antioxidant research, a bibliometric analysis of the antioxidant research field may allow a deep understanding of the changes in the field in terms of contributors and hot topics and their citation performance \u201313. To tIn May 2018, a literature search was performed with the multidisciplinary Web of Science (WoS) online database  to identify papers with the following search strategy: TOPIC\u2009=\u2009(\u201cantioxida\u2217\u201d OR \u201canti-oxida\u2217\u201d). This strategy searched for papers that contain the word antioxidant/antioxidant and its derivatives in their title, abstract, or keywords. No restrictions were imposed on the publication year, publication type , or publication language.The manuscripts resulted from the literature search were evaluated and recorded for (1) publication year, (2) journal title, (3) total citation count, (4) authorship, (5) WoS category, and (6) manuscript type. The full records and cited references of these manuscripts were imported into VOSviewer  for bibliometric analyses, such as citation performances of institutions, countries/regions, and journals.https://www.wordfrequency.info/free.asp?s=y). Supplementary data sheets in an Excel file , food science technology , and pharmacology/pharmacy . Four most prolific institutions have each accounted for 1% or nearly 1% of total publications, namely, the University of California , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Spanish National Research Council , and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research . Consistently, USA , China , and India  were the leading countries in publishing antioxidant-related papers. Meanwhile, the most prolific journals that have each accounted for 1% or nearly 1% of total publications were Food Chemistry , Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , Free Radical Biology and Medicine , and PLOS One .In overall, there were 258,450 (86.3%) original articles and 20,616 (6.9%) reviews in the analysed literature set. The remaining 6.8% of the publications included meeting abstracts, proceedings paper, and editorial material. Most of the publications were written in English . The publications were mainly classified into the WoS categories of In order to perform a systematic analysis and to better evaluate the importance of the research area for the scientific community worldwide, all the 299,602 identified publications were divided into four time periods/decades depending on their publication year, as follows: (i) 1990 and before, (ii) 1991\u20132000, (iii) 2001\u20132010, and (iv) 2011\u20132018.biochemistry/molecular biology , food science technology , polymer science , pharmacology/pharmacy , and chemistry, applied . The five most prolific countries/regions were USA , USSR , Japan , England , and Canada . The five most prolific journals were Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society , Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine , Federation Proceedings , Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society , and Polymer Degradation and Stability . There were 4176 publications. In this earliest survey period, the publications were more evenly distributed into different WoS categories, with the five major categories being the Topics with high citations included carcinogenesis  and lipid peroxidation  . The mosbiochemistry/molecular biology has accounted for a larger share of publications . The four other major categories were pharmacology/pharmacy , endocrinology/metabolism , food science technology , and cell biology . Polymer science  and chemistry, applied  had much reduced share. The five most prolific countries/regions were USA , Japan , Germany , England , and Italy . Russia  has much reduced share  whereas Canada  retained its share. The five most prolific journals were Free Radical Biology and Medicine , Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , FASEB Journal , Free Radical Research , and Biochemical Pharmacology . There were 30,530 publications. During this period, the WoS category of N-acetylcysteine , ascorbate , beta-carotene , vitamin E , and alpha-tocopherol   and atherosclerosis  . Some no5; 65.2) .biochemistry/molecular biology has accounted for a smaller share of publications . The four other major categories were food science technology , pharmacology/pharmacy , nutrition/dietetics , and chemistry, applied . Chemistry, applied has regained its share compared to the previous decade. Meanwhile, polymer science  continued to have a reduced share. The five most prolific countries/regions were USA , China , Japan , India , and Italy . The five most prolific journals were Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , Free Radical Biology and Medicine , Food Chemistry , Free Radical Research , and Food and Chemical Toxicology . Food Chemistry began to become comparable with Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry with regard to publication count and citations per publication.There were 95,627 publications. Compared to the 1990s, the WoS category of Topics with high citations included nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2  , Alzheimfood science technology  has overtaken biochemistry/molecular biology  as the largest WoS category for antioxidant papers. Pharmacology/pharmacy  and chemistry, applied  had similar share relative to the 2000s. Plant sciences have an uprising trend  to take up the fifth spot in terms of the largest share of publications during 2011\u20132018. On the other hand, polymer science, once one of the five most prolific categories in 1990 and before, has maintained a small share in recent decades .There were 169,269 publications. For the first time in history, Food Chemistry , PLOS One , Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , Molecules , and Free Radical Biology and Medicine . Food Chemistry has finally overtaken Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry as the largest journal in terms of publication count of antioxidant papers. Also, notable is the rise of PLOS One and Scientific Reports , two multidisciplinary journals that have published considerable number of antioxidant papers during this decade.China  has overtaken USA  as the most prolific country. The rest of the five most prolific countries/regions were India , Brazil , and South Korea . The five most prolific journals were Topics with high citations included autophagy , Parkinson's disease , atherosclerosis , carcinogenesis , and Alzheimer's disease  . The mosfood science technology journals, with a leading example being Food Chemistry, has reflected that the attention is shifting towards dietary antioxidants.In overall, we have analysed nearly 300,000 publications on antioxidants that spanned over half a century. The results presented above have highlighted two polyphenols, curcumin and resveratrol, with high citations in the recent two decades. The potential health benefits of dietary curcumin and resveratrol have been discussed by the literature with a relevance to the control of redox signalling, inflammation, and autophagy , 18 and Manuscript related to the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) also attracted high citations. Nrf2 is a transcription factor essential for regulating homeostasis, cytoprotection, and innate immunity and plays an important role in activating the protective genes that are antioxidant and anti-inflammatory .The antioxidant research field has witnessed the increased publication share from China, India, and South Korea since the 2000s. Similar to the recently analysed ethnopharmacology and natural products publication fields, the contributions from Asian countries have been large, which could be partially explained by the notion that antioxidant assays require relatively less sophisticated equipment so that emerging research powers can also contribute comparable research volumes as traditionally established top research countries , 28.biochemistry/molecular biology, food science technology, and pharmacology/pharmacy. Brazil, China, India, and South Korea have emerged as upcoming major contributors to antioxidant research besides USA, which has been dominating the field for half a century. Most prolific journals were Food Chemistry, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, and PLOS One. Clinical conditions with high citations included Alzheimer's disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and Parkinson's disease. Chemicals with high citations included alpha-tocopherol, anthocyanin, ascorbate, beta-carotene, carotenoid, curcumin, cysteine, flavonoid, flavonol, hydrogen peroxide, kaempferol, N-acetylcysteine, nitric oxide, phenolic acid, uric acid, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and resveratrol  were published after 1991. Article to review ratio was 12.5\u2009:\u20091. The publications were mainly related to the categories veratrol . In resp"}
{"text": "The authors of \u201cA Community-Based Short Message Service Intervention to Improve Mothers\u2019 Feeding Practices for Obesity Prevention: Quasi-Experimental Study\u201d :e13828) wish to change the order of the authors on the publication so that Xu Qian is listed last.The previous order of authorship was as follows:Hong Jiang, Mu Li, Li Ming Wen, Louise Baur, Gengsheng He, Xu Qian, Xiaoying MaThe correct order of authorship is as follows:Hong Jiang, Mu Li, Li Ming Wen, Louise Baur, Gengsheng He, Xiaoying Ma, Xu QianAdditionally, the affiliations listed for author Gengsheng He have also been updated. Previously, only affiliation 2 was listed for this author:2Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai, ChinaThe revised listing identifies that Gengsheng He is associated with affiliations 1 and 2:1School of Public Health, Global Health Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China2Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai, ChinaThe corrections will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR website on July 18, 2019, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article also has been resubmitted to those repositories."}
{"text": "After publication of this article , concernThe first author noted that the primary data underlying the results in Fig 3 are no longer available.PLOS ONE Editors retract this article due to concerns about the reliability and integrity of the results.In light of these issues, the RC, MLDB did not respond. AC, FB, IS, SD, DI did not agree with retraction. LM, VZ, PG, could not be reached."}
{"text": "Leachate generation is a major problem for municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills and causes significant threat to surface and groundwater. Samples were collected from the landfills of Iranian metropolises , Isfahan, Tabriz, Hamedan, Rasht, Sanandaj and Qazvin) based on the standard sampling methods and transferred to the laboratory. Cr, Cd, Hg, Pb, Ni, As, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Na, K, Zn, Al, Ba, Li, Sr, Ti and V were analyzed. The pH values for the ten leachate samples obtained from 4.57 to 8.95. The results showed the amount of some metals in Iranian landfill sites higher than the DOE standards for agricultural irrigation and surface water. Specifications tableValue of data\u2022Based on the data, the amount of some metals in landfill leachate in Iranian landfill sites higher than the DOE standards for agricultural irrigation and surface water.\u2022Obtained data were used for assessment of soil, surface and ground water pollutions around the landfill sites.\u2022The results can be useful for wide application on leachate treatment plant.1anions, cations, metals and heavy metals  were analyzed The data obtained from the pH analysis of leachates in ten sites are summarized in 2The leachate samples were prepared with the coordination of the waste management organization of Iranian metropolises from different cities. The criterion for selecting cities was determined with the geographic location of these cities in Iran, having a landfill, having leachate drainage. Also, the selected city must have an acceptable population and should be the provincial capital. The basis on this criteria, ten point selected of Iran , Qazvin, Rasht, Mashhad, Sanandaj, and Ahvaz)"}
{"text": "The correct Author Contributions statement appears below:\u201cZA, SS, BB, DW, JB, RV, and BA conducted the experiments. ZA, SS, BB, DW, JB, MM, NG, RV, AB, and BA analyzed and interpreted the data. ZA, SS, DW, JB, NG, MM, RV, AB, and BA helped to write and review the manuscript. ZA agrees to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-019-46696-6, published online 15 July 2019Correction to: The original version of this Article contained an error in the name of the author Tyler O. Hughes, which was incorrectly given as Tyler Hughes.Additionally, in the original version of this Article, Affiliation 3 was incorrectly given as \u2018Department of Biology, Penn State University, Philadelphia, PA, USA\u2019. The correct affiliation is listed below.Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAThis has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article, and in the accompanying Supplementary Information file."}
{"text": "Also, it found that high-income cities have a higher technology gap than upper middle\u2013income cities, and media reports efficiency have a high correlation with respiratory diseases and CO2.Over the past few decades, China\u2019s rapid economic, energy, and industrial developments have caused serious environmental damage. However, as there are large resource, energy use, economic, and environmental damage differences across Chinese regions, the Chinese government is seeking to reduce city pollution across the country. Most previous analyses have only looked at these issues on a single level; for example, the impact of environmental pollution on health, or energy and environmental efficiency analyses, but there have been few studies that have conducted overall analyses. Further, many of the methods that have been used in previous research have employed one-stage radial or non-radial analyses without considering regional differences. Therefore, this paper developed a meta undesirable two-stage EBM DEA model to analyze the energy, environment, health, and media communication efficiencies in 31 Chinese cities, from which it was found that the productivity efficiency in most cities was better than the health treatment efficiencies, the GDP and fixed asset efficiency improvements were small, the air quality index (AQI) and CO The World Health Organization  claims tPast studies have focused on the relationship between economic growth and air pollution ,5, the c2 and air quality index (AQI) to the environment. The undesirable output CO2 and AQI\u2014intermediate output from the production stage (first stage)\u2014can be seen in second stage\u2014input resources\u2014to the production of new values in the health treatment stage (second stage). The government provides health expenditures to reduce diseases caused by environmental pollution. Media reports can objectively present air pollution information, identify the causes of pollution in a timely manner, and identify protective measures so as to prevent or control the risk of physical injury and reduce the incidence of diseases. Media reports can reduce the incidence of public diseases, improve the public\u2019s physical and mental health, and improve the health and ethics of the entire population. So, government health expenditures and media reports can reduce disease. Therefore, energy, environmental pollution, health, and media can be constructed by the two-stage model.However, in general, few studies have linked these energy, air pollution, health discussions and media discourse. This article will therefore discuss economics, environmental pollution, health, and media together. The relationship is shown in While several past studies have employed network data envelopment analysis (DEA) to examine production and pollution controls ,42,43,442 emissions and AQI. Health treatment was taken as the second stage based on health expenditure and media report inputs and birth rate and respiratory disease prevalence outputs.As this model not only includes existing production efficiencies but also considers the sustainability of human health, it has two main contributions. First, to avoid under- or over-estimation, the economic, environmental, media communication, and health efficiencies are jointly analyzed. Second, a meta undesirable two stage EBM DEA model is used to avoid the radial and non-radial biases. Sometimes, decision making units (DMUs) are not homogeneous and have different resource endowments, such as income and location, which affects the inputs and outputs of DMUs, so the concept of meta should therefore be adopted to avoid large regional difference by grouping DMUs. Data from 2013\u20132016 for 31 Chinese cities were extracted and analyzed, with production taken as the first stage based on labor, fixed assets, and energy consumption inputs and GDP output, with the link between the production stage and the health treatment stage variables being COPast research can be divided into discussions on the relationships between economic growth and air pollution and between air pollution and human health, examinations of preventative measures to reduce the effects of air pollution on societal health, and the effect of public awareness raising by the media on air pollution and environmental issues.3 over a 24-h average particulate matter PM2.5 increased the risk for wheezing bronchitis by 5%. In related studies, Chen et al. [2, PM10, and O3. In examinations on the effects of long-term exposure to air pollutants on human health, Loomis et al. [3 increase in PM10 and NO2 was significantly associated with non-accidental mortality. In other studies, Kelly and Fussel [With a focus on economic growth and air pollution, Georgiev and Mihaylo  found thn et al.  used GLMn et al.  examineds et al.  found a s et al.  revieweds et al.  studied d Fussel  analyzedd Fussel  found th3, the cardiovascular mortality increased by 0.47% and the respiratory mortality increased by 0.57%, when PM10 increased by 10\u03bcg/m3, cardiovascular mortality increases by 0.27% and respiratory mortality increased by 0.56%, and that short-term exposure to a particulate environment was associated with an increased incidence of cardiopulmonary disease and an increased mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Zigler et al. [Khafaie et al.  used resr et al.  exploredr et al.  found thTo reduce the effects of air pollution on societal health, Torretta et al.  proposedNew York Times, the Los Angeles Times, and the Washington Post over 20 years and found that air pollution was generally explained as being related to asthma. However, the newspapers avoid connecting respiratory disease with environmental problems that reduced the government\u2019s control on air pollution due to low public concern. Elliot et al. [In a study on the relationship between media promotion and air pollution, Dworkin and Pijwaka  exploredt et al.  studied t et al.  investigt et al.  studied t et al.  studied t et al.  examinedt et al.  studied The theoretical framework for this study is based on previous study results and the following assumptions: public media reports positively impact public awareness of air pollution and its impact on the environment and human health.Based on the above literature analysis, this paper makes the following research hypotheses:H1: Public media reports have a correlation with CO2 and AQI.H2: Public media reports have a correlation with respiratory diseases.As can be seen from this brief literature review, much of the previous research has only been on a single level using radial and non-radial methods with little consideration for regional differences. Therefore, to overcome these issues, this paper used a meta undesirable two-stage EBM DEA model to explore the energy, environment, health, and media communication efficiencies in 31 mainland Chinese cities. Due to the difference in income between regions, this paper compares the 31 Chinese cities divided into high- and upper middle\u2013income cities. The hypotheses are as follows:H3: In the efficiencies, high-income cities are higher than upper middle\u2013income cities.H4: In the Technology gap, high-income cities are higher than upper middle\u2013income cities.After Farrell  proposedIn 2007, F\u00e4re et al  proposedWhile the EBM DEA resolved the radial and non-radial issues, it failed to deal with the two-stage problem, and while the NDEA model solved the multi-stage problems, it failed to deal with the radial and non-radial problems. As different countries have different social and cultural backgrounds, economic environments, management models, and production efficiencies, and as manufacturers from different countries have different production technologies, if a traditional DEA assumes that all DMUs have the same technical level in the efficiency evaluation, it may be inappropriate to analyze efficiencies using traditional efficiency evaluation models. This paper, therefore, proposes a model based on Tone and Tsutsui , O\u2019Donne2 emissions and AQI. In the second stage, health expenditure and media reports were the input, with the output being birth rate and respiratory diseases. As respiratory diseases were seen as undesirable output, Tone and Tsutsui\u2019s [This study collected data from 31 Chinese cities. In the first stage, labor, fixed assets, and energy consumption were the inputs, and GDP was the output, with the one-stage and two-stage links being COsutsui\u2019s  EBM modeIn a traditional DEA efficiency evaluation, it is usually assumed that all producers have the same level of production technology; however, in reality, most decision-making units have different production technologies because of different geographical locations, national policies, or social and economic conditions. Battese and Rao  and Battn DMU and K division, jDMU = , m input jX = , s output, jY = , DMU efficiency: Due to management, resource, regulatory, and environmental differences, all firms (N) are made up of DMU groups (1 + N2 +\u2026+ NGN = N), with Xij and Yrj denoting the input  and with the final output being r  for unit j . Under the meta-frontier, DMU k then chooses an optimal final output weight  to attain the highest efficiency; therefore, under a non-oriented EBM, the efficiency of DMU k using the meta undesirable two stage EBM DEA can be determined using the following linear programming.Subject toY: DMU output,X: DMU input,From the above equations, the overall technological efficiency of the cities can be determined under the meta-frontier, and using Equation (1)\u2013(5), the overall technological efficiency of all high-income and upper middle\u2013income cities can be determined under the meta-frontier undesirable two-stage EBM group frontier modelThe high- and upper middle\u2013income cities were divided into g decision-making units, each of which was assigned an optimal output weight; therefore, the DMU efficiency under the group frontier was solved using the following equations.Subject toAs the production frontier for the g groups were included in the meta-frontier, the technical efficiency under the meta-frontier needed to be less than the technical efficiency under the group frontier. The ratio of the two frontiers is called the technology gap ratio (TGR):The Hu and Wang  total-faIf the target fixed assets, labor, energy consumption, and health expenditure inputs equaled the actual inputs, then the fixed assets, labor, energy consumption, health expenditure, and media efficiencies equaled 1, indicating overall efficiency. If the target fixed assets, labor, energy consumption, health expenditure, and media inputs were less than the actual inputs, then the fixed assets, labor, energy consumption, health expenditure, and media efficiencies were less than 1, indicating overall inefficiency.If the target GDP and birth rate desirable outputs were equal to the actual GDP and birth rate desirable outputs, then the GDP and birth rate efficiencies equaled 1, indicating overall efficiency. If the actual GDP and birth rate desirable outputs were less than the target GDP and birth rate desirable outputs, then the GDP and birth rate efficiencies were less than 1, indicating overall inefficiency.2, and AQI undesirable outputs were equal to the actual respiratory disease, CO2, and AQI undesirable outputs, then the respiratory diseases, CO2 and AQI efficiencies equaled 1, indicating efficiency. If the target respiratory disease, CO2, and AQI undesirable outputs were less than the actual respiratory disease, CO2, and AQI undesirable outputs, then respiratory diseases, CO2, and AQI efficiencies were less than 1, indicating inefficiency.If the target respiratory diseases, COBased on the World Bank\u2019s classification for rich and poor countries, the 31 Chinese cities were divided into high- and upper middle\u2013income cities, with the upper middle\u2013income economies having a GNI  per capita between $3896 and $12,055, and the high-income economies having a GNI per capita of $12,056 or more .Therefore, the 31 sample cities were divided into 14 high-income cities  and 17 upper middle\u2013income cities .2 and AQI are undesirable outputs . In theh et al. , input ig et al. . The twoThe variables used in the study are explained in the following:First stage: production stageLabor input: Employees; this study used the number of employed people in each city at the end of each year; unit: person.Energy consumption was calculated from the total energy consumption in each city; unit: 100 million Tonnes.Fixed assets: the capital stock in each city was calculated using the fixed assets investment in each city; unit: 100 million CNY.Input variables:Output variables:Desirable output (GDP): the GDP in each city was used as each city\u2019s output; unit: 100 million CNY;2, a common greenhouse gas;Carbon dioxide: CO2), and nitrogen.AQI: the air quality index, which is a measured concentration of the pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, sulfur dioxide , with the number of statistics being the total amount in the year. The official news websites were selected because of the amount of news published and their wide influence.Input variables:2. Karimi et al. [3, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NOx, SO2, and CO) were associated with increased mortality and hospitalization rates, but PM2.5 and PM10 were more strongly affected.Respiratory Diseases: referring to the prevalence of respiratory diseases. In order to examine the effects of medical health inputs on diseases in various regions, only respiratory disease data can be collected, and data on specific respiratory diseases cannot be obtained. Therefore, in this study, the respiratory disease rate was used to measure the adverse effects of air pollutants and the effects of health management, mainly because a large amount of literature research has been proved. Some researchers had found that respiratory disease is significantly affected by air pollutants as PM10 . In some model specifications, ozone, another measure of pollution, is also found to affect respiratory illness. Furong et al.  studied i et al.  collecte2, had significant effects on female fertility and infant birth rate.Birth rate: this study used the infant birth rate as the second output indicator for medical input. Carr\u00e9  exploredOutput variables:The average value of the undesirable carbon dioxide emissions fell in 2016, the maximum dropped in 2015, and then rose again in 2016. The maximum and average AQI reached its highest point in 2013 and then continuously declined. The minimum value decreased in 2016 but was slightly smaller compared with the maximum.The maximum respiratory disease efficiency continued to rise, and the average value decreased in 2015 and increased slightly in 2016. The birth rate efficiency was the highest, with both the minimum and average showing a continuous slow rise. The standard deviation reached a high in 2015 and declined slightly in 2016.After reaching a peak in 2013, the maximum, minimum, and average news report efficiencies continued to decline and dropped significantly to the lowest point in 2014. From 2013, when mainland China began to disclose the annual AQI data in each region, the media attention on air pollution began to decline, and the reports decreased.In Chengdu and Shijiazhuang had efficiency fluctuations, with Chengdu\u2019s fluctuating below 0.6 for all four years, and with Shijiazhuang\u2019s being below 0.5 and having a downward trend.Five cities had efficiencies above 0.8 for three years, and four cities had efficiencies between 0.5 and 0.8 for four years. Nanning\u2019s efficiency was 1 in three years, which fell slightly in 2016 to around 0.9. Beijing achieved an efficiency of 1 in 2013, after which it began to decline, reaching its lowest value in 2015 at 0.8.In the production stage, there were annual efficiencies of 1 only in Guangzhou, Lhasa, and Shanghai in all four years, and in the treatment stage, there were annual efficiencies of 1 in Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Lhasa, Nanning, and Shanghai.Beijing, Changchun, Changsha, Chengdu, Harbin, Hangzhou, Hefei, Hohhot, Jinan, Nanchang, Nanjing, Shenyang, Tianjin, Wuhan, and Zhengzhou had higher efficiency scores in the production stage than the treatment stage, and Chongqing, Guiyang, Haikou, Kunming, Lanzhou, Nanning, Shijiazhuang, Taiyuan, Urumqi, Xi\u2019an, Xining, and Yinchuan had higher efficiency scores in the treatment stage than the production stage.Chongqing, Guiyang, Kunming, Lanzhou, Shijiazhuang, Taiyuan, Xining, and Yinchuan had four-year production stage efficiencies below 0.6, with the poorest being in Shijiazhuang, with four-year efficiencies of around 0.4. All other cities had efficiencies between 0.4 and 0.6.The worst performing cities in the treatment stage were Chengdu and Tianjin, with Chengdu having an efficiency of less than 0.4 in three years; therefore, there was a significant need for improvement.The declines in the production stage were much smaller than in the treatment stage, with the largest being in Nanchang, which fell from 0.85 in 2013 to 0.66 in 2016. Efficiency changes in the treatment stage were more volatile, with Beijing and Wuhan having the largest declines, from 1 in 2013 to 0.6 in 2016.The efficiency increases in both the production and treatment stages were much the same. Changsha, Hefei, Jinan had the largest increases, with Jinan rising from 0.47 in 2013 to 1 in 2016 and Hefei rising from 0.48 in 2013 to 1 in 2016.In In production stage, according to the Wilcoxon Test, the efficiency of the high-income and upper middle\u2013income countries from 2013 and 2015 is strong significant. The efficiency of the 2014 and 2016 production stages is not significant, but the efficiency of the 2013 and 2015 production stages is strongly significant. The efficiency values of high-income countries are higher than those of upper middle\u2013income countries, consistent with the H3 hypothesis in 2013 and 2015.In treatment stage, Wilcoxon Test shows that the efficiency of high-income and upper middle\u2013income countries from 2013 and 2015 is strongly significant. The efficiency of the treatment stage in 2014 and 2016 is not significant, but the efficiency of the treatment stage in 2013 and 2015 is strongly significant. The efficiency values of high-income countries are higher than those of upper middle\u2013income countries, consistant with the H3 hypothesis in 2013 and 2015.Only Guangzhou, Lhasa, and Shanghai had fixed assets efficiencies of 1 in all four years; however, Beijing, Haikou, Nanning, and Urumqi all had annual efficiencies higher than 0.8. The other 24 cities had a significant need for improvement. For example, Changsha, Chongqing, Guiyang, Hefei, Kunming, Nanchang, Nanning, Shijiazhuang, Tianjin, Xi\u2019an, and Yinchuan all had efficiencies under or around 0.6, with Tianjin requiring the most improvements at only 0.45 in 2013.Guangzhou, Lhasa, Nanning, and Shanghai had energy consumption efficiencies of 1 in all four years, and Beijing, Changchun, Fuzhou, Harbin, Haikou, Hefei, Nanchang, Urumqi, and Zhengzhou all had efficiencies higher than 0.8. However, Guiyang, Lanzhou, Shijiazhuang, Taiyuan, Xining, and Yinchuan had efficiencies lower that 0.6, with the worst performance being in Taiyuan, at below 0.2, followed by Shijiazhuang, Lanzhou, and Yinchuan at around 0.4.Only Guangzhou, Lhasa, and Shanghai had labor efficiencies of 1 for all four years, and the worst performing cities were Chongqing, Guiyang, Kunming, Lanzhou, Shijiazhuang, Taiyuan, and Xining at below 0.7 in most years. All other cities had labor efficiencies between 0.8 and 0.9.Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Lhasa, Nanning, and Shanghai had carbon dioxide emissions efficiencies of 1 in all four years. However, Lanzhou, Taiyuan, and Yinchuan all scored less than 0.4, with all of Taiyuan\u2019s results below 0.2. Changchun, Harbin, Hefei, Nanchang, Urumqi, and Zhengzhou had carbon dioxide emissions efficiencies higher than 0.8, and the other cities had carbon dioxide emissions efficiencies between 0.6 and 0.8.There were also large differences in the AQI efficiencies. Beijing. Chongqing, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Kunming, Lhasa, Nanjing, Nanning, Shanghai, and Urumqi had AQI efficiencies of 1 in all four years, and many cities had two- or three-year efficiencies of 1, with the other years being above 0.9. However, the AQI efficiencies in Lanzhou, Taiyuan, Xining, and Yinchuan began to decline from 2013 and, by 2016, had fallen to around 0.4. The largest declines were in Lanzhou, Nanchang, Shijiazhuang, Taiyuan, Wuhan, Xi\u2019an, Xining, Yinchuan, and Zhengzhou, but there were AQI efficiency increases in Changchun, Chengdu, Harbin, Hefei, Jinan, Urumqi, and Shenyang.2 emissions and AQI efficiencies in most cities. Guangzhou, Lhasa, and Shanghai had GDP efficiencies of 1, and the GDP efficiencies in Beijing and Nanning in the first three years were all 1, but both declined slightly in 2016. Guiyang, Kunming, Lanzhou, Shijiazhuang, Taiyuan, and Xining had comparatively poor efficiencies at lower than 0.8, and all other cities had GDP efficiencies between 0.8 and 1.The GDP efficiencies were better than the COFuzhou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Lhasa, Nanning, Shanghai. Beijing, Changsha, Urumqi, Xining, and Yinchuan had health expenditure efficiencies of 1 or at least two years above 0.9. However, Zhengzhou\u2019s health expenditure efficiency in all four years was below 0.5, and Tianjin had a health expenditure efficiency less than 0.2 for three years. There were noticeable health expenditure efficiency volatilities. However, 13 cities had reduced efficiencies and needed improvements.Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Lhasa, Nanjing, and Shanghai had birth rate and respiratory diseases efficiencies of 1, but Chengdu, Harbin, Shijiazhuang, and Tianjin had four-year efficiencies just above 0.7.Compared with the birth rate efficiency, the respiratory diseases efficiencies required significant improvements. Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Lhasa, Nanning, and Shanghai had respiratory disease efficiencies of 1, Chengdu and Tianjin had respiratory disease efficiencies of around 0.6, and Harbin and Shenyang had three-year efficiencies between 0.7 and 0.8. Nine cities had reduced efficiencies, and 17 cities had rising efficiencies.2 and AQI efficiency exceeded 0.4 , and there is a high correlation, which is consistent with the H1 hypothesis. The correlation coefficient between Media efficiency and Respiratory Diseases efficiency is 0.5932 , which is correlated and conforms to the H2 hypothesis.According to 2 and AQI efficiency are 0.4275 and 0.3387 , and there is a high correlation, which is consistent with the H1 hypothesis. The correlation coefficient between Media efficiency and respiratory diseases efficiency is 0.4252 , which is correlated to and conforms to the H2 hypothesis.In 2014, the correlation coefficient between media efficiency and CO2 and AQI efficiency exceeded 0.4 , and there is a high correlation, which is consistent with the H1 hypothesis. The correlation coefficient between media efficiency and respiratory diseases efficiency is 0.5751 , which is correlated to and conforms to the H2 hypothesis.In 2015, the correlation coefficient between media efficiency and CO2 and AQI efficiency exceeded 0.4 , and there is a high correlation, which is consistent with the H1 hypothesis. The correlation coefficient between media efficiency and respiratory diseases efficiency is 0.3697 , which is correlated and conforms to the H2 hypothesis.In 2016, the correlation coefficient between media efficiency and COChengdu, Chongqing, Nanchang, Shijiazhuang, and Taiyuan had technology frontiers of 0.7, which fell in Nanchang, Shijiazhuang, and Taiyuan. However, the technology frontier in the other cities was mostly between 0.8 and 0.9.Changsha, Chengdu, Chongqing, Fuzhou, Hangzhou, Hefei, Jinan, Kunming, Nanjing, Shenyang, Wuhan, Urumqi, and Zhengzhou had rising technology frontiers, but they fell in the other 15 cities, indicating that the technology gap between the cities was expanding, which is in line with the economic development and technical level characteristics in mainland China.Fuzhou, Hefei, Jinan, Kunming, Shenyang, Wuhan, Urumqi, and Zhengzhou had rising technology frontiers during the production stage, but those of the other cities fell, further indicating that the technology gap between the regions was expanding. For example, while Harbin, Hohhot, Jinan, Nanchang, Shenyang, and Zhengzhou had higher technology gaps compared to cities in their regions, there was still a large gap compared with other cities in the country. Only Beijing and Shijiazhuang had declining technology gaps; however, the scores in the other 23 cities all rose, indicating that the technology gap between the regional cities in the treatment stage in most cities shrank.According to the Wilcoxon Test in In production stage, Wilcoxon Test shows that the technology gap of strong-income and upper middle\u2013income countries from 2013 to 2016 is strongly significant. In other word, the technology gap of high-income countries is higher than that of upper middle\u2013income countries, consists with the H4 hypothesis.In the treatment stage, the Wilcoxon Test shows that the technology gap of high-income and upper middle\u2013income countries is strongly significant from 2013 to 2016, where the technology gap of the 2014 treatment stage is weakly significant. The treatment stages in 2013, 2015, and 2016, technology gap is strongly significant. The technology gap of high-income countries is higher than that of upper middle\u2013income countries, consistent with the H4 hypothesis.This study used panel data and a meta undesirable two-stage EBM DEA to examine the production and health governance efficiencies in 31 Chinese provincial capital cities from 2013 to 2016 under the influence of media reports and the technology gap between high-income and middle-income cities.Guangzhou, Lhasa, and Shanghai had overall efficiencies of 1. Beijing\u2019s overall efficiency score was only 1 in 2013 but was lower in other years, and the other 20 cities had four-year efficiency scores between 0.5 and 0.8; therefore, most cities needed efficiency improvements.Guangzhou, Lhasa, and Shanghai had annual efficiencies of 1 in the production stage, and Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Lhasa Nanning, and Shanghai had annual efficiencies of 1 in the treatment stage. Overall, 15 cities had higher efficiencies in the production stage than in the treatment stage, and 12 cities had higher efficiencies in the treatment stage than in the production stage. Chongqing, Guiyang, Kunming, Lanzhou, Shijiazhuang, Taiyuan, Xining, and Yinchuan had four-year production stage efficiencies below 0.6, with the poorest being Shijiazhuang, with a four-year efficiency of around 0.4. Chengdu and Tianjin had the poorest treatment efficiencies; however, in general, the treatment stage and production stage efficiencies were similar.Guangzhou, Lhasa and Shanghai had fixed assets efficiencies of 1 in all four years, but 11 cities had four-year fixed assets efficiencies of only about 0.6, with Tianjin, which had a four-year efficiency of below 0.45, requiring the most improvement. Guangzhou, Lhasa, Nanning, and Shanghai had energy consumption efficiencies of 1 in all four years, nine cities had efficiencies higher than 0.8, and the lowest efficiency was in Taiyuan, at below 0.2. Guangzhou, Lhasa, and Shanghai had labor efficiencies of 1, and only seven other cities had labor efficiencies below 0.7 in most years.Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Lhasa, Nanning, and Shanghai had carbon dioxide emissions efficiencies of 1 in all four production stage years, but the other 25 cities had carbon dioxide emissions efficiencies of less than 0.4 in all four years, of which Taiyuan had the lowest, at less than 0.2. Only Beijing had an AQI efficiency of 1 in all four years, and Chongqing, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Kunming, Lhasa, Nanjing, Nanning, Shanghai, and Urumqi had two- or three-year efficiencies of 1, with the other years being higher than 0.9. However, in most cities, the AQI efficiencies had large fluctuations, with eight cities fluctuating upward. Even though only three cities achieved GDP efficiencies, the efficiencies were relatively good in most cities, at close to 0.8.Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Lhasa, Nanning, and Shanghai had media report efficiencies of 1 in all four years, and the efficiencies in 17 cities ranged from 0.5 to 0.9 in most years. However, Lanzhou and Xining\u2019s highest annual efficiencies were only about 0.4. The media report efficiencies fluctuated significantly, and many cities experienced large declines, with the largest being in Beijing.Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Lhasa, Nanning, and Shanghai had four-year health expenditure efficiencies of 1. However, Tianjin had the worst performance, with its health expenditure efficiency in three-years being below 0.2. The health expenditure efficiencies in the other cities fluctuated significantly, and many cities experienced large declines, with the largest being in Beijing. The urban birth rate efficiency improvements were small; however, Chengdu, Harbin, Shijiazhuang, and Tianjin had the lowest four-year efficiencies at above 0.7.The respiratory disease efficiencies required in most cities needed significant improvements, and the efficiency differences between the cities was wide. Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Lhasa, Nanning, and Shanghai had four-year respiratory disease efficiencies of 1. Chengdu and Tianjin had low efficiencies of around 0.6 in most years. Nine cities had four-year efficiency fluctuations or declines, and the other 17 cities had upward fluctuations or continuous upward trends. Overall, the respiratory disease efficiencies improved.respiratory diseases, AQI, and CO2 efficiency.The media reports efficiency has a high correlation with Guangzhou, Lhasa, and Shanghai had technology frontiers of 1, but Chengdu, Chongqing, Nanchang, Shijiazhuang, and Taiyuan had large technology gaps. Changsha, Chengdu, Chongqing, Fuzhou, Hangzhou, Hefei, Jinan, Kunming, Nanjing, Shenyang, Wuhan, Urumqi, and Zhengzhou had rising technology frontiers, but the technology frontiers in the other 15 cities fell.Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Guiyang, Haikou, Lhasa, Nanjing, and Shanghai had treatment stage technology frontiers of 1. However, Harbin, Hohhot, Jinan, Nanchang, Shenyang, and Zhengzhou had backward technology frontiers. Beijing and Shijiazhuang had sustained fluctuating technology frontiers, and the technology frontiers in the other 23 cities all rose, indicating that the technological differences in the treatment stage shrank. Also, we found that high-income cities are higher technology gap than upper middle\u2013income cities.The main conclusions from this study were as follows:From these results, the following policy recommendations are given.As there were obvious differences between the cities, cooperation between regions should be actively promoted. The technology gap of high-income countries is higher than that of upper middle\u2013income countries. So, high-income cities have technological advantages and rich experience in air pollution and health management. High-income cities can use advanced technologies for air pollution treatment by combining regional characteristics, economic and social development levels, geographical characteristics of cities, and meteorological conditions.Industrial structure and energy structure adjustments need to be more rapidly implemented to improve the production and environmental efficiencies in the Beijing-Tianjin region. The Beijing-centered Beijing-Tianjin region had lower production and treatment stage efficiencies than the Pearl River Delta area with Guangzhou at the center and the Yangtze River Delta area with Shanghai at the center. Therefore, the energy consumption, fixed assets investment, human resource input, and environmental efficiencies need to be improved in Beijing. The economic and energy structures in the Beijing-Tianjin region are closely related, and the economic growth in the region has relied heavily on coal for its energy production. Therefore, there needs to be a greater focus on energy structure adjustments and clean energy and clean coal\u2013use technological developments to replace coal and maintain production. Developing and maintaining normal economic and social development is also an important treatment measure.The media is an important \u201clink\u201d and \u201cbridge\u201d for the dissemination of health information. It plays an irreplaceable role in reporting health knowledge, changing health concepts, and promoting healthy behavior. The media has strengthened coverage of air pollution, energy conservation and emission reduction, green development, and environmental protection in terms of content and channels. By continuously improving the scientific and professional reporting of the media, this can guide the public to rationally think about and interpret information and improve the accumulation of public health knowledge. On the other hand, it eliminates public fears and threats of air pollution and promotes public health awareness. Therefore, it is important to enhance the strategy of media coverage. In order to increase the effect of media reporting on public health, media organizations need to constantly improve and strengthen reporting strategies. The media needs to strengthen reports on air pollution, energy conservation, green development, and environmental protection in terms of content, channels, and forms of communication and needs to improve the science and professionalism of the reporting that guides the public to think about and interpret information rationally.Drawing on the advanced health management efficiency in the Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze River Delta, the government can enhance the health management efficiency in the Beijing-Tianjin region. Health management investment in the Beijing-Tianjin region needs to continue to increase in line with economic growth and social development. The Beijing-Tianjin region still needs to strengthen its overall management, improve governance, and design more effective systems to improve health management efficiency.The governance in the middle-income cities needs to adopt strategies and measures appropriate to the regional characteristics. Middle-income cities in the west, such as Lanzhou, Xining, and Yinchuan, need to strengthen their industrial and energy structure adjustments. The news reporting efficiencies in these cities also need significant improvement. Therefore, systems need to be developed that are more suitable to the energy, economic, social, environmental and news reporting characteristics in these cities.To improve their production efficiency and environmental efficiencies, middle-income cities in the midwest and some individual middle-income cities in the East  need to learn from the advanced technologies in cities such as Guangzhou and Shanghai.Middle-income cities in the northeast and some central cities  need to improve their news report and health governance efficiencies. Therefore, these cities could learn from the governance measures adopted in other cities to improve the effectiveness of their news reports to increase the environmental awareness of their residents."}
{"text": "Author Contributions statement misrepresents the contributions of TN-J, KN, TW, TA, WG, and UH.In the original article, there was an error. The Author Contributions:A correction has been made to \u201cTN-J contributed to the conception and design of the study, and supervised data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation, as well as manuscript proofreading. LM, MS, and AN conducted informed consent. WG arranged MRI settings. KN, TW, and VK performed analysis of the MRI data. KN contributed to data acquisition, analysis, interpretation, and wrote the manuscript. CH contributed to data acquisition. TW, TA, WG, and UH contributed to manuscript proofreading.\u201dThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics (SJES) is a peer-reviewed journal that targets an international audience, and publishes original theoretical and empirical work in any field of economics. SJES also welcomes work that surveys the state of knowledge on a particular topic, or makes other people\u2019s work accessible, and publishes keynote lectures given at conferences organized by the Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics (SSES) or its members. Founded in 1867, SJES is owned and supported by the SSES. The journal originally accepted articles in English, French, Italian, or German, but, since 2006, accepts submissions only in English. SJES particularly welcomes contributions from early-career researchers.The The journal\u2019s day-to-day operations are managed by a team of co-editors: Martin Brown, Volker Grossmann, Rafael Lalive, and C\u00e9dric Tille. A board of associate editors supports the co-editors in strategic questions related to the journal: Iwan Barankay, Iris Bohnet, Mike Burkart, Jean-Pierre Danthine, Jordi Gali, Simon G\u00e4chter, Urban Jermann, Guido Kursteiner, Andreas M\u00fcller, Ugo Panizza, Rene Stulz, and Beatrice Weder di Mauro.Articles submitted to the journal are assigned to a handling co-editor who screens the paper to ensure it fits with the journal\u2019s aims and scope. The co-editor desk-rejects articles which have very low chances of a positive outcome or suggests a transfer to other journals. Articles selected for peer-review are sent to two anonymous external referees, who assess the paper\u2019s novelty, importance, and validity. Based on the reviewer\u2019s reports, the handling co-editor takes a first round decision. SJES is committed to a high-quality, efficient review process with a first round response time of about 2\u00a0months.Starting in 2018, SJES publishes with SpringerOpen, the open access portfolio of Springer Nature, ensuring visibility of accepted work. The SSES fully subsidizes the processing charge for accepted papers. All articles are published online immediately after acceptance and production. SJES is indexed in RepEC and places in the top tier of all RepEC journals, based on the impact factor for the last 10\u00a0years. Articles of particular relevance for economic policy in Switzerland are selected and disseminated in Die Volkswirtschaft/La Vie \u00e9conomique, a German and French language journal.SJES publishes three invited articles this month, based on keynote lectures given at the 2017 annual conference of the SSES in June 2017. Marion Fourcade (UC Berkeley) dissects the superiority of economists in economic policy advice. Aymo Brunetti (University of Berne) outlines what it takes to give policy advice and where the challenges are. Monika B\u00fctler, the former president of the SSES, comments on the two keynote lectures and provides her own point of view.SJES publishes two regular contributions this month in Springer Open. Philippe Bachetta (University of Lausanne) provides a macroeconomic assessment of the Sovereign Money Initiative in Switzerland. Arun Advani (University of Warwick) provides a review of methods to identify Linear Network Models.Co-EditorsMartin Brown, University of St. Gallen, SwitzerlandVolker Grossmann, University of Fribourg, SwitzerlandRafael Lalive, University of Lausanne, SwitzerlandC\u00e9dric Tille, Graduate Institute Geneva, SwitzerlandAssociate EditorsWharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, USAIwan Barankay, Harvard University, USAIris Bohnet, London School of Economics, UKMike Burkart, Paris School of Economics, FranceJean-Pierre Danthine, CREI, SpainJordi Gali, University of Nottingham, UKSimon G\u00e4chter, Wharton School, USAUrban Jermann, University of Maryland, USAGuido Kursteiner, Columbia Business School, USAAndreas M\u00fcller, Graduate Institute Geneva, SwitzerlandUgo Panizza, Ohio State University, USARene Stulz, University of Mainz, GermanyBeatrice Weder di Mauro,"}
{"text": "Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-019-41019-1, published online 13 March 2019Correction to: The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Nagayoshi Katsuta, which was incorrectly given as Katsuta Nagayoshi. In addition, the Article contained an error in Affiliation 3, which was incorrectly given as \u2018Department of Education, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan\u2019. The correct affiliation is listed below:Faculty of Education, Gifu University, Gifu, JapanThese errors have now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article, and in the accompanying Supplementary Information file."}
{"text": "Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent airway obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), airway inflammation, and airway remodeling, which is often associated with allergy and allergic rhinitis. Many patients with asthma are poorly controlled by current drug treatment, particularly a subgroup of patients with difficult\u2010to\u2010treat severe asthma, characterized by chronic symptoms, severe exacerbations, progressive loss of lung function, and resistance to corticosteroids. New therapeutic options are therefore highly warranted.l\u2010arginine to l\u2010ornithine and urea. Arginase is also expressed in nonhepatic tissues, including the airways. Two isoforms have been identified, arginases 1 and 2, which are encoded by different genes and are differentially expressed in the body.Our patent covers arginase as a new drug target for the treatment of asthma and/or allergic rhinitis, making use of an arginase inhibitor.l\u2010arginine is also substrate for constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthases (cNOS and iNOS) yielding l\u2010citrulline and NO, one biological function of extrahepatic arginase may be regulating NO levels through competition with NOS for their common substrate\u2212) by particularly inflammation\u2010induced iNOS, by reduced bioavailability of l\u2010arginine to these enzymes. Moreover, increased arginase activity increases the production of l\u2010ornithine and its downstream products polyamines and l\u2010proline, which may be involved in airway remodeling by inducing cell proliferation, and enhanced collagen production and fibrosis, respectivelySince S)\u2010amino\u20106\u2010boronohexanoic acid (ABH) considerably reduces the airway sensitivity to inhaled allergen and protects against allergen\u2010induced early and late asthmatic reactions, AHR after these reactions, and airway inflammation. Moreover, ABH acutely reversed AHR after the early and late asthmatic reaction.Supporting evidence for this mechanism and thus for a role of arginase in the pathophysiology of allergic asthma and, potentially, other allergic disorders like allergic rhinitis was found in a guinea pig model of allergic asthma. Using this model, we discovered that inhalation of the potent specific arginase inhibitor 2, we demonstrated that arginase inhibition reduces guinea pig airway responsiveness in vitro by increasing NO production ; Refs. ARG1 and ARG2 polymorphisms are associated with asthma, asthma severity , and reduced responsiveness to \u03b22\u2010agonists and glucocorticosteroids.There is growing evidence for an important role of arginase in patients with asthma. Arginase 1 and arginase 2 expression and/or arginase activity are enhanced in asthmatic airways and in serum, and there is an association between arginase expression in bronchial brushings, serum arginase activity, plasma Studies in animal models and in asthmatic patients indicate an important role for both arginase 1 and arginase 2 in the pathophysiology of, particularly severe, asthma and allergic rhinitis. Therefore, arginase inhibitors, having an unique anti\u2010allergic, bronchoprotective, anti\u2010inflammatory, and anti\u2010remodeling profile, may be effective in the treatment of these diseases, possibly guided by the arginine metabolome in blood. Potential drugs are presently under development, some in clinical trials. As no subtype\u2010selective arginase inhibitors are presently available, development of such selective inhibitors to address potential, as yet unknown, differential roles of arginases 1 and 2 may further benefit patients suffering from these diseases.Dr. Meurs reports grants from Lung Foundation Netherlands, grants from N.V. Organon, Oss, The Netherlands, grants from Schering\u2010Plough Research Institute, Oss, The Netherlands, grants from Merck Sharpe and Dohme, Oss, The Netherlands, during the conduct of the study; grants from Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), grants from Carmolex Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, USA, outside the submitted work; In addition, Dr. Meurs has a patent Use of arginase inhibitors in the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis licensed to Carmolex Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Dr. Zaagsma reports grants from Lung Foundation Netherlands, grants from N.V. Organon, Oss, The Netherlands, grants from Schering\u2010Plough Research Institute, Oss, The Netherlands, grants from Merck Sharpe and Dohme, Oss, The Netherlands, during the conduct of the study; In addition, Dr. Zaagsma has a patent Use of arginase inhibitors in the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis licensed to Carmolex Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Dr. Maarsingh reports grants from N.V. Organon, Oss, The Netherlands, grants from Schering\u2010Plough Research Institute, Oss, The Netherlands, personal fees from Schering\u2010Plough, Kenilworth, NJ, USA, grants from Merck Sharpe and Dohme, Oss, The Netherlands, during the conduct of the study; In addition, Dr. Maarsingh has a patent Use of arginase inhibitors in the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis licensed to Carmolex Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, USA. At the time of this work Dr. van Duin was an employee of Organon/Schering Plough/Merck MSD and involved in the scientific collaboration with the corresponding author, Dr. Meurs. In addition, Dr. van Duin has a patent Use of arginase inhibitors in the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis licensed to Carmolex Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, USA."}
{"text": "The authors of the paper \u201cEpidemiology of Surgical Site Infections With Staphylococcus aureus in Europe: Protocol for a Retrospective, Multicenter Study\u201d :e63) made a mistake in the final stage of proofreading. In the affiliations list, Dr Liss\u2019s affiliation was incorrectly listed as \u201cDepartment I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany\u201d. Instead, his affiliation should read \u201cDepartment I of Internal Medicine, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany\u201d.The correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR website on January 7, 2019, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article also has been resubmitted to those repositories."}
{"text": "This Editor-in-Chief felt satisfied when he browsed the last volume of the European Journal of General Practice (EJGP). In 2018, we published 39 articles, including as many as 25 reports of original research. In addition to five articles with multinational authors, authors came from various countries across Europe, including Spain, France, Ireland, the UK, Belgium, the Netherlands, Latvia, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, and Turkey. The topics were as varied as a GP\u2019s working day, reflecting many aspects of family medicine and primary care. Many papers were on clinical topics like cardiovascular diseases, mental health, gastrointestinal diseases, infections, or Parkinson\u2019s disease. Furthermore, interdisciplinary collaboration , palliative care and end-of-life medicine, quality and safety issues, including polypharmacy were important overarching themes. Healthcare reform was another relevant topic. We also published several papers on medical education. Our four-paper series on qualitative research methodology published in 2017 and 2018 apparently met a need: over 20\u00a0000 views altogether and 21 citations thus far [Of all these publications, like last year, the EJGP editors each picked three articles they found most valuable. The highest-ranking paper, mentioned by three editors, was the original research article by Katarina Vu\u010di\u0107evi\u0107 and her colleagues from Serbia . The papAs of now, we re-introduce the \u2018four-issues-in-one-volume\u2019 format. That way, we try to offer the visitors of the EJGP website a clear overview of our publications. In 2019, we hope to publish the first parts of a series on eHealth . If you https://www.nhg.org/national-general-practice-research-agenda.I want to highlight one publication in this first issue of Volume 25. I know an Editor-in-Chief should be reluctant in promoting articles written by colleagues from his home country. However, I should like to make an exception for the article on the Dutch research agenda for general practice . The papFinally, I wish you all have a good start in 2019 and I hope it will become a successful year with a lot to read, think, and write about.Department of Family Medicine,Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI),Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands,ejgp-jstoffers@maastrichtuniversity.nl.Jelle Stoffers, Editor-in-Chief, the European Journal of General Practice,"}
{"text": "The data on the specifics of synthesis of elemental silver nanoparticles (Ag-NP) having various geometric shapes , obtained by using various biological methods, and their use in biology and medicine have been systematized and generalized. The review covers mainly publications published in the current 21st century. Bibliography: 262 references. N\u00e4geli ), as well as organic . The process of reducing Ag(I) compounds to elemental silver according to the Ag(I)\u2192Ag scheme can occur in a variety of reaction media; at the same time, specific chemical reagents (most often polyvinylpyrrolidone) are used to stabilize the resulting nanoparticles (to prevent their aggregation). The formation of Ag-NP, according to data  et al) immobilized in a gelatin mass acts as a silver-containing precursor. The reducing agent is an organic or inorganic substance with strongly pronounced electron-donor properties. One of the most suitable for this purpose is tin dichloride SnCl2, which was used to obtain gelatin-immobilized Ag-NP in , but Ag(I) complexes with the inorganic and organic compounds named above, were actually reduced. The size of the pseudospherical Ag-NP obtained in this variant of biosynthesis is in the range from 10 to 40 nm; this was first experimentally established in [The literature contains a number of data showing the possibility of using for the synthesis of Ag-NP various products of animal origin, in particular polypeptide high molecular weight compounds (proteins). Owing to the large size of their molecules, the molecular mass of which (M) is tens and hundreds of thousands of carbon units , their role in this process is reduced mainly to function (3), i.e. substrates that hinder the aggregation of already formed nanoparticles  is not excluded); in that way, these nanoparticles are immobilized in masses of these substrates. An example of such a substrate is gelatin, which is the main component of various food  jellies. As known ,193,194,Ag-NP in ,200,201.ished in . In thisished in , their aished in ,202,203.Gelatin is not the only polypeptide substrate that can be used for this purpose; so, the various albumins are known for the synthesis of Ag-NP ,205,206.3 precursor in solution of this biopolymer was studied by Apryatina et al. [max) is at 424 nm, at M = 127,000 c.u., at 412 nm, at M = 165,000 c.u., at 400 nm, at M = 240,000 c.u., at 383 nm. Herewith, Ag-NP formed in chitosan solutions with a higher molecular mass and having a size of 8 nm, exhibit much more pronounced bactericidal activity than Ag-NP with a size of 12 nm [Another suitable substrate for the synthesis of Ag-NP can be a natural biopolymer chitin and chitosan derived from it. Chitosan is characterized by so-called mucoadhesive properties (ability to adhere to various mucous membranes) , which sa et al. ,213. It a et al. ,213 wereof 12 nm ,213. In of 12 nm  Uryupina60Co isotope contributed to the restoration of the AgNO3 precursor. As a result of the studies, new radiation-induced bactericidal metal-polymer nanosystems containing the above biopolymer and elemental silver nanoparticles, were created. Besides, by varying the dose of \u03b3-radiation, as well as the degree of filling of the biopolymer macromolecules with Ag+ ions, the authors of works [In ,218,219,of works ,216 weremax in the range of 410\u2013425 nm were received. However, according to the authors of this article, systematic research in this direction has not yet been undertaken.Thus, in principle, other high-molecular compounds belonging to the number of polysaccharides, for example, agar-agar, carrageenan and guar, can be used as substrates for the production of silver nanoparticles. In  pseudo-s2 matrix exhibits catalytic properties in redox reactions involving benzene, carbon monoxide, some dyes, and, possibly, many other chemical compounds. In particular, benzene under these conditions is almost completely oxidized to phenol even when the Ag-NP content in the matrix is about 1 mass. %. Reactions between sodium borohydride and dyes such as methylene blue and eosin, in the presence of Ag-NP in the reaction system, proceed at a very high rate, whereas in their absence such reactions practically do not take place. Besides, the SiO2 substrate actually serves only to prevent the aggregation of Ag-NP in a colloidal solution [Currently, elemental silver nanoparticles obtained by various methods are used in a very diverse fields of science and technology. Thus, an important area of application of Ag-NP is catalysis, which can be implemented in two versions: with the influence on the reaction system of electromagnetic radiation  and without it. For example, in ,222 it wsolution ,227,228.solution , as a bisolution , in biocsolution , for prosolution  and for solution . A layersolution .The foregoing, however, relates mainly to those Ag-NP that were produced by chemical and physicochemical methods. And although Ag-NP obtained using \u201cgreen synthesis\u201d could also find their application in the above areas of science and technology, nevertheless, their modern practical application is related to the field of their production. As in this case biosynthesis of Ag-NP, as a rule, was carried out in laboratories of biological and/or biochemical section with participation of experts in the field of biochemistry and biotechnology; attention of researchers was focused on the application of Ag-NP in biology, first of all in medicine and pharmacology.Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli: from bacteriostatic  to bactericidal (ability to destroy microbes) [Bacillus [Staphylococcus [Pseudomonas [Klebsiella [Escherichia [Salmonella [Enterococcus [Serratia [Bacillus [Staphylococcus [Pseudomonas [Klebsiella [Escherichia [Salmonella [Enterococcus [Streptococcus [Currently, significant factual material related to bioapplications of Ag-NP already exists ,237,238.Bacillus ,103,106,lococcus , Pseudomudomonas ,100,103,ebsiella ,100,106,herichia , Salmonelmonella ,77, Enterococcus  and SerrSerratia , was notBacillus ,162,186,lococcus ,186, Pseudomonas ,146,155,ebsiella , Escheriherichia ,186, Sallmonella ,186, Entrococcus  and Stretococcus  was obsetococcus . Meanwhitococcus . In quantococcus  the disctococcus ,126,139 An important fact is that clearly expressed anticancer activity of silver nanoparticles was identified ,156,162.Staphylococcus and Escherichia [Ag-NP seems to be characterized by a highly synergistic bactericidal action in combination with such well-known antibiotics as penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin and vancomycin; such a phenomenon has been observed, for example, against bacteria of the genus herichia . It shouherichia ,247. Anopheles [Plasmodium falciparum [Aedes and Culex [Another possibility for the application Ag-NP is their use as part of larvicidal compositions. In particular, it was proposed to use biosynthesized Ag-NP against malaria mosquitoes of the genus nopheles ,252,253,lciparum , and mosnd Culex . . Finally, it is very important to improve existing methods and develop new methods of isolating nanoparticles from the parent systems in which they were formed ."}